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71 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


■  25 

IM    112.2 


1.1 


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US 


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IL    i2.0 


1.8 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


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23  WIST  MAIN  STRilT 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


W^A 


^'^ 
^ 


f" 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


n 

D 

0 

D 
Q 

D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommag^e 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pelliculde 


□   Cover  title  missing/ 
Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


D 


Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serr^e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout6es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texts, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  dtait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  film^es. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl^mentaires; 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  methods  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu^s  ci-dessous. 


I      I   Coloured  pages/ 


D 
D 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaur^es  et/ou  peiliculdes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxet 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachet^es  ou  piqudes 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ddtachdes 

Showthroughy 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Qualit^  in^gaie  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  mat  ri« 
Comprend  du  materiel  supple  meniaire 


I      I  Pages  damaged/ 

I      I  Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

I      I  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

r^  Pages  detached/ 

rr^  Showthrough/ 

I      I  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I  Includes  supplementary  mat  rial/ 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Lcis  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  M  filmtes  d  nouveau  de  fapon  d 
oLftenir  la  meilieure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmd  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqud  ci-dessous. 

10X  t4X  18X  22X 


\/ 


12X 


16X 


20X 


28X 


30X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

University  of  Toronto  Library 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grdce  d  la 
g6n6ro8it6  de: 

University  of  Toronto  Library 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet6  de  l'exemplaire  filmi,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimde  sont  filmds  en  commengant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illu;:tration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film6s  en  commengant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED "),  or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparattra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ".  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film^s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichd,  il  est  filmd  d  partir 
de  Tangle  sup6rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n6cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


1 

2 

3 

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2 

3 

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6 

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J 


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SMITHSONIAN    INSTITUTION.'^ 

UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  Ml'SEUM. 


[Serial  Number  45. J 


BULLETIN 


OK    THE 


UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


.  » 


:N^o.    84. 


THE  BATliArillA  OF  XOKTII  AMERICA. 


'  i^ 


BY 


A 


^ 


Nir^^ 


E.    D.^  COPE. 


\VA8HTXGT0N: 

rJOVEHNMKKT   PKTNTINr;    OFFICE. 

1S8;>. 


I 


ADVEKTISEMENT. 


IS 


The  present  ].iiblicatiou  (Bulletin  >\..  M)  is  tl.e  tortylitth  ut  a  «ones 
of  papers  intended  to  illustrate  the  eolleetions  belon-ing  to  the  Initnl 
States,  and  eonstitutinj,'  the  National  Museum,  of  which  the  Smithsonian 
Institution  was  placed  in  charge  by  the  act  of  ("on-ress  of  August  10, 

1810. 

The  publications  of  the  National  Museum  consists  ot  two  series— tli.' 
Bulletins,  of  which  this  is  No.  34  in  continuous  series,  and  the  I'roeecd. 
ings,  of  which  the  eleventh  volume  is  now  in  press. 

The  volumes  of  Proceedings  are  printed,  signature  by  signature,  earli 
issue  having  its  own  date,  and  a  small  edition  of  each  signature  is  dis- 
tributed to  libraries  promptly  after  its  publication. 

Full  lists  of  the  publications  of  the  Museum  may  be  found  in  the  cur- 
rent catalogues  of  the  jmblications  of  the  SmithsoJiian  Institution. 

Tapers  intended  tor  publication  in  the  Proceedings  and  r>ulletins  of 
the  National  Museum  are  referred  to  the  Committee  on  Publication, 
consisting  of  the  following  members:  T.  II.  IJean,  A.  Howard  Clark 
(editor),  Otis  T.  Mason,  John  Murdoch,  Leonhard  Stejneger,  Frederick" 
W.  True,  ami  Lester  F.  Ward. 

S.  P.  Langlev, 
Secretary  of  the  Smithsindan  Institution. 

Washington,  April  l>,  188'J. 


/  1 

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THE 


BATEACHIA 


OP 


tf  i 


ii 


NOETII  AMERICA. 


If'^ 


BY 


^a 


*♦« 


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WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING   OFFICE. 

1889. 


A 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


■4 


1 


4 


rHiLADELi'HiA,  'February  18,  1887. 

Dear  Sir  :  I  have  the  honor  to  present  to  you  for  publication  among 
the  Bulletins  of  the  United  States  National  Museum  the  manuscript  of 
a  general  work  on  the  Batrachia  of  North  America.  It  embraces  the 
results  of  a  thorough  study  of  the  characters  of  the  species,  with  their 
variations,  which  has  been  rendered  effective  by  the  very  full  collection 
contained  in  the  National  Museum,  and  which  this  work  thus  illustrates. 
Besides  this  descriptive  part,  I  have  i»resented  the  results  of  a  thorough 
study  of  the  osteology  of  the  class,  based  on  the  material  contained  in 
various  museums  of  the  United  States  and  Euri)pe.  I  have  expressed 
these  results  largely  in  systematic  form,  in  the  belief  that  descriptive 
zoiilogy  will  never  be  complete  until  the  structure  is  exhausted  in  fur- 
nishing definitions.  Wherever  practicable,  reference  is  made  to  the 
relations  between  the  extinct  and  living  forms. 

I  have  been  greatly  indebted  to  you  for  the  use  of  the  manuscript 
l)re])ared  by  yourself  and  Dr.  Girard  many  years  ago  with  such  a  pub- 
lication as  the  present  one  in  view.  Of  the  descriptions  of  the  fifty- three 
Urodela,  nineteen  are  from  your  pen,  and  of  the  forty-seven  Salientia, 
twenty-t)ne  are  the  work  of  yourself  and  Dr.  Girard.  This  has  materally 
lightened  my  labor,  the  only  additional  work  necessary  to  these  descrip- 
tions being  such  as  increase  of  material  has  recpiired.  In  the  same  way 
the  figures  of  the  external  characters  of  the  Urodela  of  which  your  de- 
scriptions appear  in  the  text,  were  prei)ared  under  your  direction,  and 
the  drawings  of  the  crania  of  the  same  Urodela  were  partially  prepared 
at  the  same  time,  and  have  been  completed  by  myself,  now  appearing 
for  the  first  time.  The  other  drawings  were  made  by  myself,  excepting 
some  which  are  credited  to  others  at  the  proper  places. 

Besides  the  collection  of  specimens  in  alcohol,  the  collection  of  skele- 
tons prepared  by  yourself,  and  now  part  of  the  National  Museum,  has 
been  of  the  greatest  service  in  the  preparation  of  this  work  and  of  the 
various  papers  by  myself  which  have  preceded  it. 
I  am,  with  much  respect,  yours,  truly, 


Prof.  S.  F.  Baird, 

Secretary  of  the  Sniithsonian  Institution. 


E.  D.  Cope. 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Lettor.if  trausmittal  

JSatracbia   1 

General  chaiaetcrs '_ 

(Jeiieral  auatmny     ' 

Larval  eliaracters ' 

Class! ticatiou  . , ' 

AffiuititM 

Pbylogeiiy ■ ^\ 

Exiilaiiation  of  teims "' 

Noiiieuulatiire  ami  history 1'' 

Proteida 

Urodela '■* 

Tracliystoiiiata  

Salieiitia '^'■^~ 

Recaiiitnlatioii  '^'"^ 

Addenda  ^''■' 

Bildiojiraphy  't'l 

Addendum  to  liiljlioj|;rapliy ^'■' 

List  of  cuts ^-' 

Exjilanation  of  letterin-,'  on  [iJate^ 4'j;! 

Exiilauatiou  of  platen  "I'J' 

Index 51* 


I 


THE  BATRACHIA  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


! 


BATRACHIA. 

Bonguiart,  IdOO.     Amphibia  Latreille,  1825  (not  of  Linnsens  176G). 
OKNEllAL  CHARACTERS. 

Vertebrata  witb  a  ilistinct  coracoid  eleuu'iit  of  the  scapular  arch  and 
with  an  os  quadratutn.  The  limbs  consist  of  a  single  proximal  element, 
two  propodials  (sometimes  united),  a  carpus  and  tarsus,  metapodials, 
and  phalanges.  The  cartilage  of  the  basis-crauii  unossified  (except  some- 
times a  basioccipital  ossilication),  but  supported  by  the  single  mem- 
brane bone,  the  parasphenoid ;  vertebral  column  consisting  entirely  or 
in  part  of  intercentra.    Stapes  present. 

Brain  with  the  cerebelhun  small,  and  the  mesencephalon  smaller  than 
the  prosencephalon  ("hemispheres");  the  latter  with  the  ventricles  on 
the  inner  si<le  of  their  principal  mass. 

Heart  with  three  chambers,  two  auricles,  and  a  ventricle.  Three  or 
four  aorta  bows  on  each  side.     Lungs  always  present. 

Gall-bladder  and  urinary  bladder  present;  oviducts  entirely  distinct, 
and  opening  by  Ibntanelles  into  the  abdominal  cavity  at  a  distance  from 
the  ovaries.  Reproductive,  renal,  and  digestive  products  discharged 
into  a  cloaca.    Male  without  distinct  intromittent  organ. 

In  development  the  embryonic  life  is  prolonged  during  a  period  of 
freedom  subsequent  to  leaving  the  egg,  constituting  a  larval  stage. 
J)uring  this  period  the  young  is  branchiferous  and  generally  aciuatic  in 
its  habits.  No  amnion  nor  allantois.  Segmentation  of  the  yolk  complete 
or  holoblastic. 

GENERAL   ANATOMY. 

The  auditory  organs  resemble  those  of  other  terrestrial  vertebrata, 
and  (litter  from  those  of  fishes,  in  the  presence  of  a  fenestra  ovalis  of 
the  internal  ear,  which  is  closed  by  a  stapes.  The  other  ear  bones  or 
their  equivalents  are  fused  at  an  early  stage  of  growth  with  the  sus- 
ponsorial  cartilage  of  the  lower  Jaw  (Parker).  There  are  three  semi- 
circular canals,  but  the  helix  is  represented  only  by  a  diverticulum  of 
the  sacculus. 

The  hyoid  apparatus  is  less  complicated  than  that  of  the  I'isces,  and 
more  so  than  that  of  the  vertebrate  classes  above  them  in  the  series. 


8 


urLLF.TiN  :m,  uniteu  states  xational  Ml-.-ElM. 


There  are  always  a  .listiuet  so-oalle.l  ceratohyal ;  one  ov  moroaxia  ele- 
ments or  basibranchials,  aiul  lateral  pieces,  or  oeniiol.rancliials.  liere 
is  no  glossohyal.  Further  than  this  nothing  can  be  said  of  the  class, 
as  the  orders'  dilVer  anion^'  themselves  in  the  details. 

In  the  carpus  and  tarsus  there  is  always  an  os  ccntrale,  except  in  the, 
tarsus  of  the  Salientia.  In  the  extinct  Carboniferous  yenera  Evyops' 
an.l  Archcgosaurus.-  there  are  two  centralia  in  each  foot  (/>c.v  ot  Eryops 
unknown).  The  intermedium  is  either  present  or  fused  with  one  of  the 
adjacent  bones  of  the  tirst  row.  There  is  a  series  of  carpalia  and  of 
tarsalia,  pviny  attachment  to  tlie  met.'podials.  whose  nund)erand  con- 
dition ditfer  in  the  dilVerent  families,  im'  number  of  di-its  is  -onerally 
not  more  than  four  in  front  and  live  behind.  There  is  very  often  a  rndi- 
mental  thumb  on  the  anterior  foot  in  the  Salientia,  and  in  the  extinct 
rhaehitomous  jienus  Eryoi)s  there  are  live  \vell-devcl(.i)ed  dijiits  on  the 
mauus.  (Plate  1').  tiy'.  1.)  In  the  .Salientia  there  is  often  a  rudimental 
sixth  toe  internal  to  the  liallux.     ( Plate  07-Si.) 

The  shoulder-f,nrdle  is  not  connected  with  the  skull  in  the  P.atrachia, 
excepting  in  the  genus  Ilemisns.  There  is  a  large  suprascapula.  The 
osseous  coracoid  is  of  various  proportions,  and  it  has  various  cartilagi- 
nous extensions,  as  epicoracoid  and  procoraconl.  These  are  ossilied  in 
some  of  the  extinct  forms.  There  is  much  variety  in  the  pieces  which 
occupy  the  middle  line  of  the  scapular  arcii.  The  (uders  may  be  ar- 
ranged as  follows  on  this  basis : 

An  t'liisti'niuin  amino  sternum:   UnnonphnUt.  HhiuJutnuii 
An  oniosternnni  and  stenmni ;  no  ciiistfrniiin.  SaVuntm.     N- 
Triichjintohuita,  I'vote'ula,  rrodtla  (fxcejit  TniiKitiiditui). 

The  pelvis  is  always  fiu'iiished  with  an  ilium,  but  the  pubis  is  want- 
ing or  represented  by  rudiments,  except  in  the  extinct  forms,  where  it 
is  present.  The  ischium  is  i)riniitively  an  undivided  cartilaginous  plate. 
Xo  obturator  foramen.  There  are  some  characters  which  are  common 
to  all  or  nearly  all  Ijatrachia.  but  which  may  be  found  on  further  knowl- 
edge of  the  extinct  forms  not  ro  have  been  always  present.  One  of 
these  is  the  continuity  or  fixed  articulation  of  tlie  quadrate  cartilage 
or  bone  with  the  skull.  The  proximal  part  of  this  bone  is  intercalated 
between  the  squamosal  aii:l  exoccipital.  and  the  i»terygoid  when  present, 
so  as  to  i)resent  only  its  distal  extremity  free.  In  the  Salientia  it  is  an 
insignifleant  element,  being  generally  cartilaginous. 

The  vomeroi)alatine  bones  are  always  double,  except  where  wanting, 
which  is  only  the  case  in  the  Trachystomata.  They  are  nearly  always 
deutigerous. 

The  orbitosphenoid  bone  is  always  well  developed. 

In  the  existing  orders  the  atlas  is  undivided.  I  have  put  forth  the 
hypothesis^  that  the  vertebral  bodies  in  the  existing  and  most  of  the 

'  Cope,  American  N'arurali>t,  l-'T,  ]). -136.  ~" 

-Baiir,  Carims  u.  Tarsus  ,\nv  Vcrrel)iatcn.  1--T.  I5atnicliia.  ]<\k  <;-13. 
'On  the  Intercfntnini    >{  th.'  Terrestrial  Vertebrata.  Transac.   Anier    Philosoi.li. 
Soc,  I^Sf),  p.  34:!. 


'iiiilitihiiiu  ri.  StiijiHipiiali. 
an  sternal  elements : 


1 


I 


'f 


^ 


.a 


4 


THE    HATRACllIA    OF    NOliTH    AMERICA. 


k 


extinct  onlcrsot'  Uatnicliia  are  not  th«  centra  of  the  higher  vertebrata, 
but  are  intercentra,  w  hidi  are  occasionally  seen  in  the  higher  vertebrates 
in  a  rudiniental  condition.  This  is  especially  the  case  in  the  remark- 
able saurian  of  New  Zealand,  the  Si)henodon,  and  in  the  extinct  order 
of  the  Theroniora.  Owen  has  shown  that  the  mtcrcentra  exist  also  in 
the  mole.     I  have  given  the  following  reasons  for  this  view: 

1.  The  intercentra  are  very  large  in  the  Ganocephala  and  KhacUi- 
tonii. 

,  They  support  the  neural  arch  in  the  Enibolomeri. 

J.  They  are  not  rndimental  in  existing  Batrachia. 

4.  The  chevron  bones,  which  originate  from  the  intercentra  of  Kep- 
tilia,  are  continua  with  the  caudal  vertebral  bodies  in  Iiatrachia, 

.J.  Tlie  ribs,  which  originate  from  the  intercentral  cartilages  in  Kep 
tilia,  originate  from  the  vertebral  bodies  of  Batrachia. 

Tiie  paleontology  of  the  Batrachia  and  Beptilia  shows  that  the  order 
Enibolomeri  is  tlie  only  one  with  complete  vertebral  bodies,  and  so 
probably  gave  origin  to  the  reptiles;  while  the  intercentra  in  some 
Batrachians  become  so  connected  with  the  neural  arches  as  to  lead  to  the 
belief  that  they  become  the  vertebral  bodies  of  later  forms  of  the  class 
whii'h  JMve  <lescended  from  them. 

In  a'-  the  orders,  genera  with  well-developed  antericu'  limbs  display 
well-developed  distal  condyles  of  the  liumeru: .  They  are  better  de- 
veloped than  ill  any  order  of  reptiles,  with  the  exception  of  the  Thero- 
niora. 

With  regard  to  the  cranial  nerves,  it  is  to  be  remarked  that  the  latera- 
lis brancii  of  the  vagus  is  present,  as  in  fisiies;  also  that  the  glossopha- 
ryngeal is  united  with  tlie  vagus.  In  the  Urodehi  the  nervus  facialis  is 
distinct  from  the  trigeminus  (Fig.  1),  but  in  the  Salientia  they  are 
united.     (Plate  4.S.) 


r.  iiufj. 


feu: 


glphscvcuj. 

\  rkit.fnup.   r.inWst 


rJaLinK 


FUi.  1.  Dia-iraii  ui  olKHulrooraiiiuiii  ami  cranial  nerri's  of  Salainaii.lra,  side  ^iew  (from  'Wiedersheim). 

In  the  museular  system  the  Batrachia  diifer  from  the  fishes  in  the 
niodifu'atious  which  partially  take  the  place  of  the  myocommata,  and 
the  development  of  the  muscles  of  the  limbs  and  their  extension  on 
the  dorsal  and  vei  tral  surfaces  of  the  body.     Myocommata  persist  in 


0  m-LLETIX    31,    l-MTKL.    STATES    NATIONAL    MU8EUM. 

,s  of  all  tlH-  tailed  orders,  and  are  transient  in  the 


the  caudal  regioi 

tails  of  the  larva-  of  the  Salieiitia 


Ki-niainsof  tliesaiiieare  seen  in  the 
segmented  dorsal  uniscles  of  the  Uro- 
dela.  and  the  segmented  median  ven- 
tral, or  pnbosternal   muscles  of  the 
tailed  and  tailless  orders.     Between 
these  median  series  of  muscles  extend 
two  layers,  which  suitport  the  sides 
of  the  body  cavity,  the  external  and 
internal  oblique.    Jn  the  Urodela  the 
oxteiiial  oblique  is  divided  up  at  the 
superior  border  into  separate  heads, 
each  of  which  arises  from  the  extrem- 
ity of  a  rib.    Between  the  ribs  is  a 
band   of  narrow  longitu  linal   inus- 
oU'.s—theintercostal.s— which  are  par- 
allel to  the  doisal  muscles.     Owing 
to  the  modilieation  of  the  skeleton 
the  dor.sU  niu.><cles  in  the  Salientia 
are  much  nioditied,  and  form  chev- 
rons with  the  apex  posterior.    The 
limb  mu.scles  are  much  like  those  of 
higher  vertebrata.  _ 
The  heart  of  the  IJatrachia   pos- 
sesses three  chambers,  two  auricles  and  one  ventricle,  and  there  is  a 
sinus  venosus  at  tlie  entrance  of  ::he  vena  ca\  a.    The  bull)us  arteriosus 
is  not  uuiscular,  and  has  a  longitudinal  valve  or  partial  septum,  or  is 
completely  divided  into  two  in  the  Proteida.    In  the  Urodela  there  are 
four  aortic  branches  on  each  side,  whieh  are  in  the  larval  state  branchial 
arteries.   As  many  veins  return  from  the  branchia'  and  unite  above  the 
heart  to  form  the  aorta.     In  develo])inent  to  matr.rity  the  arteries  be- 
come connected  with  the  veins  by  longitudinal  vessels,  the  tluctxs  hotaUi, 
which  complete  the ''aorta  bows"  where  the  oranchial  system  disap- 
pears.   The  first  and  last  of  these  arches  become  subordinate,  and 
the  intermediate  on  each  .side  function  as  "aorta  roots,"  who.se  union 
forms  the  aorta.     The  carotitl  artery  is  a  coritinuation  of  the  (hii'tui^ 
hotaltl  «onnecting  the  first  and  .second  bows,  and  the  last  bow  is  modi- 
fied into  the  imlmonary  vein.     In  the  Proteida  and  Trachystoniata 
three  aorta  bows  remain  on  each  side,  and  the  branchial  arteries  and 
veins  jiersist.    In  the  Salientia  three  aorta  bows  remain,  but  the  second 
on  each  side  only  form  the  aoita,  the  first  and  last  forming  the  carotitl 
artery  and  pulmomiry  vein. 

The  venous  system  consists  primitively,  as  in  other  vertebrata.  of 
two  anterior  and  two  posterittr  cardinal  Aeins,  which  unite  on  eacii  side 
into  a  single  transverse  vessel,  the  Diicfus  '.'uvieri.  which  empties  into 
the  sinus  venosus.    Subsequently  two  otlier  pairs  of  longitudinal  veins 


Fir,.  2.  Diacrani  »*'  clinnrtrncranium  and  oranial 
nervca of  Salamaiidia,  from  litlow  (from  Wii 
der8lie:ni). 


THE    HATRACHIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


11 


^ 


I 


arise  parallel  to  the  cardinal  veins,  and  empty  into  the  anterior  cardi- 
nals on  each  side,  in  front  of  the  JJtictus  cuvicri.  These  are  the  verte- 
bral veins.  The  portion  of  the  posterior  cardinals  between  the  Ductus 
cuvieri  and  the  kidnej'  disapi)ears,  so  that  what  remains  of  the  pos- 
terior cardinals  are  only  renalen  advehentes.  The  anterior  cardinals 
become  the  jugulars.  The  i)rincipal  posterior  vein  is  the  vena  cava  pos- 
terior^ which  is  median,  and  consists  originally  of  the  renales  rerehentes 
from  the  kidney.  It  receives  the  hepatic  vein  before  emptying  into  the 
sin  us  veuosus.  The  iliac  veins  pass  directly  into  the  kidney  after  re- 
ceiving the  V.  catidalis. 

Till'  lymph  cavities  of  the  body  in  the  Batrachia  are  extensive.  This 
is  especially  tlie  case  witli  the  Salientia,  where  the  skin  is  loosely  at- 
tached, and  incloses  large  spaces  immediately  below  it.  The  lymphatic 
vessels  from  the  digestive  system  open  into  these  cavities.  The  ves- 
sels also  empty  into  the  veins,  and  present  at  such  points  enlargements 
which  contract  rhythmically,  and  are  known  as  "  lymph- hearts."  They 
are  situated  in  the  sacral  region,  one  on  each  side,  in  the  tailed  forms, 
while  an  additional  jiair  is  present  in  the  sciapular  region  in  the  Sali- 
entia. 

The  reproductive  and  urinary  systems  are  closely  connected  in  the 
Batrachia,  and  must  be  treated  of  together.  Both  discharge  their  con- 
tents into  the  alimentary  canal,  forming  a  cloaca.  Their  structure  is 
best  understood  by  reference  to  that  of  the  sharks.  In  these  fishes  a 
primitive  longitudinal  vessel  on  each  side  of  the  dorsum  of  the  abdom 
inal  cavity  sends  branches  to  the  outer  side,  which  there  form  convo- 
luted lobules,  the  primitive  kidney.  In  the  Batrachia  this  longitudinal 
or  archinephric  duct  divides  longitudinally,  and  the  inner  portion  re- 
mains as  the  Miillerian  duct.  This  becomes  the  oviduct  of  the  female. 
The  external  half  with  its  series  of  branches  becomes  the  urogenital 
duct.  The  testes  and  ovaries  are  developed  independently  external  to 
the  kidneys,  and  the  former  send  their  efferent  ducts  directly  into  the 
latter.  The  ovaries  discharge  the  eggs  into  the  abdominal  cavity, 
whence  they  pass  into  the  oviducts  by  the  free  open  extremities  of  the 
latter,  and  are  thence  ejected  by  the  anus,  after  receiving  a  covering 
of  albumen.  The  male  organ  homologous  with  the  Miillerian  duct  is 
of  reduced  size  in  all  tiie  Salientia  except  the  Kana'  and  allies,  where  it 
is  aborted.  It  has  been  shown,  however,  to  persist  in  our  Bana  rirens. 
In  the  Urodela  the  vasa  deferentia  pass  through  the  kidney  and  enter 
the  genitoiirinary  duct,  and  so  into  the  cloaca ;  but  in  the  Salientia  the 
efferent  ducts  of  the  kidney  collect  themselves  into  a  separate  tube  or 
ureter,  \vhi"jh,  however,  joins  the  single  vas  deferens  before  entering 
the  cloaca.  But  the  Discoglossid*  agree  with  the  Urodela  in  this,  as 
in  several  other  resjiects.  A  urinary  bladder  is  always  present  in  the 
r>atrachia.  The  testes  are  single  on  each  side  in  the  Salientia;  there 
are  several  in  the  Urodela,  esi)ecially  in  the  Ca.'ciliidre.  The  penis  is 
wanting.    Impregnation  is  accomplished  by  copulation  in  the  Urodela, 


I! 


12  Bl'I-LETIN   31,    UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

but  iu  the  Salientia  the  sperinatozoiii.ls  are  dischar-e.l  o.i  the  ova  after 
leaving  the  bodv  pf  the  female.     (Plate.s  IS,  ll>,  ;W.  4J.) 

The  aliinentarv  canal  iu  the  Batraehia  is  .simple,  since  it  is  not  highly 
specialized  into  distinct  parts.  The  liver  is  larse  and  is  <livided  into  a 
varying  number  of  lobes,  which  are  esi)ecially  numerous,  and  arranged 
like  a  roll  of  coins  in  the  Ca'.-iliida>.  The  gall-bladder  and  pancreas 
are  present.  The  teeth  are  not  implanted  in  alveola-,  and  are  iu  the 
recent  forms  more  or  less  pleiirodoiit. 

LAKVAL  CHARACTEKS. 

In  the  course  of  the  growth  of  a  batracjhian  there  is  always  a  period 
which  follows  the  freedom  of  the  embryo,  in  which  there  are  structures 
tor  securing  respiration  in  the  water.  These  gills  difler  from  those  of 
fishes,  in  that  the  fringes  in  which  the  blood  is  aerated  .stand  on  lieshy 
processes  of  the  branchial  arches,  and  not  directly  on  the  arches  them- 
selves. Similar  structures  are  found  in  the  preliminary  stages  of 
some  tishes.  During  this  stage  the  tail  is  more  or  less  modified  as  a 
swimming  organ,  and  the  condition  of  the  skull  differs  materially  in 
character  from  that  of  the  adult.  In  the  tailless  or  anurous  Batraehia 
the  limbs  do  not  appear  until  this  period  has  nearly  closed,  while  in 
the  tailed  or  urodele  order  the  liml)s  api)ear  almost  immediately  after 
the  gills.  Besides  these  transitional  characters,  the  Urodela  possess  in 
their  early  larval  condition  a  long  process  in  front  of  the  first  gill  on 
each  side,  which  is  termed  a  balancer.  This  remains  in  a  few  abnormal 
cases  in  salamanders,  but  is  permanent  in  the  suborder  of  the  ea'cil- 
iaiis  or  worm-like  >>atrachia.  A  similar  process  exists  in  the  larva  of 
the  frogs  of  the  genus  Xennpu.s:  whi'-h  resembles  superficially  a  siluroid 
fish  ;  but  in  the  Salientia  generally  tnc  balancers  are  wanting. 

Tlie  gills  in  the  Salifiitia  (frogs,  toads,  etc.)  are  soon  concealed  by  a 
growth  of  the  skin,  which  leaves  a  small  orifice  for  the  di.sciiarge  of 
water  from  the  i)haryngeal  cavity.  In  one  group  of  these  animals  this 
opening  is  on  the  middle  line  l)elow,  but  in  the  great  majority  it  is 
single  and  is  situated  on  the  left  side. 

The  changes  undergone  by  the  skull  in  the  metamorphosis  are  much 
more  important  in  the  Salientia  than  in  any  other  order,  and  are  treated 
of  under  the  head  of  that  order. 

The  eggs  of  Batraehia  are  always  deposited  in  the  water  or  in  damp 
places.  In  a  few  instances  the  young  do  not  seek  the  water,  and  iu 
one  species  (Salamandra  atra)  they  are  born  free  from  the  egg. 

Under  the  head  of  the  Salientia  will  be  found  a  table  of  the  various 
modes  in  which  the  eggs  and  larv.-e  of  those  animals  are  deposited  and 
cared  for  prior  to  maturity. 

Under  the  respective  orders  the  descriptions  of  their  characteristic 
peculiarities  of  development  will  be  found.    (IMates  30,  11,  78.) 


I 


THE    BATRACHIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  13 

CLASSIFICATION. 

There  are  several  orders  of  Jiatrachia,  and  they  disi)lay  remarkable 
diversities  of  skeletal  structure.  For  the  better  understaudiug  of  these 
I  give  the  following  table  of  their  principal  definitions:' 

I.  Basioccipital,  supraoccipital,  iutercalaiy,-  and  supratemporal  lioues  present.    Pro- 

poilial  boues  rlistiuct. 
a.  One  cotyloid  occipit.al  condyle, 

Vertebral  centra  reidaced  by  one  basal  and  two  lateral  elements 

witli  one  nenral  arcli GimoceiihaUi. 

aa.  Two  occipital   condyles. 

Vertebral  Viodies,  including  atlas,  segmented,  one  set  of  segments 

togt*lier  suppcrting  one  arch L'hachitomi. 

Vcrtebr.T  segni<  nted,   the  superior  and    inferior  segments  each 

complete,  forniini;  two  centra  to  each  arch Emholumeri. 

Vertebral    bodies,  including  atlas,  not  segmented:  one  to  each 
arch Sttgocephdli. 

II.  Basioccipital,  suiiraocciiiital,  and  supratempi>"al  bones  wanting.     Frontal  and 

propodial  bones  distinct. 
a.  Au  OS  intercalare. 

A  palatine  arch  and  separate  caudal  vertebra? Prottida. 

aa.  No  OS  intercalare. 

A  maxillary  arch  and  vomers;  palatine  arch  present,  imperfect; 

nasals,  iiremaxillaries  and  caudal  vertebne  distinct Vrodtla, 

No  niBxillary  or   palatine   arches;  no   vomers:  .lasals  and  pre- 

maxillary.  also  caudal  vertebra*,  distinct. Trachi/'stumata. 

III.  Basioccipital,   su])raocci))ital,   intercalare.  and   supratemjioral   boues   wanting- 

Frontals  and  ]>arietals  connate:    proi)odial  bones  and  lumbosacral  vertebra^ 
each  continent. 
Palatines  distinct  from  vomers;  a  palatine  arch  :  a.stragalus  and 
calcaneum  eloiiy,ate,  forminu  a  distinct  segment  of  the  limb Salientia. 

The  animals  of  the  liivision  I  are  all  extinct.  Division  II  includes  the 
Salamanders  and  their  allies,  witii  the  worm-like  C<ecilians  (Aj>oda), 
while  the  third  division  embraces  the  frogs,  toads,  etc. 

AFFINITIES. 

The  Batrachia  are,  tlien,  intermediate  in  characters,  and  therefore  iu 
position,  between  the  tish-like  forms  and  the  reptiles.  Among  the 
former  the  Dipnoi  ai)pi'oacii  tliem  most  nearly,  while  the  extinct  reptiles 
of  the  oldest  order,  the  Theromora,^  are  the  nearest  allies  on  the  rep- 
tilian side.  It  belongs  to  the  series  of  vertebrates  which  have  a  dis- 
tinct coracoid  bone  in  tiie  shoulder-girdle,  ami  a  distinct  quadrate  bone 
in  the  skull.  The  greater  part  of  the  basicranial  axis  is  cartilaginous, 
but  it  is  protected  below  by  the  membrane  bone,  the  parasplienoid.  In 
all  these  respects,  and  in  the  absence  of  an  amnion  of  the  embryo,  the 
Batrachia  agree  with  the  fishes.  They  differ  from  tiiischissin  the  jtres- 
ence  of  legs  and  absence  of  fins,  and  in  the  absence  of  various  bones 
whi(!h  belong  to  the  l)rauchial  and  opercular  .systems,  and  to  tin-  sus- 
])en,sor  of  the  lower  Jaw. 

'This  is  partly  derived  from  the  talde  which  I  have  given  iu  Vol,  if.  Paheontology 
of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Ohio,  l-iTI,  p. ;!,";).     See  also  Americau  Naturalist,  1-84. 
'Of  Cnvier  :  Kpiotic  of  Iluxloy,  according  to  Vrolik. 
^  Thcromor2)ha  Cope  olim;  name  preoccupied. 


14  BULLETIN    Ml,    UNITED    STATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

Thii  ('liariicters  display-'d  l).v  tin?  three  divisions  in  question  indicate 
their  rehitionship  to  l)i'.  iis  Ibllows:  The  orders  of  JJivision  I  ])resent  in 
their  cranial  structure  a  greater  resembhiuce  to  the  limblinned  or 
cro8soi)ter.>  siiHi  iishes  tlian  do  either  of  the  others.  The  third  division 
is  the  most  divergent  from  tiie  t.vi»y,  and  is  in  various  respects  tlie  most 
speciaHzed.  This  si>ecialization  consists  not  only  in  a  departure  from 
the  i)rimitive  Batrachia,  but  also  from  all  other  forms  of  vertebrata. 
Its  specialization  is  seen  in  the  loss  and  cocissification  of  various  parts 
of  the  skeleton.  The  ITnulehi  display  chara(;ters  interme<liate  between 
the  extremes  of  the  class.  Near  them  the  Trachystomata  (SirenidaO  are 
still  more  inferior  by  loss  oi'  parts  of  the  skull  ami  of  the  pelvic  arch. 
The  Prnteida  have  lost  the  maxillary  arch  of  the  Stegocei)haIi,  but  re- 
tain their  OS  iiitercalare. 

IMIVLOGENV. 

The  class  IJatrachia  holds  an  imi)()rtant  position  in  the  history  of  the 
vertebrata,  as  tlie  first  meudter  of  that  kin;;dom  which  occupied  the 
land  on  the  advent  of  the  conditions  suitable  for  air-i)reatbiny  types. 
It  thus  stands  in  ance.stral  relation  to  the  lines  of  the  Sauropsida  and 
^lammalia,  and  as  the  immediate  descendants  of  the  fishes.  As  rej^ards 
the  extinct  orders,  the  primitive  type  is  evidently  the  (ranocephala. 
whose  vertebral  column  displays  an  arrest  of  (diaracters  which  are 
transitional  in  the  hij^aer  vertebrata.  From  this  group  the  orders 
ithachitomi,  Fauboloi'ieri,and  Ste.nocephali  have  been  evidently  derived. 
We  may  then  present  the  followinj,'  fjenealogical  table  of  the  class 
liatrachia : 


Salieutia. 


Tracbystoinata. 


Embolonieri. 


Rhachitomi. 


Ganocephala. 


I 


I 


/ 


N 


1 


I 


THE    BATliACHlA    OF    NUKTII    AMERICA. 


15 


As  regards  the  connection  of  the  class,  as  a  whole,  with  other  classes 
of  vertebrata,  it  's  very  probable  that  the  extinct  orders,  as  the  Gano- 
ceiihala,  were  denveri  ♦roiu  some  extinct  form  of  Dipnoau  fishes,  more 
or  less  related  to  the  group  of  which  the  genus  Ceratodus  is  a  represent- 
ative. In  this  type  we  have  a  persistent  chorda  dorsalis,  fins  which 
present  the  type  from  which  ambulatory  limbs  were  derived,  a  pelvis, 
and  a  cranium  nearer  that  of  the  batrachians  than  most  other  fishes 
pre.-^ent.  The  Crossopterygia  are  a  little  on  one  side  of  the  parental 
stem,  since  they  have  no  pelvi.^*,  and  their  limbs  begin  to  show  a  begin- 
ning of  that  reduction  and  specialization  which  is  carried  to  such  an 
extent  in  the  Actinopterygia,  or  typical  H.shes. 

From  the  Ganocepiiala  we  derive  the  remaining  orders,  all  of  which 
possess  two  occipital  condyles.  The  intercentra,  which  are  small  in  tlie 
prepel  vie  vertebral  axis  of  the  Ganocephala,  assume  a  large  development 
in  the  Embolomeri,  wbich  thus  have  two  bodies  to  each  neural  arch 
throughout  the  series.  It  is  probable  that  the  reptiles  took  their  origin 
from  this  grouj)  by  the  gradual  reduction  of  the  intercentra,  and  the 
continued  dominance  of  the  centra.  It  is  possible  also  that  the  Em- 
bdloi  eri  possess  but  one  occipital  condyle,  which,  uniting  with  an  in- 
tercentrum,  formed  the  single  occipital  condyle  of  the  Reptilia. 

In  the  direction  of  the  lihachitomi  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  the 
intercentra  became  predominant  in  the  vertebral  axis,  and  that  th^ 
centra  soon  disappeared.  This  order  gave  origin  to  the  Stegocephala, 
in  which  the  centra  are  wanting;  and  this  order  was  the  .source  of  the 
Proteida  on  one  hand,  and  the  Salientia  on  the  other.  The  formei',  of 
all  the  existing  orders  is  the  only  one  which  retains  the  os  intercalare 
of  the  Pahvozoic  types.  From  the  Proteida  we  get  the  Urodela,  and 
from  the  latter  the  Trachystomata,  as  will  be  more  especially  shown 
under  that  order. 

The  Ganocephala  (Trimerorhachis)  and  the  Rhachitomi  (Zatrachys) 
had  a  well  developed  columella  auris,  which  extended  from  the  lieuestra 
ovale  and  turned  upwards  and  backwards  to  the  notch  of  the  posterior 
outline  of  the  skull  between  the  os  intercalare  and  the  base  of  the  quad- 
rate. It  is  highly  probable  that  this  notch  was  occupied  by  a  tympanic 
drum.'  In  the  Proteida,  Urodela,  and  Trachystomata,  there  is  no  col- 
umella. In  the  Salientia  there  is  a  chain  cousistiug  of  one  bone  and 
two  cartilages  extending  between  the  stapes  and  the  memhranum  tym- 
imni.  Thus  the  LTrodela  in  this  resi)ect  have  undergone  degeneration, 
while  the  Salientia  have  undergone  specialization.  With  regard  to 
other  parts  of  the  skeleton  all  the  later  and  recent  orders  must  be  re- 
garded as  having  undergone  degeneration,  in  view  of  the  extensive  loss 
of  parts.  (See  Origin  of  the  Fittest,  by  E.  D.  Cope,  On  the  Evolution 
of  the  Vertebrata,  progressive  and  retrogressive.) 


'See  Cope  On  tbe  ossicula  iiuditns  of  the  Batracbia,  Aiuer.  Naturalist,  1888,  p. 464; 
Journal  of  Morphology,  November,  1?88. 


16  BULLETIN-    ;^^l,    UNITED    STATES    NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

EXl'LAXATIOX  OF   TERMS. 

The  Canthns  rostralis  i.s  the  ridge  more  or  les.s  defliied  which  marks 
the  Hue  of  separation  anterior  to  tiie  eyes,  between  the  toi)  and  side  of 
the  head.    The  outer  uarcs  or  crtenml  )iost)-ils  are  situated  in  or  a  little 
below  this  angular  line,  and  between  the  eye  and  tip  of  suout.    The 
Cauthtis  orhitalis  is  the  corner  of  the  eye,  either  anterior  or  posterior. 
By  ramus  of  jaw  is  meant  either  of  the  two  branches,  one  on  each  side. 
The  rictus  is  the  point  of  junction  between  the  upper  and  lower  Jaws. 
The  eomniissure  is  the  line  along  which  the  two  jaws  meet  when  closed. 
The  internal  nans  or  ehoana'  are  in  the  roof  of  the  month  a  little  ante- 
rior to  the  eyes.    The  Eustachian  apertures,  or  ostia  pharyngea,  are  sit- 
uated very  far  back  in  the  roof  of  the  ntoutli  near  the  end  of  the  jaw,  one 
on  each  side.    The  angle  of  the  jaw  is  just  behind  the  point  of  articula- 
tion of  the  two  jaws.    The  concealed  surfaces  of  the  body  are  those  which 
are  internal  and  j)ressed  against  each  other  when  the  limbs  are  tiexed. 
The  teeth  in  the  roof  of  the  month  are  vomerine  or  vomeropalatine  when 
they  are  within  or  near  the  inner  nares,  and  on  the  bone  of  same  name; 
and  they  are  parasphenoid,  or  \oo%e\y, palatine,  "hen  considerably  be- 
hind the  level  of  the  inner  nares  and  placed  on  the  i)arasphenoid  bone. 
The  enumeration  of  the  fingers  and  toescommences  with  the  inner  ones, 
the  fourth  finger  and  the  fifth  toe  being  the  external.    The  term  finger 
always  belongs  to  the  anterior  extremities,  and  toe  to  the  posterior. 
The  phalanges  are  numbered  from  the  metapodial  bone.    By  articula- 
tion is  understood  the  hinge  between  two  adjacent  bones,  which  them- 
selves are  called  segments.    The  tympanum  or  membranum  tynii)ani 
is  the  circular  disk  seen  on  each  side  the  head,  posteriorly  and  just 
back  of  the  eye,  in  the  Salientia. 


fl 


i 


NOMENCLATURE  AND   HISTORY. 

By  Linnaus,  in  the  tenth  edition  of  the  Systema  Natunv  (1760),  in  the 
twelfth  (17GG),  and  in  the  thirteenth  (1788)  reptiles  and  batrachians  are 
included  in  a  class  "Amphibia."  The  two  classes  were  not  recognized 
even  as  subordinate  divisions  of  the  Amphibia.  These  divisions  were 
the  Reptiles,  Serpentes,  and  Nantes.  The  last  named  included  only 
fishes.  Four  genera  were  included  in  the  reptiles,  one  of  which  was 
Rana,  which  embraced  all  the  Batrachia  Salientia.  The  Urodela  were 
enumerated  as  species  of  the  genus  Lacerta.  The  genus  Cecilia  was 
placed  among  the  berpeutes. 

Laurenti,  in  the  Tentamen  Systema  Reptilium,  17G8,  first  used  the 
class  name  Reptilia  for  a  combination  of  the  two  classes,  Rei)tilia  and 
Batrachia,  as  at  present  recognized.  Ue  proposed  three  orders  of 
Reptilia,  the  Salientia  (  =  Batrachia  Anura),  the  Gradientia  (=  lizards 
and  Batrachia  Urodela),  and  the  Serpentes,  in  which  he  included  the 
Ccecilias. 

ifla^«/t',178S-'-J0,didnot  distinguish  Reptiles  from  Batrachia,  and 


«« 


Till':    JJATIiACIlIA    (»!•    N<>in'll    AMKIilCA. 


17 


f 


(lid  iit»t  fiivi'  ilistiiictive  naiiiL'S  I'or  tliu  groups  which  he  luoposed,  which 
wt'ic  very  iirliliciiil. 

!>ion(/iii(tr(  published  lii.s  system  iu  I80()-'()3,  in  the  Meiuoire.s  de.s 
SiiViUis  lOtraiijfc'i'sde  I'liistitiit.  lie  did  not  distiuyuisli  the  Ijiitrachiii 
as  a  chiss  IVoiu  the  JJeptilia,  but  h(^  distinj;uished  it  lirst  as  a  natural 
jjfroiip  and  named  it.  Ih; divided  the  lieptilia  into  the  (bur  irders,  Che- 
Ionia,  Sauria,  Ophidia,  and  IJatraehia.  lie  placed  the  salanmnt'ers  in 
tlni  IJatiachia  Ibrthetirst  tinu'. 

LntrciUe  published  a  system  of  Keptilia  in  tho  Nouveau  Dictionaire 
d'  llistoire  Naturelle  in  ISOi,  Vol.  xxiv,  paj^'e  (Jl.  lie  adoi)ts  the  sys- 
tem of  Ilrongniart.  The  Batrachia  are  divided  into  two  sections:  I 
/>.  (vurcurs,  aiul  1 1  li.  pisciforuics.  The  secoiul  section  included  the  gei;- 
era  Proteus  and  Siren;  section  I,  all  other  Batrachia  known  to  the 
anihoi'.  In  l.S2r>  Latreille  published  another  classification  iu  the  bro- 
chure "Les  Families  Natunlles  du  Hegne  Animal."  lie  divides  the 
vertebiata  into  warm-blooded  (llaemathermes)  and  cold-blooded  (llae- 
maerymes).  The  latter  include  Pulmonees  antl  Solibranches.  Tiie  lat- 
ter includes  the  lishes.  The  Ibrmer  division  has  two  subdivisions,  Wep- 
tiles  and  Am|)hibia  or  Batrachia.  We  here  find  the  system  of  Do 
IJlainville  adoi)ted  in  the  reco;;nition  of  the  Batrachia  as  distinct  from 
the  Keptilia,  and  the  na!;ie  Amphii)ia  is  used  for  it  for  the  first  time. 

Daudin  in  l.SO'.'-Hl.'i  ])ublished  his  Trait6  (ienerale.  He  adopted  the 
classifu'ation  of  Brongniart. 

Dnnieril,  in  ISOt,  in  the  Traite  elementaire  d'histoire  naturelle,  also 
adopted  the  system  of  Bron<;'niart.  He  placed  the  Cu'ciliidie  among 
(he  Ophidia.  In  his  ZoiUogie  Analyti(pu',  published  in  1807,  he  followed 
I  he  same  arrangeuuMit,  and  divided  the  Batrachia  into  Auura  and  Uro- 
dela.  The  latter  included  four  genera:  Triton,  Salamaiulra,  Proteus, 
and  Siren. 

lAtnitirck,  in  1S()!>,  published  a  Distribution  (ien«''rale  des  Auimaux,  as 
I  he  (chapter  viil  of  the  Philosophie  Zoiilogique.  He  did  not  distinguish 
the  Batrachia  from  the  Keptilia  as  a  class,  bat  recognized  the  four 
orders  of  Kejjtilia  already  proposed  by  P>rougniart.  The  Batrachia  are 
divided  into  two  divisions:  Urodelii  and  Anura.  (Jcecilia  is  placed  in 
the  serpents. 

CkvIck,  in  the  Le(M)ns  d'Anatomie  Comparee,  in  1801),  and  in  the 
Kegiie  Animal,  in  1817,  adopteil  the  system  of  Jirongniart.  In  the 
si'cond  edition  of  tlie  lattei',  pul»lished  in  182!)  he  divides  the  Batrachia 
into  live  genera,  vi/ :  C(ecilia,  Kana,  Salamaiulra,  Proteus,  and  Siren. 

Opjxl  published  his  "Ordnungen  Familien  u.  Gattungen  der  Kep- 
liiien"  in  1811  (Munich).  lie  adopts  the  class  name  llei)tilia,  and 
divides  it  into  three  orders  :  Testudinata,  S(piainata  (snakes  and  lizaids), 
and  Xiida  or  Batrachia.  The  Batrachia  are  divided  into  three  families  ; 
the  Apoda  (('(cciliida),  ICcaudata  or  Aniira,  and  the  I'rodela. 

!>(■  lUdinriUe  published  in  ISKI  in  the  Xoiiveau  liulletin  des  Sciences 
<Ie  la  Soctiete  Pliilomathicpit^  of  Paris  a  Prodrome  d'une  uouv.  distribu- 
1U521— Bull.  .'51 '1 


:h 


i  1 


IS  lUJLLKTlN   ;il,    I'NITKI)   STATEH   NATIONAL   MF-SKUM. 

ti.Mi  svslciniiti'i.ic  (111  IN-^iu'  AniniMl.  Ho  Ihst  proposed  to  H-j,Mnl  tlio 
IJitra'cliia  :.s  lulistinct  class  of  viTlcl.n.ta,  (lii'  IV  of  Ins  scnrs,  uimUt 
the  name '^Xiulipollilc'ios,  Ics  Ainpliybiens."  On  a  subscpicnt  pa-o 
hcdividos  tlic  dass  K('i)tilia  into  two  .sni.classcs,  "Ics  IJeplilcs"  ami 
Ics  It'ldli.voidc's.  The  latter  are  snl.div  ided  into  four  divisions,  viz: 
lJiitracioiis((Jren()uilies);  l',sendosanriens(Salaniandres) ;  Anipliibiens 
(les  Trotirs  et  les  Sirenes) ;  J'.sendopliidiens  (Co-eilies).  Wo  liero  lind 
the  15atracl)ia  tor  the  (Irst  time  set  oil"  from  tlie  h'eplilia  as  a  division 
of  oipial  rank  with  it. 

Mcrrciii,  Tontamen  Sjistenne  Amphibiarnni,  ISL'O,  reverts  to  tlio 
F.inna'an  name  Ampliil)ia  for  tlie  c()nd)ined  reptiles  and  batraeliians, 
l)iit  recoyni/es  the  two  as  subordinate  divisions.  Ho  oalls  these  IMio- 
lidota  and  IJatraehia.  The  J'.utraehia  he  divided  into  the  Apoda  (Cce- 
cilia),  Salientia,  and  (Iradientia.  The  (Inidientia  or  Salamandres  aro 
divided  into  Mntal)ilia  (Sahunandra,  etc.)  and  Ainphi!)nonsta,  or  the 
forms  with  permanent  branehia-. 

(hai/  pid)lished  in  ISl'o,  in  the  Annals  of  IMiilosopli.v  of  riiiladelpliia, 
a  synopsis  of  the  genera  of  Kei»tilia  and  IJatrachia  of  North  America. 
He  separates  the  two  classes  distinctly  as  such  under  the  names  Ui'\h 
tilia  and  Amphibia.  The  former  iire  divided  into  the  orders  Kniydo. 
sanria  (crocodiles  and  extinct  marine  reptiles),  Sauria,  Sauroplijdia,, 
Ophidia,  andChelonia.  The  Amphibia  were  divided  into  Mutabilia  and 
Amphipnei'3ta.  The  latter  division  iiKiluded  the  brancliiate  fornis,  with 
the  Cryptobranchida'  and  the  ('(cciliida'.  The  Mutabilia  embraced 
all  otber  IJatrachia. 

7/rtW(r»also,  in  1825,  published  (ienera  and  Synopsis  of  iSpecies  of  Kep- 
tiles  of  America  in  the  donrnal  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of 
I'hiladelphia.  He  adopts  the  system  of  Brongniart,  and  divides  the  lia- 
trachia  into  tliree  divisions,  dei)endent  on  the  characters  of  llieexterinil 
respiratory  organs.  Jn  the  lirst  there  is  an  external  ilssuroonly;  in 
the  second,  external  branehia'  and  lissuies;  and  in  the  third,  neither  tliu 
one  nor  the  other. 

F(7c//(r/e>-,XeueClassilication  der  Reptilien  (lSL'G),adopttj  the  nainesof 
Leuckart  for  the  prinniry  divisions  of  the  IJeptilia,  the  Monojmoa  cor- 
responding to  the  Keptilia  ami  the  Dipnoa  to  the  IJatrachia.  He  places 
Ccecilia  among  the  ."\Ionopnoa.  The  Dipnoa  are  divided  into  .Mutabilia 
and  Imnuitabilia.  The  latter  includes  the  lamilies  Cryjjtobranchoida 
and  IMianerobraiichoida.    The  Mutabilia  inelmle  all  other  r.atraciiia. 

Duineril  and  Bibrou,  iw  the  "  Erpetologie  denerale,"  published  be- 
tween 18;U  and  1841,  adopt  the  system  of  IJrongniart.  The  fourth  order 
of  reptiles,  the  I5atrachia,  is  divided  into  three  suborders,  viz  :  the 
IVromela  (Co'ciliidie),  Anura,  and  Urodela.  The  Urodeia  are  divided 
into  Atretodera  (Salamandres)  ami  Trematodera,  which  end)ra(;es  tlio 
rryptobranchida-  and  forms  with  pernmnent  branchiae 

Johannes  Miilkr,  in  Ktininius'  JIandbuch  der  Zoiitomie  (18.50),  uses 
the  Lniniean  name  Amphibia  for  the  combined  lieptilia  and  IJatrii- 


1. 


TIIK    1JATKA(;HIA    ol'   NOKTll    AMKUICA. 


19 


ii's,  ihmUt 

U'llt    I'll  J- 11 

liU's''  iiiul 
ions,  viz: 
iil)liil>ioiis 
;  liero  lind 
ii  (liviision 

ts  to  the 
tiiicliiaiis, 
ht'sc,  riio- 
podii  (C(i>- 
mdirs  iivo 
sta,  or  tlio 

ilii(leli)hiiij 

ainos  \W\tr 
IS  Emydo. 
uiropliidia,, 
tabilia  and 
Ibnns,  witli 
einbraci'd 

k'sol!{«'i)- 
Sciences  of 
les  the  Ba- 
le t'xternal 
V  only ;  in 
neither  the 

le  names  of 
lopnoa  col- 
lie places 
)  Mntaliilia 
hiaiichoida 
IJatrachia. 
blished  be- 
ourth  onler 
x'vA  :  till' 
are  divided 
ibraces  the 

(ISotJ),  uses 
and  IJatni- 


cilia.  The  hitler  two  divisions  be  rej^ards  as  subclasses,  under  the 
names  Monopnoa  and  i)ipiio:i.  The  Dipiioa  (liatrachia)  are  divided 
into  IJrodelaand  JJatracliia  (=:Anura).  Tlie  Urodelaiii  tiirnaredivided 
into  l'ereniiil»ranclii;ita,  Derotremata  (Trematodera  pt.  of  Dumeril  and 
llibron),  and  Mycitoder.i  (sala:iiandeis  in  .nenenil). 

Haiclid  i)iiblislied  in  lS(J(j  iiis  (}eiii'rel!e  ]\Iorpiiolo;:;ie.  lie  then  dis- 
tin;;iiished  the  IJatrachia  not  only  as  a  class  from  the  Ilei>tilia,  but 
placed  it  in  a  separate  };roiip  of  the  vertebrafa,  which  he  called  the 
Aiiamnia,  from  the  absence  of  the  amnion,  alonj;'  with  tln^  lishes.  He 
uses  iiidis(!iiiiiiiiiitely  the  names  Uatrachia  and  Amphibia  for  the  (tlass. 
lie  divides  it  into  two  primary  divisions,  the  IMiractamphibia  and  Lis- 
samphibia.  The  former  are  the  extiiuit  forms,  tojicther  with  the  Ca'ci- 
liida'.  The  Lissainpliibia  are  divided  into  three  divisions:  Sozobran- 
cliia  '  '.'ereiinibraiiclisV  Soznra  (IJrodela),  and  Aniira. 

( '(il>L',  iu  ii  "Synopsis  of  the  Kxtinct  Ijatrachia  «)f  North  America," 
lS(».S(l*r(>ceedin^'s  of  the  Ac  idemy  IMiiladelpliia),  re('o.i;iiiziMl  the  Uatra- 
«-hia  as  a  class  distinct  from  the  Ivcptili.i,  and  divided  it  into  six  orders, 
as  follows:  Tiacliystiniiata  (Hiiens),  i'mt.  ida,  Urodela,  (Jyniiioi)liidia 
(the  ('o^(!iliida'),  8tL'<,M)cepliali  (extinct  forms),  and  Annra.  In  a  paper  on 
the  IJatraidiia  of  the  Permian  I'eriod  of  Noitli  America,  bSSt(  American 
N  itiiralist),  two  orders  were  added,  tiie  Kliachitomi  and  Kmbolomeii, 
linth  extinct.  In  the  "Origin  of  tiie  Fitti'st"  (Philadelphia,  ISSO)  still 
another  order  is  added  to  the  IJatraiiliia,  the  (Janoiu'phala  of  Owen,  and 
t  111  (iymnopliiona((J(et;iliida')are  united  with  the  IJrodela,  makiiij'- eight 
oi'ders  in  all.  Tliis  systiMii  is  adopted  in  tiie  iiicsent  work.  In  18(15,  in 
•I  paper  on  the  Primary  J)ivisioiis  of  the  liatrachia  Salientia  (Natural 
History  Ileview)  the  .Vniira  were  divided  into  Ajjlossa,  |{iifonitbriiiia, 
AKtifera,  and  Itaniformia.  These  divisions  arc  here  adopte«l,  except- 
i:i,u  the  Ibifoniformia. 

Ilii.tlcj/,  AnatDiny  of  Veitebratcd  .\niinals,  1871,  «livides  the  vertL!- 
Iir.ilainto  hditliyopsida,  Sauropsida,  and  Mammalia.  The  Ichthyopsida 
correspond  to  the  Anamniaof  Ilaeckel,  plus  the  Leptocardii  and  Mar- 
sip(»hiancliii.  This  division  is  divided  into  two  classes,  the  Pisces  ami 
AaiphiUia  (Hatrachia).  The  Keptilia  and  Aves  form  the  Sauropsida. 
The  An;pliibia  emlnace,  according;  to  Iliixley,  four  orders,  viz :  Uro- 
dcl.i,  lialiyrinthodonta,  Gymiiopliiona,  and  liatrachia  or  Aniira.  The 
trodela  are  divided  into  J'roteida  and  8alaniandrida,  which  corro- 
spmid  to  the  Trematodera  and  Vitretodera  of  Dumeril  and  iJibron. 
Professor  Ilnxley  j,'ave  the  (irst  (dear  osteoIoj;ical  delinition  of  the  class. 

<ie(jcnh((in\  in  the  Elementsof t!omparative  Anatomy,  1872,  follows  the 
system  of  Ilaeckel  so  far  as  rcf^ards  the  higher  groups  of  vertebrata. 
The  Uatrachia  are  called  Amphibia,  and  have  the  three  divisions  pro- 
liosed  by  Merrem,  but  under  the  names  Urodela,  Annra,  and  Gynino- 
pliiona. 

Ill  tho  preceding  review  no  attempt  has  been  made  to  |)rcsent  tho 
views  of  all  naturalists  who  have  written  on  the  vcitebrata,  but  I  have 


20         mii.i,i;tin  111,  rMn:i»  statls  na.ional  mi'skum. 

.....I.avuml  toiMrlmh-all  tin'  works  in  wl.id.  the  liatrad.ia  a:nl  their 
j,„,,,,,,,  „Ml  .•Mrn.i.l  .Tlali.His  l,:.v,.  lu-n.  rxpirssly  ronsuhTcl  iin.l  new 
virus  iiiln.Iiir.Ml.    Tlu'  s.vst.'in  Nvhicli  app.Mrs  to  tlic  wriUT  Lirxprnss 

.,  |,,iiv(l,..  ni.tiiiMl  r.-h.tioiis..r  the. •oiilfiitsc.r  the  class  IS  pri'soulnl 

i„  ,,„,  ,„n„„.i„.-  pat,M.s.     I!..t  I  d.v-W  "  IV-w  words  to  n(...uM.dMt.nv. 

TlH-  earliest  name  lor  a  -iven  eoii(ri)tion  derived  from  individnais  is 
,,I„pi,(l  Species  must  bo  deliiicd  or  li<;'m<'d;  Hi'>'<'''ii  i>"<l  ""  '"M'km- 
nnuips  iimst  be  deline.l,  since  (i.univs  cannot  express  the  neuerali/a 
Tlmis  snch  names  are  inteinled  t..  represent.  As  tlie  conception  oCtlie 
rxtcnt  of  a  -enns  varies  witli  discovery,  it  is  impossible  to  reciiiire  that 
,1„,  .iHlniti.m  accoMipanvin-'  its  earliest  name  shall  be  necessarily  exact, 

s„  (iiiita  1 a  tide  delinition  is  all  that  is  oblijjalory,  according'  to  the 

inlcs.  Ill  the  case  c!"  the  lii.uher  ;;r(.nps  the  case  is  dillereiit.  It  has 
been  ciisloinaiv  to  rcipiire  that  the  delinition  acconipanyiiifr  the  name 
adopted  shall  coiTesi.ond  with  the  thing  adopted.  11"  the  deliiiition 
does  not  so  correspond,  tiie  name  has  generally  reinained  nniisctl.  Such 
names  are  the  Mntabilia  and  Immiitabilia,  ("adneibranchiata  and  IVreii 
iiibranchiata,  which  have  been  applied  to  systi'nnitic  ideas  not  in  corre 
spondence  with  the  true  rehitionships  of  the  members  of  the  riatraehii. 
They  have  fallen  accordingly  into  disuse.  Sach  are  also  the  so  called 
orders  Kmydosanria  and  Sanrophidia.  The  division  then  receives  the 
name  which  was  first  aiM'lied  to  it,  and  not  to  something  more  or  less 
corresponding  to  it  on  ommissioii  or  addition  of  contents,  The  rank  as- 
s'gned  to  such  division  is  immaterial;  the  idea  of  the  division  itself  is 
everything. 

Applying  these  principles  to  the  vertebrates  which  form  the  subject 
of  this  book,  I  lind  the  following  to  be  the  names  to  be  adopted.  I  find 
that  Ihongiiiart  first  perceived  the  correct  limitation  of  the  iJatratdiia, 
and  that  in  1S(M)  he  gave  it  that  name.  In  this  he  was  followed  by  La 
treillein  ISOt:  by  I)audin,in  ISOL*-.');  by  Dnineril,  in  ISIU  ;  by  Lamarck, 
in  18l»l>;  by  ('avier,  in  1801)  and  in  1817;  by  .Merrein,in  bSliO;  by  ilarlaii, 
in  1825;  hy  Dumeril  and  Hibron,  in  1811;  and  by  various  modern  writers 
since  that  date.  The  name  Amphibia  I  find  first  used  by  Dc  r.lainvllle 
in  181(5  as  intcn^hangeable  with  the  name  Xiidipellifcri,  and  also  as  a 
siibili vision  of  itself  eipial  to  the  I'eiennibranchiates  of  somk;  later  au- 
thors. The  name  is  first  definitely  adopted  by  liatreillein  ISL'o,  a^jnar- 
ter  of  a  century  after  the  introduction  of  the  name  IhUrachia.  lie  is 
followed  after  a  long  interval  by  Ilacckel  in  18(!(!,  who,  howexcr.  uses 
the  name  Amphibia  as  interchangeable  witli  IJafracliia.  It  is  ex(du 
sively  used  by  Ilnxley  and  by  (legenbaur,  and  by  a  number  of  modern 
naturalists,  chiefly  anatomists.  From  the  ab:)ve  record  it  is  (inite  evi- 
dent that  the  proper  name  for  this  class  is  Matrachia. 

The  true  classification  of  the  (contents  of  the  (dasa  wa.s  of  much  later 
discovery.  The  tailless  division  was  recognized,  it  is  true,  by  the  earlier 
authors:  and,  first  of  all,  in  17(!8  by  Laureuti.  who  called  it  the  Salient  ia 
audgaveitadeUuition.    This  naniL' must  be  therefore  retained.    The  di  vis- 


I 


TIIR    HATUACIIIA    OI'    NOUTll    AMF-RICA. 


21 


i!i(l  their 
iiml  iH'W 
»  express 
)ieseiileil 
atiire. 
iiliiiils  is 
II  lii^'lier 
Mieializa 
oil  (»(■  llie 
|uir(>  tlial 
ily  exact, 
i<i  to  the 
\.     It  has 
tlie  name 
ileliiiilidii 
('(I.    Such 
h1  Pereii 
ill  eoire 
iatrachi  1. 
so  ealh'il 
•civcs  the 
(le  or  less 
e  rank  as- 
II  itself  is 

10  siihjeet 

1  Iiml 

tati'a(;hia, 

-d  by  La 

liainarek, 

V  ilailaii, 

II  writers 

tiaiiiville 

also  as  a 

later  an- 

jr>,  acinar- 

ia.     lie  is 

l'\  t'T,  IISI'S 

is  fx(rln 

r  inodeni 

(jiiite  cvi- 

uieh  later 

he  earlier 

Salient  ia 

The  divis- 


ion of  true  Siilaniaiiders  was  not  properly  (list in.uuisheil  before  the  pub- 
lication of  the  system  of  De  IJlaiiiville,  in  1S1(5,  who  eillcd  fiieiii  the 
Pseiidosaiiriii.  lie,  however,  omitted  from  them  the  Ca'i;iliida'.  In  this 
:)iiiissioM  ho  was  followed  by  rll  siibse(|iieiit  authors,  except  Cope,  who 
called  the  entire  order,  iiicliidin.!;'  tlie(%ec.iliida',  the  IJrodela,  a(loi»tiiij{  ii 
name  already  proi>osed  by  Dumeril,  in  IHOt,  for  a  division  of  wider 
scope.  On  this  a(!(!ount  the  name  irrodola  is  ailopted  in  the  present 
work.  The  iiaiiu'  (irradientia  was  (irst  used  to  iiniliide  only  Uatiachia, 
without  lizards,  by  Merrem,  in  ISUO.  The  two  branchiate  or.lers,  I'ro- 
4ei<laandTiMehyst()mata,  wereinduded  in  the  IJrodela  or  (liailieiitia  by 
all  authors  except  the  followinjf:  J)e  IJlaiiiville  combined  them  in  one 
(uder,  the  Amphibia;  Gr.iv,  Iliirlan,  and  Fitziiiger  followed,  but  com 
billed  them  with  uiirelat'd  foriiH;  Dumeril  and  IJibron  kept  them  to 
{^ether  with  t!ie  Crypt  )branchida' in  a  division,  Trematoderos,  follow- 
ill};'  Fitziii}"er  (ISLMi);  Haeckel  follows  De  IJIainville,  but  renames  the 
I'seudosaiiria  of  that  author  Sozobranchia,  and  includes  in  his  Am- 
phibia the  noil  related  Axolotls,  In  ISIJIJ*  Cope  lirst  distinjjjuisIuMl  tiic^ 
'rrachystomata  and  I'roteida  as  orders,  and  pureed  them  of  the  Axolotls, 
which  he  i»laced  in  the  Crodola. 

PUOTEIDA. 

()s  ii'ilenialare  present ;  no  supra  or  basioiunpitals;  (>.  mixillare  and 
inrfi'onlalia  wautiii}'-;  vomero-i)alatiuiim  and  pteryfjoideiim  luesent, 
(Mniliiiiioiis;  oibitosi>heuoid  eloiifjate,  not  forming  part  of  palate;  eera- 
tohyals  connate. 

This  order  aji'rees  j^fenerally  with  the  Urodela,  but  i)roscuts  one  most 
important  feature  of  dilVereiKU',  in  the  presence  of  theOs  intercalare.  It 
is  this  point  that  yives  the  Troreida  its  position  between  the  Stejjo- 
cephali  and  the  Urodela,  and  which  indicates  the  line  of  conneetion 
betw(  ".  the  extiiKtl  forms  of  the  Carbon iferou.<  period  and  the  mod- 
ern t^>  pes. 

The  hyoid  apiiaratus  dillers  from  that  of  adult  Urodela,  and  resembles 
their  larva;  in  liaviii;;'  three  e[iibranehials,  instead  of  one  only.  The 
second  basibraiicliial  is  also  eonneeted  with  the  first,  which  is  not  the 
(rase  with  the  Uroilela.  Thi'  centrale  is  present  iii  both  carpus  and 
tarsus. 

No  extinct  <;euei'a  are  certainly  known  to  belong  to  this  order,  but 
there  is  one  that  n'sembles  it  nearly,  and  may  belong  here.  This  is  tiie 
('ocytinust  (Cope),  which  has  been  found  in  the  coal  measures  of  eastern 
Ohio.  If  it  be  not  a  larval  Stegocephal,  it  belongs  to  this  order.  It 
would  not  enter  the  same  family  as  the  recent  forms,  as  it  has  a  small 
maxillary  bone.  Another  extinct  type  from  the  Wealdoii  of  IJelgium 
has  been  suspected  to  belong  to  the  Troteida,  but  the  cranium  is  not 

•Oil  tlic  Arcirt'ioiis  Aiiiir.i,  Joiirniil  Acadoiiiy  I'liilaili'lpliia,  l-iliti,  p.  102. 
t  (ieo!o;;iciU  Survey  of  Oliio,  ii,  r.iii'dntolojiy. 


22  I.CLLKTIV   :il.    IMTHl)   SI'ATKS    VATIONAL    MtfSKltM 

sullid.i.tlv  NvHl  P.VM..V..  I  to:.ll..w,.IM  positive  .I.trnninalion.  This  is 
,1...  ll,,I.Mn,rl,»s  n-oiiii  of  Dullo.*  It  .Hilars  IVo...  any  ..t  the  known 
KemM;i..|-thoonh-riiihaviii-nv.".ii-its..:.iillth.-lr.'t. 

Tiic'iv  is  bill  on.,  rxistin-  family  of  I'lotei.l;.,  whirl,  is  dohnnl  as  lol- 
lows  : 

i>H()Ti;ii).K. 

No  iiMMliMM  stcniiil  ('l.'MUMits.  Vcit chrii' aini.hico'loiis.  Carpus  aii.l 
tarsus  (•artilaj:iiioMs.  Iiiii.t  wall  <»f  vcstil.iih-  osseous.  Nasalia  waut- 
iiij;.  'IVrlh  oil  all  tlu"  usual  lioiics  cNcept  the  uiaxillarit's,  which  aro 
wanting'.  Tlic  s.roii.l  c.'ratobrancliial  is  present,  as  in  IJrodehi  gen- 
erally, ''stapes  (lireclly  eoi eted  with  the  siispensoriuin.  ^ 

Of  this  family  hut  two  ;^euera  are  known.     They  are  the  followin;; : 

IMi'iiiMl  l.niiichiM';  (limits  4-1;  i-yrs  exposed \r<liin,^. 

Kxt.TiKil  l.iaiicliiM' ;  (limits,  ;!--^ ;  cvi's  hid.l.n. I'rohns. 

Of  tliesi'  Xecturus  is  Xi)rth  Amerie.ia  ami  Proteus  is  ICuropMii.  The 
hitter  is  represented  by  three  or  foar  spuiies,  which  live  in  subterr.inean 
waters  in  the  southern  parts  of  Austria. 

These  genera  dilVer  soaiewhat  in  the  hyoid  apparatus.  The  hypo- 
hyal  is  present  in  NVeturns,  but  is,  aecordin.i;-  to  Wiedersheiui,  wantin;-' 
in  Proteus,  in  the  fornuT  the  second  cer.itobrani^hial  is  much  smaller 
than  in  the  latter,  and  is  not  onnected  with  the  b.isibranchials. 

The  connections  between  the  inferior  arjlie-s  and  the  skull  iU'o  inter- 
esting. In  Necturus  the  columella  is  osseous  and  is  bent  abruptly  for- 
wards, and  articulates  with  a  short  p  )sterior  process  of  tiie  sifiiauiosal 
bone.  The  ceratohyal  is  free  fr.)m  the  skull,  luit  is  cDuni'ded  with  it 
by  tlie  two  ligaments,  the  hyosusi)enso/ial  to  the  middle  of  the  (]uudral»», 
and  the  niandibuhdiyoid,  to  the  angle  of  the  I'.andible.  (IMale  IS,  fig. 
1.)  la  Proteus  (Pig.  2)  the  arr,iii.,'einiMit  is  similar,  cixcepr  that  the 
processes  of  the  stapes  and  s(iiiamasil  do  not  meet,  bat  are  connected 
by  a  strong  ligament. 

The  intermedium  of  the  carpus  and  of  the  tarsus  is  eonlluent  with 
the  adjacent  external  element,  tlu^  uluare  and  the  libulare.  Tliere  are 
three  carpalia  and  three  tirsalia,  the  internal  on  the  inner  side  !"  the 
carpus  and  tarsus.  Tlie  carpus  and  tarsus  are  thus  very  nuieh  alike. 
(Plate45,  fig.  2.) 

The  procoracoid  cartilages  are  distinguished  fro'u  the  coracoids,  but 
are  continuous  at  the  point  of  junction  with  them.  Tiiey  ar.',  uuwM 
jiroduced  forwards  in  Necturus.  The  coracoids  nu'et  on  the  middle  line. 
No  sternum.  Tiie  ilium  is  the  only  ossified  i»art  of  the  pelvis.  It  is(!on- 
uectod  with  the  single  sacral  vertebra  l)y  a  true  rib,  which  is  rather  laiger 
than  the  others.  The  inferior  eleaients  of  the  pelvis  are  continuous  car- 
tilage. Til  Necturus  the  ischiadic  portion  is  siibiiuadr.ite,  wliile  tlu! 
public  portion  forms  a  triangle,  well  produced  forwards  to  an  acute- 
angled  apex.    Femur  with  a  trochanter  in  Necturus, 

*  HulU'tin  dii  Miisce  Jk'oyiil  du  lU'if^iiine,  l.-'<),  p.  K'>, 


1 

i 

i 


This  is 
'  known 

I  iis  lol- 


pus  illlll 

ill  wiint- 
hicli  iiit) 
I'lii  },M'n- 

1  wins': 

.  S'lilinii^. 
. .  I'rolnis. 

II.       Tlir 
'rr.ini'.ni 

lie  hypo- 
wanting- 
1  sinalltT 
Is. 

iuo  intiT- 

iptly  lor- 

(ijiiinKsiil 

witli  it 

uailralr, 

IH,  Wii. 

tliat  (lie 

)nni'(:tc'(l 

•nl   witli 
ii'ie   arc 
!"  llic 
;h  alike. 

loids,  but 
niucli 
ildle  line. 
It  is  (bon- 
ier lar;;er 
nous  c;ir- 
r'.iilo  the 
an  acute- 


Tin;    IIA'I'I:.\('1IIA    or    NOI.'TII    AMKUICA. 


NKCTUKUS  l{alines(|ue 


23 


Do  Uliiiuville'M.Ioiiriiiil  I'liyMUjiii',  i.xxxvm,  Hl'.t,  )i.  117  ;  \Vii;;l.  Nat.  Syni.  Aiii- 
pliili.,  IHliK,  p.  'ill);  (!iay,  Ciital.  Mi  it.  Miis.,  cd,  I,  |).  (1;1 ;   Honlonjjcr,  Catal. 
Hal,  (irail.  Hiil.  MMH.,tMl.  ii,  lHHt>,  p.  rt;i. 
rhaiirrohiaiiiliiiM,  imrt.,  I.riickait,  Isis,  18il,  p.  'J(»0.      I'it/iii^f.,  Xciic.  (Massif.  Kept., 

p.  (is,  IS.'C. 
MiiiohniiiiliiiH,  Ilailan,  Ami    Lyi'.  \.  V.,  i,  H]r>,  p.  'J.'l ;    Tsi^hiuli,  Katr.,  p.  '.(7  ;  Dimi. 
iV  IJilir.,  IX,  p.  ls;t. 

External  {(Ills  persistent.  I''in^ers  and  toes,  I'oiir;  voineropalatine 
teeth  in  a  single  series.     I'^yes  exposed. 

This  yenus  is  distriliuteil  throii;;li()ut  the  eastern  district  of  North 
Ainerieii  only,  whore  it  is  represented  Uy  two  speeies.  These  are  distin- 
;,niished  ainonj;  other  characters  by  the  ibllowiii}* : 

.Miiz/lf  loiijfiT,  more  tlcprrssiMl ;  liiimilii;i'  Mlunlrr;  Irclli,  prcinaxillarii'M  ll-ir>;  vnm- 
criiii's  IvJ-lll;  Itiowii,  tiaikcr  spotted  ;  lar;;i'i' X  mariiliitiis, 

Mii//.le  slioi'tcr,  loss  (li'iirossed  ;  liran(dii;r  li)ii;;i'r;  Icclli,  prciiiax  illarics  ll-H ;  viun 
criiics  ■•'-It:  pale,  iinspotti'd  ;  smaller .V.  piiiictalii^. 

MXTIIRI'S  MACI'LATl'.S  RaC. 

Plates  i-iii. 

S'lrliiniH  mnciildliin,  h'lijin.,  I.  cr.;  llolitr.,  N.  A.  Herp.,  V,  p.  1Il,pl.  ;!7;  iSoiileiif^or,  CatT 

|!;itr.  <irad.  lillt.  Mils.,  ed.  II.  1SH.»,  p.  nl. 
Tritdii  lidirdlis,  .Say,  in  Ldiij^'s  Kspi-d.  ItoeUy  Mis.,  i,  \t,  ,"i. 
I'liiiiiirohrnnrhim  It  Iraildrli/his,  Leiud^ai't,  I.e. 
Miiiohritiicliiis  lalintlis,  Ilailaii,  1.  c;  Tseliiidi,  natr.,p.  'J7 :  llollir.,!.  <'.,ii.  ll'i,  pi.  ;!.-^; 

Dekay,  N.  V.  rami.,  K'ept.,  \>.  S7,  pi.  is,  f.  I,", ;   Dum.  A:  |5il,r.,  p.  ls:t ;  Wied,  Nova 

Aeta  I.eop. -Carol    xxxii.  )).  IIW,  pi,  7,  1'.  1. 
Mciiiihiiiiichns  liliadachiliiK,   Harlan,  .lomii,  Ac,  Plila.,  i\',  ji.  li'JI;  (iray.Ami,  I'liilos., 

X,  1  >-,':.,  p. 'JIC. 
Miitohniinhiis  siiyi,  (ii'ay,  1,  e. 

yivtitrus  mavitlimiiK,  Gray,  Cat.  Hatr,  Orad,  Hiit.  Miis.,ed,  i,  p.  C>i\. 
/')()/c((i  iiittciihtliiK.  Hariies,  Aincr.  .loiirn.,  xi,  ji.  y.")S. 
,]h'iioliraiii  Jilts  laripcilii,  Ciray,  in  (Jrill'.  ,\,  i<.,ix,  ji,  l(l~. 
I'littnn'ohrniirhiiH  hirijuilii,  l''it/..,  1.  c. 
.\trliinin  latiriilin.  \Vai;l,,  1,  c. 
iSinthiii  liiiimalin  Kiicelaiid  I'rocecds,  Hoslon  Soc.  Nat,  Hist.,  vol,  vi,  p,  L'rJ,  l;*.")(i;  p, 

'JlH  (ls^»7). 
Muiiolniincluis  hiiiiiKilis  KiKM'iaiid,  I,  c.,  p,  'J,~lt,  ls,")7. 

In  this  si»ecies  the  body  is  only  moderately  elongate,  measuring,  with 
the  head,  four  and  a  li;iU'  to  live  times  the  f-reatest  width  of  the  latter. 
The  body  is  deiiressed,  though  not  so  much  .so  as  that  of  thi>  known 
sju'cies  of  Cryptobranchus.  The  section  of  the  tail  at  the  ba.se  is  a  ver- 
lical  oval ;  beyond  this  point  it  is  more  compressed,  so  that  the  distal 
half  is  Hat  and  oai'-like,  with  a  wide  dermal  border  above  Jiud  below. 
The  length  of  the  tail  varies  somewhat.  It  usually  enters  twi(!e  into  the 
lenjith  from  its  base  to  a  point  posterior  to  the  eye,  but  .sometimes  this 
point  is  anterior  to  the  eye,  and  even  rarely  as  far  as  the  end  of  the 
muzzle. 

The  head  is  a  Hat  oval,  and  the  nuiz/.le  is  Hat,  rather  short,  and  some- 
what truncate  in  outline.  The  eye  is  situated  anterior  to  the  middle  of 
the  head  and  is  quite  small,  itslont!,er  diameter  enteringr  the  interorbital 


r: 


ill 


If 


si>;ur  live  times 


TlH.  Mostiils  :uv  sm:ill,  ;n.il  are  situato.l  "wir  U.c 


mills  from  thrco- lift  lis 


bonl.r  ol  ll.c  lip.     1  in  <•  -■  '  j      ^j^^,.  ,.„„  .„„j 

t'o  ..a  ...nl.nvdn,  it  at  the  e.nthns.  sineo  ,t  .s  attacliod  w.l    n, 

.    „  ;  .vl.ieh  iMMUuls  it  below.    The  lower  lip  .s  decnrved,  ami  the 

l^r      .  ,rt  is  .leeper,  or  ...ore  eoi.vex  aownwar.ls,  thai,  the  Dostenor 

i;';;;';;;;,;::  s.;.r,..e.l  IV..,..  n.e  ......respo,..lin,  part  of  the  opposite  SHle 

by  a'  e,oi.si.le.able  interspaee,  which  is  without  groove. 


^'':-'iA' 


I'm.  ;..  1-7,  Xfctiirujtmneiilatiix  lliif.,  Xo  FS1.1,  Sfi)nnt  Caniicl,  III.;  8,  Slriihm  iiurifnninii  Wiii;!.,  l;irv:t. 
lii'ivil ;  ft,  ClinmU-nliix  liiiihrdxiDiW.  S:  (I.,  liirvii,  licild.     All  ii;itiii';il  Wv/.i\ 

The  hranehial;u()(!esst'.s  lire  undivided,  and  form  vertical  plates,  whicih 
thin  out  dowiiward.s.  Tiie  exteriiiil  iiiid  ii.tei-nal  faces,  Ihi^  inferior 
iiiiii',i;ii.,  iiiid  the  free  exticniit.v  are  frinjied  with  lather  short  linibria'. 
The  Miiterior  jiroeesses  ai'e  shorter  Hum  Ihi'  two  olliei's,  whi<'li  are  sub- 
e»ju;il.     The  longest  about  ecpiids  the  length  oi"  the  iimzzle  from  the  eye; 


I 


1 


tllK    HATRACIIIA   Or   NORTH    AMERICA.  25 


ficjlr  the  they  are  frequently  shorter.    In  two  specimens  from  Kinj^ston,  lTp[»er 

ireoliftlis  Caniula,  tlu'y  exceed  the  length  of  the  mnzzle,  but  this  is  very  seldom 

V  fall  and  the  ease. 

posteiior  The  tunj;ue  does  not  reach  the  symphysis  of  the  lower  jaw,  and  is 

3d  wilinn  obtusely  rounded  in  front.    It  is  considerably  free  anteriorly.    The  in- 

1,  and  the  ternal  nostrils  are  an  oblique  slit  on  each  side,  which  lies  oblicjuely  and 

posterior  ojjposite  to  the  interval  between  thevomeiine  and  pteryj^'oid  teeth, 

oslte  side  Tiie  i)remaxili.iiy  teeth  are  in  two  straight  divergent  series,  which  unite 

at  a  rounded  angle  in  front,  which  would  be,  if  completed,  a  little  less 

than  a  right  angle.     Each  side  usually  contains  eleven  teeth,  but  there 

h  are  sometimes  thiiteen  and  in  one  huge  specimen  (No.  S'AH))  lllteen 

M  teeth.     The  vomerine  series  is  parallel  within  the  premaxillaiy,  forming, 

f  like  them,  an  obtuse  angle  anteriorly.     There  are  twelve  or  thirteen 

teeth  on  each  side,  but  sixteen  in  the  large  specimen  (No.  H.ICJO).     Imme- 
diately posterior  to  the>e  and  at  a  short  interval,  the  pterygoid  series 
!7)  commences.     It  is  slightly  convex  outwards,  and  embraces  usually  six 

if  tei'h,  rarely  live,  and  in  llie  large^Xo.  .Si.(I())ten  teeth.    Thedentary  boiK>, 

'  supi)orts  twelve  or  thirteen  tec  tli,  which  are  dire(!ted  obliquely  inwards 

at  a  slight  angle.     The  si)lonian)oae  siipi)orts  tour  and  sometiaies  live 

"  teeth,  which  form  a  short  series  posterior  to  those  of  the  dentary  l»<>ne, 

'  whose  base  ascends  gently  backwards.     In  two  specimens  from  (Jr.tss 

Iiiver,  N.  Y.(Xo.  7()o8)  the  teeth  are  rather  fewer  in  number,  viz:   I'rc- 

maxillaries,  eleven;    vomeropalatines,  eleven;  jjterygoids,  four. 

The  limbs  are  well  developed,  but  short  and  weak,  as  in  salamanders 
generally.  The  two  external  lingers  are  subicpial  in  length,  and  siiorter 
than  the  two  middle  ones,  which  are  also  subeipu''  There  are  no  dis- 
tinct palmar  or  su  bdigital  warts.  The  phalanges  are,  beginning  on 
the  inner  side,  l-.'S-IJ-L'.  The  toes  are  all  unequal.  The  innei'  is  the 
shortest;  then  follow  in  order  the  fourth,  the  second,  and  the  third. 
There  are  no  solar  or  subdigital  tubercles.  The  phalanges  number 
l-L'-'J-L*.  The  limbs  are  of  about  enual  length,  and  are  ecpial  to  the 
width  of  the  head  just  in  front  of  the  brancliia'.  Tressed  to  the  side, 
they  are  separated  bv  a  distaiu!e  equal  to  one  length  and  a  half  of 
either  of  tlKin. 

The  skill  is  entirely  s.nooth,  and  has  no  longitudinal  later.d  fold. 
There  are  fourteen  transverse  folds — very  rarely  lifteen— which  are  not 
visible  on  the  belly  nor  on  the  median  dorsal  region.  A  fold  crosses 
the  throat,  connecting  the  branchial  fissures;  it  is  not  very  profound, 
and  be(;omes obscure  in  specimens  which  have  not  been  well  preserved. 
I  Wii-i.,iiirv:t.  There  are  two  branchial  lissures  only,  there  being  none  behind  the  pos 

terior  branchial  arch.    The  vent  presents  two  short  obtuse  i)rocesses 

,       „.,■  ,  inwards  and  backwards  at  the  i)osterior  i)art  of  its  lateral  borders.     An- 

tes, \\  liicli  '  ' 

■    ,.  „;  „  terior  tc  these  there  are  three  short  processes,  one  on  each  side  and  oiu^ 

le  inU'rioi  '  ' 

,j  (i,,,!,,.;,,.  'd  the  anterior  angle,  which  are  principally  composed  of  fine  papi»ilhe. 

h  are  sub-  Uesidcs  these,  the  entire  walls  are  i)api)illose.     These  are  especially 

.,  prominent  at  the  breeding  season, 

111    I'lli'tAvj 


'^i  ■ 


26  BULLETIN    ;il,    rMTIll)    STATHS    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

MiKaunminlfi  of  Xo.  'J897. 

Total  l..n«tl. "-if 

Li'iiyth  li>  c'liil  <)1'  vent -"'^ 

Loii^jtli  to  opiKisilc  j^roiii. '-'~^ 

L('ii;;tli  to  ojipo^ilc  axilla ""•' 

Length  to  oiipositc  aiitciioi'  lirancliia  "•'•> 

Length  to  opposite  eye '"•' 

Wiillhofheadat  eyes "^i"' 

Width  ofliead  lietweeii  eyes "-'•! 

Greatest  widlli  ofliead •"<> 

Length  ot'anteii.)!-  I  i  nil  is "Ill 

Length  of  )iosteiior  linilis ''I-' 

iK'ptli  of  tail  at  middle ":>•'' 

The  ground  coloi'  is  ii  lio]it  cliocoliito  brown,  wliidi  is  .soinctiint's 
(iiio'od  witii  piiiic,  and  which  i.s  nsiially  rcndorcd  liyiitcr  in  tint  It.v  ;iii 
iiilinitiido  ol' wliitis'i  s[K'('ks  and  small  spots,  which  ivduce  llu'  j^iitiii.d 
to  a  iiiinute  reticulate  jiattern.  On  this  j>round  are  distributed  several 
rows  of  spots  ofMark  l)rowii,  which  are  (piineuncially  arranged,  not  very 
close  together,  in  from  four  to  eight  or  nine  iricgiilar  longitudinal  rows. 
These  are  w:tiiting  on  the  belly,  but  are  continued  on  the  tail.  The  in- 
ferior surfaces  are  dirty  white,  clouded  with  the  color  of  the  hack,  but 
they  are  sometimes  colored  like  the  l)ack,  iiielnding  the  dark  spots. 
The  soles  and  judms  are  yellowish.  A  dark  brown  band  passes  along 
the  canthus  roslrtdis  through  ih(>  eye,  ;ind  extends  some  distance  pos- 
terior to  it,  Jii  young  s|)('cimeiis  this  band  extends  to  the  end  of  llie 
tail,  involving  the  greater  part  of  the  sides.  It  is  bordered  above  by  an 
ochreous  yellow  band,  which  also  extends  from  tlie  end  of  (ho  muzzle  to 
the  end  of  the  tail.  The  median  line  of  (lie  head  and  back  is  dark 
brown,  this  color  ceasing  above  (he  vent. 

An  entirely  :Jack  variety  litis  been  sent  me  by  J)r.  ,T.  (1.  Carnier  of 
Luckiiow,  Ontario,  which  he  hits  obtained  from  the  Maitlandiind  laick- 
now  Jlivers.  The  only  variation  in  the  color  consists  of  two  obscure 
baud-like  aggregates  of  yellowish  brown  specks  tilong  the  inferior  and 
suiierior  borders  of  the  muscular  part  of  the  tail. 

Hahih.—Uv.  Samuel  Kneeland,  of  IJoston,  gives  an  aceoniit  of  the 
habits  of  (wo  iiidividtiiils  of  this  species  which  he  kept  several  moiidis 
in  coiiliiiemeut.  They  were  very  hardy,  having  been  frozen  tind  thawed 
several  tim,.s  during  the  winter.  They  were  (piite  rapacious,  eating 
worms  and  (Islies.  They  Mere  niost  active  at  night,  t.ud  <l,Ming  (he  .lav 
'•votd.'d  tl.c  light.  They  cleaned  their  branchiu.  by  stroking  (h,.m  witii 
JiH'.r  aiKetior  feet.  The  librilhe  Mere  ttlternately  expanded  tmd  con- 
tractcd  by  pmssuie  of  blood  and  its  absence. 

As  may  l»e  seen  from  the  following  list,  this  species  ranges  through- 

o..      H.  tr  iHitanes  of  (he  (Ireat  l.kes  and    the  Aiississippi,  as  M-elfas 

'  ."  s  that  How  tnto  tiie  (Jiilf  of  Mexico  and  (he  Atlantic  Ocean, a.s 

.  ..stieraH.ve,    Xorti.^  '"— '  ^<'<  ' "'--l 

in  either  the  Ihiridaa  or!  he  Texan  .list  rids, 


M. 

....o,:U)0 

2M 

',"20 

(),-(( 

o.v. 

()i:> 

o:!i; 

02:! 

(ik; 

010 

di;? 

ii:;:. 


THE    15ATUACHIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 
IIESKUVE  SKRIES. 


27 


CatiiloKiio  No.of 

Ulliubul'.       H])L'C. 


8348 

n 

78U7 

h;150 

2 

8r>«0 

88ir> 

!t20:! 

!t2ll7 

791)7 

]  08110 

1()8!»7 

45;il) 

7(141 

7011" 

;«i(i7 

n^:.!) 

7(1(18 

7(i;t8 

7(i(;i 

7(1:" 

7(112 

7(1  ir> 

12(171 

4(I')S 

127f.l 

i;i:i'.i(i 


49 


Locality. 

K'ii.ston.  N.  C 

(iiaiiil  KcdisK,  Midi  

Whon 
vuUectod. 



Oct'— ;  1875 

JUIH!— ,  187.''> 

From  wlioiii  recoivtd. 

^lasoii  &  Welsher 

J.  W.  MiliuT 

<;iarkHt()!;,  Jlicli 

do 

M.  Hanks 

Moiiiit  Caiincl,  HI 

(irt'jiT:  Lakes 

Saimiel  Turner 

(Jrand  Ecoisc,  Mich 

do 

(ieiu'va  Lake,  Wis 

do 

.Ji'i'lv'2bir88l' 
...do 

CM. Clark 

(J.  Clark 

If.  W.  Wcl-.'  er 

do 

ltiii'lin<'toii,  \'t   

I'rof.  8.  Kliaird 

Dr.  K.  Owen 

1).  (iiinn 

Tyicc  S|irini;s,Tiiiti 

I.akc  Sii|u'rior  

(.'ook  Coiiiily.  Ill   

Ill'  ■ '—]  VwiV 

1{.    Iveiinieott 

Dr.  Ticnildev 

I'oita;;!'  Lake 

AViii.  Dirkiiisoii 

(Iiaws  Kiv(  r,  ^1  ad  rid,  N.  Y 

('levcland.  Oliici 

Dr   ,J  V  Kiillaiiil 

T)(tii)it,  Mich 

'riis<'iiinl>ia,  Ala   

(Japlain  (iiiiiiii.sori,  r.  S.  A.. 

'L'ailidid,  N.  (;   

— ,  I^.-^l 

1882 
1882 

.1.  t.  liriduer 

MdiiMt  ('ainicl.  111   

Arkansas  Ivivcr,  mai' Foi  I 

.Smith. 
Miilchoiisc  Palish,  La  . .. 
M(iiitf;iiiiiciv,  Ala   

I,.  .M    'I'liriier 

C.  Sliiiiiiard 

I!.  II.  liroadnnx 

T.  S.  Doian 

Nature  ol' 
siicciiuen. 


Alcolielie. 
Do. 
Do 
I'o. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 


(iEN'KUAI,  SEUIES. 


12079 
70.')9 
:ill(i7 
70(1(1 
7(111 
70".7 
7o."iJ 
70(l(i  . 
7058 
40.58 

7(I5'I    ': 

7111 
7(l(il 
7(1  III 

:i9so 
I44(;(i 


Mich 


Mount  Caniiel.  Ill 

Saint    l.oins,  Mo 

Conk  CoiMily,  111 

Hoot  KiM'i.'ltacino,  \Vi 
'I'vri'e  S|irui:;s.  Tenn... 
Detroit.  Mich 
I.ako  Michigan,  ', 

Isle   Koyiil    

('oliiiiilills,  ()liii> 
Arkansas  liivei-, 

Meadville,  I'a 

(.')...'. 

Cleveland,    Ohio   .. 
(^iliiriiliiis.  Ohio.  ... 

(.'I 

Detroit,  Mich 


Nov. 


l.e«l 


Ark 


L.  M.  'i'linu'r 

Dr.  ( ieor;;e  Kn;;leinann 

It.    Ki'iinicotl 

I'rof.  .S.   K  Haiid 

I'rot.  J{.  Ow.n   

Caplain  (iiinnison,  1'.  S.  .\  . 

I!ev.  .•\.  C.  liarrv 

Ma,ior  Whittle.sJ'V  

Dr.   Worniley. .- 

Dr.  li.  !■'.  Shinnnrd 


Dr..).  I'.  Kutland... 
I'rof.  L.  I.esi|iiereiix. 

(0 

(!) 


Alcehel  , 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do, 
Do, 
Do. 
Do 
Do, 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


NKCTITKITS  ITNCTATl'S  (iil.bos. 
Jotinijil  of  tlic  licmton  Sdiioty  of  Naliiiiil  Histoiy,  IH'.:!,  vi,  ]k  '.WJ 


Fin.  4.  Xirftinin  ptDictnti's.  Xo   II,':];!,  Cliinlc'-ti  11,  S.  C,  tiatnial  .'~ize. 

The  j,n'iu'r;il  iippciiiiiiicc  ol  ilii,'^  species  is  (|iiit('  (linerciil  (roiii  tliaf  of 
the  K.  macuhilus,  aiidtlius  is  snpiiorted  h.v  Hcveriil  strueturiil  characters. 


4 


28  lUJLLKTlX   ol,    rXITKI)   STATES    NATIONAL    MUSKUM. 


H 


The  animal  is  not  coinnK 
National  ."Museum. 


)ii  ill  <"olloctions,  and  tlit'io  are  but  four  in  tlio 


on 
Ic 


Tiic  j-cncial  form  is  mncli  like  that  of  the  X  muculatus,  but  the  muz- 
is  (IHlerent.  I nsteail  (tf  bein^'  depressed  or  even  coucavc  above,  iunl 
ratiier  wide,  it  is  itinclicd  at  the  si(b's,soas  to  be  ratherelevated  at  the 
-nd,an(l  tohave  atnincate  jirolile.  'J  he  head  is  wide  in  proportion  to  its 
enytii,  tlic  two  measurements  hein;;-  about  e(iual.  The  length  of  the 
taiNs  the  same  as  in  S.  nKicnlaliis,  twice  its  length  marking  a  point  pos- 
terior to  tluM'.ve.  The  limbs  an' not  quite  so  hing  as  in  the  N.  maciilatiis, 
the  spaee  between  them,  when  they  are  ai)pressed  to  the  sides,  oquabug 
twice  the  extent  of  the  antciior  leg,  wliich  is  little  longer  than  the  pos- 
terior, in  the  specimens  in  the  IMnseum  the  body  is  decidedly  com- 
pressed, and  (here  is  a  distinct  median  doisal  groove.  These  char- 
a(!ters  aie  less  marked  in  the  .V.  muniUiliis. 

The  upper  li^)  is  more  iieiidulous  than  in  X  maciiJatuN,  or  perhaps 
sueh  an  appearancto  may  bo  ascribed  to  an  elevation  of  thepremaxillary 
liorder,  in  accord  with  the  more  elevated  muz/.le  T!:e  nostrils  are 
a  little  closer  together  than  in  the  larger  species,  the  distah  ,'e  between 
them  e(pialing  half  the  interorbital  spa(;e,  nistead  of  two  thirds.  How- 
ever, in  one  of  the  four  specimens  this  space  measures  two-thirds  that 
l)etweeu  the  orbits.  The  brancthial  processses  are  relatively  considei  ■ 
ably  longer  than  in  X  inncuhitKs  in  all  the  specinuMis,  and  they  aic 
more  a(!umiuate  in  form.  Tiieir  length  (tonsitlerably  exceeds  that  of 
the  muzzle  in  fr(»nt  of  the  eye.  In  .V.  maoulntuH  they  are  usually 
shorter  than  this  length  ;  in  two  or  three  specimens,  however,  they  arc 
as  long  as  in  the  X7>HHr/r(/H.s'.  There  are  but  two  branirhial  lissur.'s. 
The  width  of  the  head  enters .").()  times  the  length  of  the  head  and  body 
together. 

The  numbers  of  the  teeth  furnish  distinctive  characters  foi'  this 
sjiecies.  They  are:  Premaxillaiies,  0-S;  vomeropalatiues,  8-!> ;  i)tery- 
goids,  (J.  Thus  while  the  pterygoids  are  as  numerous  as  in  X  maciddhis, 
the  numbers  of  the  other  teeth  are  reduced.  There  are  eleven  <Ienta 
ries  and  three  spleuials  in  the  lower  Jaw.  The  j)o>!terior  uares  aie  a 
longitudinal  slit  opposite  the  space  between  the  vomeropalatine  teeth 
and  the  pterygoids.  The  tongue  is  short  ami  roumled,and  extensively 
fr.ein  front.  The  phalanges  of  the  anterior  foot  are,  L'-L'-I-'J.  The 
metacarpals  are  connected  by  a  slight  web  to  their  distal  ends.  The 
middle  toes  are  equal,  and  the  external  and  internal  ones  are  e(pial. 
The  posterior  phalanges  number  2-2-3 -L', and  the  digits  are  all  unequal, 
and  are  very  slightly  webbed  at  the  base. 

The  skin  is  entirely  smooth.  The  lateral  tblds  number  fourteen,  as  i  n  .V. 
inneulalus.  The  muscidar  part  of  the  tail  has  a  wide,  free,  dermal  border 
above  and  lielow,  The  fonner  is  more  slender  than  in  most  specimens 
of  the  .V.  Dutciihitiis;  but  this  charac^ter  does  not  always  hidd  good. 
There  are  five  cloacal  papilla-,  with  the  three  anteri.u'  iinelv  fringed, 
as  in  N.  Maciilatus. 


THE    HATIiA(;ill.V    OK    NOllTII    AMlMilCA.  29 

Mi'ttiiirviiuiiln  oJWu.  l\fi\'.t  (tvpe). 

M. 

Total  leiiytli -• 171 

!.,  -Viitli  to  end  of  vent I'JO 

l,ciiK.'-'i  to  <iiiiioHil<!gi'<)iii Olt'J 

I.t'iifitli  to  oiipoMitc,  axilla .0:55 

Lciifftli  to  ojiposito  anterior  brancliia 021$ 

l.('n;;tli  to  opposito  cyo 00(J 

Width  of  head  atojes 015 

W  id  til  of  head  between  eyes 010 

(Ireatest  width  of  li<!ad 017 

I.enfith  of  anterior  limb 019 

l,enj;tli  of  poHterior  linil) OIH 

|)eptli  of  tail  at  middle 014 

III  life  the  colors  are  very  indistinct  aiid  admirably  adapted  for  coii- 
cialiiieut  ill  water.  In  alcohol  tliey  fade  tolij^lit  brown  or  slate  color; 
till'  lower  snrfaces  i)al('r.  Tlieie  are  no  spots  or  darker  iiiiirkinfjs  of  any 
kind,  but  in  life  there  are  iimnerons  ininiite  white  pnneta'  scattered  on 
tlie  siiles  and  upper  surfaces. 

As  may  be  seen  from  the  atjcompanyinji  list  of  specimens,  the  range 
of  this  species  is  (jnite  limited.  It  has  not  been  found  ontof  the  rivers 
{){'  North  and  South  ('aroliiia. 


i'lltillii^;!!!' 
lllllljli.'l'. 


|j:)iit 

7(111 


spiM'. 


I.diMlity. 


I  S.  Siiiiti'c  Ilivcr,  S.  C 
'J  Wiliiiinntoii,  N.  (;.. 
1      (;iiail(sl.in,  s.  i; 


When 
ciillcclcil. 


Kriiin  w  liiiin  rcciivcil. 


—  — ,  iHr>i)  i)f.  r,.  K.  (liiitii's  .. 

Mar.  — ,  IcK.'  Ddiialil  Milt.ir 

-- i  C) 

i 


Nature  of 
HIK-ciiiiei). 


A]f.  typo. 

AI(i>lioliu. 

Oo. 


UKODELA. 

Dnm^^ril  jit.  1>0I ;  Cope,  1.<'7  :  J'.niulosaiirhi  pt.  De  IJlainville,  l^lfi. 

No  intercalary,  snpraoccipital,  nor  basiocciiiital  bones.  ().  maxillaro 
present ;  prefrontale  present  (with  one  exception);  vomero  palatina  pres- 
ent, not  ai)proximated  to  usually  present  pteryyoidea  ;  orbitosphenoid 
lar;i;e,  not  reacliinj;  palatal  surface;  mandible  with  teeth  on  the  deiitale. 

IJody  of  proatlascoiissilied,  with  the  atlas  forminj;'  theodontoid  proi;- 
ess  of  the  latter.  Cervi(;al  vertebra'  without  verteb'-arterial  canal. 
No  rutlimental  (centra  or  intercentra.  Kibs  with  two,  fre(iuently  closely 
approximated,  heads. 

No  median  sternal  elemer.ts.  Ooracoid  bone  rudimeiital.  Sacral 
ril»  well  developed.  Tubes  represented  by  a  sinjjic  cartilaginous  plate, 
which  sometimes  contains  a  median  osseous  (;enter.  Iscliia  in  mutual 
«'ontact  throughout  their  length.  No  obturator  foramen.  Femur  with 
distinct  great  trochanter. 

The  stapes  has  no  coiinectiiui  with  the  susjiensorinm  in  the  adult  ex- 
cept in  the  Cryptobranchida'  and  Ampliiiimida'.  It  is  connected  with 
the  suspensory  (iartilagi',  w!ii"'!i  is  (•;)'itiniiiHis  with  the  (piadrate  carti- 
lage, in  the  latter  families,  and   in  the  young  of  other  Urodela.    The 


■50  iUILLKTIN    lil,    KMTKU    .STATKS    NATIONAL    MIJSKUM 

(xTiitoli.val  iscitlier  lice  ;il  its  posterior  I'-xticiiiilv,  iis  in  IIh^  Proteidii, 
or  in  tlic  more  tvpiciil  lonns  it  Joins  tlic  (iniulralc  ('artiIaf,'o  Ity  «lirect 
ai-tii'iilation  or  by  li-ainiiit. 

TIicIi.vomI  a]>|i,tiaiiis  lias  a  very  uniform  cliaractiT  in  tlic  various 
fiiNiilics.  ('.\ci'ptiM,u-  in  tlic  CrvptolnMiu'liiida',  Aniphiurnida',  and  Co'cil- 
iidif,  wlifrt'  it  is  (piite  ditlVrtMit.     In  tiie  typical  forms  it  is  constructed 
as  follows:  lis  si:si)(iisor  is,  as  usual,  tiie  eeratoliyal,  wliicli  is   undi- 
vided.   This  is  eoiiiiected  witii  a  median  hasal  piecte,  the  i'lvat  Uasi- 
branchial,  i»y  a  sej-ineiit,  i^enerally  slendei',  the  hypobyal.     Soinelinies 
tins  piece  docs  not  touch  the  cciatoliyal.     Imoui  the  posterior  lateral 
border  of  the  basibraiu-hial  there  orii^'inatcs  on  each  side  a  rod,  the  lirst, 
cerafobranclnal,  which  is  continued  after  a  Joint,  as  the  first  eidhran- 
chial.     From  a  i)roccss  which  orij^inates  between  the  bases  of  these,  on 
flic  siijicrior  side  of  the  Iiasibranchial,  there  oii,!4inates  on   each  si<le  of 
its  postciior  extremity  another  rod,  shorter  than   (he   first,  the  second 
ceiatoiiranchial.     In  some  {(cncra  (Ilyuobiida-)  tlieie  is  attaciu'd  to  the 
(b'stal  cxticmity  of  this  lod  a  second  one,  continuous  witli  it,  the  secoiu! 
eiiibraiicliial.     The  second   basibranchial  is  separated  from   tl:  >   iirst, 
and  is  situated  far  posterior  to  it,  not  far  in  advance  of  the  corac(tid 
bones.     It  is  better  ossilied  than  iiutst  of  the  rest  of  the  liyoidx,  and  was 
called  the  thyroid  bone  by  Ciivicr.     Thatitis  the  distal  extremity (d' 
the  second  basibranchial  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  it  is  continuous  with 
the  first  by  a  median  rod  in  the  larva-.     (Plates  l.l,  l',">,  I'O,  ;}(»,  ,'{7.) 

The  important  differences  disi)layed  by  the  different   forms  of  the 
liyoid  ill  the  Urodcla  may  be  tabulated  as  follows. 

I.  Mi'<liiiii  1111(1  l;itfi;il  clciiicnls  ilistiiic't. 

((.    Two  ('('liltdlllMllcllinl   puii's. 

CVi'iitDliyals  mi(li\  idcil ;  ciiilirjiiicliiiils,  lir.sl  mid  laroly  sfcond  iircsciit.    I'siudu 

Kuitriu  lilv. 
CVr;it<>liy:ils(livi(l(<l;  t'liiliriimliials,  •,>,:!,  and  l  [ncHi'iit.  TrcmiitotUni  Umii. 

aa.  Oiii'  i)iiir  oftcratoluaiicliials. 
Coratoliyalsiiiidividrd;  ciiibiaiRdiials,  ',>,  ;),  and   4  prctsi'iit.       tmiihiiinwidm 
C'opi'. 
II.  Lateral  f'  'MciiIs  conliniKnis  across  middle  line. 

Xom-UiaiMlnmnls (/w?a  OppH.' 

The  Trematodcr.i,  Ampliiiimonlra,  ami  Ai)odii  contain  one  family 
each,  viz:  the  Cryiilobriiiichida',  .VinpliijiMiibe,  and  ('(elciiidic.  The 
value  of  the  differences  scpnratiii-  them  is  diininislied  by  the  fact  that 
in  the  larva'  of  the  I'.scndosauria  the  1,  1',  .!,  and  J  epi'biMiichials  arc 
present, and  the  eeratoliyal  is  lrc(pieiitly  divided  (c.  7,  VJunubotits  tauhro- 
sits,  Plate  LT),  fi-  1). 

The  subordinate  diiniviices  presented  by  {\w  families  and  genera 
are  indicated  under  their  rcs]icctive  heads. 

The  Trodela.  excepting  the  Apo.la.  have  limbs.  The  toos  number 
from  two  in  both  IW1  to  five  in  flic  posterior  foot,  and  four  in  the  anteri.ir 
foot.^  No  r,ro.h-lc  a-rces  with  theextiiKtt  .oe„„s  Tlryops  (Cope),  from  the 
*0(.p''l,  1,^11,  n„i  ./y,,W,.,of  L.mia'as(i„  lidiesj;   r.vahpkitiiaD^liL,  Irtlti. 


^s* 


TIIK    nATIv'ACIIIA    t»l"    KOKi'll    AMIMIICA. 


31 


Protciilii, 
by  direct 

('  various 
1(1  Cd'cil- 
iistnic'tcd 

JH  iiiidi- 
inst  l»asi- 
onu'liiiics 
II'  latciiil 
I,  the  lit  St 

eplln'an- 

tlK'SC,  »)I1 

;li  sido  ol" 
i(*  second 
led  to  tlie 
he  second 
11:  '  ilrst, 
coracoid 
,  and  was 
(I'eniit.vot 
loiis  with 
,  .'57.) 
IIS  of  the 


lit.  I'kcikIo- 
mU  va  Diiiii, 
Hthiunwuku 

0(hi  Ointfl." 

le  family 
da'.  Tlie 
fact  that 
I'liials  arc 
(n  tcii'hro- 

id  genera 

s  iiuiiiber 
e  anterior 
,  from  the 


Perinian  beds  of  North  America,  where  there  are  (iv(i  toes  in  the  anterior 
foot.  In  the  cari)ns  there  is  at  least  one  iiiterniediiim,  e.\cei)t  in  soau' 
Salamandrida'  and  JMeurodelidie,*  where  it  is  united  with  the  uli  ar. . 
(Jenlr.ile  always  present.  The  carpaliii  are  live  in  Cryi)tobranchns  and 
Aiiddystoma.  and  tlirei^  in  Pletliodon  and  Dieniyctylus.  In  the  tarsus 
then;  are  three  bones  in  the  lirst  row,  a  lar^e  tibnlare  and  intermedium, 
and  ii  sniiill  tibiale.  There  is  one  centrale,  as  in  the  (!aii)us.  The  tarsa- 
liii  nund)er  live,  except  that  there  are  four  in  tlie  Salamandrida'  and 
rieiirodelic'a',  where  the  carjialia  are  on]/  three.  Tiie  internal  or  lirst 
tibiale  is  not  distal,  but  lateral  in  Amblystonia  and  IMethodoii.  It  is 
<listal  in  Ciyptobranchus.     (I'lati  s  -l."),  40). 

Jkrchpmciit. — The  ejj-^s  of  rrodehi  are  laid  in  tli(!  water  nr  on  land. 
In  the  former  (rase  tlieyaie  attached  singly  or  in  small  numbers  to  the 
leaves  of  aijuatic  plants.  In  the  latter  ca.se  they  are  laid  in  little  con- 
cavities beneath  stones  or  hark.  In  Desmojiiiathus  the  albumen  con- 
necting them  dries  into  threads,  which  hold  the  eggs  together.  One  of 
the  parents  lies  by  and  watches  them.  In  the  Atnphiumoideat  and  tlie 
Apodal  the  female  coils  herself  in  a  cinde  over  the  eggs. 

In  the  growth  of  the  larva-  the  branchia'  and  balancers  are  lirst  devel- 
oiied,  and  afterwards  the  anterior  limbs.  The  posterior  limbs  follow. 
Those  s[)iracles  or  iManchial  lissuies  between  the  epibranchial  bones 
which  support  the  gills  give  passage  for  water  from  the  ]»haryn.\.  Then> 
are  no  internal  gills  such  as  are  found  in  Anura.  The  branchial  pro- 
♦•es.ses  vary  in  lonii,  but  all  terminate  in  IViiiges,  in  each  of  which  is  a 
va.scular  loop.  The  varieties  displayed  by  larva;  of  IJrodela  as  coni- 
pared  with  tho.se  of  genera  with  permanent  branchiie  are  as  follows: 
(i'latel'.) 

1.  .'^t'|it;i  witii  l)i|iiiiiiiitc  liiiiii. 

liaiiii  willi  iiiuiiy  tlirciid  like  liiiiliri;!- Siren. 

II.  .Si'iita  witli  iiiiiiiimiatc  rami. 

A  riKliiiiciital  inner  row  of  rami  ;  liiiiliria'  tliicad-liko I'lottua. 

III.  Scpla  with  .siinpli'  rami. 

.(.  Ifami  Ion;;,  comim'.'^scd  ;  liiiiliriai  (Iciii'iKlcnt  from  lower  cil^ro. 

Fimliria-  tliicad-Iike,  cxtt'iHliii;;  on  liotb  ()iit(  r  and  inner  I'aee  of  proeecN. 

N(i.(uruH. 
riuiliria'  Hal,  loii^,  dnelly  conliiied  lo  tlie  lower  niaiMriu  of  iiroee.s«.    Lar- 
va- of  Sprlrrinn  nilur;   S.  hilinivliis,  and  (lyriiiojihihis  porpliijrilinis. 

Fimbria-  few,  isiilielavate ruilmlou  viiinriis. 

AA.  liaiiii  loii^:,  narrow  ;  lu-arin;,'  liiiiliria'  only  on  the  side  next  tlie  liody. 

Fimbria-  .simple,  Hat,  snl)e(|iial AmhIjMoma. 

AAA.   h'iinii  very  .short;    liiiibria-  extendin^r  ,iii  ihe  vertical  nepta. 

Fimbria-  in  uniiierous  rowson  tlieed^c  ollhe  .septa  ;  .slender,  iinlmuK-hed. 

,.,.,,        .,,       ,  .  /.<irv<i  of  CIiotidioiKH  IcinhroHiiti. 

IV  .  bepta  wit  lion t  rami. 

'St-pta  bearing;  flat,  thread-like  fimbria-,  wliieli  ariso  posteriorly,  and  arc 
often  divided.  T,arv;i  frem  Simiahmoo,  Wa.s)iin;;toii  Territory,  prob- 
ably of  a  Choiidriilifi. 

*  /'.'.  (/.  Mohjv.  nili/nris  (Dii^es),  IHvuuirliihix  viridcscius. 
to.  1'.  !|;iy,  Ainericjiii  Natiirali.st,  1^^-K 
t  Sju-a.sin,  EnibryidoKy  of  tin-  Co-eiliidie. 


;>  m 


1^ 


:ii 


r.ri.M.iiN  :;i, 


IMTKI)    STATI.S    NATIO.NAI.    MISI  I'M. 


1 


,.l..vdo,.:n...l  oltl.r  vnlrl.n.allaiv  li.^t  bic.....^lv<^^.■lisl,.|iU^ 
„.,.,.,„,„,,„,,,  ,,,,,ih„.  ossilifs  later,  m.hI  attacLrs  Uscll  to  tl.o 


r,? 


ill  tii«- 

'!;;,,,,,,  ,,,s,..nor -oil,  funning'  an  o,.isll>onrlous  art.cilat.mi.     J  lu-ro 

'",,..  ,,,,  „,  liist  siinpl..  a.  tlH-  ..Miriiiily  (IMatc  L'O,  h;..  0),  Imt  s , 

,,,,„,„,  ,„•„,,„..  (l.'i,.  .-,),  nr  .itii  two  dibits.  Tins  was  iirst  ol.smxMl 
bv  IMMM.iii  ill  ISL'l  ill  111.'  Knn.i.rai.  UcmisnUminuhit  cnshita.  I  ro- 
Ic'.ssm'  IMiid*  lii'st  ..hscivnl  tills  in  tlic  .l;H/>///,s7«"Hf  iH<«c/.///n«  iii  larvir 

„,•  ,  , i„  i,,iinti,     Tlio  saiiu-  lias  since  lurn  obscrvi'il  by  myself  in 

ISIi'l't  ui.l  later  l.v  (iiittef  in  liis  essiiy  on  tlic  .leveloinnent  and  re- 
..eii'eration  of  tl.e"  Inotskeleton  in  Hx"  tiitoii;  also  l.y  Strasser  and 
hv  Ilov  ill  \>iihliJxto)ii((  jHinctittiim  tlie  nninhers  ot  dif^its  succeed 
.;,,I,  oilier  as  follows:  First  sta-e,  li  before,  hind  limb  none;  second, 
;.  i„.,„,,.  i.iiHl  Imibnoiie;  lliird,  ;J  before,  liind  limb  2;  Ibiutli,  ;5  l.o- 
f,„,'  hind  limb  :>.  Sometimes  the  anterior  dif-its  are  complete  in  nnni 
l„,,.'l„.|„re  the  jK-sterior  foot  appears,  and  we  have  cunibinations  of 
,„„„l„.rs  from  1-0  to  l_;i,  and  t— Ito  the  fall  nnmber,  l_r,,  which  is 
found  in  alt  specimens  of  I'.o and  npwards. 

As  already  observed,  the  Uatrachia  are  supposed  to  have  been  de- 
rived from  t'lie  Dipnoi.  Spicimens  ;;f  L,-pi<l()siren  annertais  have  been 
,1,  scribed  s  which  have  the  extremity  of  tl;e  limbs  abnormably  bifur- 
cate, but  the  iibiioriiiaiity  is  perhaiis  in  the  direction  of  the  evolution  of 
diiiits.  Dr.  (i.  I'.nnr  believes  that  the  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  di;;its  have 
<;rown  or  sprouted  successively  in  time  from  theexternal  <listal  allele  of 
Mie  ulna  and  fibula,  while' the  first  and  second  are  represented  by  the 
two  orii;iiial  branches.  :| 

in  the  cranium  a  j;()od  iiiaiiy  important  clian;;es  occur  before  the  bcnes 
iippcar.'l  Anion};- the  first  of  these  is  the  division  of  the  live  simple 
tr.insverse  branchial  cartilaj^es  ■'•,  >  t  wo  se<;iiieiits  each,  epibranehials 
and  ceratobranchials,  or,  in  the  c.ise  of  the  anterior  arch,  into  cerato- 
liya'  and  hypohyal.  Ho  the  maiidibiilar  cartilaj^e  immediately  uiitciior 
to  the  ceratoliyal,  divides  into  the  superior  (iiiadiatc,  and  the  inferior 
iiiccUelian  or  mandibnlar.  A  snbseipient  cliaii;j(!  is  the  fusion  of  the 
(piiidrate  cartiiafic  at  its  superior  end  with  the  trnbeculiiin  of  its  side-, 
and  with  the  pterygopalatine  arch  with  the  inferior  end.  (.See  IMate  l>^, 
fijis.  7-',* )  At  this  time  the  cluudadorsalis  bus  retreated  till  it  is  only 
present  lietwceii  theexoccii»ital  cai'tila.uel>elow.  Whenossiticatioii  com- 
mences, the  vomers,  palatines,  and  ptervudidsare  nil  distinct.  Towards 
the  end  of  the  metaiiioridiosis  the  former  two.  unite,  and  tlu^  piery.uoid 
separates  from  the  palatine.  Iloth  these  elemeiits  contract  away  from 
each  othenintil  they  are  widely  seiiarated,  and  the  pteryj;-oids  are  niiieh 

"  Icoiidnrniiliit;  lOiicyclopii'di'i,  \H,)\. 
t  I'nicccdiiiiis  I'liilii.  Acail.,  ]>.  !••'). 

I  l^T'.l. 

v\  liy  StciiuliicliMcl'. 

II  [4eilriii;c  /iir  M()i|ih();;cnic  d.  Cnrims  ii.  'I'ai.siis  ilcr  Vci  tflMalcii,  l-^T,  p.  I'lT. 
liTlic  fads  as  to  I  lie  llrst  sta';(s  of  tin- ?,liull  of  t  lie  ia.va  of  Aiiiblystoiim  arc  duiivud 

from  JJr.  W.  K.  I'aikcr,  l'liilnso|ili.  rraii>ar    l-^;7,  p.  .Vi',1. 


'd.     I'ro- 
ill  liirvic 


4 


THK    nATKACIIlA    OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  33 


''■"^I'l'''"''  rc«Iiici'(l  ill  si/c.     In  some  fiuiiilii's  the  ptcryfj^oids  iiover  ossil'v,  iiiitl  (lis- 

••"  !••  t''^'  apitoiir.     All  illiistiation  of  the  late  persistence  of  the  osseous  ptei'yjjo 

•     There  palatine  arch  is  seen  in  the  larva  of  Cliondrotus  IcnfbronUN.     (See  Plate 

21.) 
l>ut  soon  'j'lie  tiyntcmatic  urmixjemcnt  of  the  Urodela  may  be  represented  us 

Dl.served  follows: 


1.  Iviili'ial  jiiid  iiicdiaii  li.yoid  ck-iiiciis  (li.stiiiet. 

A.  'I'wo  imirsdl'  ciMJitoljriincl'.al  Ixmcs;  Htiipiis  coimcctod  with  <|iiudi'titc  arcli ; 

tiysell    in  no  (lnnldc  liyp()iio|di.vs('n.      'rrcmaloiUra. 

;   and   re-  No  lirst  cpiliraiicliial  ;  no  dimldt!  lij  i)oii()i)li\is('.s  of  vfrtidiiM' ;  vrrtclna'  aiii- 

SSer   and  jiliicirloiis;  (■(.■riitdliyal  comieutcd  witli  (|iiadrutt!  by  li^ainciil   oiily; 

^  ^  ^     1  voiiici()]>alat  iiu!  l)oiH'H  witli  teeth  on  tlie  anterior  margin;  vcslilnihs 

witli  nicnihranotis  inner  wall ;   no  iiaraHplienoid  teetli. 

1   «l'<:'>"«')  Cruiilohniiichiiln: 

'th,  3  be-  ]{.  One  iiiiirolceratohrancliial  bones;  .stapeHconnccted  \vitli<inadrate  iircli;  liypo 

ill  iiiun  liophysc's  (h)uble.     Aiiijiliinmoidai. 

'itions  of  No  tiral  epibranehial,  several  otiicr.s  jircsent ;  vertebra'  aniidii(.(Ldoii.s  ;  an  elli- 

•  .  ^1    ■  moid;  scapular  an<l  pelvie  arelies  present;  (•I'i'atoiiyai  eoniieeled  witli 

^  (inadrato  by  lifi;anient  only  ;  liver  little  Hiib  divided Iniphiiimidw. 

'^  C.  Two  pairs  of  eeratobraneliials;  wtapes  not  conneeted  with  (luadrato  arch  in 

been  de-  ailult;  only  tlio  lirsl  and  rarely  second  ei)ibraneliials  iirrsent;  verlc- 

iive  been  '"'"'  without  double  hypoi)opliyses.     I'ttriidosaiiria. 

»l\'  biftir-  ^"   ^  L'lebra' aniphieielous. 

,"  ,.          ,.  VoMieropalatine  bones  with  teeth  on  the  iiosttirior  niarjiin;  eeratolival 

)lltttOIIOl  ri  J  ,' 

connected  with  (inadrate  by  cartila^;e;   no  ])arasplienoid  teetli ;  vesii- 
l^lts  nave  Ij,,!^  with  osseous  walls;  carpus  and  tarsus  ossiliiid;  an  otoyiossal 

allele  of  eartila^io  ;  no  second  epibranchial  ideiiient Imbli/nlomidti: 

(1    i)V  the  Vouieropala-tine  bones  with  teeth  on  tlie  posterior  iiiarj;in  ;  no  itaiasjdie- 

noid  tetJtli;  no  otoj^Iossal  cartilage;  a  second  c]iibranehial. 

(1,1,,  Uijnohiidiv 

^  Vonieropalatinc  bones  with  teeth  on  the  posterior  inarj;ins  ;  pariisplienoid 

I'    siiiiple  teeth;    vestibule  with    osseous  walls;    ceratohyal   eonueeted  wilh 

raiichiais  (piadrate  by  eartilaj^e  ;  no  ototjlossal  cartiiaj^e  ;  no  second  epibranch- 

|(,  ccrato  '"';  carpusand  tarsuscartihif^iuous;  no  pteryjjoid I'hthodontiUv- 

■  ^,,^\^>^\^^■  2.  Vertebr.e  opisthoc(elous. 

.  Voinero|iaIatinc  bones  not  sendinf^  processes  over   paraspheiioid  bone; 

\  ceratohyal   eonnccteri    with    (piadrate   by   cartilajre;    paraspheiioid 

^'"  "'    'he  teeth;    no  ])()stfrontos(|uani()sal   arch;    carpus  and  tarsus  cartila;;i- 

f  lis  si(l(-,  nous iJcsmoyiiulhidtr. 

l>l;l(,.  js,  Voineropalatino  bones  not  produced  posteriorly  ;  paraspheiioid  teeth;  no 

j(  j  .  ,,,,i>  liostfroiitosi|uaiuosal  arch  ;  carjiiis  and  tarsus  osseous Thoriidw. 

\   tiueropalatine  bones  extended  over  parasplieiioids  in  two  dontii;erous 

processes;  no  paraspheiioid  teeth;  no  osseous  postfrontosqiiatiiosMl 

Towards  arch;  ccrat(diyal  only  connected  with  quadrate  by  linanieut ,   carpus 

[)tcr,V.i;(»id  and  tarsus  osseous Salumuiidrida: 

Wav  from  N'oincropalatinc  bones  extended  over  parasi)lieii(»id  in  two  dentij;erous 

are  much  processes;  no  itaras|dicii{)id  teeth;  an  osseous    postfroiitos(|uainosai 

1 '.  arch;  ceratohyal  only  coiiiiccte<t  willKiuadrate  by  lii^'anient  ;  carpus 

and  tarsus  osseous riviirodclido'. 

II.  Tlyoid  cleincnts  continuous  across  middle  line.      No  distinct  median   (dements, 
.Stapes  connected  with  (|uadral(^  hone.     Aptidd. 
»  Vertehne  with  ihmblc  hypojiophyses  ;  an  ethmoid   bone  ^  scapular  and  pelvic 

II.  ti7.  •'"'  arches  wantiii",' ;  liver  greatly  subdivided Caciliida: 

are  derived  1U51— iJuU  3i 3 


MB 


m\ 


IJ 


34  lUILLlCTIN   :il,    UNUKI)    STATIvS    NATIONAL    Mi:SKUM. 

'|'lK^('iiriliiiln-:nv  t:('iifiiillv  i.-iiitlcd  :is  U'|>it'.sciitiii;;  ;Mli>t  iiicl  <»i(l«T, 
wliidi  twar.s  tlif  i>;iiiirs  AimmIii  or  (;.viiiii<.i.lii(.ii;i.  Tlit'  .U'liiiilii)ii  «ivcii 
(.•lliisonlciln  Mr.  I'.oiilcii-t'r*  is:  "Noliiiibs;  t;iil  ni.liiii.'iilitr.v.  MaU's 
witiiiiii  iiiliomilH'iil  cnpiiliilorv  «>r;;aii.  Adiiplnl  lor  hm rowing;.''  Of 
tlifS(.<I('liiiitiuiis  none  is  of  (.nliiial  value.  The  tail  in  some  8|M'ci*\s  is 
•listiiict.  The  iiitniiiiitti'til  eopiilatory  (Uj^aii  in  Ihriiiopliis  me.ncanHs, 
(li/miioiiis  i)r(>.riniiisy,\ui\  llcrpdc  iwhrturjihuJa  is  not  an  espeeial  oryaii, 
but  isiiicn'I.v  the  evoti-d  eloaca.  The  hard  pai»ilhe  observed  by  (liiii- 
therf  ill  i\\o  Ichthijophin  (jUttinniiVs  are  \vaIltill^'  in  tln^  above  speeies. 
The  protnisioii  of  tiie  cloaca  is  eirceted  by  two  espe(!ial  inns(des,  wliieli 
are  waiitiiii;- in  Ainphiiiniida'.  Asia  limbs,  their  extremely  rndimeut- 
ary  character  in  Aiiiphinma  is  well  known.  To  rej^ard  tlieir  condi- 
tion as  indi('atiii,n'  ordinal  separation  from  tlieCariliida'  is  not  in  aecord- 
aiice  with  our  practice  in  similar  cases  in  tlie  l{ei>tilia,  as  in  the  oriler 
Laceitilia. 

1  have  endeavored  tosnstain  the  order  Gymnophiona  by  the  cliui'acter 
of  the  fusion  of  the  nasal  and  premaxillary  bones  found  in  the  majorit;* 
of  tlie  gonora.J  lint  Stannius§  shows  that  these  bones  are,  distinct  in 
Ichthyojilns.  Huxley  states  (Anatomy  of  Vertcdtrato  Animals,  p.  l").")) 
that  in  Jrlifhiiopliis  nliidnosKs  a  distinct  bone  neaily  eneindes  the  orbit. 
This  he  compares  to  the  supra  and  postorbital  i)ones  found  in  the  Stej^'o- 
cepliali.  Uur  in  ("hthon;rpeton,  Ca-iiilia,  Dermophis,  and  other  genera, 
this  bone  forms  part  of  the  maxillary,  so  that  it  is  not  (diaraeteristicof  the 
family,  and  may  not  be  homol(\iions  with  the  bones  wliieli  occnjty  the 
same  position  in  Stcfioceidmli.     Wieder.slieim  calls  it  maxillary. 

With  these  fact  in  view  I  liave  united  ||  the  Ca'ciT'da'  with  the  L'rodela, 
a  i»roposition  which  I  fully  believe  to  be  sustained  by  the  evidence.  The 
Ca'cili'uhv  is  nfamiUj  of  I'rnihUt,  cniiiiertnl  with  the  typical  forms  throiiyli 
the  Ampkiiimida'. 

ihwjrophical  (listiHiution.''nni  distribution  of  the  families  of  the 
Urodela  and  their  contents  is  as  follows  :  None  exist  in  the  Australian 
realm  and,  exeeptiiij;-  some  Ca'ciliida',  in  the  Kthioi»ian  realm.  In  tlie 
Neotropical  they  are  restricted  to  the  Central  American  ami  Mexican 
districts,  with  a  few  species  in  the  northern  Andes,  and  one  reputed  to 
be  from  the  West  Indian  island,  Santo  Domingo. 

The  Ca'ciliida'  are  more  widely  distributed,  belonging  especially  to 
tropical  regions. 


•(■al:il(>j,'ii(;  of  tin-  Jh'itisli  Miiscuiii,  \ri-^,  \t.  dS. 
I  Kcplilcsof  Biiiish  India  (Kay  Society),  p.  4!1. 
!  American  Natiiralisr,  18>l,  ji.  'JC. 
v^  Zooloniie  (lev  Amijliiliicn,  lii:A),  p.  41. 

il  American  Naturalist,  l^d5,  p,  ;il4,  note,  an.l  l',ocee,l«.  Auut.  l-hllu8.  Soc,  Feb. 
leoo  p.  44'.i, 


ill 


M. 

liiict  »>r«l»'r, 
itiun  ;;iv('ii 
11 V.  MiiU's 
w'ini;."  or 
I',  HjU'cios  is 

me~vic<inHH, 
Hiial  orj^^aii, 
ul  by  (liiii- 
ivo  species. 
i(!k's,  wliieli 
:  nulinuMit- 

lii'ir  cuiiiii- 
it  in  iU'.eonl- 
n  the  onltT 

le  cliai.u'tcr 
he  majorit;* 
^  (listiiiet  ill 
iials,  !•.  1").')) 
L's  tlie  orltit. 
1)  theHle^,M»- 
ther  genera, 
ovistieortlie 
oeeiipy  the 
llary. 

lie  L'nulehi, 

deuce.   Thr 

)rms  ihroiujU 

ilies  t)f  the 
Australian 
ilin.     In  the 

1(1  Mexican 
li  reputed  to 

especially  to 


% 


liw.   tjoc.,  I'eb. 


TlIK    rtATKACIIlA    Ol'    NOUTII    AMKKKJA. 


86 


I'^lllliliCN. 


l'"'"-     In.lian.     '•:"'!" 


iili'tli'. 


liiaii. 


I  'i  \  |itiiliiarii'lilil 
AiiililS'-'t'Miiiil.i' 

II.M illil'         .. 

I'IrllliMl'illllila' 
ni'.iiiio^iiatliiihi 
'I'lioi  iiil^r 

S.lllllllMlllll'illn'     . 

l'lrin;ilrli.l;r  .. 
Ainithitiiiiida'  .  - 
Caciliiila'   


1  ' 
1 

H    . 
I     . 


Nfllic        Neil        ,| 


lir. 


lU 


•-'11 


llii|iii'al 


r.>tai 


'n.lal 


51 


'J  I 

;!i 


.  :i 

U(l 
H 

III! 

:i 
I 

I J 

in 

1 

;i: 

us 


The  temperate  rej-ions  of  the  New  World  is,  then,  the  home  of  the 
jiieatest  niimher  of  species  of  Urodela,  after  which  the  temperate  re- 
jiions  of  the  Old  World  follow. 

The  distribution  of  the  families  and  their  spe(!ies  in  Xorth  Ameriiia 
is  as  follows: 


I'liinilivti. 

Ka.sliMii. 

o 

;i 

1 

AuHlni- 
lijiaiiaii. 

Ki'jiiiniN. 
Cciilral. 

i'vy  pitiliraiu'liidii' 

?(iiiiiraii. 

PatMfir. 

(i 

1 
1 
1 

1 

1 

H 

11 

I'li'iiiudrlicia' 

i 

L'(i 

17 

1 

1 

■JO 

The  details  of  distribution  are  given  under  the  family  and  generic 
heads. 

riij/loycuy — This  order  is  probably  of  considerable  antiquity,  but  no 
siteeies  positively  referable  to  it  is  known  from  any  pretertiary  forma- 
tion. In  tertiary  beds  we  have  re])resentativesof  ditferent  types.  The 
.utniis  Chelotriton  I'omel  from  the  Miocene  of  Allier,  France,  has  opis- 
llioiMcclous  vertcbrie  like  most  of  the  e.\istin{>'  sjiecies  of  Euro])e,  and 
has  in  addition  an  expansion  of  the  neural  spine  of  each  vertebra,  to 
which  tlie  epideiniis  was  closely  adherent,  yiviiiya  row  of  roujih  plates 
down  the  middle  line  of  the  back.  Jleliarchon  and  I'olysemia  of  Von 
.Meyer  are  known  fronj  specimens  from  the  Miocene  beds  of  (Jermany. 
They  have  apparently  the  cartilaginous  carpus  and  tarsus  of  the  Amer- 
ican genera.  The  .Miocene  of  Switzerland  has  liirnished  the  renuiins  of 
a  species,  i»robably  of  Cryptobranchida',  which  has  been  referred  to  the 
genus  Aiidrias  by  Tschiidi.     It  is  very  nnu^h  like  Cryptobranchus. 

In  older  foimations  we  have  in  the  North  Aniericau  Laramie  the 
genus  Scauherpeton  Cope,  which  may  well  belong  to  the  Urodela,  but 
the  skull  is  unknown.  In  the  Wealden  of  Belgium  the  genus  Ilyheoba- 
tnichus  Dollo  may  belong  to  this  order,  but  the  skull  is  not  yet  well 
kuowu. 


30 


miLl.KTIN    :il,    I'MIKI*   STATKN    NAIIoNAh    MISKUM. 


The  most  priiiiitivf  roiiii  of  tlic  cxisliiij,'  CnMh'lii  is  !i|ti»;ir('iitl.v  Ciyp- 
|()l)i'aii>'liiis. 

\Vit'(l(  tsIk  ill)  '  (/.  <:,  p.  !>.■»)  Ims  iitti'iniiU'd  to  tnici;  tin*  aiuH'stry  of  llio 
("n'ciliidii-  to  the  St(';,n)i!i'itliiili  of  the  (-'.iil»:)iiilV'r()iis  pi'iiod,  from  \vlii(;li 
Iio  supposes  tln'iii  to  liiivf  arisen  by  a  process  of  (IcjfciiciMtioii.  lie  re- 
marks that  ill  order  to  (h'liioiistiafe  this  piopDsitioa  if  is  only  necessary 
to  discover  a  type  witli  rudimeiital  iimlH  wliichsiiali  coiii!ecf  the  two. 

Th.it  the  Ca-ci  iida'  is  a  type  which  lias  resulted  from  a  (Iciiciieratioii, 
I  have  also  proposed,!  Imt  I  have  derived  liiem  from  the  t'rodela  rather 
than  from  tiie  Stef;oeepl;ali  direct.     They  have,  lii<e  Amphiiiiiia,  essen 
tiallylliesaaiecraiiial  structure  as  tlie  L'roilela,  wh'w.h  is  widely  dilVereiit 
from  tiiat  of  the  Stc;,'()cepliali,  in  tlie  absence  of  the  intercalare,  supra 
temporal,  basioccipit  il  and  pnstorbital  b  mics.     And  these  cliiiracter.s 
are  fully  Miaiiitained  in  various  <;enera  ol' Ste;;dcepliali  wiiich  have  I'udi 
mciita'  liadis.     Amjdnnma  then  is  the  annectant  type  with  iiidinicntal 
limbs  \liich  Dr.  Wiedersheim  s(»n<;lit  for.     The  cir(!iiiiistaiice  that   his 
eyes  weie  turned  toward  the  Hteyocephali  iiidisp(»sed  liim  to  recognize 
this  fact. 

Tlicalliiiitiesof  the  re(;cnt  families,  which  may  be  re.narded  as  phylo 
genetic,  may  be  reiircsented  as  follows: 


Circiliiilii'. 

I 
Anipliiiiiiii(hi'. 

'  I'lcllllMUIillM'. 

Ilcsiiio^iialliid,!'. 

I'iftliulmiti.hc.  Salam.oidiida'. 

Aiiililvstdiiiiihi'. 


'J'lioriiili ' 

\ 


t'i;v|iti)l)raiiflii(l:i 


i 


cuYrTor.iiANciiiDj:. 

Vertebra' aiiipliico'lous,  without  anterior  double  Iivpopophysis  Tail 
deveh.ped.  Parietal  and  prefrontal  bones  embracing  froi.tals,  ami 
n.eefing  above  orbits.  Vestibule  with  internal  wall  membranous.  No 
ethmoid  bone.  Carpus  and  tarsus  cartilaginous.  Voineropalatine  teeth 
on  anterior  border  of  bone  of  that  name.  Pterygoi<l  bone  present. 
•Auutoiuie  der  Gymuoi-Uioucu,  Jcua,  167'J.  tAm.ricau  Naturalist,  iSSo,  p.  '^4.1. 


1 


TlIK   IUTI{A(MIFA   C)V   NORTH    AMIMilCA. 


87 


itl.v  Cryp- 

itry  ot'llu' 
oiii  wliicli 
1.     lie  re- 

necessiuy 
the  two. 
I'licratioii, 
U'la  ratln'i' 
ma,  t'ssi'ii- 
y  (lillVri'iil 
ire,  supra 

('li;\r.lcti'IS 

liave  nidi 
iii(liiiici)tal 
,'e  that  liis 
)  reeognize 

(l  us  pliylc 


•liysis.  Tail 
iDiitals,  aii<l 
)iain)U.s.  No 
»alatiiK' toetli 
resent. 


Of' this  family  but  two  existiii;?  fieiicra  are  known,  altli()ii;;li  it  is 
i,ajte  probable  that  a  third  has  lett  remains  in  the  MioiHMie  lacMistriiu^ 
beds  at  Oeninjjen,  in  (iernniny,  which  is  known  under  the  name  of  An- 
drias.    The  existinj,'  genera  ^liller  as  Ibllow s : 

liriincliial  lissiirr  pri'sciit CriiplnhranrliKs- 

Nil  liiiincliial  lissiiit' McyaltihiilrarliiiH. 

The  Mcijidolxttrachtis  lua.rimus  is  foiMul  in  Japan  and  eastern  Asia  as 
I'ar  southwest  as  eastern  Thibet.  It  exceeds  in  <liniension.s  Ihe  species 
of  Cryptobranchus,  which  are  exclusively  North  American,  but  has  a 
j^rtat  gtMieral  rescmbliin(!e  lo  them. 

The  nearest  iipproach  lo  this  I'amily  anion}?  other  llrodehi  is  nmde  by 
Ihe  family  of  Amblyst(»mida'.  The  8tru(!tural  dillerences  are,  however, 
imporlant. 

CliYrTOl'.lJANCllllS  Leuekarl. 

Isis,  lSv>I,  J),  -jet).     It()iilcn;r,.r,  Caliil.  Hair.  (irad.  liiitr.  Mii.s.,  1H,+J,  p.  HI. 
.thtiiii(liii».   Marian,  Annals,  l-yci  iini  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  IHJ.'),  I,  p. 'J'jl. 
MiiiDiiiinia.  llarlan,  /.  c,  [t.  •JTC;  'rsclinili,  Kalr.,  !Mi ;  Dinii.  Miltr.,  Kop.  (ic^n.,  ix,  p.  'JOr>. 
S,il,im,niilroiix.  Wa^i.,  N'al.  Syst.  Anipliili.,  l-^;ill,  p.  !>(l'.». 
luii-iinn.   Ivaliiii'siiiH'  (ti'sti-  Hainl),  Allantii-  .Fournal,  HIW,  p.  I'il. 
rvKiiHiiip^is.     "  Marlon  ",  CJiay,  Catal.  Uatr.  Orad.  liril.  Mns.,  I'd.  i,  \\.Wi. 

Ill  tliis  ;;('iiiis  the  voinc  riiie  leelh  form  a  re<;iilarly  arched  series,  eon- 
«'eiilric  with  the  maxillary  seiies.  Tliir  lon};ue  is  but  little  free,  and 
that  only  round  the  edges.  The  coliiMiella  of  Ihe  stapes  is  eartilaf-inous, 
and  is  connected  by  a  close  articular  contact  with  the  quadrate  carti- 
l.i.neand  with  the  under  sideof  the  siiiiamosal  bone.  The  ceratohyal 
is  connected  by  a  ligament  with  the  posterior  sideof  the  quadrate,  with 
the  intervention  of  an  oval  cartilage,  which  has  the  position  of  the  sty- 
lohyal  bone  of  fishes.  The  posterior  extremity  of  the  ceratohyal  is  not 
in(Mirved,  and  is  free  from  the  skull.     (Plate  IS,  lig.  3.) 

Tiie  hyoid  apparatus  is«piit(^  characteristic.  They  have  been  already 
desciibedso  far  as  they  <lellno  the  suborder  Trematodera.  They  re 
senible  the  Pseudosauria  in  having  twoceratobrauchials,  but  differ  from 
them  and  resemble  the  Amphiumoidea  in  having  no  first  epibranchial. 
This  element  may,  howevei',  be  continent  with  the  first  ceratobranchial, 
but  no  suture  appears  in  very  young  specimens.  The  ceratohyals  ar«^ 
divided  transversely  and  the  hypohyals  are  large.  They  are  not  m 
contact  with  each  other  or  with  the  first  basibranchial,  as  in  other  or- 
ders and  suborders,  but  are  separated  by  u  pair  of  transverse  elements, 
which  are  i)robably  true  basihyals.  The  first  basibranchial  appears  to 
lie  interrupted  at  its  middle,  the  anterior  part  remaining  attached  to 
the  basihyals.    No  second  basibranchial. 

A  broad  cartilaginous  plate  rises  from  the  basibranchial  and  supports 
the  tongue.  It  resembles  a  good  deal  the  otoglossal  cartilage  of  the 
Amblystomida>,  with  which  it  is  prolyably  homologous.*     Tlie  second, 

"Tlii.s  suffffCKtion  I  nui'  to  Dr.  (iait. 


!BP 


BULLION   :!l,    UNITKl)   STATES   NATIONAL    MirSKlTM. 

third  aiul  rum-Ill  oi-iLranchials  arc  present,     between  the  bases  ..f  thr 
socoii'l  and  third  is  a  radiiiieutal   third  coratobrauchial.     (IMat^^    U, 

''ilie  cirims  in  Crviitol-raiichus  is  vsomewhat  variable  in  the  typieal 
siu'cies.  The  cent  rale  carpi  always  separates  the  intermedium  from 
(li.Mdnarc,  thnsreaehinji-  tiio  ulna,  while  the  eontrale  tarsi  is  always 
shut  oll'Croiii  the  libala  l)y  the  intermedium.  (Plate  15,  iig.  3.)  TIktc 
iiMy  1)0  tuocentralia  tirsi  (i'late-tO,  li-.  :{),  as  hasl)een  shown  by  Wic- 
,1,'rsheini.  Ther.'  are  h>ar  carpalia  and  live  tarsalia,  but  the  tonrth  and 
liirh  tarsalia  may  be  Cnsi'd.     (IMat."  K>,  li,i;'-  '•>■) 

The  hoii.s  ol  the  oxtninities  arc  simple,  the  I'cnuir  beinj?  without  the 
l.(K'|i;i:it  T  Ibuiid  in  tlic  Psendosauria,  a'.id  the  humerus  bciuj;-  withont 
tlie  condyles.  The  scapular  arch  is  entirely  eartila;iiin(»ns,  oxcopliuo- 
the  scapula,  which  is  small.  There  is  a  larj,^'.  cartiIaj;iuons  coracoid 
])late  whirh  overlaps  that  of  the  opposite  side,  and  is  deeply  lissured 
transveis;' oMiiiaely  in  iVont  l;om  the  interior  b<»rder,  euttiuf--  oil'  u 
iinrrow  i.i )  'onicoid.  There  is  a  cartilaj;inous  sternum  posterior  to  tin- 
eoiacoids.  The  pelvic  arch  has  an  osseous  ilium,  which  is  in  contart 
with  an  osseiMis  ischuim  on  eaea  side,  which  does  not  meet  its  fellow  on 
the  middle  line  below.  The  i»ubic  region  is  represented  by  a  lai'j>e  sim 
l»le  eartilajje,  which  is  pr.xluced  into  a  style  on  the  middle  line  anti'ri- 
orly,  as  in  the  Pseudosauria. 

In  its  visceral  anatomy  this  genus  resembles  the  Pseu(bisauria.  The 
stomach  is  distiuct,  and  there  i.s  a  [tyloric  llexurc.     (IMates  0  and  ."iD, 

lip;,  i-) 

Ther,'  is  one  widely-ilistriittited  species  of  this  geuus,  and  i)robably 
a  se(;ond,  U!U)wn  only  as  yet  from  the  upper  waters  ol'  the  Tennessee 
liiver,  but  the  latter  rMpiires  further  investigation,  as  I  have  seen  but 
a  single  specimen  of  it^.     Tiie  distinguishing  features  are  the  following;: 

I'lislciior  (linils  IVcc;   Ionium-    fni'    in   IVoiit,  its  siipt'iior  .surface  thrown  into  jilica'; 

iiiti'iiial  Mines  oiii'U (,'.  iillnihriiiniKlK. 

Post t'lior  (lij; its  wi'hlicd,  tlic  i'\ti'ni;il  to  llioll|i;  ton^nu'  not  free,  covt-rcd  willi  lur^'c 

cliisi  l\-pl,i(('(l  |i,i|i|iillii>  ;   intcriiKl  iiiircs  valviiliir ('.  I'iihiiih. 

CUVrTOliHANCms  ALI.i:(iIIi:NIi:NSISDiimliii. 


(riiiit'H.vH.') 

('.niplnhntHchtiH  'tUciilKiiiciinin,  Vaudcr  Homcn,  'I'ijilsclicr,  v.  Nat.  He 

IV,  i>.  :W),  I'l.   V  A,  f.  :!-!,  i\:  V.  !!;  lio'ikiiKcr,  (';if.  Hatr.  Grad. 

II.  l-^^-i   |>.  SI. 
Siihiiiutiiilfit  alliiihiiiiiiiisis,  Daiid.,  Ii('|)t.,  viii,  j).  •>'M, 
SiihimnHih-ti  ijUiaulcd,  liarlmi,  On  Sinn  Imntiua. 
Moh/r  iiiijdiilv.i,  Mi'ir.  Tent.,  )i.  IS7. 
I'riiiiiohrdiirltiin  Huhimniiihiihlis.  Leuckart,  /.  r. 
.Hiiiiiirhii.f  iillr;ihiiiiUii^i>i,  llarlaii.  I.  c. 
Mnioimniii  ((//, //((niir/iviv,  Harlan.  /.  .,  :   |[,,lhr.,  X.  A.  Ilt'ip  ,  v,  ]i.  !».'>, 

N.  V.,]-ann.   i;,.|,t.,  p.  si,  p|.  |v,  c.    ||.   i,,,^,  ^^   I'.il,,'.,-,',. -JOT,  pi'. 

Nov.i  Ada  i.iMip.-C'aiol,  \\\ii,  p.  i;;;!,  |'|..;, 


sell.  (' 
IJlit, 


II  I'liy.siol. 
Mils'.,  .<!. 


PI 
IM,  f. 


•I:  iti'ljav, 
1 ;  Willi., 


Ml  . 


I. 

SOS  of  the 

I'iat^  ir>, 

ic  typical 

limn  i'roiii 

is  always 

J.)      TIUTC 

11  by  Wi(^- 
onitli  and 

itiiont  tlio 
j;-  witliont 
excoplinj,' 
s  ("oracoid 
y  lissurcd 
tinj;-  otV  a 
run-  to  the 
in  contact 
^  follow  on 
lar^c  si  in 
inc  anti'ii- 

nria.    Tlio 

s  0  and  r):J, 

1  jtvohably 
Tennessee 

,«'  seen  hnt 
following: 

n  'iito  jilici'; 
ullaihoiiciixis. 
■d  will)  l:ir;;i' 

(.'.    fllHIIIK. 


li.  (Ml  riiysidl. 
irit.  Mils.,  <il. 


1.  :V2;  i)('li!>.v, 
I,  C.  1  ;  Wicil., 


I 


I 


THE    MATUACHIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 

Snhimuiidrojinf/i'iuiilia,  Wuyl.,  /,  c. 

Enrijcvo  muvvoiiulu,  h'aliii.,  /.  c. 

M(  iioimiiKi  t/ii/<(ii(i'(l,  'I'scliiidi,  I.e. 

Vrolonoiinin  horr'ula,  Giuy,  Cat.  liatr.  Grud.  Brit.  Miih.,  cd.  i,  p,  53. 


39 


I 


l''lii.  r>.  Criijilnl, r(i)if!iii>i  nlli'ijlii'iili-iixiii  DiXuA.;  \o.  9752.     IVntisylvaiiia;  ii.itiiral  sizo. 

Body  moderately  elonjj;atc  and  depressed  ;  tlio  liiidts  qnite  short.  Tlic 
tail  nuicli  CDiiiitressed,  ahinit  onelialf  the  lenj^th  of  tiiehoad  and  body. 
Tlie  neck  wide;  liie  head  a  little  wider,  plane  above,  llat  and  much  <le- 
pressed,  with  very  sh(n't,  wide,  ami  ronnded  mnzzje. 

The  nostrils  are  near  tlie  labial  b  »r.ler,  and  look  forwards.  The  space 
separatinsjr  them  is  n  bout  lialf  tlie  iiiteroibit  il  w  idtii.  Tlie  eyes  areqnito 
«mall,  and  are  covered  with  a  ratlii'r  thin  cornea,  bnt  are  without  dis- 


^im 


^ 


v 

Hi 


40         I!i:llktin  hi,  i:mted  statkr  natkixal  mtskum. 

tiiict  i-yoliils.  TIr'.v  art' (»v;il  in  niilliiic,  the  l()ii,i,'  (liiiiiictcr  antt'i'opos. 
ti'iior."  Tlu'.v  are  widely  sepiir.itc.i  IV(»iii  eai;ii  otiier  and  are  not  far  Iroin 
t!ie  labial  bonier.  Tlie  Jaws  are  eiiiial  in  front,  and  the  niuzzle  is  \wv- 
fectly  tiat.  The  n!)i)er  lip  is  not  I'endnlus  except  a",  its  i)0.sterior  end, 
where  it  is  also  tinck.  The  free  lower  lip  is  deciirved,  and  extends  only 
about  one  third  tlie  distance  round  the  lower  Jaw. 

The  mouth  is  wide,  and  the  rietus  falls  below  the  posterior  eanthns 
of  the  eye.  The  luaxillopreuiaxillary  arc  of  teeth  extends  to  a  ixtint  a 
little  posterior  to  a  line  dropped  from  the  posterior  edge  of  the  eye. 
The  voMiei()j>alatin('  seri;s  is  (juite  close  to  the  niaxillopreuiaxillary,  and 
extend  al)out  one  half  way  as  far  posteriorly  as  the  external  row.  At 
the  middle  of  the  arc  it  sometimes  presents  a  (ionvexity  l)aekwards  for  a 
short  distance.  At  each  ol  ilsextri  niitiesissitnat.'d  the  posterioi'nnslril, 
which  is  an  oval  nu)re  or  less  open,  and  never  a  slit,  as  in  the  C./iiscus. 
Its  position  dilfcrs  from  that  seen  in  .1  mphhnna  menus  and  XcctKnis  in  its 
beiuj;iit  the  end  of  the  row,  and  not  external  to  it.  The  roof  of  the  mouth 
is  everywhere  Hat.  The  ton;;ue  is  wide  and  is  considerably  free  in  Ironl, 
the  free  border  iiarrowinj,'  laterally  and  jjosteriorly.  It  nearly  fills  the 
floor  of  the  mouth,  leaving;'  but  a  narrow  space  between  it  and  the  man- 
dibular arc.  Its  surface  is  thrown  into  numerous  elevated  folds,  which 
are  thin,  and  generally  anteroposterior  in  direction.  They  inter(!oni- 
municate  by  lesser  (»bli(iue  folds,  which  with  other  delicate  ridges  form 
anet  \vo>k  between  the  principal  ones.  In  old  specimens  or  badlypre- 
serv'.i  ones  the  plica'  may  be  tlattcned  or  lowered. 

The  legs  are  (piite  short ;  when  pressed  to  the  side  they  are  separated 
Ity  a  space  equal  to  l.'J.j  the  length  of  the  anterior  limb.  The  lingers 
are  short  and  rather  free,  and  the  external  one  is  considerably  shortej' 
than  the  internal  one.  The  others  are  subsequal.  An  extensive  fold 
of  the  skin  extends  from  the  axilla  to  near  the  extremity  of  the  external 
finger,  forming  the  posterior  expanded  border  of  the  limb.  It  is  mo>t 
prominent  at  the  h)wer  part  of  the  ui)i>cr  arm.  The  posterior  t(»es  aie 
rather  short,  ami  are  free  from  web  as  to  the  phalanges.  The  first  is 
the  shortest,  and  the  second  a  little  exceeds  the  fifth.  The  third  ami 
fourth  are  subetjual,  and,  with  the  fifth,  are  somewhat  depressed.  Ibis 
appearance  is  produced  by  adeimal  wing  on  the  external  border,  which 
increases  in  width  from  the  third  to  the  fifth,  becoming  veiy  wide  on 
the  latter.  It  continues  from  the  fifih  toe  on  the  hinder  border  of  the 
leg  to  the  base  of  the  thigh,  (iorrespouding  with  the  similar  fold  on  the 
fore  leg.    The  ei>idermis  is  not  hardened  into  ungues  in  this  species. 

The  skin  is  perfectly  smooth,  but  is  thrown  into  a  longitudinal  iindir 
lating  fold  on  the  sides  betwten  the  fore  and  hind  legs.  Th  s  fold  i^ 
obsolete  in  some  specimens,  apparently  on  account  of  the  distension  of 
the  luHly  with  food  or  eggs.  There  are  a  shallow  median  dorsal  groov.' 
and  lourteen  costal  grooves.  The  latter  are  not  distinct  on  the  back  or 
belly,  and  are  best  seen  on  tlu-  sides  (.f  the  latter.  The  tail  has  a  fre.' 
dermal  border  oi:  its  superior  edge,  but  none  on  the  inferior  edge,  thus 


If        .] 
I-    „    I 


^ 


SI. 

mtoropos- 
jtrarrrom 
v/Aii  is  pei- 
torior  I'lid, 
toiids  only 

)!■  ciintlms 
I  ii  point  :i 
:)f  tlu^  c.vc. 
:illaiv,an<l 
1  row.     At 
wards  for  a 
rior  nostril, 
e  C.fiiscu.s. 
!tiinis  ill  its 
ftlK' month 
•CO  in  Ironl, 
rly  tills  tlio 
\d  theinan- 
ohls,  wliicli 
f  intercom - 
I'idgos  form 

•  badlypro- 

e  si'parati'd 
The  linf-crs 
ihly  shorter 
tensive  fold 
Iheextennd 
It  is  mo>t 
'lor  toes  arc 
The  lirst  is 
K>  third  ami 
3ssed.  litis 
)rder,  which 
ciy  wide  on 
)nler  of  the 

•  fold  on  tin- 
is  species, 
ndinal  nnvlir 

Th  s  fold  i«! 
distension  of 
(H'sal  <;roove 
I  the  back  or 
lil  has  ii  free 
)r  edge,  thns 


Tin-:    HATUACIIIA    OF    NOimi    AMKRICA.  41 

dilleriri},'  from  the  siiecies  of  Necturus.  A  groove  along  the  side  of  the 
tail  divides  it  into  ii  snperior  and  infeiior  portion,  and  a  lateral  wedge- 
shaped  mass,  covered  with  longitndinallyfoldetl  skin,  intervenes  between 
the  two  for  abont  one  third  the  length  of  the  member.  J)ermal  mncons 
pores  arc  especially  abnndant  on  the  head  of  this  species.  They  generally 
appear  in  the  middle  of  a  low,  elongate,  dermal  papilla,  dividing  it  into 
two  pai>illa'.  These  are  closely  placed  in  a  triangnlar  patch,  of  which  the 
maxillary  border  forms  the  hypotennse,  a  line  extending  backwards  from 
the  nostril  i»arallel  to  the  middle  line,  another  side ;  and  the  other  bf)rder 
transverse,  pussing  abont  its  own  diameter  poir^terior  to  the  eye.  Ibit 
there  are  nnmerons  other  similar  papilhe  posterior  to  this  patch,  and 
on  the  siih's  of  the  anterior  half  of  the  neck.  A  series  of  donble  i)a- 
pilhe  extends  ronnd  near  the  border  of  the  lower  Jaw,  becoming  obso- 
lete on  the  symphyseal  region.  A  <!onsi)icnous  an^hcd  row  of  the  sanu' 
extends  ronnd  opposite  the  inferior  edge  of  the  lower  jaw  ;  and  between 
it  and  the  snperior  row  are  niinu'rons  other  pores  and  papilhe.  A  row  of 
1  ori's  passes  ronnd  within  ea<;h  arm  on  the  sides  of  the  thorax  ;  and  there 
are  t  wo  r(» ws  on  the  sides,  one  above  and  the  other  l)elow,  the  lat(  ral  Ibid. 
The  ni)per  row  is  continued  on  the  wedge  like  portion  of  integnnuMit, 
forming  tlie  middle  of  the  basal  third  of  the  side  of  the  tail. 

The  branchial  (issnre  is  half-way  between  the  angle  of  the  lower  Jaw 
and  theshonlder.    The  vent  is  small. 

Midfiiirdiiculx  of  A'o.  It'iVi.  if- 

Total  \o\\'^t\\ 't-ll 

r.(Mi<j;<li  from  end  of  iiiii//.lc  to  I'lid  of  vent :51'.) 

I^ciifil'ii  from  ('Mil  of  nuiz/.ld  to  line  of  };roin vi7."> 

I.i'n^tli  from  end  of  iiui/zlt'  to  line  of  axilla 100 

Width  between  nostrils Oi;{ 

Width  hetween  eves O-J'.t 

(ireatest  width  of  head O'lO 

Width  hetween  axilhe 015 

Width  at  base  of  tail OHO 

neplh  of  tail  at  middle 0 !.'')."> 

Len;;tli  of  for(^  linih  from  axilla OM 

I-enjfth  of  fore  foot !)il 

Length  of  hind  limb U\'l 

I,en.;;th  of  hind  foot O'iO 

Len;:;lh  of  lower  lej; O'ili 

Width  between  internal  nostrils i>'2\'* 

Tin- largest  spe(!innMi  (No.  10(113)  measures  i>l')  '""". 

The  usual  color  is  rather  light  lead-colored  above  iind  a  still  paler 
shade  of  the  same  below.  Tliert'  are  indistiintt  darker  spots  on  the  sur- 
face above,  only  visible  when  the  animal  is  in  fluid.  Sometimes  these 
shiides  are  represented  by  very  distinct  ilark-brown  spots  (Xos.  I'i'.U, 
7(101).  Soiin^  specimens  have  the  ground  color  brown  of  a  lighter  hue 
(No.  TOO,")),  the  dark  spots  being  present  or  absent.  Tiiroe  s|)ecimens 
(No.  0L'0.">)  are  abnost  entiri'ly  black. 

This  speckles  is  distrilmfed  from  western  New  York  and  IVitnsyl- 
vaiiia  and  the  (Ireat  Lakes  to  Iowa,  and  soiitli  t!>  (leorgia,  N«nth  Caro- 


■M 


42         i-.cLM-nx  r.i,  uxitkd  states  national  miiskum. 

linn,  :un\  Louisia:.;..  It  is  not  vet  known  from  Florulaor  Texas.  A  sin- 
o-lc  .siu'cinu'ii  in  tlio  Nalional  Mnscnni  was  taken  in  tlieSnsqnelianna 
JJiver,  IVnns.Nlvania. 

The  "Iieilben.h  r"  is  entirely  aquatic  in  its  liabits,  and  is  frequently 
taken  by  lisliernien  on  tlieir  liooks.  It  is  very  tenacious  of  life,  and  is 
pcricctly  Iiaiinlcss.  Its  larval  pcriotl  ninst  be  of  brief  duration,  since 
it  has  not  been  yet  observed.  Tlie  e<i{>s  are  rather  large,  and  are  at- 
tac'hed  l)y  two  strong  suspensors  at  opposite  j)oles. 

UKSKKVK  SKIMICS. 


llllllilli'l'.         -^IMl'. 


I.liCllilV. 


Wliiii 

iillccl.'d. 


ioiii;i 


1      Sii-(|iirliMiin;i  Kivcf 


!iin        i; 


I 

1  All.!.M"vCcllllll\.  X.  V 

I  Kv;iii-;viili'.  Iiiil 

:i  (ii.at   I. likes, 


OT.V.' 
7(lli:i 
"IIVi 
-OC'.t 

4.'i:il 

51)17 

;is7!i 

7IIII4 

i:i!t."j 

0310 


1  rflllls\1\Mlli:l 

:;  Aiihcxillr.s.  c  

1  r.iliinil.Olii" 

1  Tvii'i'  Spiiiii;'*.  'rnin  

1  HilUlmniii'.'li.  N.  C 

1  MiMdvillr.  I'a 

1  C.ni-ia       

■J  I'laini'  Mcr  It'iilL'!',  l/l 

■J  Niiiirliurk.v,  K. 'rniii 

1  Di's  Miiirii's,  l()Wii 

I  ('.> 


:!i 


•J mil'    l,lK7ft 


ICBI 


Fkmm  wliuiii  n  ccivcil. 


Xiituip  (if 
s|ii'('iiiii'ii. 


Al<iiliiili( 

Aariiiilliiial  Di'piiiliiicnt. ..  On. 

1)1-.  Slrvrlis I'l'. 

Id.. 

!»(.. 

l)o 
1M>. 
111'. 
Ilii 
10 
111' 
1)1' 
V.'< 
D". 

I  MI- 
DI'. 


II.  I!.  Wiiulit    

Dr.  .1.  1;.  lianiill    .. 
I'li't.  S.  K.  n.iiiil   .. 

I'liil    1;.  Ortiii 

i;iv.   M.  A.  Ciiili.s. 

.1.  !■'.  'riiirKslcii 

Dr.  W.  I,.  .Ii'tiis  .. 
.laiiii  s  Faiiir  


U.  ElUwiiilli  Call 
(0 


(IKXKUAl,  SEIIIKS. 


7000  I      'I'mi'i'  S|iiiim«,  Ti'im 

711OI          1      Niilii'liiirkv  liiviT,  Trim. 
;i:ilii        11     (?) ' 


I'li.f.  It.  Owt 


Alri'lii'lir 
Do. 
Do. 


Hi 


There  is  .some  variation  in  specimens  in  the  relative  distance  of  one 
nostril  from  the  other  and  from  the  eye.  In  some  specimens  these  dis- 
tances are  identic^il ;  in  others  the  former  is  somewliat  less  than  the 
latter,  and  the  same  measurement,  usually  one  half  the  w  idth  between 
the  eyes,  may  enter  it  L'.'_'."i  times. 

A  local  variety  is  .seen  in  three  .specimens  (No,  7()(>r»)  from  Abbeville. 
S.  C.  These  aie  a  li.yht  brown,  much  resembling  the  G. /'iisviis,  but  are 
spotted  with  a  darker  brown.  The  double  papilhe  are  not  vi.sililc  on 
the  superior  surface  of  the  head,  and  are  faintly  marked  on  the  inferior 
aspect.  The  rows  of  pores  are,  however,  as  in  C.  (iIletilicniciiKis,  as  are 
the  tongue  and  internal  nares.  The  digits  are  all  iikhc  .slender,  and  the 
dirmal  ala  011  the  extei  iial  toe  and  that  of  the  elbow  are  niiieli  reduced. 

IJesides  the  generic  character,  the  following  dirfereiices  may  be  ob- 
served on  comitarison  of  this  .siiecies  with  the  Mcnidiihiitfaclnis  ina.rimus- 
of  Asia.  In  the  latti  r  the  tongue  is  not  free,  luit  is  sessile,  and  with- 
out plica';  head  with  rows  ofoltu.se  tubercles;  sidcy  and  limbs  williont 
dermal  folds. 


THE    BATRACIIIA    OF   NOliTlI    AMERICA. 


43 


s.  A  sin- 
(inchanna 

requently 
ife,  and  is 
ion,  since 
lul  are  at- 


CUYPTOUKAXCIIL'S  FII8CUS  Holbrook. 
Minopoina  fuDCiim  llolbiook,  N.  Am.  Ilorpetoloj^y,  184^,  \',  p.  tit). 


Niitinp  (i{ 
siii'ciimii. 


Alcoliiilii' 

Do. 
Do. 
I)o. 
l)o. 
110. 

IJO. 
1)0. 

n». 

l)o. 
l)o. 
1»«.. 
«■'. 
1)0. 
DO- 


Al<<(li()lii' 
Do. 
Do. 


mce  of  one 
;  these  dis- 
;s  than  the 
th  between 

AhbeviMe, 
•Its,  hnt  ai»^ 

vi.sil)le  on 
the  inferior 
H.s'(',v,  as  are 
ler,  and  tlie 
'li  redneed. 
may  be  ob- 
l^s■  iiKi.iimus 
.  and  witli- 
d>s  withont 


Vi:.C,.—Cr;ii.l:i'iniiii'liii:i/iiiriin,  Ivnowlili',  'I'lMinnssn' :  iiiiliir:il  si:c 


Besides  the  character-^  aheady  assi^nx'd  t)  tills  spceies,  the  single 
s|K'iriinen  on  whieh  it  r(^sts  (blf.-r.-i  fr,):a  nio-it  of  those  »»f  tlie  C.'alhykc- 


# 


■■M 


44 


lU 


LLETIN   :)l,    IINITKI)    RTATKS    NATIOXAI.    Ml'SHUM. 


SU  if:- 


nicnuis  in  tlic  absence  of  the  loii^Mtiuliiiiil  .lernial  fold  on  the  si.h",  aa.l  of 
the  papilla'  on  tlie,  ni»per  surlac'  of  the  hea  1.  lii  botii  tiiesi-  icspcets 
ita;^ive.s  with  some  siH'i:iiii>Mis  fi'^ai  Abbeville,  S,  C.  (No.  7()0.">),  already 
refiM  ivd  to.  I  do  not  attacii  niaeh  importance  to  the  abstMiee  of  tiie  lat- 
eral folds,  as  distension  of  the  alidomen  from  any  oMiise  would  be  apt  to 
canse  it  to  disappear.  These  two  characters,  however,  with  the  brown 
color,  supplement  the  three  important  ones  f-iven  in  the  dia,unosis,  and 
c(»iifiim  the  propriety  of  recoj^iiizinj,' the  species.  Nevertheles-^.  tiu'  ob- 
servaion  of  other  specimens  prescntin;;'  the  same  features  will  be  neces- 
sary befoie  the  siiecies  can  be  rejiarded  as  fully  estalilislied. 

Tiieheiid  hasthewi.lc,  (1  ir  form  of  t lie  other  species,  with  the  very  slim- 
and  broadly  rounded  mu/zle,  but  these  characters  are  e\  ij>j;erated. 
Thus  the  Icnjith  from  the  end  of  the  muzzle  to  the  lines  c.oiinecMii.j;  the 
anj^lcs  orcauthusof  the  mouth  entt'rs  the  greatest  width  of  the  head 
loar  times  and  a  fraction  ;  while  in  the  ('.  ((Ilriihciiini.sis  it  is  one-half  tlir 
liwuo.  measurement  of  the  width  of  the  lu>ad,  or  even  a  little  Ioii;^rr. 
The  sliortness  of  the  <;ape  as  compared  with  its  width  is  also  indicated 
by  the  fact  that  the  canthus  oris  is  below  a  j)oint  anterior  to  the  anterinr 
canthusof  the  eye  in  the  C./iihciih,  while  in  the  (\  (tllnilicnifiisis  i\w  nu<^\v 
is  below  the  posterior  canthusof  the  latt /r.  The  eye  is  smaller  than  is 
usual  iu  the  C  aUc(jhcntci}.sis,  its  lonj^  diameter  entei'inj;  the  iidcroeulai' 
Bpace  a  little  over  seven  tiniL's;  while  in  the  more  abundant  species  it  en 
ters  five  times  to  nearly  six  tiiru's.  The  extremity  of  the  maxillary  series 
of  teeth  corresponds  with  the  canthus  of  the  month.  TIm^  vonu-rincs 
have  only  half  us  much  length.  The  int.rnal  nostril  is  a  slit,  nearly 
closed,  in  line  with  the  series  of  vomerine  teeth  at  tiieir  extremity.  I 
have  not  found  it  closed  in  tiiis  way  in  any  specimens  of  tlu^  ('.  nlhulir- 
nicii.sis.  The  characteristics  of  the  toii,i;ue  form  one  of  tlu^  slroiij^cst 
character*  of  this  species,  Its  superior  surface  is  covered  with  lai',n-e 
truncate  papilhe,  so  closely  placed  us  to  be  everywliero  in  cont;icl. 
Tliey  are  only  distinguished,  as  in  the  human  tongue,  by  Ixuiding  the 
surface.  Xotliing  like  this  is  known  in  the  other  si)ecies.  Here  tlu^ 
surface  of  the  t')ngue  is  murked  with  longitudinal  plica',  separated  by 
considerable  intervals,  .wliich  are  tluunselves  subdivided  by  smaller  ami 
lower  plica',  the  general  result  being  an  appearance  somethiMglike  tripe. 
The  width  between  the  external  nares  is  half  of  that  between  the  orbits 
or  the  posterior  nares. 

Thecrtptsof  the  skin  of  the  superior  surfaces  are  coarser  than  in 
the  r.  aUcghcnicnsis,  especially  on  the  posterior  half  of  the  head.  The 
anteri(U-  half  of  the  latter  is  smooth.  X..  trace  of  the  double  papilla' 
is  to  be  found  on  t'u',  sii'iir.or  surfaces,  but  they  exi^t  iu  tlie  arched 
series  rouiul  the  lower  jaw  below  the  lip,  as  in  the  other  specie's,  bnt 
with  thisdiflVrence:  the  papilhe  one  above  the  other  ai'c  net  round, 
but  short  longitmlinal  keels,  so  as  to  be  parallel  to  each  other. 

The  fingers  are  entirely  free,  ami  the  phalanges  are,  begM„ning^  on  the 
ninerside,'J,  2,  ;5,  -.    The  ala  on  the  posten.u- edge  of  the  n|.pcrann  is 


*  I         1 


M. 

idi',  ii;nl  of 

'»),  alrciul.v 
oftlinliit- 

I  bi'  iipt  to 
the  hiowii 
gnosis,  and 
■s-!,  tin'  o'»- 

II  he  iicccs- 

'  very  si  Kir 

iicctii.^'  till' 
>t'  the  lifinl 
iiu'-iialftlir 
tie  loiij^fv, 
;(>  iiidicatcil 
Llio  antcrini- 
/.•.■thii  aii,ult' 
lUrr  than  is 
iiitcroi'iilar 
pccii's  itcii- 
illary  srri<'s 

>    VOIIlClilK'S 

slit,  luariy 
•itrcmity.  I 
c,  r.  oilculir- 
ho.  sti'()iij;('st 
I  witli  lar;;(^ 
)  in  coiitiict. 
l»(Ui(liii,n'  tlic 
;.  Here  tli»>- 
H'i)aratiMl  by 

smaller  and 
unlike  tripi'. 
CM  the  orbits 

I'scr  than  in 
'  head.  The 
'iblc,  iiapilla' 
1  tiii^  archrd 

species,  but 
■(>  not  round, 
ther. 
inninjjf  on  the 

upper  arm  is 


T 


Till':    llATliAClllA    OF    NOliTll    AMKKlCA.  45 

well  developed,  iiiul  terminates  Just  below  the  elbow.  The  toes  eonie 
in  the  order  of  length  as  follows,  beginnin";-  witli  the  short  inner,  1,  5, 
!',;>,  4;  and  the  phalanjies,  in  the  same  order,  are  2,  2,  3,3,  2.  The 
three  external  are  ribbed  from  the  tips  ;  the  notch  between  the  third 
and  fourth  reachinj,'  the  end  of  the  lirst  phalange,  but  between  the 
fourth  and  filth  extending  from  tip  to  tip,  with  a  very  slight  notch 
(easily  enlarged  by  tearing) ;  the  legs  are  about  as  long  as  in  C.  allajhc- 
nicn>iis.  \\'hen  they  are  pressed  to  the  side  they  are  separated  by  ii 
distance  equal  to  one  and  a  (luarter  times  the  length  of  the  hinder  leg. 
This  measurenuMit  must  betaken  with  some  allowance,  as  the  S[)ecimen 
has  been  coiled  in  strong  alcohol,  and  its  true  form  is  not  easily  restored. 
It  is  impossible  to  distinguish  the  true  lateral  folds.  An  estimate 
nuikes  them  equal  those  of  the  other  si)eeies,  tburteen.  The  tail  has 
the  usual  form.  Its  superior  outline  rises  from  the  base,  and  is  convex, 
and  consists  partly  of  a  thin  dermal  border.  Tlu^  extremity  is  thin,  as 
is  also  the  distal  fourth  of  the  inferior  edge. 

Mciiniircmoils, 

M. 

Ti>t;il  Icii^rtli (I.  Ill) 

Lcnj^tli  (ot'iiilol' vent 'Jltf) 

Lciiiilli  to  gri)in •iUt 

l.cii;,'lliti)  axilla 11)0 

Li'iij;tli  to  line  of  oaiitlnis  (iri.s 015 

l.i'iij^th  of  anterior  Ic^i; OIW 

Lciij^tli  of  anterior  foot 015 

L'.'iij^tli  of  jioHterior  h'j; 05:i 

Lcii^rtli  of  jtosterior  foot {))>\'i 

Witltli  l)et\vi'i'ii  external  nares Ol'i 

Width  lie t  ween  orbits Oi,') 

Wi.Uli  of  liead or)l 

Kciitliof  tail  at  middle 042 

'I'lie  color  of  this  si»ecimen  is  a  rich  chocolate  brown;  the  inferior  sur 
faces  rather  paler  tlian  the  superior.     No  spots. 


(j'aliilii^Mi'  iiiiTiiliiT.      Nil.  spcciiri.  Li)cality. 

Knoxville,  Tcnii  . . 


1 


Donor. 

I'lofcNsiir  Milclull. 


AMlJLYiSrOMIDJC. 

This  family  is  of  particular  interest  among  the  Urodela,  us  furnishing 
«'onnecting  forms  between  the  ordinary  types  of  the  order  and  those 
larger  species  which  we  suppose  t(>  be  more  characteristic  of  former 
periods  of  the  earth's  history.  It  also  furnishes  us  with  transitional 
coiutitions  of  characters  which  have  been  regarded  as  indicating  very 
diverse  origin  and  nature.  The  species  are  mostly  of  large  size,  and 
are  probably  confined  to  Xorth  America;  perhaps  a  species  exists  iu 
Farther  India. 


40 


iirij.KTiN  :;i,  r.Niri:!'  si.\ri;s  national  mi;skum. 


li 


TIh-  i'li;inictrr.s  wliicli  icstiiH  Hit'  li""''l.v  '"■«'  "'^  i<»Il"«'<: 

Nnclhmoi.l  I'.ilatiiicl.oiM'siH.l  piolon-oil  over  piinispliciioids,  In-ar- 
,„;,.  ,,,.,1,  „i.  the'ir  postiTior  iii:ii-iiis.  Orhitosplieiioi.!  scpiirati-d  IVoiii 
p,oMiirl.vii).'i,ihi;n,uiis\v:ills.  liiU-niiil  wall  of  vt'sliluih' osseous,  (lar- 
,,„s  iii.l"  t  usiis  i.ssili,'(l.  Vcrlchra",  aiiii.Inco'Ious.  I'refroiitals  and 
,,t,.n....i.ls  pivsciit.  I'lciiiaxiUani's  I'liUy  (h-vclopo.l.  I'arasplicnoi.l 
witluMit  dciiti-i'n.iis  plates.  An  otojilossal  caitila-v;  only  oiio,  tlic  lirst 
(•piliiMMcliial ;  srcoiiit  hasiltiaiicliial  i:<i)lati'd. 

We  may  lu'ic  obsoive  the  si-nilieaiice  ol"  the  fVatuies  doliniiif;-  this 
laiiiily.  Twoof  tliec,liara('tersassi;,nied  an>  what  I  have  termed  nioi'idiie; 
that  is,  one  lias  not  Ix'cii  assnined  after  iiossession  of  the  other,  nor  is 
it  identical  with  the  ininiatnre  sta.ye  of  the  same.  Such  are  the  short- 
ened form  of  the  i»alatine  bones,  as  coniitared  with  the  posteriorly  i)ro- 
(hiecd  lamina'  of  tin'  Salamaudrida-.  and  the  absence  of  deiitij?eious 
plates  on  the  paras]ilieiini(l  in  the  IMetlKMlontida'  is  a  character  of  the 
same  kind.  Under  sneh  eirciunstanees  we  infer  tliat  the  fanulies  ex- 
liiliit  an  ontojieny  moditied  by  eienoj-eny. 

The  biconcave  vertebra-  constitute  a  ix-rsistence  of  a  larval  feature. 

The  preseuce  of  ptery.i;oids  has  the  same  siynilicancc  with  refereuce 
toother  families. 

Theossilieatiou  of  the  carpus  and  tarsus  are  characters  in  which  this 
•iKiiip  develo])s  beyond  the  larval  condition  which  is  permanent  in  the 
family  riethodontiihe. 

Thus  of  eight  characters  fAo  are  iiKuphic  and  six  developmental; 
of  the  six,  two  are  of  advanced  develoi»inent  and  four  of  reitrcssed 
development,  as  compared  with  other  fanulies. 

The  writer  characterized  this  family  nearly  as  above  in  the  .lourual  of 
the  lMiiladelj)hia  Academy,  lS(i(!,  105.  J)r.  Ilallowell  proposed  it  in  the 
same  worii,  1858,  337,  but  on  iiisulllcient  characters.  iMany  of  the  char- 
acters of  the  i)riiicii)al  {^enus  Amblystoma  had  been  already  pointed 
out  by  Professor  ilaird.  The  .yenera  imduded  by  Ilallowell  were  Am- 
blystoma, Xijiltonura  Tsch  ,  and  Onychodactylus  Tschudi.  Clray  had 
previously  end)raced  the  same  genera  with  llctvrotriton  dray,  in  liis 
first  section  of  the  IMethodontida',  which  corresponds  with  this  family. 
The  writer  in  lS5',)embraeid  Onychodactylus,  Amblystoma,  Camarata.iis 
Cope, and  3Ie,ualol)atrachus  Tschudi.  in  the  above  citetl  essay  of  1S(»<» 
the  {ieiiera  are  limited  to  the  two  first  nuMitioned  with  Ihimtinn  (Iray. 

The  wivestijiation  of  the  subject  which  I  j^'ave  in  my  nujuograph  of  this 
family,  i.ul)lislied  in  IS!);),  n'sulted  in  the  followinj,'  disposition  of  these 
supposed  jiencra,  15;iiid  having-  already  shown  the  identity  of  Xiphn 
num  with  Amblystoma.  ^^  llcfcrotriton  is  identical  with  Amblystoma. 
Megalobatrachus,  the  great  salamaiuler  of  Japan,  I  have  determined 
to  pertain  to  the  Cryptobranchida'.  The  genus  Camamtaxh,  as  will 
appear  further  on,  was  established  on  a  larval  character,  permanent 
in  some  individuals  it  is  true,  but  not  permanent  in  any  si)ecies.  On 
the  other  hand,  there  is  some  probability  that  onci  or  both  of  the  species 
of  riynobius  Tschudi  from  Japan  enter  the  landly,  but  this  I  am  not 


"^ 


i 


[luM\  nor  is 
'  the  sliort- 


Tllli    liATKACIIIA    «>l'    NOKTir    AMKKICA.  47 


ii'.ilc  (t)  t'sliiblisli.''    Till!  latti'i-  genus,  to^ictlicr  with  lianitlcns,  On^M'lio- 

oids,  bear-  (lai't.vliis  and  8alaiiiaii(irc'lUi  (Voiii  A.sia,  have  been  sineo  reft'ircd  to  I  lie 

ated  iVoMi  Aiiihl.vsluiiiida'  by  l!()idan<«er,  but  1  now  liiid  the  hyoid  apparatus  to  bo 

ous.    Cuv-  «|iiiti' (lillli  rent  in  the  two  groups. 

Mitals  aud  Tlirt'c  genera  of  this  lanilly  are  known  to  nie.     Another  has  bi-i  n 

•aspiienoid  (iisiiiignished  on  dental  characters  (Dieaniptodon),  but  whether  iden- 

le,  the  tirst  tie.il  with  or  distinct  from  those  I  have  seen  1  do  not  yet  know. 

I.  N'oiiicrdiinlatiiic  tci'tli  in  a  traiisvcrso  lino,  which  is  straight  or  angiiiatL'd  ami  not 
'lining  this  nmch  intcrniiitcd  at  tho  iniddlo. 

dniorphic;  Otoglossal  cartilage  foriniiig  a  ring,  attached  posteriorly  to  the  first   liasiliraii- 

chial  cartilage ImbhjHtomn. 

Ologldssal  carlilage  t'orniing  a  snhtriangnlar  plate  attached  posteriorly  to  the 

lirst  hasilivanchial Clioiidruliif). 

^riorly  pro-  H.  Vomcropdlatine  ti'cth  in  two  scries,  scjiaratcd  by  a  wide  interspace. 

lentigerous  Otoglossal  cartilage  not  annular,  free  IVoni  the  hasibrancliial,  on  which  it  moves; 

Cter  of  the  '"''  '""'"^ lAityualaimnit. 

...  ^,  Tail  cominessed;  dental  series  converging  l)ackward niidwploiloii. 

The  species  of  these  genera  are  all  North  American  cxcei)ting  the 
I  (■j.jitm.i..  AmbljjstomapcrsimiUs  Gray  of  Siam. 

\^  vGi'er^vcii  AMIJLYSTOMA,  Tschiuli. 

I  which  this  Tsclmdi,  liatr.,  )..  '.i'2  ;  liaird,  Jonrn.  Ac.   I'liila.(-J),  i,  l>^',[),  p.  ',>81 ;  Oray,  Cat.,  p.  IM  ; 

inent  in  the  '"""•  "^  ''''"'•  '^'  !'■  ^"^  '  ^'"l""'  l''"*"'-  ^^''-  I'l'ilii-.  l"'<i''>  1>-  I'iti;  «( ranch,  Salam,  p. 

(1(1;  lioulcnger,  Cat.  liatr.  Grad.  JJrit.  Mus.,  !.M  ed.,  ltir^2,  p.  :!-:. 
.Mlil.ointm,  Tschndi,  /.  c,  p.  '.).'>;  Gray,  /.  c.  ;  Duni.  <Sl  Ijibr.,  p.  Itil. 
.'lopmental ;  s,ii(tm<iiitln>i(hf<,  I'it/ing.,  Syst.  Kept., p.  :?:$. 

f  rei>ressed  iiri,vi>irium,  Gray,  /.  c,  p.  :i:!. 

Ciimiir.il.ixiii,  Cope,  Troe.  Ac.  Tlula.,  lfi'>[),  p.  I-JiJ. 
e  Journal  of  l'ir!„iilosm,  Mivart,  I'roc.  ZoOl.  Soe.,  18()7,  p.  G08. 

.        .  Lai  val  I'oiins : 

sed  It  in  the  SUrdv,,,  Wagl.,  Syst.  Ami.h.,  IrtliO,  p.  :.'()•)  ;  Duni.  &  Bibr.,  p.  17(1. 

of  the  char-  .\.t„h,tv>^,  (),ven,  Ann.  and  Mag.,  X.  II.,  xiv.  p.  'ZW. 

ady  l>ointed  IkKmiimlomu,  Sagcr,  renins.  Joiir.  Medic,  LSoH,  p.  4-Jt*. 

II  were  Am-  \'oiin'rine  scries  of  teeth  in  the  same  line,  though  often  interrui)ted. 
•  <^'''''y  '"\'*  (cMiadrateJugal  bone  wanting.  Premaxillary  bones  distant  from  each 
(Jray,  in  his                othei',  not  embracting  a  fontanelle. 

this  family.  T.uigiie  attiehod  l)y  its  whole  base,  but  with  a  narrow  free  margin  ou 

Camarattuis  all  hut  the  postei  ior  portion,  capable  of  but  a  moderate  protrusion, 

•ssay  of  ISdO  The  ot  tglossal  cartilage  forms  a  ring,  which  pa.sses  entirely  round  the 

satiuaiUwy.  nivAuniviviu'e  of  iho  interior  base  of  the  tongue.     It  sends  a  i)r(>eesy 

graph  of  this  on  each  side  near  its  base,  which  terminates  above  theccratohyals  with- 

tion  of  these  out  articulating  with  then). 

ty  of  Xiphih  liypohyal  cartilages  slender,  of  moderate  length.     (Plate  2U.) 

Vmblystoma.  CuMtohyal  articulating  by  its  abruptly  rccurVed  superior  e.xtremity 

)  determined  with  tiie  po.storior  di.stal  part  of  the  quadrate.     (Plate  18,  (ig.s. <S-10.)  " 

taxis,  as  will  Digits  i-~),  free,  not  (lonnected  by  natatory  membrane. 

■,  permanent  A  stratum   of  crypts  more  or  less  thickened  on  the  parotoid  region 

species.    On  and  along  the  superior  lateral  region  of  the  tail. 

)f  the  species  A  series  of  mucous  pores  round  the  orbit  and  for  some  distance  ante- 

his  I  am  not  rior  to  it. 


'I! 


48 


151 


LLKTIN    ;il,    I'MTKK    STATKS    NATIONAl-    MISKUM. 


Tli»'  Stroud  iMsiliriiiicliiiil  olcimMil  is  tiaiisvcisi-,  ^ciu'rall.v  aii;;iilii(nl 
loiuiinls,  and  is  wdl  ossilit-d.  Tlicotlu-r  parts  of  llic  li.yoid  appaialiis 
lliat  are  ossiliod  are  tlie  proximal  portion  of  tlie  eeiatoliyal,  tlie  ante- 
rior [Kirtof  the  first  basibrancliial,  and  the  free  extremity  of  the  linst 

t'piivriinclMal. 

Till'  htrva'  are  eliaracterized  hy  the  Ion;;,  slender  processes  of  the 
three  braiieliial  lamina',  which  hrar  tlie  vasenlar  limbria',  rather  than 
tlie  lamina'  themselves,  as  in  Cli(»ndn)tns.  The  internal  nostrils  are  eon- 
lined  between  the  maxillary  series  ol  teeth  and  the  palatine  arch,  wlii(di 
is  concentrie  with  the  former  and  near  to  it,  and  iseontinned  backwards 
on  each  side  in  line  with  a  similar  series  on  the  pterypiid  bones.  A 
relation  of  nostrils  to  palatine  teeth  similar  to  the  above  is  permanent 
in  Ampliinma,  and  one  intermediate  between  it  and  tlu' adult  condition 
of  Amblystoina'  of  ;;roiips  iii  and  iv  ehaiaeti'i  izes  Cryptobianclins. 

The  tail  and  back  have  a  tree  dermal  mai',uin,  but  there  is  none  on 
the  lindts  or  dii,'its.    The  tail  is  short  and  deep. 

The  following'  are  some  of  the  most  readily  observed  characters  which 
are  assumed  by  the  And>lystoma'  at  the  pi'riod  of  their  transformation  : 
(1)  The  series  of  teeth  on  the  splenial  bone  is  shed  ;  (-)  the  caii)us  and 
tarsusossify;  (."5)  the  tail  narrows  and  leiijrthens;  (4)  the  branchia' dis- 
appear; (5)  thetonyue  enlarf;es  and  covers  the  lloor  of  the  mouth;  (0) 
the  pteryj^oimlatine  series  (»f  teeth  becomes  more  nearly  transverse; 
(7)  brightly  colored  pij;;ment  is  deposited  in  the  chromat(>i)hora'  of  tlie 
derm.  These  changes  are  stated  in  the  order  of  their  occurrence.  IJut 
in  some  of  the  protean  species  this  order  is  not  exactly  observed  in  all 
individuals,  and  in  conse(|ueiice  of  the  assumption  of  one  or  the  other 
character  of  maturity  in  advance  of  another  the  number  of  s[>ecies  has 
been  supposed  to  be  greater  than  it  is.  The  same  irregulari!.\  in  the 
successional  appearance  of  structures  is  well  known  in  the  earlier  pe- 
riods of  embiyonic  lite,  as  stated  by  Von  I'.aer  in  the  sdudia  of  his  lOnt 
wickelungs  geschichite.  In  the  chick,  different  poitions  of  the  vertebra! 
axis  and  the  abdominal  plates  may  or  may  not  appear  in  the  usual 
Older  of  succession. 

In  Amblystoma  the  aiiproxiiiiation  of  the  period  of  reproduction  to 
that  of  transformation  varies  with  the  species,  and  it  is  evident  that 
the  closer  this  api)roximatioii,  under  tlie  above  i»rmciiile  of  variation, 
the  more  protean  will  the  species  be.  As  we  know  from  the  exi>eri 
meiits  of  Hogg,  J)umeril,  and  others  that  inetamori>hosis  i.s  greatly  has- 
tened or  delayed  by  the  conditions  of  temperature  and  light, what  would 
mit  be  the  elVect  on  individuals  of  such  a  protean  si)ecies  of  a  change 
of  toiiographical  situation,  such  as  the  elevation  or  (lei»ression  of  the 
land  :'  And  I  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  if  the  peculiarities  of 
series  of  individuals  of  .1.  t'Kjr'nuini,  in  the  respects  above  enumerated, 
were  permanent,  they  would  characterize  those  series  as  species  as 
completely  as  any  that  zoiiiogists  are  accustomed  to  recognize.  For 
the  evidences  on  this  head,  see  the  discussion  of  this  species  below. 


tl!  i 


VI. 

niijillliitrtl 
ii|>l)iUiitus 
,  tlu'  iintf- 
f  the  lirst 

ses  of  the 
atlu'r  tliiiii 
•ilsiiri'foii- 
ircli,  \vlii<^h 
bacUwiirtls 
boiu's.     A 

piMllliUll'Ut 

It  coiulitioti 
liiiiclius. 
is  UDiic  (»U 

icteis  which 
sfDriniitioii : 
farpiis  lunl 
lauchiii'  ilis- 
niouth ;  (0) 
transverse ; 
[)horie  of  the 
rreiice.     But 
served  in  all 
)r  the  other 
■  si)eeies  has 
ilari;.\  in  the 
le  earlier  pe- 
a  of  his  Knt 
the  vertebral 
in  the  nsnal 


rodnetion  to 
evident  that 
of  variation, 
n  the  expel i 
i  greatly  has- 
t,\vhat  wonld 

of  a  ehangf 
I'ssion  of  the 
Hinliarities  of 

cnnnierated, 
IS  speeies  as 
;ogni/>e.  For 
lies  below. 


I 


TlIK    IIATUACMIIA    (»l'    N'OlM'll    AMi:UU'A. 


49 


Tlie  expeiinu'niH  of  lloi;^,  above  albided  t*.,  are  as  ftdlows,  as  t,Mven 
l»y  him  in  the  Annals  and  Ma;;azineof  Natnral  History. 

llo  placed  a  nnnd)er  of  inii>rej;nated  ova  of  fro;,'s  in  vessels  arran;;ed  at 
re;;ular  distances  from  th(!  li;,Hit  in  a  cave.  The  lessenin;,'  degi'ees  of 
lij^ht  were  of  conrsi'  acurompanied  by  a  (!orres|»ondin};'  bnt  much  less 
rapid  decline  in  temperatnre.  The  rcsullin;;'  ellcclson  the  metamorpho- 
sis may  he  tabnlat»'d  as  follows: 


j^Ii'^ii.  I'iiliri'iilii'il 


111" 


Kii 


:i     11  K!:i;  

■JO  l.iiiva  In  i> '    

■j."i  ■    :   li;ii  \  ;t  licr       

;ii  • .  -  ' 

1      111  I,iivj  viTv  liii';;i'  !,:itv;i  1  n-'-      

'11  Mi'l.iiniiiiiliiisi.i    uoiii        MrlMiiiiir|p|iii.-(i.i    I'oiii 

X     11  

■IX  


Ill    :ii 


.w 


51 J 


I0U«  K'AK 

I.iiiMi  IriM'    I.iii  va  I'lnv 

l.ai  va  lai'}!i< Larva  Miiiall. 


Mrtiiin(ir|ili().si«  fiiiii       * 

|il(|i'. 

Mrtaiiiiii  pliiLsin  ciiiM 

|.l...r. 


Other  experiments,  whicli  will  not  be  (pioted  now,  aic  ('(pially  (ton- 
elusive  as  tot  lie  effects  of  iinlit  and  heat  on  their  process.  The  dis- 
tinction between  iiiatiirity,  or  adult  aj;v,  and  complete  devel()pinent 
must  be  borne  in  mind.  The  former  (Mtiiditioii  is  attaiiu'd  when  the  ova 
an;  fitted  for  imprej^iiation  and  the  spermatozodids  are  capable  of  accom- 
plishing; that  result.  Development  may  or  may  not  advance  much 
beyond  this  perioil.  .Vs  one  or  more  periolsin  the  life  of  every  species 
is  characterized  by  a  i^reater  rapidity  of  develoinnent  (or  metaiiKM'pho- 
sis)  than  the  remainder,  so  in  proportion  to  the  approximation  of  such 
a  period  to  tlm  ei>ocli  of  maturity  or  reproduction  is  the  olfspriny  liable 
to  variation. 

The  j^reat  dilVerence  l)etween  the  dilfereiit  speeies  and  between  indi- 
viduals of  the  same  species  in  this  res|(t'ct,  may  bi>  illustrated  by  the 
followinn'  comparison  between  the  siz,'  of  the  ani  inuls  at  the  time  of 
losiiin'  the  biaiicliia-,  so  far  as  known,  and  that  to  which  they  nlti- 
matelv  attained  : 


Sprrii'H. 


Aiiililyiliiiiia.iill'rrsDiiianm' 
Aiiililystuiiii  |iiiiirtatiiiii  .. . 
A  iiiM.s  stiiina  i'iins|iri.Hiiiii  . . 

Aiiiltlysli'iiia  opandii 

Oliiiiiilriitiis  li'\aiiuH 

('Iiiiiiili'iitiis  nili'msloiniis  . . 
Aiiihh .sloiiia  talpiiiilcHiii . .. 
CliiinilKitus  paruticiis 

Ainljlysloiiia  tiiji  iiuiiii 


('Iiiiiiili'iitim  li>iii'l>i'iiHiiH 


Si/,r  at 

lu.Hs  uT 

M  aiii-liia'. 

A 

\  1*1 
II  .s 

aur 
i/.c. 

/;i.  I.iii 

/» 

I.ii:. 

1    r..  7.". 

Ci 

1    10 

li 

li 

1    10,:. 
•  1     '» 

:i 

I .  ■> 

II.  :> 

■-'   i 

1   ;i,  ."i 

1 

;i    7.  :> 

•J.  5 

y.\   7t 

H 
i) 

1  '>    It 

11 

•  I'll  Imp**  liMi  lai  ;;(■ 

i!>.")i— liuU  ;u — 1 


t  Nut  siiiallrsl. 


hO 


Itn.lJlTIN    :il,    |-NITi:i)    STATMS    NATlONAI.    Ml'SKlIM. 


P.I 


1,1  (his Meet  ion  it  is  dcsiniltU'  to  asccitiiiii  liow  liir  cliiiriicti'i-s  »li« 

tiii-;iii.siiiii^'  iiii(l()iil)ti"<l  species  full  into  (lie  line  ol'sum'ssioiisil  eliiuiyes 
eomnion  to  iill  the  species,  :is  answer  to  this  (luestion  would  solve  an 
important  part  ol  the  inciniiy  as  t.»  tlieoiij,nn  olspeeies.  We  can  not  no 
into  it  exhaustively  a(  this  time,  i»ut  direct  attention  to  these  char- 
acters in  Mie  syuoi»lic  tahle.  The  following,'  are  developmental  char- 
actera  wlii(!h  distinj,niish  known  species:  (!)  The  direction  of  the  pala- 
tine series  of  teeth;  (li)  the  length  of  the  Itody  and  tail,  as  coini)ared 
with  the  width  of  the  head,  is  ;^Mcater  in  huj^c  and  old  individuals  of 
.1,  tiijrhiHin  ;  ('■',)  tlie  widening:  of  the  nni/./.le  and  greater  separation  nl 
the  external  nares ;  (1)  the  spotted  as  distinguished  iroin  the  uniform 
coloration. 

Cliaractei's  to  which  no  such  relation  can  he  assij,Mied:  (1 )  Thenumber 
(»f  costal  folds,  whose  iutersi»aces  correspond  with  tlie  vertebra- ;  (L')the 
number  of  phalan^^es. 

IJaird,  in  the  first  synopsis  of  this  genus  published,  enumerates  eij;ht 
species;  (Jray  in  l.S.'d)  eataloj;ues  ten,  after  we  exclude  some  species  of 
othei'  jicnera  erroneously  included.  Dumeril,  likewise^  iiudndin;;  species 
of  other  j;cnera,  gives  live  true  And)lystoma'.  llallowell,  IS.'tS,  increased 
tlu!  number  to  sixteen.  In  my  monograph  of  this  genus,  ]»ublished  in 
1S(J7,  the  si)ecie8  described  numbered  eighteen,  six  new  ones  being 
added.  Dr.  IJoulenger,  in  the  Catalogiu- of  the  IJritish  Museum,  second 
edition,  published  in  18815,  gave  the  number  as  .seventeen,  including  a 
Siamese  species.  In  the  present  wmk  thirteen  species  are  admitted,  one 
of  which  is  the  Siamese  species  A.  iicfsiiiiilis,  after  the  subtraction  of 
nine  species  placed  in  the  genera  ('huniirntus  and  LhujiKvltipsUH.  For 
the  stmly  of  this  genus  the  collection  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  is 
une(pialed.  Probably  the  second  best  collection  existing,  that  of  the 
Academy  of  Xatural  S(Meiices  of  I'liiladelpnia,  has  al.so  furnished  its 
numerous  types,  and  several  species  mostly  described  by  the  late  Dr. 
JMnvard  Llallowell. 


SipiOjIlliH    llf  KpivivH. 


I.  .Sui'icM  of  tuL'tlii'XlLMiiliii';  iiliiii;;  II 


u'    i'\|(iti;il   li>s.sii'i' "f  the  iiitcriiiil  iiiii't',- 


I'll 


of  tongiu!  ladiatiiij;  lioiii  its  poMti'iior  imriion.     I'moloid  <;l;iiiil 
foriiiiii},'  ail  ovoid  distinct  mass.     I'oiir  idialaiiKcs  in  fomtli  loc' 


s  llnl 


A.  ( 'ostal  grooves,  ton. 
i(.  Voiiicriiic  scries,  tint 
Head  lii'oad  ;   width  : 


■  1  to  frioiii  ;  Mni//h'  coiitrac 


ted  : 


•\t. 


iial  ii.'trc; 


closer  tlian  iiitenial ;  iiahiline  scrii-s  convex  haekwards;  tail   mIioii. 


coniiiressed  ;   hlackish-hrowii,  .ura.v  sjiucke  I. 
B.  Costal  1,'rooves,  eleven. 
a  Vomerine  series  three. 
li  No,  or  one  iiidistinet  plant.-ir  liiUcrele, 


J.  itdiH 


Middh-  s.' 


ru's  transverse  or  concave  to  lieliind  posterior  inarj;ins  of  nan 


width  of  lieail  in  specimens  of :{ inel 


ics,  ureatertliaii  one-fonrtli  lenijll 


to  irroin  :  in  adnlts,  1.7  tin 


l)!ael. 


k  ahove,  with   urav  <;r 


OHs-nanil 


.1. 


o/iitciiiii. 


Vhl, 


!■  UU  CMlllIlllll  Mlicl(  J    .1      II. 


JSl 


Tin;    IIATKACIIIA    (»r   NoKTII    amkuioa. 


51 


tcrs  «lis 

solve  an 
,11  not  no 
•80  t'liai- 
till  I'liiu- 
thi'  i>nla- 
oMipan'tl 
iilnals  «)!' 
trillion  ••! 
\  uniroiin 

u'lininbiT 
!.•;  (2)tlu- 

iltt'S  I'lJillt 

spi'cii's  ol' 
n;;-  specit's 
,  iucveast'tl 
iblislii'd  in 
(iR's  Uein;,' 
iiin,  seconil 
iiicIiuliiiK  a 
iiitti!il,oni' 
)trartit»n  ot 
ipsus.     l"'oJ' 
stilution  is 
I  hat  of  till- 
niislH'd   its 
hu  late  l>i. 


liiiivs.      t'lici 
mill  1«'»"'" 


ill  iiiin>  mm  li 
(Is:  tail  hIi'iH, 
.A.  tKlpuidiiiiii 


iiriiiiis  of  iiuro'i 
ic-foiirlli  I'Miulli 

JIV    (MOSS-tlillllN- 

,1.   oiitiniiii- 


i 


i 


I 


'reel  ii  iiM  III  (he  last;  wiiltli  of  li<-a<l  in  small  N|ii'(!iiiifim,  ll.Ti  to  ^roiii ;  in 
ailiillM,  I.Ti  limes;  a  sli'oii;r  iloisal  ;;i'oovi'  aail  Ioii;;<m' tail ;  lilackisli 
iiUovi',  Willi  a  M'l'ir.s  of  loiiiid  vi'llow  mjioIh  on  t'acli  side  ol'  tlii'  liack. 

.1.  iiiniclultnii. 

Mnliiiii  series  of  teetli  convex,  advam'in^'  lievoml  posteiior  mar;;in  miles  ; 

will  111  of  head  miieli  less  tliaii  one-Ion  il  li  ltMi<;tli  lo  irroin  ;  tail  slioil, 

no  dorsal  groove;  lead-colon-d,  willi  an  iiiferitn'  lateral  and  usually 

supi  rior  serii's  ofsmull  irrej;iilar  yellowish  ;;ray  spots...!,  coimiivniniii. 

,i  (Two  dislinel  ]ilantai'  Inhereles; 

.Median  series  of  teeth  Ntrai<;lil,  nearly  divided;  external  iiares  iniicli 
eloser  tci^clher  than  inlenial ;  width  of  head  more  than  one-foiirlii 
leii;;th  lo  j^roin  ;  miiz/.le  very  short  ;  tail  iniieli  i;iimi»reMsud  ;  lilack- 
isli ahovt',  with  laiy;o,  irrei;iilar,  yellow  spots,  eonlliieiit  on  Ni<tes  ;  lie- 
low  yellow A.  hkolitr. 

I  III  N'omerinc  si-ries  four. 

Teeth  in  four  series,  which  I'orin  an  ohiiise  an^^le  directed  forwards;  width 

of  head,  :t.l!  limes  in  length  to  nniin;   length  from  m(i//.Ie  lo  axilla 

eijual  length  from  axilla  to  <;roin  ;  tail  nearly  as  long  as  head  and 

iioily  ;  dark  Inowii,  with  a  daiU  hrowii  hand  on  side  ....(.  rui>miiiim. 

r.  ('o,-.lal  niooves,  twelve; 

i(  l,.arH;erspe<'ies,  with  iwo  distinct  plantar,  tuborclos  and  mucous  poicson  the 

side  of  the  mil//.le. 
(  \(p  I'aiilhiis  nistialis;   tail  sliortei'  than  head  iiikI  body  ;  chin  not  pr(ijeclin}f. 

N'omeropalal  ine  tooth  series  with  the  median  portion  pre.sentin;f  a  very 
tdilnse  allele  fiirwards,  rarely  straij;ht,  somctiincs  with  the  lateral 
]ioi'lioiis  separated;  hrown,  with  larj;e  yellow  sjiots  of  larj;er  or 
smaller  si/e I,  (iijriiiiiiii. 

Mn/./le  Iiroad  olitnse ;  dark  brown,  with  vertical  yellow  sjiots  on  sides; 
teeth  in  four  distinct  series,  in  a  nearly  transverse  line. 

./.  Irixriijiliiiii. 
;1,<  Canthns  rostralis  distinct  ;   chin  jirojeeting. 

I';xternal  nares  nearer  lojfct her  than  internal  ;  mn/.zhM)l)tu.se  ;  headsmall, 
width")  times  to  };roin  ;  front  convex;  tail  longer  than  head  and 
body;  voineiine  teeth  in  one  series,  si iglitly  con v«'X  forwards;  yel- 
low, Willi  irregular  brown  baiiils  above /.  j-iphiai. 

atcSmaller  species  ;  the  mncons  pores  not  extending  beyond  the  orbits;  teeth 
in  three  series;  no,  or  one  indistimtt  jilaiitar  tubercles. 

External  and  internal  nares  eiiiiidistant ;  vomerine  series  nearly  trans- 
verse; width  of  heail,  4..")  to  (i  times  in  length  to  groin;  length  of 
oyo,  1.7r>  to  'J.,')  limes  in  width  lietween  anttirior  canthus  of  same ; 
lead  colored  to  brown  or  black,  with  or  without  jialu  or  distinct 
lateral  spots A.  jiffcrnoiiianiim. 

Nares  c(|iiidistant ;  width  of  head,  •>  times  to  groin  ;  niiizzlt)  contracted  ; 
length  of  eye,  entering  l.(!(i  times  in  width  btstween  canthus  of  same, 
once  to  nostril;  median  dental  smies  angulated  forwards;  digits 
long;  blown  mlead  colored,  usually  a  broad  gray  band  on  vertebral 
line  of  tail  and  body  expanding  on  occiput :  sides,  dark  reddish-brown. 

-/.  mavvoilactijlum. 

.Muzzle  wide;  width  of  head  entining  h^igtli  to  groin  I  times;  tail  long 
as  head  and  body  to  groi:> ;  digits  short ;  black,  upper  surfaces  bright 
yellow A.t'inxnnthum. 

These  .si>eeies  are  distributed  as  iullows:  One,  the  A.  persimilc  trray, 
is  said  to  be  tin  inhabitant  of  the  mountain  regions  of  Siain.  Tlie  others 
are  all  North  American.    One  sjtecics  only,  the  A.  (iyrinum,  c-\teuds 


52 


lUJLLETlN    ;;i,    nNITi:i»    STAIKS    national    MTSKIiM. 


soiitliwiuds  oil  tlMi  Mi'xiciiii  pliitvHU  as  lar  as  the  Cit.v  o(  Me.\ic(».     Tlio 
reiiiiiiuiny  species  are  distiibiited  as  lollows: 

Eastkun  Kkcion.— -i.  oixiriim  :  A.  piiiiclahim  :  .1.  vun.-<ii<r'iiiiii  :  .1.  hintUir :  A.  ruin: 
aiiiim  (.').•  J.  I  i<j  rill  It  III  ;  A.  jiphiat  ;  A.Jvffirxiiiiiiiiiiiiii. 

AisriioKirAKiAN  Ki;(ii(i.\.— ./.  luliioiilvnm. 

Ckntkai- liiaiioN.— ./.  I  ill  fill  II  in:  A.  trixniiiliiiii. 

Tacii-'iu   liKiiloN.— .1    I'ljriiiim  :   A.  mnci-mUiilijliiin  :  A.  iiiijuiilliiiin. 

As  but  one  speciineii  of  the  A.  co^icanKiii  is  Uiiowii,  lit  lie  can  be  said 
of  its  distribiitioij. 

AMHLVSTOMA  TAl.l'OlDKIM   llollin.cik. 

Giiiy.  Cital.  liiitr.  (iiiul.  IJiil.  Mils.,  isr.d,  \>.  lit;;   Diiiiicnl  A   I'.iliniii,  Kip. 
(Jen.,  VIII,  p.  lU'.l;  Cope,  I'liKct;!!,-..  Acini.  l'liil:i..  l-liT,  p.  17-J;  SI  niiicli, 
(S:il;iiii..fi:i:  ISimlnigcr,  Cutal.  liatr.lJrad.  I'.rit.  Mils.,  ii  eil.,l"<.i:.',  p.  10. 
iSalaiiiiimlia  laljinidm  IhiHuook,  N.  Aiiicr.  lltiip.,  \,  7;i,  I'l.  ','1. 

Siiortest,  stoutest,  and  most  cluiiisilv  furiiu'd  of  all  the  tenestiial 
Ambli/fifiiiiialu.  Character  of  skin  as  to  },'laiids  pits,  etc.,  much  as  in 
A.  punvtiitiim  and  (iiHUum.  A  row  of  lar^'e  |»ores  on  the  head,  interior 
to  the  eye  and  nostrils,  extending;'  anterior  to  the;  latter.  This  i>asses 
behind  and  beneath  the  eye,  reachinjjf  forward  nearly  to  the  nostril:  a 
patch  on  the  cheeks  above  the  lateral  j^roove  and  another  below  it, 
probably  oxtendinj;'  lorwai'd  aloiifi;  the  lower  Jaw. 

The  head  is  very  broad,  and  laifj^e,  and  is  wider  than  the  body  anterior 
to  the  constriction  at  the  neck.  Its  width  is  about  eipial  to  the  distance 
from  snout  to  gular  fold  (thus  wider  than  Ion;;;,  and  is  contained  about 
;3.]  times  to  the  j^'roin.  The  eyes  are  sujierior  and  ratln^r  small,  separated 
anteriorly  by  nearly  tlii'ee  len;4ths  of  the  orltit;  about  oik^  orbit  froi!i 
the  nostrils,  which  are  separated  about  1.]  orbits.  The  mu/zle  is  rather 
an^'ular.  The  ui»per  Jaw  is  visible  beyond  the  lower  when  viewed  from 
below. 

The  body  is  short,  siiurtt,  and  depre.s.sed.  There  are  10  costal  i^ioov  «'s 
on  the  side. 

The  tail  is  contained  about  1.]  times  in  the  rest  of  the  animal.  It  is 
much  as  in  .1.  oixtcum,  but  hi^ij^her,  thou;-!!  witiiout  a  crest. 

The  dij-its  are  rather  Iou{,'  and  slender,  .scarcely  dilVerent  from  those 
of  A.  opftcum. 

The  i)alatine  teeth  are  in  a  transver.se  series  of  three  sections.  The 
middle  .section  is  not  interriii»(ed  alon;;' the  median  line.  In  the  type 
it  is  slightly  concave  anteriorly,  .scarcely  ivachiiijn  to  the  inner  line  of 
the  inner  n arcs,  and  behind  the  rani^c  of  the  lateral  sections,  which 
beyin  a  little  interior  to  the  outer  line  of  the  nostrils.  The  middle  and 
lateral  sections  are  separated  by  the  width  of  the  inner  nostril.  In 
another  specimen  the  middle  patch  is  nearly  strai,i,Mit ;  in  another,  com 
po.sed  of  two  ares  concave  anteriorly. 

The  tongue  is  thick,  fleshy,  and  adherent,  though  the  edges  are  free 
at  the  sides;  le.sssoat  the  tip.  Its  width  is  not  niT-lhun  half  that  of 
the  head.    The  papillo.se  i»ortion  is  separated  itosteriorly  by  the  exten- 


1 


N'li.  Ill 
liiii'. 


TIIH    HATRACITIA    OK    NORTH    AMKIJIOA 


53 


I 


Hion  forward  oftlie  plain  basal  portion  oftlie  tongue,  altlionji'h  tliorcis 
no  }ifro(>ve,  and  exhibiting  two  prominent  cornuii  to  tlie  tongue  i)roper. 
The  papillose  ridges  are  longitudinal  and  nearly  parallel. 

In  alcohol  this  spe(;ies  is  a  light  brown  above,  paler  beneath,  irregu- 
larly spriidvled,  blotched,  and  marbled  with  silvery  or  jduinbeous  gray, 
oC  a  li(;hon-like  character.  Specinu'ns  when  alive  show  the  ground  color 
to  be  a  dark  brownish  or  liver  black,  more  livid  on  the  sides,  and  per- 
haps lighter  beiu'ath  ;  everywhere  spriidded  with  the  silvery-gray  dots 
of  larger  size  on  the  back.  The  ;ii)per  part  of  the  tail  is  of  a  purer 
brown  than  elsewhere,  and  is  bordered  by  a  series  of  obscure  blackish 
spots  ;  seen  also  near  the  lower  maigin.  A  few  similar  dusky  s])ots  ap- 
pear .scattered  on  the  back.  The  iris  appears  to  be  a  dark  brown  with- 
out nu'tallic  luster. 

A. series  of  speciiiuMis  from  Prairie  Mer  Rouge,  Louisiana,  is  quite 
similar.  ^Souu^  of  them  appear  to  have  just  completed  the  change  from 
IIh' tadpole  state,  and  the  tail  is  higher,  more  compressed,  and  .somewhat 
crested;  the  toes,  shorter,  Hatter;  the  papillo.se  folds  of  the  tongue 
more  indistinct. 

Mi'axin(,:>i'iils. 

Iiiolios. 

Loiigtli  from  snout  to  tiMusvoi  ■!'  lint'  of  month '.W 

liCn^^tli  from  snont  to  ;;;ulin'  folil .'i.'i 

Jjt-nj^di  from  snout  to  ^jroin l.'.XI 

l,('nH;tli  from  snout  to  licliiuil  aruis y. .{(( 

I.('Ml;I|i  from  snout  to  cntl  of  tiiil It.  HO 

l.i'ny;tli  of  t.iil l..'.(l 

Widtii  of  liciid :>•> 

Li'Utttli  of  forc-.nrm -Ki 

l.cnf^tli  of  liind  Icjj;  fr<nn  knee .''•(i 

'Ixtcnt  of  In  ml  lo^s l.Td 

(iri'iitost  loimtli  of  till  1 .;$! 

(Ircatost  witltli  iit  km  mo  |ilaci" l.^ 

I  found  this  species  abundant  in  the  high  valley  in  southwestern 
Noitli  Carolina  in  whi(^h  the  I'reiich  I'road  Ixiver  takes  its  origin  from 
mountain  streams.  Thence  it  extends  through  the  .southern  Atlantic  and 
(lulf  States  to  ami  including  liouisiaiia,  west  of  which  it  lias  not  yet  been 
foiiiKl.     It  is  not  aquatic,  but  lives  in  damp  i)laces  below  logs  and  stones. 


VUi.l.—Aiiil'histiiiiintaliiniiti'iini      No  :iH7!i      I'rario  Mi't  Knnco.  Im. 


No  III 

lillr. 


Ciil^ilii^ii. 
IiiiiiiIm'I  . 


■.\<M'.i\ 
:i>T'.l 
;i'.l7L' 


N.I.  Ill 

M|H'<'. 


I,0(:i1ilv. 


Ijlii'ily  CiiMMlv    i 

l'l:lil  ic  Mi-1    l.'.ill'J 

Ni;m  Caiiii.  Ill  .. 


I,:l 


Kiiiiii  wlioiii  ri'ccivcd. 


Or.  .tonc'M. 

I.  Kllilir. 

i:    K.  Ill     .lit. 


vf. 


m 


i  i 


:   It.  ' 


.  1, 

:l:i 

;| 

I 

hi 

ri 


i 


r 


'  i 


'i 


I  i 


54  BULLETIN    ;!l,    ITXITHI)    STATKS    NATIONAL    MFSKUM. 

AMIJLVSroMA  (d'ACI'M  (inivciilioisl. 
(I'liilcs  UI-'Jl.) 

A»ihlii>'fnmno]mrn,  I?nin1,  .lonrn.  Ac.  Pliila.  (v!)  i,  !-'"><•,  p.  '>-*.\:  Orny,  Cut.  I?ii1r.  (irn.1. 

I?rit.  Mils.,  I'll.  I,  p.  ;!/>,  H.'iO;   ILillowi'll,  Jdihii..  I'iiili.  .V'Mil.,  iv,  :!r>l. 
Salaiiiandiitopara,  fJi'avoiih.,  UcluTd.  Ziuil.  Sy.st.,  p.liU,  .•iml  Dclic,  ]>.  T.'>,  I'l.  H':  l»iiin. 

»t  nilir.,  |>.  <>(!. 
Siildiiiniiilrd  fiiHciitta,  (Jivon,  Jniirii.  Ac.  Pliila.  I,  1-!1H,  p.  li.'.il:    llollir.  N.   A.  II. -rp,.  \, 

1).  71.  I'l.  will  ;  ll.'lviiy,  N.  Y.,  F.in'i  ,  IJ'pi-.  !>■  *7.  I''-  '*.  li;:-  •"• 
Arnhhisloiiiitl'iitridhim.  Ddiii.  ife  1511)1..  p.  Ml,  I'l.  101,  ijm-,  .">. 
.Imhhisloma  oimnim,  Copf,  I'roc  Ac.  I'liila.  1H17,  l>.  \r.\;  Sf raiirli,  S.ilain     )).(;:!;   lioii- 

loii-,'cr,  Cat.  Mitr.  (Jrail.  Miit.   Miis 1.  ii.  issj.  p.  Id. 

Body  swollen,  tliick,  c.vliiidritiiil,  (U'prcs.scd:  skin  pcrrcctly  sniontli, 
altlioiijjh  under  a  lens  ev(M'y  wiicrc  sliowin^'  niiniitc  .simple  pores  or  ])i(s 
connected  with  the  ylands,  whieii  lire  seen  everyw  hei'e  on  the  Wody  and 
tail,  except,  perhaps,  on  the  lower  part  of  sides,  belly,  and  beneath  the 
liead ;  on  the  tail,  however,  they  are  most  developed  on  the  npper  hall". 
There  are  no  rejjiilar  patches  of  more  conspieiions  pores  on  the  liead 
and  parotoids,  as  seen  in  A.  puuctatiim. 

Head  rather  broad,  depressed,  its  {greatest  width  about  •,'  the  length 
from  snout  to  jjnlar  fold,  and  about  f,  the  distance  to  insertion  of  hind 
lefjs.  Axial  leiifjth  of  mouth  half  that  to  ji'ular  fold,  which  is  iiiter- 
rnpted  on  the  nape;  a  constriction  behind  the  aiif-lc  of  the  month,  with 
a  lateral  {jroove  (or  ridj^e)  connecting;'  the  two  as  in  ^1.  piiiirtdfiiin.  Ins- 
tance from  snout  to  {jnlar  fold  not  (piite  3A  times  in  that  to  insertion  of 
himl  lefj.  The  eyes  are  moderate;  the  pupil  (arcular.  The  jicneral  r»'- 
lation  much  as  in  .1.  piinrtdtiim. 

r.ody  nearly  cylindrical,  but  decidedly  depressed.  No  indication  of 
a  dor.sal  furrow.  Eleven  well  marked  costal  furrow.s  inciudiii;:  flic  in- 
guinal. There  are  about  four  pelvic;  furrow.s;  those  on  the  ba.se  of  the 
tail  aredistiiHit  anteriorly,  but  "rradually  become  fainter. 

The  tail  is  oval  or  subellii»tical  in  cross  .section,  thou<;h  williont  any 
indication  of  a  keel.  It  is  nearly  cylindrical  at  ba.se,  lhou;;li  sb<;|itly 
(ioi.ipressed,  becoinitifj  more  and  more  so  to  the  pointed  tip.  It  is 
thi<!ker  above  than  below,  and  measured  from  beliiixl  llie  anus  is  con 
tained  U  times  in  rest  of  the  leiif;th.  The  lateral  {rroove  on  the  tail  is 
less  distinct  than  in  A.  punctatiiiH. 

Tjic  digits  are  linear,  depre.s.sed,  fuit  without  any  indication  of  web 
or  marfrin.  The  third  or  longest  linger  is  one-third  the  distance  from 
its  tip  to  the  elbow  ((contained  three  times).  The  lateral  ones  are  ipiite 
short.  The  fourth  toe  is  longest,  and  contained  L'^  times  in  the  distance 
from  its  tip  to  the  knee;  the  .{,  .".,  L',  I  are  suci-e.ssively  shorter,  or  the 
tilth  and  .second  are  about  eipial.  The  distance  between  the  outstretched 
toes  is  contained  about  once  and  two-sevenths  in  the  length  from  .snout 
to  behind  anus. 

The  tongue  is  thick  and  lleshy,  as  in  .1.  punclahim.  though  larger  in 
])roportion,  and  tilling  the  mouth  more.     TIm' teeth  aivinoiie  transverse 


*• 


M< 


TnK  nATRAniiA  or  noutit  amkrica. 


55 


lino,  ill  tliroc  soiics,  iimcli  as  in  A.  jnoicfatiim.  The  (H'litral  is  a  tloiililo 
an;.  Tlic.  lateral  seiics  an*  not  so  lar  tor\var<l,  or  [lass  more  obliquely 
backwards,  so  tliat  their  extreiiie  end  is  even  behind  the  eonvexity  of 
the  central  series,  not  anteriiu'  to  it.  The  lateral  series  is  abont  half  the 
lenjith  of  the  central,  with  a  decided  interval. 

In  alcohol  the  {general  color  is  a  livid  black.  There  is  a  dorsal  series 
of  transvi'rso  lijjfht  slate-i^olored  bantls,  which  widen  at  ea<*,li  end  into  a 
V  <>M  the  back,  but  are  more  liiu^ar  on  the  tail.  These  vary  in  number; 
about  seven  on  the  body  and  as  many  on  the  tail;  sometimes  more  or 
less;  sometimes  (continent  with  those  before  and  behind  them;  soine- 
tiiiies  interrupted  in  the  middle.  They  do  not  tlescend  one  tliird  the. 
depth  on  the  sides,  beiiij;'  eonlined  abruptly  and  well  delined  ti»  the 
dorsal  region.     There  is  a  similar  patch  on  the  snout. 

Mitixiiri  mcntn. 

Inrlii's.  Ini'lioM. 

Tiifjtl  lonirtll li.HI      L.'iintli  to  t:iil -J.:!.'. 

I,«iij;fli  «.(■  iiioiitli lid      l,('ii>;tli  of  tail I.r.l) 

I,i'ii;rlli  to  liiil.nl'iilil '.:!      Will  til  of  )i(':i<l 1.". 

L(Ml;;tli  to  I'ori^  U'<i till      Li'li;;lli  I'rom  dliow 'l.'i 

I..i'ii<;tli  to  hi  ml  U'n 1.  ;l(i      liCiiy-th  from  kiici" ;"> 


mi 


The  principal  dill'ereiice  in  I'orm  and  strnctnre  between  this  species 
and  A.  pumfatum  aresec^i  in  the  abseiuie  of  any  dorsal  furrow,  and  a  less 
proiniiien(u>  of  that  on  the  side  of  the  tail.  The  limbs  are  more  feeble, 
the  head  narrower,  the  tail  shorter,  et(t. 

Iv  specimens  from  Prairie  .Mei  Konm',  t().'>.'>  .'  the  body  is  thicker  and 
more  ('Iniiisy,  tlie  lej^s  weaker,  the  toes  shorter  than  in  Pennsylvania 
spj'cimens.  The  te«'th,  too,  api>ear  more  transverse,  and  there  is  little 
or  ni>  interval  l»etweeii  tin'  midtlle  and  lateral  combs. 

This  species  is  found  in  drier  jiroiiiid  than  is  conociiial  to  most  sal 
amanders.      I   have  taki'ii  it  in  tiu'  sandy  ri'^ions  of  New  Jersey  and 
Delaware. 


e:'/  !5 


fo) 


]•']•;.  fi    A  iiihlii!.t4iiiin  nponiiti  (inivi'iilmr- 1       ('ildniTstrr,  Vfi. 


f 


III 


1 

i 


of.  lin.LKTIN    ;.l,    TNITKI)    STATKS    NATIONAL    MirSKUM. 

KICSKKVK  SKUIKS. 


I 


l.iicalilv. 


"  =    y-u 


Wli.ii     col. 

llCKMl. 


I''iiiiri  wliiirn  irccivril. 


:V2(i« 

3 

Ann 

!ll!»l 

llL'Hit 

mill 

■uis; 

II  wit:; 

i-ji:)i 

1(1 

■fllS"! 

WITH 

■MM 

tilJll 

:i:ir.i 

iLTillS 

;inii 

y.tr,-,:> 

:i!i:):i 

4111'^ 

:i(t:i-j 

1.1 

;inin 

iiniii 

;i!i.'.s 

:v.m 

lii.clininiiuli,    (l:i Dr  W.  I..  .Ion.' 


Ni>il 


.  _      IS 


A;.r. 
Ni)V 


1S>:| 
I  SSI 


— ,  IST.'I 


Hin.»tiMi,  N  (1     

Moiilliin,  Aln      

Siiiill.crii  llliiioi.t 

I'rairii-  Mi'i-  l;iiiii;i',  I.a  . . 

Wlii'iilliirid.  lull     

Mdiiiil  Canii.l.  Ill 

I.aiiraslci-.  Ohio 

Kinslnn.  N.  ('  

N,.w  Vciik 

Kloriila 

Texas 

St..l('i(>inc  CivcU.  M(l  Krii.  — .  Ii^s-J 

AMirvilli'.  S.(!  

Ni>«  r.i'iiriMci.  ^Ia^^s I 

'I'vi'i'i' Spiiiiu.;.  ri.|Mi   I 

New  (Irlrans,  I, a    ' 

('arli,.^lc..  Pa        

Ki-rnpi'i-  ('iiiiiilv.  Mis.s 

liai-ini'.  Wis   

.\iix  Plains  Itivcr,  III         

Saliiii.  N.<: 


.1.  W.Miliir. 


i;  Kcmili  <itt 

JaiiM's  |.'airii« 

KiiliiMt  Kiil^wiiv    .. 
I,.  M  TiiiTiii  ..'.... 

I'ntf.  L.  l.rM|U).lrU\ 

.1.  \V..Milliii 


T  (llciv.r 

l'l..r.  Iv  I!.  An.li.  »s 

Is.  N.  WalKi'i 

.1.  II.  lianatl 

\V   Nv.'.ji    

I'lcir.'.Msiic  (hvi  II     

N.(i  .\riil.  Nal   Sri 
i'li.r. -i.  I''  liaiiil      .    . 

It.C   l.li.vil    

I  'I     

I.'    Ki'iiiiiriitl  

.l.'lM,iiiil.ai-li      .    ... 


Nal  MIT  of 
s|ii'riiiirli 


Ali'iiliiilli 
III) 
Do. 
!'... 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do 
Do. 
D... 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
D.. 
Do 
Do. 
Do. 
Dii. 
Do. 


. 


c.KNKi.'Ai,  sr.i!ii:s 


'J 


■    . 


a:tl7  1  Kiiiston.  N.C    

It",'.l  I  Cliiiin  sli'i',   Va 

•Ills;  K>  I'laiiir.  MiT  K'niinr,  f.a 

;in.'K  2  .\niliTsoii.  S.  (•   

liil  !l  :i  Criii;;!.!    

;i!MS  I  'raili'io.  N.C.    

;!!I'J7  S  (;iiiiin'sli'r,   Va    . .. 


-,    l.-T.I     .I.W.  MiltPM   .... 

«'  Mann  

.[lis.  I''aiii.. 

Daniel   ... 


.r.I.eCMiile 

r.  I-.  liii.ljiei- 

liiii.s  i;      ('tiliinil)iis,  Ca '.'..     Dr  (iesnei- !!!. 

141S1  1     (jo ,|„ 

;i!li:i  I       MeaiUillc.  I'a .1.  K.  Tliielislon 

:«l-l  >i      lleiii-ia Di..r  I,eC.,nle 

:i!lll-  1      Kiplev   (lliio ||a\ 


111 


.Aleoliolii' 
Do. 
Do 
Do. 
Do 
Do 
Do. 
Do 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do 


AMIil.VSTOMA  ITXirrATI'M   Linn. 

(I'llltPS  1  1-1,-i,  •jr..  Iii;.s.    I,   ;-.;   |'!:,|,.    |>,  Dm,   III.) 

y/m/Ji/.v/omrt  /i»»r/((/»i/i,  ('i)|)('..  I'liic.  Ac.  I'liila.,   I-ilT,   |i.  17.');  Sir.inrli,    Siil.iiii  ,   |i.<>:!; 

Itiiili'lijii  r.  ('.It.  liatr.  (iiaii.  I!ril.  .Miis.,<m1.  n,  1 -*J,  p.  .11. 
Lninid  iiinirlaiii.  I, inn.,  S.  \.,  i,  ]i.  liTO. 
I.niirln  mdiuiliito,  SIimw,  Znol.,  ni,  p.lidl, 

S,ih,m>ni<h;i  rniriiD^a  (Hurt.),    I  >;iU(l.  h'rpt.,  \iir,   p.  ■.'•J;i ;    llnll.l-.,  N.  A.  Ilrlp.,    v.   p  (i7, 

I '1.  •,'■,'. 
I.iirirld  sHliVHiliiria.  H;irt(iii.  Aiiii'i.  riiil.  'rriins.,  \  i.,  p.  lii.-',  I'j.  J  (ij;.  C, 
Sain  111(1  iidni  ■■^nhriiilitrni.  Il;iil,in,  .loiini.  Ai.  I'liihi..    \,  p.    ;!|T  ;    Itrkay,   N.   V,  I'aiiii. 

li'i'pl.,  p.  71.1'l.-.'.  Iln.  lit;. 
.tmhliiKliima  siilii-inliKt  iiw,  'I'scliiuli,  I!iir..  p. '.I','. 
Amhliislonia  n,rnli,„i .  (iiM.v.  I'Mt.  liatr.  (iriid.  liiit.  Mii.s.,  ni.  i.  p.  ;;,V   (U:\\    rinr    ZiWil 

Sor.  l.s-.;!,  p.  11.  ■  ' 

.imhhisloiiKi  innirtdld.  I',,iinl,  .Imiiii.  Ac  riiil.i.   (•.'),  i.  p.-JSl;   Ij.ill.nvill  /  .•     iv    H> 

|..  X.i.  '     '       ' 

Amhhinlnmii  aiijiix,  \hm\.\   llil.r.,viii,  p.  lli;!. 

No.  .{!»;-.(►  ;.    l!<)(lys\vnII(Mi.  stout.  .'.vliiMliiciil.    I[o;i<Mcpross(Ml.  Skin 
eiitiivli  smooth,  tli(Mi«.|i  piit.-d  with  i.on's,  whi.-l,  ;,,c  most  niimnoiis  on 


0' 


TlIK    r.ATRAf'IlIA    OF    NOliTll    AMKl.'ICA 


iU 


tlie  tail,  or  tli(!S(!  tluTc  is  a  piitcli  of  laif^er  <)lu^s  on  the  i>aiot<)i«l  rcjiioii, 
and  aiiotiier  on  the  top  of  the  head  inside  of  tlie  orbits  and  extendirij;' 
antei'ioily  in  a  straijiht  line  towards  thc^  nostrils  and  passing;'  bactkwards 
seMiiciniuhirly  behind  tlie  e.ve.  A  doable  row  around  the  edjje  of  the 
lower  Jaw  ;  a  jiaii'  on  ea(;h  outer  (postal  space  alonu'  tlie  side  of  the  body, 
and  a  row  on  each  side  of  the  top  of  the  tail ;  the  latter  indicated  {jen- 
erally  by  a  whitish  dot. 

Head  broad  ;  depressed  ;  width  nearly  (Mpial  to  distance  from  snout  to 
K'nlar  fold,  and  nearly  one  Ibuith  the  distance  to  insertion  of  hind  le^s. 
licn^th  of  mouth  alonj^'  axis  of  body  half  distance  from  snout  to  liular 
fold,  which  is  nearly  continuous a<'ross  the  nape.  There  is  a  constiic'tion 
behind  the  ar-yle  of  the  Jaws,  interrupted  above  and  below,  and  a  fur- 
row eonnectinj;"  the  two  alonji'  the  jjaiotoid  re.i^ion  and  extended  in  a 
lateral  line  to  the  oibit.  Distance  troni  snout  to  jiular  fold  <'outained  .'U 
times  in  distance  to  insertion  of  hind  legs  (four  tinu's  in  another  speca- 
nien). 

Theeyes  are  moderately  laru'e;  the  longlh  of  the  orbit  contained  t.l  times 
in  distan(!e  from  snout  to  <iulai'  fold;  about  once  in  distance  from  the  nos- 
trils, and  about  on(H'  in  the  distance  between  the  two  nostrils :  nearly 
twi<!C  in  distance  between  the  anterior  extremities  ol'the  orbits. 

Uody  nearly  cyliudri(!al,  perhaps  slightly  depressed,  and  swollen  a 
little  in  the  middle;  on  each  side  are  t'leveu  costal  <rro.)ves,  iiuiludinc:  in-, 
guinal  and  axillary  ones ;  all  strongly  marked  an<l  nearly  continuous 
above  and  below;  the  axillary  is,  however,  usually  (juite  inconspicuous; 
four  more  of  these  furrows  to  behind  the  anus,  wlnu'c  the  last  is  (ronlln- 
ent  with  the  tirst  caudal  furrow;  these  become  less  and  less  distin(;t  to 
near  the  middle  of  the  tail.  There  is  a  slight  groove  down  the  middle 
of  the  back. 

The  tail  is  oval  in  se(!tion,  the  larger  end  of  the  oval  below  ;  becMnn- 
ing  more  and  more  comi»resscd  to  the  tip,  without  indication  of  any 
ridge.  There  is  a  lat«Mal  indentation  along  the  whole  length.  wlii(Oi  is 
about  e.jual  to  the  distan(!e  from  the  base  to  the  sn()ut.  In  alcoholic 
specamens  the  tail  is  bent  or  curved,  sometimes  upwards,  sometimes 
down,  sometimes  lateially. 

The  digits  are  nearly  (cylindrical,  or  slightly  depressed,  without  web 
or  nnirgin.  Th(>  third  or  longest  linger  is  contaiiu'il  al>out  2\  tinu's  in 
the  distancic  to  the  elbow.  The  second  linger  reaches  to  the  last  artic- 
ulaticMi ;  the  fourth  to  the  |)enultimate. 

The  fourth  toe  is  longest,  (contained  L*;\  times  in  the  (listan(!e  to  the 
knetc;  the  third,  second,  lifth,  and  first  succ(vssively  shorter.  The  dis- 
tance between  the  outstretciu'd  hind  toes  is  rather  more  than  L',  the 
length  to  behind  anus. 

The  tongue  is  thi(!k,  lleshy,  and  attached,  although  free  at  the  (^Iges 
except  behind;  it  is  about  two  thirds  the  width  of  the  upper  jaw,  tu'arly 
orbicular,  though  the  outline  of  the  papillose  i)oiliou  is  a  little  emar- 
ginate  behind.  Italmost  seems  as  if  the  tongue  wei-e  capalile  of  closing 
round  an  obi(M;t  in  its  c(>ntt>r.  as  in  th(>  hollow  of  the  li;ind. 


ilH 


'•■^ 


■p. 


..-■^*  > 


.58 


lUTr.LETIN    :!l,    rXITKH    STATKS    NATfONAT.    MUSKITM. 


II' 


Tlio  triinsvorsoliiM^  (.Itoctli  is  in  tlircc  piirts  ()r(M)inl)s;  ii  (U'lifnil  about 
two-liniis  the.  widtli  of  the  lieud,  uiul  scpaiiilcl  IVom  llic  liitcriil  by  ii 
sli-ilit  interval.  Tiio  central  patch  is  nearly  strai-ht  in  its  middle,  but, 
tluM-nds  enrve  a  little,  torwards,  and  continuously  with  the  lateral  i>i)r- 
fion  of  the  line  which  forma  a  curve  concave  l)ackwards,  itonndinfi-  the 
orbit.  The  inner  edj^e  of  the  imsterior  nares  marks  the  extent  of  the 
central  row  of  teeth.  The  lateral  comb  of  teeth  is  about  half  the  length 
of  the  central. 

The  color  of  the  spe(!imen  described  is,  in  alcohol,  of  a  dark  liver  brown 
above,  abruptly  light  olivaceous  beneath.  On  each  side  of  the  back  is  a 
series  of  nearly  circular  rounded  spots  about  the  size  of  the  (U-bit,  about 
three  on  each  side  of  the  head,  eijiiit  or  nims  on  the  body,  and  as  many 
on  the  tail,  where  they  are  sonu'tinu's  conlliuMit.  These  spots  are  white, 
in  alcohol,  but  yellow  in  life.  Alon.y  the  sides  and  nnuv  sparin.i;ly  be- 
neath are  some  scattered, (piite  small  whitish  spots,not  very  c(Mispicuous. 
The  lejisareof  the  color  of  the  under  parts,  not  of  the  U|)per;  I  hey  show 
some  of  the  small  lij^lit  spots  seen  on  the  sides. 


4 


\n 


■I  i 


11 


Ii 


ft 
a 

3 


Total  IciiKtli  of  :VM) 

Li'iijjlli  (if  itiiiiitli 

Leiiu'lli  to  ,i;'nl;ii'  lolil 

Loinith  to  uroin 


McnKiircmiiilK. 

Iiulios.  niclics. 

('(.'id  Ii('ny;tli  oftiiil  licliiiiil  ;iiins :!.!(• 

Id  \Vi(Uii  ol'licad i'.."i 

.-'•J  Arm  I'roiii  i'IIkiw (ill 

..    .  vi.Sd  Hind  It'"  IVoiii  kni'o "^a 


Loiifjtli  to  bcliind  aims :t.l(l  | 

In  the  preceding  paragraph  I  have  described  a  specimen  from  Abbe- 
ville, S.  C,  as  a  lo(!idity  nearest  to  that  whence  the  original  of  liinna-iis's 
des(!ri|)tion  was  obtained.  An  exaiuinatiou  of  a  large  sei'ies  of  speci- 
mens from  different  localities  shows  certain  differences,  whicii,  however, 
arc  not  of  a  character  to  indiiNite  specific  separation. 

The  external  appearaiKte  of  the  skin  varies  consideral)ly  with  llie 
.strength  of  the  alcohol  used  far  lueservation,  and  probably  with  the 
season  when  capturt'd.  The  animal,  when  alive,  is  perfectly  smooth  and 
lustrous,  and  readily  exudes  a  large  (piaiitify  of  a  white  milky  Juice  fVoin 
the  upper  half  of  head,  body,  and  tail,  or  from  the  dark-cohu'ed  portion. 
This  is  due  to  the  presence  of  glands  closely  implanted  in  the  skin,  the 
])ores  of  whicli  are  sometiiiu>s  (piite  iiieonspi(Mious  ;  sometimes  very  dis- 
tinct. On  the  tail  they  are  much  largest  and  di'cpest,  and  the  lateral 
groove  marks  their  inferior  boundary,  being  there  implanted  verti(!ally. 
When  these  pores  are  very  full  of  their  milky  juice  and  the  alcohol  is 
very  sfrtuig  the  contraction  of  the  skin  betwciui  the  mouths  of  Wwsv, 
pores  gives  imue  or  less  the  appearance  of  roundtMl,  thick-set  granules, 
of  rather  large  size.  This  also  gives  rise  to  an  ai)parent  deiuession  (tf 
the  digits,  the  skin  forming  quite  a  margin 

The  proportions  of  the  body  vary  slightly.     The  tail  is  generally  not 


'■ 


80  long  as  the  rest  of  the  animal,  tli 


le  groin  IxMiig  more  iisuallv  in^ariu" 


TIIR    I5ATRACIT1A    OF    NOUTII    AMFUIOA. 


59 


the  middle  point  oftlic  axis.     Yonnjier  specimens  appear  to  liave  sliorter 
tails. 

Tliei'c  is  considerate  diviMsity  in  tiic  cniv*',  of  the  tiansverse  series 
of  palatine  teeth.  In  ncnirly  all  more  northern  specimens  the  central 
row  is  formed  of  two  arcs,  concave  anteriorly,  more  or  less  continuous 
with  the  lateral,  which  are  anterior  and  convex  anteriorly.  The  two 
central  arcs  arc  continuous  at  their  inner  ends,  forminj;'  an  inveited 
an^ie  on  the  axial  line.  Sometimc^s,  however,  as  in  mosr  of  the 
sptuMmens  from  Prairie  Mer  lioujje,  tins  central  anslc  is  wantiu}?,  and 
there  is  only  a  sinjjle  arc  or  curve,  (loncave  anteriorly.  In  tlui  type 
spiMMmi'u  described  this  central  row  of  tiietli  is  nearly  or  (piite  strai};ht 
(which  is  quite  apt  to  ho  the  case  in  v(M'y  large  ones),  while  in  one 
specimen  of  No.  U'tSi  it  is  convex  anteri(>rly.  The  transverse  extent 
of  this  middle  line  of  teeth  varies.  Sometimes  there  is  «;(iite  an  interval 
hetwi'cn  it  and  the  lateral,  while  in  31).'>(>,  from  New  Yo  k,  they  are  con- 
tinuous without  ai>pre('ial>le  interruption. 

There  are  no  very  great  variations  in  the  pattern  of  coloration.  (Gen- 
erally the  outer  surface  of  the  limbs  is  colored  like  the  back,  in  which 
cas(^  there  are  one  or  mon*,  large,  rounded  light  spots.  The  under  parts 
aie  generally  dark  bluish;  the  sprinkling  of  small  whito  specks  on  the 
sides  and  beneath  varies  considerably  in  prominence.  Tlie  large  dorsal 
spots  are  always  nearly  circular,  and  vary  in  number,  generally  only  one 
series  «)n  ea(th  sidt*. 

In  living  specimens  from  Carlish',  Pa.,  the  iris  is  dark  brown,  without 
metallic  color,  scarcely  distinguishable  from  the  jiupil.  The  color  of 
the  animal  above  is  adeep  anthracite  black;  beneath,  dull  livid.  On 
ea(!h  side  the  <lorsal  line  is  a  series  of  large,  nearly  circular,  gamboge- 
yellow  spots,  somewhat  symmetrically  disposed.  These  vary  from  !(►  to 
L'(»  from  head  to  tail,  and  sometimes  are  laiger  than  the  eye ;  usually 
about  its  size.  On  tiie  sides  and  beneath  are  sparingly  scattered  small 
bluish-white  si)e(^ks.  The  spots,  both  yellow  and  bluish-white,  are  some- 
times found  on  the  legs. 

In  youngei'  individuals  tiie  yellow  sfiots  are  brighter  and  the  black 
ground  deeper. — 8.  F.  I>. 

Professor  IJaird  (I(M>nographic  Etn-ycloiia'dia,  1S,51,)  thus  describes 
the  reproduction  of  this  spcM'ies : 

'  ICarly  in  April,  or  towards  the  (Mid  of  Miirch,  large  masses  of  gelati- 
nous matter  may  be  observed  in  ditches,  jiools  of  water,  or  mountain 
streamlets,  which  on  closer  inspection  will  be  found  to  consist  of  a  num- 
ber of  hollow  spheres,  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  diameter,embedded 
in  or  combined  together  l>y  a  perfectly  transparent  .jelly.  Within  each 
sphere  is  a,  dark  obje(!t,  a  sph  iindal  yolk,  which  in  the  course  of  some 
days  becomes  (considerably  elongated  and  exhibits  signs  of  animation. 
Omitting,  as  unsiiited  to  our  pages  at  present,  any  ac(^ount  of  the  em- 
bryonic development  of  tin^  animal,  we  resume  its  history  at  the  time 
when  its  struggles  have  freed  it  from  the  shell  of  the  sphere  in  which  it 


I!      t 


:n 


■J 


m 


i'  } 


bi    ?       ■     _i 


'ffi 


m 

i 
♦ 


if 


60 


iM'LMrriN  :!i,  r.N'ri'Kh  statks  naiionai-  mi'skiim. 


ii 


\v;is  inclosed.     At  (liis  Ii'iik-  it  is  alioiit  liaH';ili  iiicli  in  It'lifjtli,  iilld  con- 
sists siMi|)i,v  (»r  Ih'ihI,  ImxI.v  ;ni<l  liiil,  the  liilli'i  willi  a  well  (Icvrlopcd  lin, 
rxtcndinji  Ironi  the  liciid  and  anus  to  tin  cxticniit.v  of  tlicbod.v.     R«'s 
|)irati(»n  is  pcrroiincd  l»y  means  (»f  tliicc  {>ills  projecting:  (Voni  ca(!li  sido 
of  (lie  neck,  of  very  siniple  construction,  liowcNcr,  and  willi  Init  t'vw 
Inanclies.     'I'lie  alis<'iice  of  limits  is  compensated  It.v  tlie  existence  of  ., 
ciiilt  shaped  appenda^^c  on  each  side  of  (lie  head,  proceedin;:  froMi  tlic 
an.nle  of  the  month,  and  representing  the  eini  (dtserved  in  some  ixliilf 
salamanders.     I!.v  means  of  lliese   appendafjes  flie  voinif,'  salamanders 
are  enalded  to  anchor  tliemsei\('s  securely  to  (dtjects  in  the  wafer.     In 
the  coarse  of  a  few  days  a  tnltercle   is  seen   to  form  on  «>acli  side,  just 
hehind  tlit^Iicad  and  niidei'  the  i;ills.  wliieli  eloiinafes,  and  tinally  ftuivs 
at  each  end.  lirsl    into  two.  tiien   three,  and  at  last  into  four  brandies, 
tlins  exliil»itin<,'  tlu'  anterior  extiemilies.   with   t lie  tour  linijers,  which 
lattei',  in   the   larva,  are  V(>ry  h)n<::.     I'.efore  the  foi-e  Ipj^s  I>ec<»me  (M)ni- 
plelely  foniied  tiiose  heliind  sjtront  ont  in  a  similar  manner,  witli  first 
three,  then  four,  and  finally  live  toes.     During'  this  time  the  yiils  iiave 
increased  in   (he   nnmher  of  brandies,  and    tinally  exhibit  a  i)oaiitif'iiI 
arboreseeiil   aitpearance.   in   wliidi    the  circulation  (»l  the  blood  can  i»e 
distinctly  seen  by  means  of  a  simjile  lens.     (See  plate  Hi.) 


Pi 


^    7 

Kn;  '■!  ~.\iiihl:i.it<unii  I,  iiiiliit.nn      n.iiii|>li>ii    V:i, 


.i'.i'j 


tha 
it  n 


Ilia 

IIO.'> 

reii 

IIk' 


ml 


i,r>| 

.i^iiii 
antl 
lasf 
(;ai| 
sit<| 


TIIK    HATKACIIIA    ttK    NolvTII    A.MIiKlCA. 
UKsi;i!vi;  SKUiKs. 


61 


'■J 

y,  '■ 

\-,:w 

1 

:.27ii 

1 

ti-,m 

:i 

lllhS 

1 

ij'.i'.) 

1 

iiii'j 

1 

'.ll'.KI 

'1 

IIIKIKI 

1 

ll'.fJH 

i; 

:t!i.'iii 

;i 

;i!i.'7 

r 

;i!):i(i 

•J 

WW 

10 

4(IS4 

o 

4077 

- 

4(ISll 

1 

;i:i:;,s 

f. 

:i'.ii7 

f* 

:i'.m:. 

111 

:niMi 

1 

r.Mr>4 

1 

iitiiii 

:t 

:i!i;i4 

11 

4KI«li 

1 

.mil 

1 

:tiMi:i 

:, 

111)  III 

.Ml 

1  I4^r. 

1 

1411)1 

1 

lI'Mi 

1 

;i!i;iii 

1 

iiiij,". 

•J 

;i!iij 

;i 

;i!i-.".i 

.1 

:i7S(; 

T 

;i'jo5 

Ci.' 

I.IM  ItlitV 


Wlini 

nilli'i'li'il. 


riuin  wImmm  ivi.iv.a.        N.ilHi'c.l  Mp.Ti 

IIII'II. 


WliitliilcIC I\,  ti.i    \.(ii'|iliinl 

Kit cliiiriMmli,  <ia   .      IM.  \V.  I,.  Jiiiic.t 

li.ll.nilir.  Ill S.'lil.     -,1H7I       111.    .\.  l;<iis.s, 

Cliirii^ii.  Ill SwciiiN    

Iti'twiTii    lijiliaiiiil.i   itiid    \'.\     ('iil..I.'l).«ii:'.liaiii,  I'.S. 

I'li.icp,  '\\-\.  .\ir-.iv. 


Iliililii\,  \iiv:i  Scotia   Di.dillinl  

Wli.allanil.  Iiiil Aiii.     --,  1«K1      Udli.it   Itiilnwav 

I'ailisl,.    I'a        I'lol',  .S.  I'Mialiil 

.MilMuillr.  S.  »'. ...    Dr.  .1.  II.  lianall     

I  ilitiiri'Mlrf.    Va.  . . .    .  . 

.\lliL;anv  t'liillilv.  N.  V    Dl .  Sli'vciis   

CuiiU  (NiiMilv.  ill I'r.  K.  Kiiiiiiriill    

tJiaiul  ('iitiMii,  l.a     ).  Vanliii 

I'liit    Dawson,    Knl    Kivi'i,      '  Dr.  I,.   A.   Kdwanls.   I' 

AiU.  [      S.  .AiPii.v. 

Viii;iiiia '.. 

Hai  iiic>,  Win I'lor.  S.  K.  i;alril 

failisli.,  I'a .1.1 

I'lMii  ill  Mel  Uiiii::.',  I, a il  ami's  I'aiiii' 

t'lfM  laiiil,  tlliii)     I      1)1.  ,1.  I'.  Kiiilaiiil   

Mi.iiiil(',iiini.|    III    Niiv.     —,!.•-.■- 1      I,.M.'rmiirf 

.Sum 11  ill. I,  N.  Y 1   (?) 

(Villi, I,..    I'.i    i    I'liif.  S.  K    I'lainl 


Miiiial  .Iiiv,  r.i 

CimI  II    ('iiiiiil  V.  I'a. 

Mr.iilvill..,  I'a' 

•  ■.ulM.',  I'a 

Ililil'.ix,  Niiva  Si. ill 
\Vi.>l|i.iil,   N.  Y 


I.  SlaiitVii' 

S   iiiii;;i;.  T 

-    ■••  (') 

I'r.if.  S    1'.  r.iiiil   .. 

Dr.  (iil{iiii    

I.^.'<.-.  Mis.  !■'.  I,.  I...'   ...  . 

('ll■^^■l,lll.l.  Olilii 1)1.  Kiillaml    

(>)u.1hm'  I i;.  Niiiii'      

Saiiii  l.iiiiis    Mil     Dr.  ll.  i;ii:;li'maiiii 

Kii.iw  ill.'.  T.iiM    ..    I'l.iri-^.siiiMll.lii-M 

W.vsiiiiiil,  N.  Y      ' (i.  W.  I'.iii.l 

{■Irvil.iiiil.  Ilhi '    I)i.  liallaii.l     

I'r.iuii' .M.i  IJiiii.;''    I„i  i    .lam.M  I'.iiiic      


Al.-oli.ilic. 
D.I. 
Dii. 
I)i>. 
D.I. 

|)i> 
Dii. 
D.I. 

Dii. 
Dii. 
Do. 

D.I. 

Dii 

Di-. 

Dii 

Dii 
Dii. 
D.I. 
D'l 

Di. 

Dii. 

Dii 

D.I 

Dii. 

D.I. 
Y.Hlnu 
.\|i  .ill.ilic 

D.I 

D.I 

Dii 

D'l 
D.I 
D'l 

Dii 
Dm 
Dii 


Jit 


AMI'.LV.sTOMA  ('( (NSlMlKSl'M  ('..ii. 


I'l.it.'i'il 


.   A(;i.l.    N.U.  Si'i.     I'liilii.,   l-."i'.»,    I'.';;;    i«i7,    ITT:    .S|  rancli,  Saluiii.,    \>. 
Itiiiilciincr,  (';il.  1!.  (i.  I'.ril.  Mils.,  I'll.  ii,   H-.',  p,    I.'. 

'I'liis  ill  Dill- ol' tilt'  siiiiillcst  spt'cii'sor  the  .m'liiis.  ami  tlioiii;!!  li'ss  stout 
tliaii  lilt'  two  pifci'iliii^,  is  iiioiv  so  tliaii  tlic  .1.  jf(l'crsi>iii(inuin,  which 
it  I'csiMiilth's  ill  ;;i'iu'ral  I'catun's. 

Skill  cYcrywhiTi'  siiiootii.      in  soiik'  spci-iiiu'iis  only  a  si'rics  of  poivs 

'Jt'  ■    may  l»i'  (raced  alonu  the  superciliary  rej-ioii  ami  in  a   line  to  near  the 

nostrils;  sevi'ial  arc  on  the  parotoid  rci^ion.     The  skin  ol"  the  Uody  is 

remarkably  free  from  YisiMe  pores.  wImIc,  as  usual,  the  supeii(*r  part  ol 

the  tail  is  thickly  studded  with  them. 

'I'hc  head  is  a  broad  oval,  its  width  making  the  len.uth  to  the  L;roin 
1..")  tiiiu's  or  a  little  more,  and  is  a  little  over  three-louiths  distance  to 
i^iilar  fold.  Kye  tissuii' equal  length  to  nostril,  and  1.7.">  limes  between 
anterior  angles,  and  a  little  more  than  ilistaiu-e  between  nostrils.  The 
last  distance  is  a  little  less  than  that  between  inner  iiares.  Posti'rior 
can  til  IIS  of  e\ »'  a  little  anterior  to  caiithiis  oiris  ;  anterior  cant  bus  oppo- 
site middle  of  upper  lip  from  iUiterior  |>oint.     Muzzle  loiijier  than  cliiu. 

Furrows  bi'hind  llieorl»it  iiic.)iispieuoiis,biit  presiMii.     C(»stal  .ijrooves 


i 


()2  IIIII.LKTIN    ;il,    IJMTKU    STATKS    NATIO.NAI-    MIKSKIIM. 

cli'vuii.  Tiiil  slioil,  cvt'iywhoiT  coiiiidcssi'd,  iiicasiiriiii;  IVoiii  its  ori<jiii 
(at  cud  vent)  to  axilla  or  to  ^^iilar  Ibltl.     No  niarkod  dorsal  ;;iitovi'. 

Till'.  limbs  aie  short;  till' di-its  loii^-  and  siciidor.  Wlu'ii  ai»|)ri'ssed 
tli(^  Hiij;i'rs  rt'ach  to  tin'  lii'd,  or  l»i'.voiid  bast's  of  Iocs.  Dijiiits  siibcy- 
liiidrical;  anteriorly,  third  longest,  (hen  li,  1,  1  ;  posteriorly,  I,  M,  L',  r»,  I. 
Two  small  tubercles  on  edyes  of  sole.  Expanse  of  outer  toes  e(|ual  fiom 
end  muzzle  to  posterior  <!antlius  of  eye. 

Teeth  in  three  patches,  the  median  lonj^est,  commen(!in.n  opposite 
inner  marj^iu  of  luires,  and  convex  to  between  nares,  or  nearly  sit,  in  one 
specimen.  Ton^'ne  lonf,'er  than  broad,  the  laminar  portion  prolonj;ed 
in  two  lateral  l)antls  posteriorly. 

Miii'^iireiiii  iit.i.  I.iiit'N 

Lonytli  iViiiii  .siimit  td  f^iilMi-  Cold 1.  ilii 

li('iiij;lli  IVom  siioiit  to  j,'i()iri U>  •j:, 

1j(^iij;(Ii  IVoiii  siiont  to  end  iiriiis I'.l.  '.t 

Loiijjtli  from  snout  to  I'lid  lail ai.  ',i 

lii'niftli  ofiiioMlii  on  liicdiiui  line ;i 

I,('nj;tli  1)1'  I'on'-iirni  and  hand  IVoiii  dliow 'A 

Ii('n;;tli  of  It'K  ami  foot  from  knuc r> 

Width  of  In'ad if.  7 

(leiieral  color  above  leaden,  below  pale  leaden,  the  latter  usually 
bounded  by  the  line  of  tho  liini)s,  but  in  one  s[)ecim(Mi  rising'  as  hij*!!  as 
the  line  of  the  eye.  Lower  parts  of  sides  and  sides  of  tail  more  or  loss 
varied  with  small  whitish  spots,  the  former  often  in  a  re^oilar  line.  A 
similar  line  on  the  uiipi-r  part  of  the  sides  is  present  in  saiiu!  specimens  ; 
in  others  wantino;.    The  end  of  the  muzzle  is  sometimes  pale  marbled. 

Eiyht  specimens  of  this  species  before  me  conlirm  its  validity  in  every 
respect.  Specimens  of  the  developed  yoiiiio  of  both  A.  (>i>nvnin  and  .1, 
l>UHt't<itiim  are  of  considerably  sinaUer  size,  and  maintain  their  i>eculiar 
colorations  and  a  o-ivater  width  of  the  head,  etc. 

From  the  api>ended  localities  from  which  it  has  been  scut  the  raiiy-e 
is  seen  to  be  extensive. 


iir, 


I  i 
I 


,:l 


.SZi    ff  tf 


,  _  a  e        r        -  3 

l''lo.  h>.—Alllbl!lStullltll•lll^^■|llrl|lllll.     N'u.  ;)1);;|.     Caili.slr,  I'.i. 
I'.  S.   NATIONAL  MISKIM 


No.     No.  spt^c. 


Loi'iilitv. 


I 


:)ii;ii         :i         Cailisli',  I'n 
li'jih  I       ;  (Ill 


Diiiiur. 


S.  K.  liiiiiil. 
Do. 


I'I1II,AI)I:I.IMII.\    ACAIIKMV   .M  ISKC.M. 


1        i  (;ii;iilt'»liiii,  s.  c   

'.;         '  I.ilxii.v  Coiiiitx.  (in* 
1  '   Cliislrl-  <!imilt  V.  I'ill 


!  l>r.  Ilalldwi'll. 

I   'I'lllll   l.rCullto. 

E.  I).  (  !o|H). 


'  Spi:ciiiii!ii  ilo.tciibcil. 


I  Tjpo. 


> 


7 


>/' 


IIIK    IIATKACIIIA    Ol'    NOU'i'll    AMKKICA. 


G3 


AMIJLYSTOMA  (.'OrKANTM   I  lay. 
l'i(i(!t)o«liii|;s  U,  S,  Natioiuil  Musoiiiii,  lri."*r),  \i.  'M*,  I'l.  xi\'. 

The  lu';i(l  is  lar^'f,  somewhat  wider  than  tlie  body,  and  Ualdiiu'd;  the 
body  short,  and  tiio  tail  h)ii^  and  coiiipitissed.  Tiiesi^in  is  tor  tiic  most 
part  smooth,  bnt  rvcrywiit'iv,  as  seen  nnch-r  a  Kmis,  is  pitted  with  the 
openin};s  of  the  entaneous  follicles.  Of  tliese,  there  area  fewenlargeil 
ones  in  a  band  snrronndin;;:  tiie  orbit  and  extending;  forward  to  tlu; 
iKKstril.  Others  are  fonnd  alK)ve  the  angle  of  the  Jaw,  and  a  few  still 
lariier  ones  on  the  posterior  border  of  the  i  arotoid  n'gion.  The  promi- 
nent keel  and  the  whole  tip  of  the  tail  aie  so  riehly  provided  with 
eidarjjed  pores  as  to  present  a  Ki'iiniilated  appearan(;e. 

The  width  of  the  head  is  somewhat  greater  than  that  of  the  body.  It 
is  possible  that  the  breadth  and  llatness  of  the  head  havi^  been  exag- 
gcu'ated  somewhat  l>y  the  injnries  that  it  has  recu-ived;  but  this  can  Ix' 
trne  only  to  a  very  slight  (vxtent.  The  breadth  is  abont  the  same  at  the 
angle  of  the  Jaw  and  the  corner  of  the  month.  From  the  former  point 
the  head  tapers  backward,  the  ontline  being  coiutave  to  its  posteiior 
border,  where  it  is  snddenly  constricted  into  the  necik.  From  the  cor- 
ners of  the  month  tlie  head  tapers  forward  to  nearly  opi>osite  the  nostrils, 
beyond  which  it  is  rapidly  rounded  to  form  the  snont.  The  width  of 
the  head  is  a  little  less  than  the  distance  from  the  snout  to  the  gnlar 
fold,  and  is  (contained  in  tlu'  distanei^  from  the  snont  to  the  groin  .5.0 
times.  Tlie  distance  to  the  gnlar  fold  iscontained  in  the  distance  to  the 
groin  3.1i  tinu's.  The  depth  of  the  head,  on  a  line  Joining  the  angles 
of  the  Jaws,  is  a  little  less  than  one  half  its  width.  The  gnlar  fold  does 
not  overlap,  as  it  tloes  in  some  s[n'cies.  It  may  have  done  so  in  lile, 
bnt  manipnialion  of  the  skin  fails  to  restore  an  ()verlai)ping  fold.  Tlu; 
npperjaw  projects  beyond  the  lower.  Fyes  of  moderate  size.  Externiil 
naies  small;  their  distance  apart  somewhat  less  than  the  width  of  the 
interorbital  space. 

The  tongne  is  not  notably  dill'erent  from  that  of  .1.  fitfriiium.  The 
teeth  are  arranged  in  four  series,  which  together  form  an  inverteil  V? 
the  angle  of  which  is  very  obtnse.  The  limbs  of  the  V?  'i'"*  •'^^•^"'  ^^''•'''  tlie 
nnaided  eye,  ai>pear  nearly  straight,  and  are  .seen  to  extend  beyond  the 
internal  nares  along  their  external  lissnre.  Examination  with  a  lens 
pnnes  that  the  inner  seriesare  each  slightly /-^/shaped,  ami  .so  disposed 
as  to  make  the  angle  of  the  V  r«)iinded  oil".  Th(M>nter  series  on  each  side 
is  nearly  as  long  as  the  corresponding  inner  series  ;  is  plaiidy  .separated 
from  it,  and  nearly  straight  or  slightly  concave  on  the  pt)sterior  side. 
Inner  nares  more;  distant  than  the  exterinil.  The  body  is  sonn;what 
dei>re.s,sed,  but  has  not  the  swollen  ai)pearan(!e  |)resented  by  A.opacnm. 
The  distance  from  tlM^snontto  the  axilla  isjnstetinal  to  that  from  the 
axilla  to  th(>  groin.  There  are  eleven  well-marked  costal  grooves.  Then^ 
is  a  median  fnrr<»w,  not  deep  bnt  distinct,  beginning  on  the  occipnt 
ami  riinnwigalitii  ^  (hv^  b.ick,  di'i-pening  o.i  the  sacral  ri'gion,  and  emling 
over  the  middle  of  the  vent,  at  the  comnn'ncement  of  the  caudal  crest. 


4: 


\ 


If 


wmmm 


li 


I'Jl 


!  I 


r,4  i;ii,i,i;tin  :!i,  imtki*  station  national  miiskitm. 

The  t  loacal  iv^ioii  is  r(»iisi(li-riilily  swollen,  and  is  liioad  and  loiiiidfd, 
oisli'^lill.v  fniar^iiialr  lu'liind.  i'lic  distaiict'  lioui  the  {,'ioiii  IoIIu'ikks. 
U'lior  cud  of  the  vent  in  tliis  species  is  jircater  pntportionall.v  (liaii  in 
any  other  of  the  j^cnus  so  far  as  I  liave  I»cen  aide  to  dctcrniiMc.  It  JM 
contained  in  tlie  distance  from  tlie  snoni  to  the  ;;n»iii  Init  .'{,',  limes. 

Tile  tail  is  e(|nal  in  !en;^tli  to  llic  distance  from  tlie  snout  to  tlio  be- 
^iuniu;^ of  the  vent.  It  is  niucli  compressed  and  rather  liinli.  ItluiHU 
well  ileveloped  keel  or  crest,  which  l)e;jfins  luinitMlialeiy  over  the  chmc-ii 
and  extends  to  the  tii»  of  the  tail.  The  keel  is  sharp  above,  and  is 
bounded  below  on  each  side  liy  a  shallow  <;ro(»ve.  inferiorly  the  tail 
is  broadly  rounded  for  its  anterior  third  or  nn)re,  and  is  traversed  by  a 
median  longitudinal  {rroove.  The  remaimler  (»f  its  lower  Ixuder  is 
compressetl  t(»  a  sharp  ed^^'.  A  tiansveise  section  of  the  tail,  taken  Just 
behind  the  cloaca,  would  form  approximately  an  isosceles  triangle  whose 
base  would  be  about  one  half  ils  heij^hf.  One-third  of  the  distance  back 
toward  the  tip  the  heijjfhtof  the  tail  is  three  times  its  thickness. 

The  limbs  aic  well  developed.  The  posterior  aic  a  little  loiij,'er, some- 
what stouter,  and  the  foot  broader  than  the  sanu^  limbs  of  a  specimen 
of  A,  tiiiriuinii  that  measures  the  same  distance  from  the  snout  to  the 
end  of  the  vent.  They  are  also  tally  as  lon^j  as  the  same  lindis  of  ji 
specimen  of  A.  punctdtinn  that  measures  from  snout  to  the  end  of  the 
vent  tliieefourths  of  an  inch  moic  than  the  specimen  1  am  describin<;. 
The  t(»esare  Hat,  much  like  those  of  .1.  titjtinniii.  perhaps  not  so  broad, 
while  they  are  not  so  slender  as  those  of  a  specimen  of  .1.  itiunlnliiin 
now  betbre  nie.  They  are  jjidvidcd  with  a  narrow  niar;4inal  and  basal 
membrane.    There  are  two  distinct  i>lanlar  tubercles. 

Li*'"K"i:  IiuIiis.  l.iii.H. 

I'lliiii  siKiiil  t(i  iiid  (if  t.iil .",  ,s 

l'"i(iiii  .snout  1(1  i;iilar  lold 0  H. ,'» 

i'ldiri  siiont  to  line  jiiiiiiiiL;  :i  \ill,c  I  )_  ;, 

From  .si.oiit  lo  ;;idiii •^»  ;{ 

I'ldiii  snout  tu  cnil  of  vent ;;  n 

From  end  of  vcnl  to  lip  of  tail    -j  H 

I'rom  axilla  to  j^roin 1  |  ;, 

I'rom  j;T(iin  to  cml  of  vent 0  h.  .''i 

Width  of  head  at  anj;ic  of  j.iw 0  7   - 

Ui.stanco  lie!  ween  anterior  can  I  hi 0  |  (; 

Inttrorliital  space d  ;;.);, 

<i  real  est  Iieii;ht  of  tlie  tail 0  _r, 

Thicknt-M.-j  of  tail  at  hi;;licsl  puinl {)  .> 

I ''iijrth  ol'  wliiilo  forc-Ici; 0  II 

liowcr  arm  and  hand H  ■>  - 

ljeij,Hlli  of  third  finecr 1,  .,  r 

Hinder  liinli,  total  Icn;;th I  ,,  ,,- 

Ijower  Icf^  and  foot ,,  ,, 

Free  portion  fonrtli  to  • 0  •> 

Hxpan.se  (ifoutstretche.l  md  der  Inn  lis ..  - 

Distillici^  lietwecn  external  iia res I,  .,  ,; 

IJi.slance  hetwecn  inner  nare.> ,,  ■[  ,• 


ludii 
low 
half 
othi 
T 
liist 
has 
limb 
teeth 
bodic 
ill  tlu 

Ui(Jer.i 
the  di 
appro 
trace 
has  u 
and  h 

A. 
transv 
less  sj 


a 


Tin:    KATKACIIIA    Ol"    NOKTIl    AMKUICA.  65 

I'rtipoilioiial  dimeiiHions, 

Miizxle  to  Kiilar  foltl:  Times. 

In  tlistiiiici"  IVom  snout  Id  ;{riiin  , ;\,\i 

In  distuiici'  to  I'nil  ol"  vnit  (iiciirly) <1,'«J 

Foro-iirm  iiml  ('m't : 

In  (list unci'  tit  ;;r()iii ;{.  i; 

In  ili^liinci'  to  t'Mil  ol"  vent .1.7 

LowtT  li'y;  lUid  font  : 

In  (list II HIT  to  ^jidin H 

In  (liNtiMiri-  to  I'hil  of  vent 4 

Width  ofli.ad: 

lu  tlistaiii'f  to  groin 3.  G 


' 


Fin.  II    A  iiilihintiimn  ininitniiin  Iliiy.  iiiitinnl  wi/r  ;  i'ii)iiiil  frinii  Hay. 

Tlii^  coloi'  is  (liiik  itrowii,  almost  liliicU,  iiliovc,  biowiii.sli  vcllow  below 
JJet\v«'«'H  tilt'  lort'  and  liiii<l  ii'^s  the  ijolit  color  ol  ilu'  In  ilv  iiioiint.s  up 
on  tin'  .><i<l('.s  to  a  level  wilii  the  npiier  snrlace.s  ol  the  I  nih.s.  The  inid- 
<lle  of  the  Itellv  i.s  of  a  (hi.skiei'  line  than  hs  side.s.  I'cctoial,  iiio'iinal, 
ami  |nil)i(!  leijion.s  .sjjirlitly  hiighter  yellow  tinin  the  sides  of  the  Itelly. 
Head  aliove  Hive  the  hack,  l»eio\\  like  the  other  lowei  paits.  .Inst 
hehiinl  the  symphysis  of  the  lowei' Jaw  ate  iiidieations  of  a  l»ri<iht  yel- 
low s|)ot.  The  uitper  halfof  the  tail  is  not  sodark  as  the  back,  the  lower 
half  diiskief  than  the  lielly.  The  liiid>s  below  and  in  front  yellowish,  us 
other  lower  parts.     I-Vet,  especially  alxtve,  dark. 

This  spe(!ies  must  be  compared  with  .1.  birolonuu}  A.  tinrhiuni.  The 
last  belon;fs  to  the  j^ronp  wiii(;li  has  twelve  costal  ;j[rooves.  .1.  t'KjrUium 
lias  the  interni  nares  no  more  widely  separated  than  are  the  outer;  the 
limbs  of  the  vomerine  V  are  decidedly  concave,  and  the  inner  series  of 
teotli  are  about  twice  the  lenjitli  of  tlie  outer.  It  is  also  a  rather  loujf. 
bodied  species,  the  distance  from  the  snout  to  the  axilla  being' contained 
in  the  distance  from  the  snout  to  thej;roin  nearly  L'.t  times,  while  in  vl. 
I'opt'KHKin  the  latter  distamu?  is  but  twice  the  former.  Iiuleed,  this  form 
dillers  from  all  others,  in  the  shortness  of  the  body,  or  the  equality  of 
the  distances  from  snout  to  axilla  and  from  axilla  to  j;-roiii.  .1.  bicolor 
ai)proaches  it  most  nearly,  but  this  s|>e(ties  dill'ers  further  in  havinj;  no 
traces  of  the  yellow  spots  so  chara(!teristi(!  of  that  form.  .■I.  copcanum 
has  also  a  broader  and  more  depressed  head,  ii  more  compressed  tail, 
and  lonp'r  limbs. 

A.  bicolor  is  described  as  having  the  palatine  teeth  in  three  entirely 
transverse  series;  as  having  a  Vi'iy  short  muzzle,  and  as  beiii},'  more  or 
less  spotted.  A  t'omparison  of  some  of  the  dimensions  of  the  two  spe- 
lySl— Bull  U 5 


N  '■! 


i 


r 


66 


BULLETIN    34,    UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 


cies  is  iiecessiiry.    Tlie  type  of  A.hkohr  now  in  the  niii.seiini  of  the 
AcadoniY  of  tlic  Xatuiil  Scioneos  of  riiiliulelpliia  fiiruisiios  tlie  mens- 


urenients  found  in  the  first  cohinin. 


Mcasiiri'iiRiils. 


A.  liicolor.     ■^-  ';3'"'- 


Lenpfli  from  snniit  to  cular  fol  1.. 

Liii:;lli  limn  sunlit  to  axilla 

Ll'IlL'tll  In  nil  Hllllllt  t"  LTDill. 

Liiiiilli  I'liMii  .-iiiMil  KmimI  (if  vent . 

Lc'iiiilli  iiiiiii  axillii  tDt'idiii 

Lrii"tli  iiriiiwcr  Ic^  1111(1 1'diit 

AVidtli  (ifliciul 


In 

II 
1 


lit 


F(irc-arm  and  foot  into  (tiKtiincc  fioiii  snout  to  uToili 

I.(U\ IT  li'u'  anil  fiKil  into  distaiico  I'lmn  snout  to  yi (liii     . 
\Vli(ilcai"tcii(ir  liiiili  into  (lislanci'  from  Hiioiit  to  (.'roiu 
Wliolo  anterior  liiiili  into  (Il8tan(e  fioin  snout  to  vent. 


/,i/i 
It. 
J.  fl 
7.'J 
•i. .) 
4.5 
H.  H 

8.:; 


Tiiiien. 
4.6 

;i.  .••4 
H 

4J 


III. 

0 

1 


/.in. 

l.K 

;i 
(I 

1. 15 
II 

7.5 


Tiiiun. 
:).fl 


-11 


Tlic  above  table  of  t'oniparative  measuronients  sliows  that  -1.  hicnior 
h.is.  in  comparison  witli  .4.  vopeannm,  a  h)n{j('r  and  still  broader  head; 
ii!  spite  of  tliis.  a  distance  from  (lie  axilla  to  the  {iroiii  ^Teater  than  that 
Irom  the  .snon*  to  the  axilla,  a  nuich  shorter  pelvic  rejjion,  and  shorter 
fore  and  hind  limbs. 

Found  at  Ir\  inyton,  near  Indianapolis,  April  7,  1885,  by  Mr.  George 
II.  Clarke. 

The  siiecimon  on  which  the  description  is  based  was  found  dead  an<l 
somewjiiit  mutilated.  The  injury  that  it  has  snllcreil  does  not,  how- 
ever, ill  any  way  ob.sciire  the  eiiaiacters  of  the  speci»'s,  ainonntinj;-.  as 
it  does,  only  to  a  loss  of  the  entire  left  fore  liiiil)  and  sli^jht  I'racliires 
of  a  few  of  the  Itones  of  the  anterior  part  of  the  head. 

I  have  not  seen  this  species,  and  know  it  only  fro-ii  the  description 
ami  lijiiires  of  Professor  May.  '  have  copied  the  ;;reater  i>art  of  the 
former  in  the  jireccdinj,'  para;;iaplis.  It  is  evidently  a  distinct  s|»eeies, 
c'haracterized  anion};  other  tliin;;s  by  the  shortness  of  its  boily.  In 
coloration  it  is  abont  identical  with  the  Amhlystoma  jr(}'er.soiii((nHm 
fiifivHm. 

AMHLYSTOMA  HirOLOK  HallowPll. 

Proc.  Ac.  I'liilii.,  l-,'.7,  i>.  Ui:.;  Cii]w,   cod.  hn:,  IrtiT,  p.  i7f;  Straiirli,  Salam.,  ji.  ( :t; 
lidiilnifrcr,  Cat.  Itatr.  (irad.  lirit.  Miis.,  td.  ii,  l«vj.  p.  f.'. 

In  the  type  specimen  of  this  sjtecies  the  nsnal  snperorlvitivl  and  lat- 
eral frontal  serirs  of  larjic  jiores  are  not  di.scernible.  In  a  second  spe(!- 
imeii  they  are  well  marked,  in  the  former  the  skin  is  »|iiife  smooth, 
with  eleven  lateral  ;;rooves,  and  the  folds  of  the  throat  and  sid«'  of  (he 
head  not  stron<;Iy  maiketl.  The  head  is  broad  and  obtn.se,  enterinft- 
the  len^rth  of  the  <;Toin  ;i.T."»  times.  The  front  convex  in  protile,  con- 
taiiiinji'  the  len<,'th  of  the  li.ssure  of  the  eye  in  its  width  betwj'cn  anterior 
cantlms  of  .same  2.7")  times.    The  sjirno  measure  is  a  tritle  h'ss  tiniii  the 


'  y 


>^ 


< 


\f 


THE    BATRACHIA    OF    NORTH    AMKRICA.  67 

distance  from  same  to  nostril  and  one  and  a  (juarter  the  distance  between 
the  hitter.  These  are  mueh  ehiser  together  than  the  inner  nares.  Dis- 
tance between  outer  margin  of  nares  equal  length  from  end  muzzle  to 
midinterorbital  space. 

Dorsal  line  with  a  faint  groove.  Tail  much  compressed,  equal  f''om 
end  vent  to  eanthus  oris.  Body  stout  and  heavy.  The  lin»bs  are  stout 
and  the  digits  not  elongate  or  depressed.  The  appressed  lind)s  over- 
lai)  by  the  length  of  the  toes.  Two  well-marked  palmar  tubercles. 
Third  and  fourth  toes  nearly  equal;  fifth  a  little  longer  than  first. 

Tongue  large,  disciform,  not  emarginate  behind.  Palatine  teeth  in 
three  entirely  transverse  series,  the  interruption  taking  place  considera- 
bly inside  the  line  of  the  nares.  The  teeth  themselves  are  in  numer- 
ous rows  on  each  of  their  bony  crests,  presenting  a  brush-like  arrange- 
ment.    Median  series  notched  behind. 

Mtamtrcminta. 

Inches.  Lines. 

Lfiifitli  from  cihI  iiin/zl«'  to  (pillar  iVld 0      !'  75 

Lt'ii^illi  from  (Mill  iiiuzzlc   to  jjroin 2      7. '2 

Lriifjlli  from  end  iiui/zlc  to  cml  vnit . ',]       2.  3 

l.niirtli  from  end  iinizzli'  to  fiitl  tail   o  10.05 

I.t'ii^tli  of  iiioulli  (strai;;lit) 0      (3.1 

L(n;;tli  of  fon-arin  ami  foot 0      G. 75 

l-tMifjtli  of  lower  Icj;  and  foot 0       H.  H 

AViiltli  of  h.'ad 0      8.75 

Cohu'  above,  olive  brown;  below,  yellowish,  olive  shaded  in  the  mid- 
dle. The  inferior  yellow  risi's  on  the  sides  as  short  l)lotches;  above 
them  are  sevcnil  ill-delined  yellowish  .spots.  I'arotoid  region  yellow, 
with  a  <listinct  black  vertical  bar.  Limbs  brown,  cross-banded;  tail 
yellow,  with  brown  sjiots. 

The  above  description  is  taken  from  the  type  from  Heesley's  Point, 
N.  .1.,  in  the  .Miisi'um  Academy  Phihulelpiiia.  Another  specimen 
( Miirj)  from  the  same  locality,  in  the  National  .Museum,  dilVers  in  two 
important  particulars:  The  palatine  teeth  iire  not  brush-like,  but  are 
conliiH'd  to  the  crest  of  tii<'  lidge,  and  the  tail  is  a  little  longer  than  the 
head  and  body.  The  niuz/le  is  ratlu-r  longer  and  tiie  mucous  pores 
more  numei'ous.  It  may  belong  to  another  species,  as  the  .1.  fifirinum, 
which  it  much  resendtles,  l)ut  its  eleven  costal  folds  are  a  notable  pecu- 
liaiily.  Tlic  A.  hitolor,  though  nearest  the  .1.  /(V/r/MKMj,  appears  dis- 
tinct, after  a  <'aieful  scrutiny  of  several  individuals. 

KESKUVK  SKIJIES. 


'».  ■! 


tj- 

;.N, 


ii 


CiitalMum- 

IIIIMllll'l. 

N 

...  of 

"•<■• 

4 

1 

I.iM'iilily. 

l!.-.s|,.\«  I'.iiit,  N.J  .. 
M.)i)tu.>ln.'l  \ ,  .Mil- 

When 
culluuted. 

l'"rom  wlioiu  lei'ilvfU. 

I'nif.  S   V  lliiinl   

T.  S.  lliniiii  

N'liliiw  of  apoo- 
iliicn. 

4fiI)'J 
1U3!I| 

' 

AU'oliolic. 
Do. 

1 

1 

(j 


f 


t    I 


u 


68  BULl.KTIN    :U,    UNITKD    STATICS    NATIONAL    MUSKUM. 

AMliLYSTOMA  TIOK'INrM  Grpcn. 

I  I'lati' -jr..  lij;.  7.) 
Copo,  Pioc.  Ac.  I'liihi.,  1-117,  p.   1T;>:  Straiicli,  Sahini.,  p.  C3 ;  Bouleiigcr,  Cat. 
IJatr.  (irad.  Jirit.  Mils.,  l-t'v!.  .d.  ii,  j..  i;!. 
Salt!  ni  nil  (ha  liyriiiii,  (iiiuii,  Jduni.  Ac  I'liila.,  V.,  p.   lltl. 
iStiliiiiKiixIni  iiii/aii  (iivru,  I.  c,  \\,  ]>.  •J.M, 
SiihiiiKiii'lra  hiiidii.    S.ijiii',  Aiinr.  .((HUii.  XXNVI,  p.  :W'J,  1~TO. 

Triloii  li,/riiiiix,  HtiHir  ,  N.  A.  lliip.,  v.  p.  711, 1 'I.  •,'();  Dc  Kay,  N.  Y.  Faiiu.,  p.  K!,  Tl.  ir>,  Ii.  32. 
Triton  iiKjiim.   Hdllir,,  /.  c,  p.  Hf),  I'l.  ',".•. 
JiiihilntuiiMtiijiiiKi,  liainl,  Joiirn.  Ac.  riiila.  (ii;,  I,  p.  iJt^-l ;  Duiii.  &,  IJibr.,  p.  108;  llal- 

l(i\v  ,  .loiirii.  Ac.  I'liila.,  C-M,  III,  p.  :!.'i<i. 
Anibntloma  liiridii.  liaini.  /.  r.,  Iliillow..  /.  c.  p.  Xt'.\. 
Jmhyslomn  niiiiDrl'hi,  Jiaiid,  /.  c,  pp.  •■i>'i,  '^M ;  Hallow.,  ).  c,  p.  ;15'J. 
AmhijxIuiiM  iiiisciijiiis,  ISjiiril,  /.  c,  jip.  •>■!,  '■iW:  Ilalhuv.,  /.  r..  p.  :i.")l. 
Amhiisinmii  jirnnirjiiiii',  liainl.  /.  c  ,  -J-J, ',';!!' :  Hallow.,  /.  c,  p.  :)")•!;  U.  S.  Mox.  Bomid. 

Siirv.,  II ;  Kept.,  I'l.  :i.'>,  lij;.  7-11. 
Hettroti-iloh  inijciin,  Grav.  Cai.  Il.iir.  (Iiatl.,  Brit.  Mus.,  od.  i,  p.  33. 
Xijiliiiiiitya  ii{)'i r^iniidiKi.  id.,  ihid.,  p.  31. 
JiiilijI'-tiiiiKi  tiijiiitiiiii,  id.,  iliiil.,  \>.  ■\'). 
.lHl^//•^^'(/l(/  iiuiriiftiinii.  id.,  ibid..  \t.  37. 
Amhi/sluhia  inlifoyninisr,  (U:\\.  I'roc.   '/.i.iW.  Soc.  1^,")3,  p.    11,  PI.  7:  Hallow.,  /.  c,  p. 

:i.'..'. :  I'.ainl,  IJcp.  I'.  S.  I:n)i1.  Smv.,  xiii,  I'lnt  iv,  PI.  30,  Hjj.  1-3. 
Amhji-'.tomii /line    .niii.  \ar..  Dmii.  A   liilir.,  ji.  Iii7,  J'l.  lll.">,  li;;'.  1. 
Aiiihuxtiimii  iiiliiiliiniiiii,  Hiiljow..  /.  I.,  ](.  ;!.")'^. 

Aiiihiiitoinii  iiiiji  ».•<.  Hallow..  1.  c.  \\.  W'l'.V.  Coopci,!'.  S.  ]!x]il.  Siirw.  Xll.  Part  il.  IM.  31,  tiy.  'i 
Aiiihi/sliimii  mm  iihiliiiii,  H;illo\\..  /.  r.,  \>.  X\'>,  and  Proc.  Ac.  Pliila.,  l-^."i7,  p.  'Jlo. 
Ciiiiuini toxin  maiiiliila.  Cope.  Proc.  .Ac.  I'liila..  l-.">',(.  p.  I'jo. 

Atiibl;i-liimii  mavorliiim,  f'oitc.  /.  c.  :  ."^Iraiicli.  /.  c.  ;  Coiic,  in  Y.irrow's  Report,  Zoill.,  ]>,  ()31. 
Aiiilihi--<l(iiiiii  idi.scii  I'll  III  (lialril).  Colic.  /.  c.,  p.  llfJ:  Straiicli,  /.  c 
Ambhjittoiiia  ncinmaiiiii,  Wcidcrsli.,  Zcit>clir.  wiss.  Zoiil.,  XXXII,  p.  21ti,  i'l.  ll,l!». 

/.iirriill'diiii. 
Siredoii  liihriioidii<,  ]]:\\ri\,   Proc(  i -U.   I'lijl;i.  Acud.,   1-.V,>,   p.  (W;    Sfaii.sliiirv'N   Report, 

1KV,>,  p.33(;,  PI.  i:  h'cpl.r.  S.  I'.ic.  IM>'.,cxp|.  X.  PI.  Xi.iv. 
Siredoii  ijnirili.i,  Uaird,!'.  S.  I'ac.  U.  Ii.  I;,  pi.,  \,\Villiaiii.'.oirs  licpL.p.  13,  PI.  xi.iv,  lig.2. 
lUnmiii.'iloiiKt  muiiilntiim,  Sa^cr,  Pciiiii-i.  .(oiirii.  Medic.,  l,"i.")f<,  p.  4y'H,  ti^  1. 
Sin  lion  pisrifoniiin,  Dmiicril,  .Journal  dc  la  Soc,  Accliiiifitatioii,  l-'(i(>,  liiry, 
Sirtdoii  liijrinus,  Velasco,  Natiiralcza,  Mexico,  i\-,  leTf^,  liys. 


,. 


Ml 


„  2  \  7 

Fl(i.  l2.--AwM!i.sf,„„n  ll.jii,,,,,,,.  (in.n.     \V,  M  NoHliflol.l,  HI.    \„.  4001. 


THE    IJATUACHIA    OF    NUHTII    AMKRICA. 


69 


^1> 


(ieiKMul  form  very  thick  ami  iiiassivc,  altliougli  tlic  lii'ad  is  propor. 
tioiially  small  in  mature  specimens;  not  as  broad  as  the  hody.  The 
skin  appears  cpiite  smooth  when  fresh,  esjtecially  when  covered  with 
its  epidermis.  On  removing  this,  however,  the  skin  is  seen  every  where 
closely  covered  with  shallow  pits,  interspersed  with  yranuh  like  pro- 
jections of  (he  ylands.  There  is  an  indistinct  line  of  i»ores  on  each  side 
of  the  head  interior  to  the  eye,  but  they  can  be  scarcely  traced  else- 
where. 

The  parotoid  rejjion  is  innch  swollen,  w  ider  than  the  skull,  and  about 
e(|ual  to  the  <listance  from  snout  to  j;ular  fold.  The  width  of  tin- Jaws 
is  contained  about  four  and  one-half  times  in  the  distance  to  the  j;roin, 
ii  little  more  than  the  to  the  end  of  the  anus.  Tin*  jiular  fold  is  very 
ilistinct,  and  even  overlappinji'.  The  };ro(»ves  behind  the  jaws  and  from 
the  eye,  oblicjuely  alonfj  the  side  ol  the  head  and  neck,  are  also  very 
strongly  marked. 

The  eyes  are  moderate;  not  prominent;  the  pupils  circular.  They  are 
distant  from  the  nostrils  one  orbit  lengtli  and  separated  anteriorly  '2k 
oriiits;  the  nostrils  art'  separated  one  orbit.  There  is  a  decided  con- 
striction  at  tin;  neck. 

The  body  is  swollen  and  Iar};e,  a  little  di  pressed;  its  circumferenco 
at  the  wulest  is  nine  li'Uths  the  distance  from  sui  ut  tn  ;4rnin.  There 
are  twelve  well  marked  costal  furrows  from  fore  to  hind  Wy:,  and  live 
pelvic:    the  foiiiih  and  tiftli  unitin<;'  just  Itehind  the  anus. 

The  tail  is  about  cMpial  to  the  distaiu-e  from  snout  to  j^iitiu;  it  is  sub- 
quadrate  at  base;  l.\  as  higli  as  widt',  but  iiccomcs  iMUiinliately  oval  in 
sectittu,  larjicr  below,  and  more  and  more  comprcsMMl  to  ilic  tij'.  The 
<'d;;es  arc,  however,  rounded  to  the  terminal  third,  wheie  tlie\  ;^radually 
becomi'  sharp. 

The  leys  are  stout,  thickened,  and  lather  sliort  in  proportion.  The 
di;fits  are  much  depressed;  short,  tiiauiiiilar  in  sliaoc.  tapcrini;  from 
the  broad  oase  to  tln'  tips,  which  are  lianbiu'd  and  soniewhal  horny  in 
ajipearance.  The  tree  porti(  n  of  {\\v  lou;.;cst  is  about  one  tliirtl  the 
total  len;;th  of  the  liml>  from  elliow  »u'  kut  (  ;  soiiu'tiuu's  even  les-;.  In 
the  individuals  whicli  live  on  land  the  di;;its  appear  louder  and  more, 
eyiiinlrical.  The  expanse  of  the  ontstretchcil  toes  is  aiioiit  four  tilths 
the  distance  from  snout  to  ;^roin. 

The  ton;iUe  is  lU'sliy,  iuDad,  altoul  half  the  width  ol  the  head,  ami 
with  the  outline  of  the  papillose  portion   siiglitl\  eniar;;iinite  behind. 

Th(^  palatine  teeth  of  this  spech  s  e\ten<l  aeioss  :he  palate  very 
neail\  from  one  side  of  the  upju'r  jaw  to  the  othei-.  The  series  is 
tuny  inleiiupted  alony  tlu'  nu'dian  line:  sometimes  scarcely  so.  TIh* 
iini'  is  obtusely  an;:ularly  loumled  aiiterinil\.  the  concavity  behind 
riMciiing'  forward  to  alxuit  (tpposite  the  middle  of  the  iiifeiiial  iiares. 
The  slij;hlly  convex  anterior  luam-hes  divei'^-e  backwards  regularly 
nearly  to  the  line  of  the  inner  narcs.  where  the  aui^le  of  diverj^ence  lie- 
•!omes  still  yrealer,  and  the  line  l>ecomes  lu-arly  straiyhl  or  even  eon- 
cave  uiiteriorly. 


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70  UULLLTIN    ;J),    UMTKU    STATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

There  is  some  vaiiatioii  in  the  .specimens,  of  tlie  pieci,-,e  outline  of 
tbe  onrve  of  palatiiu-  teetn.  Sometimes  this  is  less  an-ular  anteriorly 
iiud  does  not  reach  lie.voiul  the  posterior  1  order  of  the  inner  nares. 

Ill  life  this  species  is  of  .-  dark,  livid  blackishhrown  above,  oliva- 
ceous on  the  sides,  and  from  lijihl  olive  to  dirty  white  beneath.  On  the 
upper  surface,  ^uencrally  on  the  side  of  tiie  tail  and  limbs,  are  nearly 
circular  yellow  spots  about  the  size  of  the  eye,  and  j^i  nerally  sharply 
detined.  These  aie  iiiucii  liUe  those  .)f  .1.  piinvtatiim,  though  not  (piite 
so  distinct,  and  althou-li  a  fi'.int  indication  of  airan}>vmcnt  in  ten  dorsal 
rows  may  be  traced,  yd  liiesc  are  less  symmetrically  disjiosed,  and  sin- 
gle ones  "are  sc;ittercd  lift wi  en  thcotiicrs  alonji'  the  back.  Similar  scat- 
tered spots  are  seen  alon-  the  belly,  wiiich  af-ain  is  bordered,  as  on  the 
lower  part  (»f  the  sides,  with  larger,  more  (piadrate  si>ots,  which  are 
more  or  less  conllnent.  giving  rise  to  elongated  blotches,  overpowerinpf 
the  "iduntl  color.  This  is  also  sometimes  the  <'ase  on  the  l)elly  and 
almost  always  on  the  chin  or  lu'iieath  the  head  and  neck. 

The  rounded  spots  above  souietimes  vary  considerably  in  size,  and 
occasionally  are  almost  wanting.  Sometimes  they  are  iiKue  or  le.ss  c(Ui- 
fluent,  in  which  ca.se  there  is  u.>ually  a  predominance  of  yellow  <»n  the 
bellv.  In  a  large  series  of  specimens  I  have  not  observed  any  vertical 
yellow  bamls  on  the  side  of  the  tail. 

In  the  young,  jrst  peifected  from  the  larva,  the  upper  parts  are  d:irk 
bidwii;  the  under  jtarts  of  a  miifoim  browiiishyellow.  The  yellow- 
spots  next  make  their  apiiearance,  liecoiiiing  more  and  more  prominent 
to  a  certain  age.  In  very  old  spcciiueiis  the  dorsal  spots  be.ome  in- 
distinct, but  may  generally  be  discovered  when  held  under  water  or 
alcohol. 

IHiiH'iinioni  of  H'Ol. 

Idi'Iich. 

Fniiii  snout  aloii^;  jixi.'il  liiii'  fo  fiul  of  nuiiifli    

J''nuii  siioiit  III  >;iilni-  Cold 1 1.  0(» 

I'l'iilll  riliolir  to^loill t.  .'it) 

l-"niiii  snout  to  ciicl  of  .III us 'I.  -U) 

Ftoiii  snout  to  c-nd  ol'  tail .'^.  00 

Widtli  of  licad w) 

Foro-anii  from  <'llio\v >-t) 

Hind  Icjc  froiu  i<!icc 1.  It  I 

The  longest  specimen  before  me  nu'asures  H)  inches  (KM).'?  liacine).  In 
this  the  tail  from  behind  anus  is  tis  long  as  the  rest  of  the  animal.  Do 
Kay  describes  one  ot  11  iiu'hes  in  length. 

MKininoiKiilaofa  liijiiiiil  xpiciinvii  of  I  lie  nir.  liyri'iitm  (Itil*",'). 

LpiiKtli  fi'oin  snout  to  "nd  of  uioiitii  ajcuij;  uicdiaii  lino 4', 

I.cn^lli  from  siuiiit  to  unlai  I'old <)(! 

Ii('nf,'lli  fi'oin  snout  to  m-oin .{  m 

I, en  trill  frotn  sniuit  to  ludiind  anus H.  T'l 

Li'iij^tli  from  snout  to  t  ip  of  tail -   -,r, 

Liiij^lli  of  tail '\  r*0 


■      r 


\    :/ 


1 


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I 


THli    HATUACUIA    OF    NOKl'lI    AMKKICA.  71 

Inrli  H. 

VVidtli  of  lu'iid 70 

Foi't'-iinii  tVoiii  elbow 75 

Hi  ml  It';^  (Voin  knoc IK"> 

(tri'iitiint  lifij;lit  of  tail (!;"» 

Stretch  of  liiiul  logs ±80 

III  this  variety  tlio  nppreciable  diflVTOiice  in  color  consists  in  tlio  teinl- 
ency  to  transverse  or  vertical  bars  of  yellowish  on  the  side  of  the  tail 
more  or  less  continent. 

I  tind  no  ditference  in  form  between  the  two  series,  the  snpposed  A. 
I'lmcopum  now  at  iniiid  (.{SiM)  and  38S7)  and  young  specimen  oi  A.luri- 
(iitm  (as  .'{J)?!),  Irom  Marietta,  Ohio.  The  color  above  is  a  light  reddisii- 
brown  ;  tln^  sides  a  sharply  delined  dusky  l)rowii ;  th<>  belly  of  a  lighter 
shade  of  the  color  of  the  back.  There  are  some  very  obsolete  indica- 
tions of  whitish  spots  in  tiie  belly  and  sides. 

Tiie  following  eximination  of  the  nature  of  the  variation  to  which 
the  Eastern  foi-m  of  this  species  is  subject  and  their  <!auses  may  be 
a«lded  to  the  preceding  diagnosis  from  liaird's  manuscript. 

The  color  varieties  are  as  follows: 

rr.  Uniform  brown  above,  yellow  below,  sides  darker  brown ;  3S87, 
381)!);  three  specimens. 

fi.  Blackish-blown,  with  sniail  scattered  yellow  spots  above  and  large 
ones  on  the  sides,  in  the  majority  of  tin*  individuals;  Nos.  4003,  4()!)7, 
4(591,  3!)74,  38t)5,  li'Mi,  lim.i,  3!)70,  ;{•.).">(),  1»{)71,  401)2,  47()(i,  and  eight  in 
in  museum  of  the  i'iiiladelphia  Academy. 

;'.  Neaily  e(pially  and  not  coarsely  marbled  above,  with  blotches  of 
deep  brown  ami  bright  yellow  ;  40.")!). 

6.  Entirely  yellow,  with  brown  linear  patches  irregularly  arranged; 
type  of  ^l.  imjfus,  from  New  Orleans ;  one  specimen. 

The  above  <!oloration  varieties,  it  will  be  observed,  coincide  in  part 
with  those  of  Western  individuals: 

The  conditions  of  preservation  of  immature  stages  in  the  dentition 
are  as  follows : 

a.  Palatine  series  nearly  entirely  transverse  behiinl  the  internal  narcs; 
eight  specimens,  all  from  New  Jersey  except  two  from  Root  liiver,  Wis- 
consin, (I0!)3(/),  and  cme  from  Louisiana,  470G.  All  are  fully  developed 
and  many  ot  the  l.irgest  size;  one  of  4()!)3  has  the  postnarial  denial 
series  separated  on  om^  side.  Of  these  the  largest  example  of  the  sjie- 
cies  is  frcMii  Root  River.  With  the  other  mentioned,  the  width  of  the 
head  enters  the  length  tit  the  groin  4.5  times,  and  the  tail  is  longer  than 
head  and  body.  Tiie  same  relations  are  seen  in  two  New  Jeisey  speci- 
mens. Two  from  the  latter  State  have  the  long  tail,  but  the  width  of 
tlu^  head  is  only  one  fourth  length  to  groin,  while  one  of  the  same  has 
the  long«'r  body  (4.5  times),  but  the  tail  shorter  than  head  and  body:  two 
specMinens  have  both  the  short  body  and  tail.  The  elongation  of  the 
tail  and  body  scarcely  occurs  in  connection  with  any  other  ty|)e  of  deu- 


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72 


mi.LHTlN    ;!l,    INITKI)    .STATES    NATIOXAI-    MI'SHUM. 


titioii,  iiiKl  it  is  iiu-MlioiR'(l  lioiv  to  sliow  tin-  -iriitn  ■;ciicial  coiiiplete- 

iiess  of  (ii'vi'l(»i»iiiciil  ill  I Ih'sc- Eastern  iiidiv  itliials. 
h.  Si'iit'ssli^iiti.v  air.lu'tl,  not  passing  l.ctwrcii  iiaivs.    Two  siK'ciiiiciis, 

laij;L'.     Ill  No.  .{!»!»;{  l>otli  outer  .se<4iiients  are  well  .separated  iVom  llio 

meriiaii:  the  tail  is  loiij^er  than  head  and  body,  and  width  of  J.iws  \M 

to  line  of  yroin.    Tliis  individual  is  alieiranl. 
V.  Series  aii.uiiiated,  not  exteiidinji-  anterior  to  anterior  inar«iiH»f  inner 

uarcs.  Xos.  ;5!i.')(;.  L'!t71,  .'J'.KJ,  ;!S<».-),  ;iS;i!t,  rinhraeinjjf  live  speeiinens, 
three  laijic  ones,  in  I'iiiladelphia  Aeadein.v  inuseuni,  and  type  of  A. 
i)tf/rn.s  (ireeii  in  same. 

This  latter  s|>e('iinen  is  peculiar  in  some  respeels,  as  already  noted,  in 
coloration.  1  he  head  is  relatively  a  little  wider  than  in  other  speciinen.s 
ol'  the  .same  lar^e  si/e,  the  width  entering  the  leiij;tli  to  the  ;4ioiii  four 
times,  as  in  individuals  of  the  smaller  aveia;;*'  size  of  the  species.  Tho 
leii.uth  of  theeyc  lissure  enters  L'..')  times  the  interoiltital  width,  instead 
of  twice.  thoii;^li  in  one  ofcMpial  si/e  from  Ifoot  Ifiver  it  enters  L.'.!.'  times. 
The  nares  are  not  more  than  usually  separated;  hence  the  muzzle  is 
more  eoiitraitteil  than  usual.  It  is  also  depressed  in  prolile,  but  not  more 
than  ill  some  other  specimens.  I  l>elie\'e  it  not  to  he  a  distinct  si)eeies, 
hut  a  form  dependent  on  causes  similar  to  those  prodiiein;: Dthers  heie 
enumerated,  and  not  more  pennaneiit  than  those,  so  loiiu  as  those  causes 
are  not  iinivcr.-al.  In  other  words,  it  is  a  lar.uc  specimen,  with  tcctii. 
head,  and  tail  of  adult  character,  hut  body  and  muzzle  inoie  larval.  The 
fold  on  the  hind  U"^  and  outer  toe,  mentioned  by  (Irceii,  is  not  marked, 
or  dilfeifiit  I'kuii  that  seen  in  the  species  uciierally. 

No.  I(i!t7,  sixteen  specimens  from  westt'iii  Illinois;  two  have  the  seiit  s 
divided  into  tour;  KH>'{,  two  specimens;  No.  KliM.  Cook  County,  III., 
thirtylbiii  speciiiieiis;  one  has  the  three  iiilcrruptions.  and  live,  with 
one  (»f  U)\y,i.  a  nicdian,  makiii;^  two  series  of  teeth. 

Of  theattove  the  tongue  is  of  nor.mal  size  ami  the  braneliia' ab.soibed, 
exeei)t  in  twelve  spe<;imeiis  (No.  M't'M)  of  which  live  present  stumps  of 
the  braiichia';  and  two  (Kll»7)  where  both  the  loimiic  is  very  small  and 
the  ,uill  stumps  remain.  The  wi.lth  ol  the  head  is  .'_'."» to  j:roin,  and  the 
tail  never  lonj;ertlian  head  and  body. 

(I.  i\Icdian  series  arched,  extemlinji'  anterior  to  anteiitu'  mar;;in  of 
inner  nares,  Oiiespeciiiieii  (.ilMKi)  is  fully  developed  in  all  other  points. 
c.  Palatine  series  an.unlated,  extending;  anterior  to  inner  iiare.s'  ante- 
ri(U'  border.  Nos.  KMT,  .litT  I,  .'lUTd,  tw(»  ot  lii'.»;{,  .'is.ST,  .is'.t'.i/*,  four  of 
4(>!»7,  nine  of  KI'.H.  All  ofthe.se  have  the  sluut  head  and  tail  -iveii  in 
the  pieliininary  dia<;nosis,     The  small  or  lar\al   t(mj;iii'  Oi-ciirs  in  (Uie  of 

10!t;{.  ;;()7(l.  ;{!I7I,  nine  of  Ki'tl.  (woof  |(>!I7;  branchial  iiidiiiieiils  remain 
in  two  ot  Kl!»7  and  nine  of  HUM.  No.  I(».")7  is  remarkable  in  having  ii 
very  small  tonjiue,  and  short  deep  tail,  no  stumps  of  braiichia-,  and 
brilliant  coloration,  with  lar;:e  size  and  -eiici.il  adult  appearaii<-e.  It 
compaivs  with  certain  specimens  (  K;'!,"..  ;!!IS I j  of  the  form  iiiiirortiKin 
in  this  stroiij;- retention  of  .some  larv.d  characters,  and,  like  them,  is 
from  northern  .Minnesota,  a  reyioii  noted  for  its  cold  and  late  .seu.sons. 


•' 


T 
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V     I 


Tin:  i',Aii;A('iii.v  of  noutii  America. 


7a 


M  VII  nil  If  mi  Ilia  of  .Wo.  'lOr)?. 

Inchra. 

Li'll};tll  iVniil  siKMIt   Id  end  III'  ;;Ml>r  ol'  iiioillll 'I'l 

liCliiilll   IVoiii  siiiHil  Id  iiiilai'  I'l  "Id I.  (Kt 

I,('Iih;I1i  I'ntin  siioiil    to  jintiii ;(.'><• 

Ia;ii<{IIi  I'll  Mil  snout  Id  licliiiHl  :iiiuh 4.  ltd 

Lcn^tli  I'nim  .sin ml  lo  cini  nl   iail  (alxiiit) H.  f>ri 

Lciififli  of  lail   (aid. II I) J.'i') 

Drlilliof  tail  (al  iMl.l    veil  I) 1. '.>.") 

WiilMi  of  lua.l   1.00 

I^i'iiy;lli  (if  roicanii   riiiiii  clliow 00 

lA'ii^th  (iC  liiiiil  li'if  I'niiii  kiu'ii 1.  10 

Slfftcli  til"  hi  ml  U"^ ;{.  40 

A  spt'ciiiM'ii  I'litirclv  similar,  j'xccpt  in  size  and  cnloiatioii,  was  round 
l)v  l>r.  Horn  near  I'.ccsU'y's  I'oint,  N.  .1.,  a  well-known  locality  for  the 
,sji('(;i('s.  Till'  tail  is  rcinarUaldy  tliick  and  deep  at  tlu^  hasc,  and  only 
cqiial  from  its  hasis  to  tlic  cantlins  of  month;  a  ;ii'oovo  in  the  <lorsal 
linelM'liind;  tail  not  ^jroovcd.  The  color  is  a  dark  It'adcn  brown,  sprin- 
kli'd  cvc'rywlu'ic  willi  small  yellow  spots:  spots  larj^'ci-  on  tail;  belly 
yellowish.      I'otal  leii;;tli,i)  iiielies  and  ."»  lines. 

From  iIh'  preeediii;''  investijfation  we  j;allier  that  laival  eliaraeters  in 
this  speries  are  in  part  only  eoiitempoiaiieiMis ;  that  the  branehia'  arc 
lost  (list;  the  toiiuiie  develops  next,  and  the  te(!th  last;  that  the  de- 
vel(»piiiei!t  extends  in  older  a^e  to  the  leiij^lheiiiiin'  ol'  the  i)ody  and  tail; 
that  the  pro^^ress  may  be  arrested  at  a  time  when  any  de^^i'et'  of  eom- 
binatioii  of  these  and  other  fealiires  exists.  That  reprodnetioii  may 
take  place  at  any  of  such  dilVerent  sta;;'es  iseviileiit  from  the  condition 
(»f  development  of  the  ova  ol'  many  ot'  the  various  specimens,  and  it 
is  known  to  tak«'  phn  e  in  other  species  at  earlier  .slaves  than  any  re- 
eonled  heie  as  juiiiit. 

It  is  also  to  be  noted  that  specimens  from  New  Jersey  are  almost 
always  more  liill\  developed  than  those  from  the  Western  rej;ioiis;  the 
former  is  a  wan. lei  district  than  the  latter.  0|  two  specimens  from 
New  Orleans,  howexcr,  one  only  exhibits  the  deiititiona!  charattter.s  of 
the  New  .leisey  indiviilnals.  The  characters  coinmon  to  the  Western 
individuals  iiave  occasioned  the  opinion  that  it  was  another  species, 
which  was  called  A.  iiKiroiiiiiiii. 

Of  this  l-rm  i  r*'maikedin  my  moiio;;rapli  of  the  j-eims  Amblystoina, 
published  in  lSi7.  already  referred  to,  thai  it  "dilfers  absolutely  only 
in  the  broader  mii/,/le  and  wider  separation  of  the:  outer  nares.  The. I. 
tiflfiniiiii  i-etains  in  this  case  a  feature  characteristii^  of  the  larva  of  .1. 
JHrirf*////^//*  and  of  all  other  Siredon  six'cii's.  The  ran^ie  ol"  color  vari- 
iitioii  is  only  partly  .'  'Vereiit  in  the  two,  but  the  majority  of  s|)eei- 
mens  ea(;li  lielon;;'  to  iliifercnt  color  lypt  s.  lOach  occupies  a  ditVerent 
^'eon'iaphical  area,  both  ol  which  are  well  marked  in  the  distribution  of 
many  other  reptiles.  Nevertheless,  ultimately  I  think  it  tpiite  possible 
thai  they  will  have  to  ln'  viewed  as  develnpiiiental  forms,  like  so  many 
other  su[)i)osed  species  which  are  not  siilliciently  isolated   from  ouo 


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74 


BIJLLF.TIN    HI,    UNITliU    SJATiS    NATIONAL    Ml'SKUM. 


i, 


i!!/ 


iiiiotlicial  lli(^  pii'seiit  time  to  warnuit  tliiMii  (listiiicf  plaws  and  iianu\s 
ill  llic  s.vst»'iii."     Dr.  (i.  IJoiiii'iificr,  in  tlic  last  edition  ol"  tlie  catalojjue 
oC  llii'  sprcit's  of  .salaniaiidi'is  in  the  Ijiitisli  Mnseiini   ISSi',  has  taken 
tills  view  of  tlie  ease,  and  has  redneed  the  name  marortiinn  to  the  posi- 
tion of  a  synonym  of  iujrinum.     In  the  present  work  I  take  the  same 
view  of  the  irlalions  of  the  l^istern  and  Western  forms. 
The  fol lowing' is  a  desi;iiptioii  of  a  specimen  of  tlie  Western  animal: 
Talaline  teeth  in  a  transverse  series,  more  or  hvss  aii;inlar  anteriorly, 
reaching"'  to  the  posterior  l)or(h'r  of  the  inner  iiares,  or  (»ne  diameter  be- 
yond*      ('  anjjie  sometimes  tlattened  or  rounded.     The  series  scarcely 
or  III-    .  .  all  interi-iipteil  on  the  median  line;   never  (:')  on  the  limhs, 
which  are  jicnerally  a  little  iindnlalin^'. 

Inner  nostrils  separated  hy  the  same  space  as  the  outer;  rarely  a  lit- 
tle larther  apart, 

TonyiM'  itioader  than  loiiji';  more  than  half  the  width  of  the  head, 
which  Is  llcsliy. 

l>ody  lu'a\y,  wlili  twelve  costal  furrows.  Head  vt-ry  hroad,  <!on- 
taliied  aitont  three  and  one  half  tiiius  in  distance  from  snout  to  ^roin. 
Tall  about  e(|iial  to  the  same  distance,  iiinch  compressed  from  tiie 
base.  .Males  In  breeding  season  with  a  distinct  tin  from  near  tin-  base 
of  the  tail  above,  and  from  beyond  the  middle  itelow;  tail  more  o\al 
at  other  seasons.  Chtacal  re;;lon  of  male  nnicli  swollen,  emar<;inate; 
angular  itcliliid. 

Leo-s  iiiuderate;   dibits   i -h   depressed,  v«'ry   In-oad   at   base,   tri- 

aii;;nlar.  and  adapted  for  swiininiiiji.      I''ree    portion   of  di«iits  about 
one-third  the  distance  Irom  their  tljis  to  elbow  or  knee. 


Flu.  Vi.-A,M,.U,ma  H:,n,<„m  (Ireen,  No.  4nr.O.    Nntiiral  .size.     Vmt  Riplry.  Minn. 

(ieneral  col,,, dark  brown  or  blackish,  h,  aholnd,  varied  with  blotches 
ot  3eMow.     'Ihe.se  are  dispoM'd  alon-  the  median  line  of  the  back  and 


: 


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'1 


TIIK    HATliACMIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


70 


>, 


tail,  I'xtciHliiif;  down  on  tlic  sides  as  tiaiisverso  ellipsoid  bauds  of 
lai'j;e  size,  perhaps  equal  t(»  the  spaee  between  I  wo  costal  {grooves;  the 
bIol(^hes  of  opposite  sides  scuuetiiues  alternate,  sonu'tinies  are  opi)osite, 
and  are  I'nMpuMitl.v  eonllneiil  here  ami  there,  which  is  ^'enerally  the 
case  on  the  tail,  where  they  form  yellow  eneirelinj;  riujjs,  interrupted 
below.  Alonj;  the  sides  ol"  belly  and  lower  part  of  the  sides  is  ii  sinii- 
lar  series  of  yellow  ellipses,  but  usually  lariLM'r;  those  of  the  same  side 
usually  somewhat  eoiilluent,  .soiuetiuu's  entirely  so,  leaviufjf  a  du.sky 
central  Hue  of  the  belly.     The  limbs  are  blot(!he<l  black  and  yellow. 

The  yellow  sometinu's  predominates  so  as  to  abuost  Ibrm  the  fj^rouud 
color,  encr()achinj>'  lai'^'ely,  too,  on  the  yt'llow  of  the  belly.  In  general, 
however,  there  is  little  or  uo  tendency  to  an  anastoim)sis  or  reticula- 
tion of  the  dark  intersi»aces,  as  in  an  allied  sjx'cies.  Smaller,  rounded, 
irregularly  scattered  spots  of  yi'llow  are  seldom,  if  ever,  seeu  as  iu 
Eastern  form. 

The  ground  C()lor  is  sonu'tiuu's  uniforndy  dusky  above,  although  the 
lighter  transverse  ellipses  can  be  usually  made  out;  perhaps  they  are 
always  apprecial)le  in  life. 

Dunuh'il  and  IJibrou  have  given  a  good  colored  ligure  of  this  form 
under  the  nauu^  Amhi/stoinv  <i'  bdittUs.  The  green  is,  however,  too  bril- 
liant. 

In  the  pre(!e(liug  general  description  I  have  endeavored  to  represent 
the  distinguishing  features  of  what  1  believe  to  be  a  single  species  vary, 
ing  very  much  in  shape  of  palatine  teeth,  proportions,  color,  etc.  From 
the  synonymy  it  will  be  seen  that  1  combine  undej'  the  oldest  luinie  of 
mai'ortium,  pninrrpine  and  nrhiilnsitm  also.  Although  the  type  speci- 
mens of  these  supposed  sjiecies  dilfer  sutlitnently  among  each  other,  yet 
there  are  sullicient  coniu'cting  links  in  tlu'  large  series  before  lue,  ami  it 
M()uld  be  no  dillicult  task  to  pick  out  a  dozen  more  specimens  each  as 
distinct  from  the  other  and  the  above  as  the  latter  are  among  them- 
selves. 

One  great  source  of  the  diversity  of  character  in  diiVerent  specimens 
of  this  Protean  species  is  to  be  found  in  the  veiy  dilferent  sizes  of  speci- 
mens in  thesanu'  stage  of  growth,  while  iu  some  the  lull  metamorphosis 
will  have  been  atu-omplished  with  a  length  of  three  or  lour  inches,  in 
others  the  braiichi;e  are  still  visible  at  a  miu-h  greater  size.  In  one 
female  specimen  of  8  inches  in  length  ( 1*>7S),  the  branchiae  are  still  a[>- 
piei'iable,  the  lissures  in  the  neck  not  being  closed  up,  although  the 
ovaries  and  oviduct  would  indicate  that  it  was  captured  when  in  full 
breeding (tonditiou.  Thisembryonii'  tendency  isalmostalways indicated 
further  by  shoiter  gape  of  the  mouth,  the  tongue  smaller.  Hatter,  more 
.idherent,  not  at  all  or  very  little  free  at  the  edges,  ami  little  or  not  at 
all  papillose,  but  exhibiting  a  cartilaginous  surface.  The  palatine 
teeth  in  the  embryonic  stati'  are  more  aiclied  anteriorly,  more  or  less 
parallel  with  the  maxillary  seri»'s.  less  |uominent  above  the  soft  palate, 
and  extending  a  less  distance  laterally.    T'he  digits  are  more  depresed, 


f 


I, 


■■■  <■  1 

■'l 

i 

V  ^ 


r 


J I 


t 


7G         iu;lletin  'm,  tnited  .states  natk^nal  Mrsr.UM. 

tl.cir  outlines  more  oval  tlian  triangular,  the  third  and  fonrtl.  toes  and 
second  and  third  lin-ers  more  nearly  .M,nal.  The  develepn.ent  ..(  the 
diin-rent  embrvonic  eonditit.ns  mav  be  carried  on  ver.v  nne(|nall.v  in 
dillcrent  specimens,  so  that  one  cannot  see  the  true  specilie  charac- 
ters in  small  individuals,  or  even  in  lar-e  ones  in  which  tiiere  is  the 
slij,'hfest  indication  of  the  brandiial  slits  or  their  tults. 

The  same  adult  individual  ditrcrs,  too,  in  dillerent  seasons.  While 
somesi)ecies  appear  to  reside  almost  entirely  in  water,  others  do  so  only 
partially.  Kven  the  same  species  may  pass  a  more  aquatic  lite  in  one  year 
than  in'anodier.  A  more  i)ersisteiit  residence  in  water  is  shown  l»y  tlio 
broader  and  more  depressed  (li;,'its,  Iiij;herand  more  compressed  tail,  and 
more  or  less  decided  ridjre  (sometimes  even  membranous).  I  have  no 
doubt  that  an  animal  while  possessinj;  these  Ceatiires  in  marked  decree 
when  in  the  water  wmild  lose  tlieiii  to  a  measurable  extent  after  ii 
Ienj;lhened  residence  on  land.  This  aijuatic  habit  is  j,aMierally  greatest 
(hiring  the  breeding  season. 

The  preceding  paragrajdi  is  taken  from  Professor  liaird's  maims«*ript. 
I  will  further  extend  and  illustrate  the  same,  and  add  that  the  names. I. 
calij'ornicnse  and  A.  iiutvuhttum  have  iteeii  applied  by  (Iray  and  llallowidl 
to  forms  of  this  species. 

Various  changes  of  form  during  the  late  metamorphosis  of  this  ani- 
mal have  been  already  enumerated  in  the  prefatory  remarks  on  the 
genus.  A  feature  of  diifeitMice  mentioned  altove  -the  varying  length 
of  the  fourth  <ligit— ai)peais  to  be  ipiite  independent  of  other  devel(»p- 
mental  conditions.  In  a  specimen  in  the  Mnseuin  of  the  Philadelphia 
Academy  from  Kansas,  thi.s  digit  has  but  three  ithalanges  on  both  feet ; 
in  another  locality  three  on  one,  four  on  the  other  foot,  and  tiie  same 
occurs  ill  No.  .'{!M»4,  of  the  National  .Mnseuin.  In  all  the  other  specimens 
at  my  disposal  they  are,  as  in  this  section  of  the  genus,  \-\. 

The  varieties  of  this  species  which  may  l)e  distinguished  by  their 
coloration  are  as  follows  : 

a  (Californieiise.)  IJlackish,  with  slightly  i)aler  belly;  a  series  of 
large,  oval,  yellow  spots  on  lower  part  of  side  and  tail  (in  one  specimen 
a  few  on  each  side  of  dorsal  line).  System  of  nuieous  por«'s  well  (h>vel- 
oped,  especially  below  ramus  of  the  Jaw  on  each  side.  From  California 
only ;  eight  specimens;  No.  lO.Sl. 

fi  Brown,  yellowish  below;  larger  lateral  and  smaller  dorsal  yellow- 
spots,  irregularly  arranged.  Fewer  miu-ous  pores  (»ii  eaeii  si<le  the 
gular  region.  Fourteen  siiecimens ;  mostly  from  Kansas  and  Nebraska, 
one  from  Missouri,  one  from  latitude  ;>,So,  two  from  New  Mexico,  and 
two  from  Chihuahua;  Nos.  lOfJo,  4()i(»,  3!t.o5«,  1(m;-J,  |(l.S4,  l!)(>S,  ;5!)S|«. 
The  type  of  A.  uehnhmnn  belongs  her*'.  There  is  no  material  diUerencc 
between  this  and  the  coloration  of  A.  t'uirinum. 

y  Ground  brown,  crossed  I)y  transverse  yellow  bands,  which  inoscu- 
late more  or  less  ou  the  dorsal  region,  so  as  to  obscure,  sometimes  almost 


T 


T 


') 


TIIK    UArUACUIA    OF    NolMIl    AMKIUCA. 


77 


^'U 


i 


onfiri'l.v,  tlio  Rroiiiid  ;  miUMiiis  ,.ort's,  as  in  tlio  lasl  ;  lu'll.v  with  a  median 
(laiii  or  ItlacU  l>aii(l;  sumctinH's  tin*  yellow  is  sJiadiMl  '.vitli  olive:  Nos. 
Hii;{,  no.'),  .{!»!»(»,  I7(»;5,  WM  to  Kl!»!l,  ;;!r»r»,  lOlS,  407!>,  KMKJ,  ;J!»82,  53r)9, 
•lOSJ,  ;;!>1M.     No.  HL'O  iiii;;iit  he  assij^iied  to  either  (i  or  ;'. 

()'  (ii'oiiiid  olive,  with  iiiiinei'oiis  small  hiowii  spots;  otherwise  na 
altoNc;   No.  UW>,  and  the  t.vi»e  ol'.l.  iiiiwiiUthim. 

I-  Urowii  al)ove,  yellowish  helow,  otherwise  as  above;  .'{U.St/>,  -4702, 
3902,  .'{!).■>.■)/;,  t'roiii  most  diverse  loi;alities. 

1'  Color  as  in  r,  the  yellow  leaving;  only  inosculatin};  linos  of  brown; 
no  frontal,  nasal,  oi'  mandibular  series  of  mneoiis  pores;  on*'  specimen, 
No.  i(H)S. 

So  much  as  to  theprineiple  of  ornamental  variation.  The  followitiff  are 
the  tbrnis  resnltin;;'  IVom  unetpial  development  of  parts.  The  rea<ler  will 
observe  by  the  numbers  how  little  they  eoiiieide  with  each  other  and 
with  the  precediii;;. 

Ti/i)c  A. —  Palatine  teetii  in  a  j^entle  arch,  convex  (brwards, not  extentl- 
in;;  between  nares;  the  teeth  (l»iit  not  the  rid;;e)  interrupted  inside  the 
series  behin<l  the  nares.  No>.  I'.tos  and  .").">iji»  (J  s|»ecimens);  in  all  re- 
spects fully  ^rowM.  the  former  nut  more  than  half  the  size  of  the  usual 
ty|»e.     Approacli  distantly  .1.  Irisnijitinii  Cope. 

7'V/R'  />. —  Palatine  teeth  tormin;;  a  strai;;ht  seiies  on  each  side,  meet- 
ing at  a  more  or  less  (»pen  unfile  between  tln'  nares.  Most  ()f  the  speci- 
mens; Nos.  ITOL'.  ;;y!L'.  iTtr..  i(;i;{,  khm,  loio.  kids,  .'jiMio.  no.}, -lom, 

to  t(l!M>,  lOSl.  ;;<):».-).  |(>7!>.  <)f  lliese,  the  an-ile  of  the  tooth  series 
«loes  not  extend  beyond  liie  anteiior  mar;;in  of  the  nares  in  twenty- 
six  si)ecimens.  of  which  one  exhiltits  a  small,  undeveloped  ton^^ue,  and 
none  have  the  stumps  j)f  the  braiichia'  reiiiainin;:;.  In  eleven  specimens 
the  an;;le  extends  beyond  this  point  (in  ."»'.»!)(),  and  another  approaching; 
anarch  in  Ioimii,  :ind  ol  these  the  inn.uue  is  small  and  larval  in  six, 
and  inon*>  of  thcNC  stumpsuf  the  luaiicliiM'  remain;  this  last  is  of  medium 
Hize  only,  but  Nos.  UW,  and  'M>\)\  arc  lar;;e,  the  lirs  very  huj-e;  they  add 
the  larval  character  of  a  slnnt,  det  p  t:iil.  It  is  to  i»e  noted  that  the.so 
Bja'cinu'us  art'  from  Minnesota  and  the  holders  of  Ibitish  America — re- 
jjions  subject  to  ;;reat  cold — to  which  ( ause  we  may  with  much  proba- 
bility assi^iu  their  characters.  Two  individuals  lu'esentin;;  the  same 
IH'culiaiities  are  desciil»ed  under  the  hea<l  of  .1.  tiifiiniini. 

Of  two  speeinu'iis  from  Chihuahua,  fully  developed,  the  teeth  are  of 
the  two  types;  of  ei;,'ht  fr(»m  Calitbrnia,  one  presents  the  second  type 
oidy;  it  is  otherwise  fully  developed. 

Tjipc  C. —  riie  postnarial  portion  of  the  i)alatiue  series  has  nearly  or 
quite  assumed  its  transverse  position,  while  the  median  series  remains 
in  its  larval  arch,  extendin;;  more  or  less  in  advance  of  the  nares. 
K\'^\\\  specitnens,  tour  of  the  larji'est  size;  .".!».V>«,  t07S,  KML',  K>S4;  two 
Mu.seum  of  IMiiladelphia  Acaih'my,  one  type  of  .1.  Hnfc»/f(/Hm  Hall.  Of 
these,  two  have  the  small  tonyue  and  traces  of  branchiae  while  four  are 
fidly  develoiied  in  these  ii'spects. 


|! 


th 


i 


i 


nn.LKTiN  :ii,  i-nmti:i>  statks  national  museum. 

Tiipc  />.— Piiliitiiio  scrips  fonniii;:  n  pMiiiltnlicjnvli  iVoriKdM'  cxtrcmiry 
to  the  olhcr,  ('xt(•ll<lill^'  in  iMlvaiic'  ni  the  iiiiics.  Tiim'  s|MTimciis, 
two  of  thciiior  riill  iHil  not  laru'i'  ^^'Z'';  '""'  "•  ••"'  »''>i""'>'  Inll.v  .U.iil.le 
tlif  siz.'  of  otlifis  from  tJH'  saiiM'  lofiilii.v  (Hm'  IMiitlf  Vallf.v),  wliidi  mv 
ivf.'iT.Ml  to  tvprs  (' and  15.  vvitii  larval  ton^iiic  ami  luaiu'liial  stumps. 
TIk'oiIi.ts  (HMiO),  with  larval  toii^iiic  l.iit  the  hraiicliia-  iihsoilu-d. 

Ilt'ivma.v  ln' iiiciitiniifd  a  ri'inarkaltic  spt'ciiiifii  (.5!>Sl'),  wliicli  is  in  all 
otlit'i  ri'spt'cts  fiiilv  <lt'VfI(»pt'tl.  wlicrc  tlic  larval  aicli  of  ti'i'tli  remains, 
bnt  has  ht'coiiM"  opt-n  anil  sli;;htly  tiansvt'isc,  cxti'mliii';  Itnt  lilllc  be- 
yond the  anlcrior  mar;;iii  of  tin-  narcs.  It  is  iiiti'iinrdiatf  iK'twccii 
tvpt's  1)  and  A.  and  is  tht-n'snlt  of  a  retardation  in  development  of  tlM> 
larval  anh,  \\liiie  type  i>  is  proil'iced  Itya  retardation  h\  the  presci Na- 
tion of  the  oblitpie  lateral  series  of  the  larva  at  the  expense  «)f  the  arch. 

I  add  lieie  a  description  of  the  var.  ohseninm  {AinhlyHtoiiid  ohsritrinn 
Haird,  Proceeds.  Acad.  I'liila.,.  IS(i!»,  p.  1!L'). 

The  head  is  very  l»road  and  the  ;;ape  nniisnally  lar},'e.     The  internal 
nostrils  are  veiy  huj^i',  their  width   half  the  diameter  of  tlioeye;   the 
distance  between  their  inner  borders  is  the  same  as  that  lu'tween  the 
oilier.     The  ton^Mie  is  Ia!j;e,  broader  than  lony',  its  width  about   two 
thirds  that  of  the  iipiicrjaw. 

The  palatine  teeth  are  in  I  iiir  series,  eolleelively  foiinin;''  a  broad  in- 
verted V;  the  an;;les  anterior,  and  would  beqiiit<' sharp  but  that  there 
is  an  iiileriiiption  aloii;:  the  median  line.  The  blanches  reach  as  far 
forward  as  tlieanteriorl»oidcr  of  (lie  inner  nostrils.  'J'liey  are  decidedly 
concave  aiitero-e.xicrnally.  The  ten  iiiiiei  anterior  sections  of  the  pal- 
atine scries  are  each  about  twice  the  lcii;;th  of  the  external  ones;  they 
fall  short  of  the  inner  border  of  the  inner  nares  by  nearly  a  diameter  of 
the  latter,  which  space  separates  them  from  the  outer  section,  which, 
iiiiiijcdiatcly  lichiiid  the  inner  nares,  are  about  as  loii^  as  the  latter  are 
wide,  and  do  not  pass  exterior  to  their  outer  border. 

There  are  twelve  costal  furrows.  The  tail  is  compressed,  Init  not 
hijih. 

The  C!»1(U'  ai)pears  to  have  been  of  a  uniform  brown  above  and  on  tlio 
sides,  brownish  yellow  beneath.  On  the  sides  daiker  vertical  blotelies 
can  be  detected  in  the  sinjile  specimen  before  me.  Similarly  indistinct 
markiiij^s  are  visible  on  the  tail. 

The  \ery  convey,  frontal  re;;inii  and  the  concave  interrupted  .m  lies  of 
teeth  alone  distinjiuish  this  variety  from  the  .1.  t'Kjrininn  of  the  West. 

It  dillers  from -I.  //7/»H»«n»f  the  Kast  in  much  larjier  inner  nares 
and  more  widely  .separated  nostrils,  tiie  inner  borders  of  the  two  beinj^ 
at  about  the  .same  distance,  instead  of  liavin;;  the  latter  more  approxi- 
mated. The  toii;jiie  is  wider,  as  well  as  the  liea  I.  The  teeth  are  more 
V-slnipetl  and  roach  farther  forward.  The  outline  of  the  limits  of  the  V 
is  concave  antero  externally  and  is  interrupted  by  spaces  equal  to  the 
wide  nostrils,  the  outer  section  not  extending'  itcyoiid  the  nostrils. 

The  specimen  which  lepie.sents  this  variety  is  Irom  l-ort  Des.Moiue.s, 
Iowa  (No.  auOi.) 


^  ,. 


TTTE    IJATFtArHIA    OI'    NolMII    AMI'.IMCA. 


79 


I 


"'' 


The  duiriU'tern  of  llui  xiirii'tv  (Mliforniciisii  (Amhli/slDinn  cnlifoi  niennv 
dray)  aro  as  I'ollows: 

The  proportions  ami  j;«'H('ral  (;liat'a(;trr  of  \\w  f^lands,  pits,  etc.,  ajuxMr 
liilicli  lik«'!  tlios<' of  vl.  //</»•/»»/»  ;  ill  soiiKMt'spccits  ol' .1.  ;j»//{/ff/«;H.  I 
do  not  <h'to<!t  any  patches  ot'  lai}j;('  pon-s  on  the  top  of  thi'  head  and 
nock  in  one  speciiiien,  hnt  in  another  a  series  of  hir},'e  whitish  dots  he- 
neatli  the  epidermis  seems  to  indicate  their  presence.  Of  these  one 
patch  is  phieed  on  top  of  the  liead,  within  tlie  orbit;  another  on  thc^ 
parotid  rej^ioii.  Some  pores,  however,  are  distimitly  visihh".  behind  tlie 
aiifjle  of  the  mouth,  sending  forward  a  seiies  ah)!i;;  the  iiMrj^in  of  tlie 
lower  jaw  under  the  tdiiii. 

The  head  is  broad,  but  also  h)nj,',  the  width  beiiiji"  decidedly  less  than 
the  distance  from  snout  t(»  {^idar  fohl.  Tlie  yape  is  very  lai'ije,  the 
len}i;th  nearly  two-thirds  the  width.  The  width  in  seven  spi'cimens  is 
contained  \h  tinn's  in  the  distance  (rom  snout  to  fjroiii ;  in  one  s[)eciineii 
4  times  only.     The  eyes  are  separated  only  by  'IK  lengths  of  tlu^   (U'bit. 

The  t(Hi;.'ue  is  very  larj,fe,  nearly  lillintj  the  whole  lower  jaw.  It  is 
three  fourths  the  widtii  of  the  head. 

There  is  quite  a  dill'erence  in  the  character  of  the  palatine  teeth  of 
the  ten  specimens  before  nie.  In  both  the  central  jtart  of  the  series  lb.  ms 
a  decided  V>  ('>*'  nii;;le  siiarp,  and  reaching  to  tlie  anterior  margin  ot 
the  inner  nostrils.  The  limbs  extend  backwards,  sli^'htly  in  an  3  shapi', 
a  slnu't  distance  behind  the  inner  nostrils  and  in  line  with  their  inner 
border,  and  then  connect  with  the  external  sc^nieiils  of  the  jialatine 
series,  which  extend  (iie.irly  transversely,  but  a  little  obliipiely  back 
wards)  to  a  line  with  the  outer  iiiarj;iii  of  the  inner  nostrils.  In  both 
specimens  the  two  sides  (»f  tliepalariiie  seiies  a;e  lui  synimetrical  and 
of  niieqnal  It'll  j^tli.  One  specimen  shows  a  distinct  interval  bet  ween 
the  central  V  i"i<l  <''<'  hiteral  sejiiiieiif.  as  well  as  at  the  an;;ie  of  the  V; 
ill  the  other  the  four  elements  are  contiiiiioiis. 

Then'  appear  to  be  twelve  costal  furrows.  The  tail  is  compressed,  but 
not  lii;;h;  in  one  specimen  it  isas  loii;i  as  head  and  body;  in  another 
»Ii(»rt»'r.  Shows  a  slmrp  rid^i'c  above  from  near  the  base  ;i!id  for  the 
terminal  half  below  in  oii(>  spetamcn;   not  so  much  in  another. 

The  limbs  are  well  developed,  the  di;;its  depres.sed  ami  trianj^ular, 
but  le.ss  so  than  in  many  atpiatic  Anihlii-stnindfa, 

The  (M»lor  of  the  sjiecies  is  blackish  in  alctihol ;  rather  i)aler  below. 
On  each  side  i>\'  the  belly  or  lower  part  ol  tin'  sides  of  body  and  tail  is 
a  series  of  brij;lit  sulphur  yellow  spots,  mostly  nearly  circular,  .some- 
times  obloii;;,  and  varyiii}?  in  size,  tlioiin;||  ^jcnerally  lar<;er  than  the 
orbit.  The  spots  are  few  in  number:  live  or  six  from  h.ead  to  tail  and 
four  or  live  on  the  side  of  tail. 

In  one  of  the  specimens  aresume  smaller  rounded  spots  on  each  side 
of  tlu^  diir.sal  line,  three  or  four  in  each  series.  These  are  not  syui- 
nuitrically  dispo.sed,  as  in  .1.  pKiicfdlinn. 

As  Dr.  Gray  remarks,  this  variety  lias  a  certain  resemblance  exter- 


i-^lC 


;> 


F  ^ 


J-WB-8 


I 


yi 


IJIi; 


80         un.i-KTix  ;ii,  itmtki)  states  national  museitm. 

nallv  to  .1.  |nn,rl>lfll>n,^^■h\<•\\,  liow.-v.T,  iicvrr  fxliil.its  flic  scru's  of 
spots  oil  111.-  si.l.-  of  l.clly  iiii'l  lower  piirl  of  sides  of  bo.ly  iiiid  t;ul,  tlio 
spots  liciii-'  .'onliiKMl  I.,  til.'  vi.'iiiily  ..f  tli-  ii.'.li.m  linf  iibow.  In  .1.  /. 
ctli/ornieiisc  wUi'W  .lorsal  sp.Us  ...•ciir  lli.'V  :nv  l.'ss  iv^-uliir.  tli.ni^ii  of 
iiMicli  the  siiiiie  si/..'.  In  Ivpi.-iil  .1.  rujrin>im  tlie  vcllow  spots  inc.  iniirli 
smaller.  111. >n'  numerous,  an. 1  iii.nv  seatieicl:  very  i>i.>iiiiiieiil  mi  llic 
lielly.  Tli.'iv  are  ma:iy  essential  .litlerenees  in  foiiii  iVoiii  .1.  innirtn- 
tum—iis  the  re  m  i.l.'ly  s.'para'e.l  .'xtenial  nostrils,  t li.^  anterior  an- 
gle (»f  the  palatines,  the  tlepresse.l  short  (limits,  more  eoinpress*-.]  and 
sharply  ridded  tail.  et.-. 

A  description  of  a  specimen  of  var.  r  may  al-o  he  usel'nl  for  refer- 
ence. 

The  form  is  very  heavy  and  clumsy  :  the  head  very  broad  :  the  f-apo 
twice  as  wi.l.'  as  loii^-.  The  iiiii.'r  nan-s  are  al).)ur  as  fai-  ajtarl  as  the 
outer.  The  gnlar  tol.l  is  very  (list In.  t  and  ovci  laiipiii^  ;  the  neck  much 
constricted.     There  is  no  dorsal  .i;roove  disliintlv  cvi.leiit. 

The  tail  is  mii.'h  .•oiiipr.  sscd  ai..l  elevate.l.  In  the  ly|»e  selected 
there  is  a  sharp  lidyf  above  and  liel.iw  ii.'ar  tli.'  tip. 

The  limbs  are  rat  hei' short  ;  iIh- .ligils  \i'i>  broad  at  the  base.  lrian;;u- 
lar,  and  mucii  depressed.  Then'  is  litll.-  ai)prc<iable  di'Vcreiicc  in  the 
length  t>l'  the  third  and  tbiii  i  h  toes. 

The  toii^iiie  is  v.'iy  br.ia.l,  wi.l.r  than  Ion::.  Illliii^  the  lami  anteriorly 
and  consi.leiably  more  than  halt' the  wi.llh  .if  the  head. 

The  palatine  I. '.'Ill  rorm  a  nearly  conlinii.tiis  series;  nearly  slraij;lil, 
but  slightly  obtuse  antcri.trly  wli.'!.' it  reaches  to  the  lin.'or  Ihc  p.iste- 
rior  bonier  of  the  inner  nares.  Latcra"'  <li.'  scries  c\  lends  onedianieti'r 
of  till'  inner  nares  iM-yoiid  their  oilier  .  ..;;in.  The  limbs  of  (lie  \ery 
obtuse  V  ar.'  iiol  straiuhl.  but  slightly  b.iwsliapcd.  There  is  a  wliyiit 
interriii»tioii  alon;^  the  median  liii.'. 

The  ^nouii.l  color  is  jmrplish  black,  with  tiansvensely  elonj^ated 
blotches  of  yellow.  These  appear  lobe  ai  I  aii,L;.'il  ill  oiie  .loisal  series 
on  each  side  tint  median  I  in.'  ol  the  iia.k  (.'omin,:;  up  l.t  il  am!  the  o|)|»>- 
site  (uies  Komeiimes  conllueiit),  ;  ml  aiDthei  on  the  side  cf  the  belly,  of 
]iU';4'er  size  and  as.'.Mi.lin;;  lii;:li  on  the  si.les.  The  latter  arc  soiiielinies 
more  or  less  conlluent  on  1 1.  ■  sam."  si.le.  The  cential  rc;;i.ni  of  the 
belly  is  ;;-eiieralIy  .)f  the  dark  j^roiin.l  .'olor.  There  may  be  six  or  ei^T; 
of  th'.'sc  blotches  from  liea.l  lo  base  of  tail,  and  as  many  on  the  si.le  of 
the  tail,  wher.',  in.lce.l,  ih.'y  ;;('iieially  form  y.'ll.iw  liii^^s,  interrupted 
below.  Till' limbs  are  bl.it.the.l  bla.-k  ami  y.'Uow  in  ab.ml  e.iiial  pro- 
jiortiiuis. 

fr'-jiiirliiiriiil  iliiidiisiDiis. 

(Fp.^c. — !t',l."iril.  Amliijxinma   iiiiiiniiii,  Foil  liiiss,  N,   .Mi-x.) 
n.'ii.l : 

l,Cll;;lll    c'";;.'!!!!'    Ill'  111!  HI  til    I'l     il.S    Willtll Oll.'-llillf. 

Wiillli  (il";;a|M'  of  iiKiinIi  to  ili.st;iiicc  IVoni  siio.il  to  ;;iil:ir  ir:M. . .    f«iilill. 

Width  .ir>,'a|)n  ornmiitli  to  distaiicc  (Voiii  mm  mI  to  j^ioin font  aim  d  :!',  tiiiicH. 

Width  of  >{ajie  <'fiuoutii  to  .Uslanci'  tVom-uoia  to  bebiuil  aims JJ  uiiu'n. 


V      1 

I 

T 


•^ 


aaaasa^g^- 


Tllli    JtATUAClliA    OF    NORTH    AMliUiCA. 


«1 


V      i 


I 


Ucilil-  ('otilililicd. 

I''iiiiii  .sMiiiii  to  ;{iilai' I'dIiI  ciiiitiiiiicil  in  ilislani'i' IVoni  siimit  (<i  ^roiii  .       'M  tiiiiL'8. 

I''iiiiii  siiiiiit  It)  ;r|iiai'  I'liM  (Miriluiiii'il  in  ilislaricc  Ironi  snout   to  licliiiid 
anils ■\\  liincH 

iJistaniu-  aiitfliinl.v  licl  ween  rvrs  in    lcii;itli  (il'oiliit   W  (iliifs. 

I >istaiifi' I'loin  I'.Vf.s  to  noHiriis  in  Iciiiitli  ol' orliit  l-j-  liiiu'. 

Itistaiuf  lu!t\v<'cii  cxliTiial  iio.stiil>  in  icniftli  of  orliit nearly  'i  liiiu's. 

|)iHlutii:t;  Ih'I  With  internal  nostrils  in  leM;;t  li  ol'  ol  liil   ..   v,']   tiineH. 

Wiiltli  of  ton^jiie  to  widtli  of  lieail    ratlicr  more  tlian   .}   time. 

Iiiinlis: 

Kne  porlion  ol"  longest  linger  eonlaiiied  in  tllstanee  from  elliow  to  tip..   W  times. 

Free    porlion    ol'    lonj;est    toe    conlained    in    ilistanee    from    Uiiee    to 
tip nearly  ■•  timi's. 

Distance  lietweeii  onlstl'etelied  toes  in  length  from  siioiit    to  j;ioin once. 

'Tail:   Lcnj;lli  rroni  iK-liind  anus  to  rest   ol  animal   nearly  eijiial. 

Uody  :  Niinilier  ol'  costal  I'lirrows  ( inuliidiiiii  axill.sry  and  iiij;iiiiiiil) 12 


,  '■ 


Miii^iin  nil  nil,  ill  iiicliifi. 

!,enj;lli,  measured  alon;;  axis  ol'  liody:  lie. id — (''ontiiincd  : 

l''roiii  snout  to  u,ape til)  Distance  liel  ween  inner  iiostiil.-i        If) 

I'min  snout   to  ;;nlai    told l.iHl  Tail: 

I'rom   snoni    to   ;;roiii :!..Mi  lleii^lit  of  tail  wliere  liij;lie8t 75 

I'roui  Niioiil  to  liehind  anils t.  .'ill  lireadtli  of  tail  where  Iii^liest..      .  15 

I'rom  siioiit  to  end  of  tail l.nii  l.imlis: 


Head: 

Width   of  head 1.(15 

Width   of  t<iny;ne 55 

l,eli;;tll  of  lon;;iie 15 

l,eii;;th   of   oilii! ,  V!',! 

Dislanic    lietwceii    eyes   .inli'li- 

oily    *i5 

Disl.ince  liclwiin  outer  iiosliils     .  |(i 


I'n  e  portion  of  loime.st  liii^fer..  . ;{() 
from    elliow     Id    lip    of    loiif^esl 

tinker 'J5 

l''ice  poi  t  ion   of  loiijie-t    toe ;W 

From  knee  to  tip  of  lon-icst  toe  1.15 
Distance  lietween    oiilsl  retched 

toes. :l.50 


4 


r 


' 

) ' 


I'l  HllllllllllKll     llillllllnillllH. 

fSpec.    lii'.H'i.     ('iiiiaridii  Kiver. ) 
Head: 

l<eli;;lli  ol   ;;ape  of  "iioiith    to   its   w  idt  ii a  lion  I  one  half. 

Widt  h  to  di>tancc  I'loiii  snout  to  ;inlar   told e(|iial. 

W  id  III  (o  distance  from  snout  lo  j^Kiin t  times. 

I'rom  snout  to  ;;iilar  fold,  contained  in  distance  Irom  snout  to  i^ioln  ....    |  times. 

from  snout    to  uiil.ii  fold,  contained  in  distance  frimi  siioiii  lo  lichind 
anus nearly  5  timt'H. 

Distance  anteriorly  liet  w  cell  lyes  in  length  id' orliil ;!  tiii-'s. 

Distance  Irom  eyes  to  Host  rils  in  leii^t  h  of  oiliii I ',   tj 

Itistailce  hetweeii  cNlernal  imsllils  in  len;;lli  of  orlut neaily  \!  Ii 

Disl.'inee  lint  ween  interii.il  nostrils  m  leiinlli  of  orliit      -J  limes. 

Will  til  ot'  toiii;iic  to   w  idth   of  head little  over  A   time. 

I.iimlis : 

l''ree  portion  ol'  longest  linuer  conlained  in  lUslaiicc  I'loni  dliovv   to  lip  ;t|   times. 


I"'rec  porlion  of  loimest   toe       ntaiiieil  in  distance  t'loiii  knee  to  tin 


p '.i^  times. 

Di>l:ince  lietween  outstretched  Iocs  in  leii^^th  from  snout  lo  <;roiii       .'ihoiit  e(|ii;il. 


liodv 


Width  com]  la  red  with  that  o'"  head   eijiial 

Niimlier  of  costal  furrows  ( indudin;^  axillary  and  in;;iiiiial) 12 


rv:«:~r.iiii  .n — c- 


^li 


■ii? 


82  IIILI.M'IN    M,    lIMTi:!)    STATIvS    NATIONAL    MIISKIIM. 

.]tiiisiinm(iil,  ill  iiiiliix- 

J...n..|l,,.m-M-s.imlal...,-axis..nH«l.v:         ,  Ho.ly-Continur.l : 

,',:,'  Dintaiici'   lii'twfcii    aniipil    aiMl 


|'"|(.M1  MIOIII    ttlHJ'l"' ' 

Kn.iii  MMMil  1(1  fiiiliii-  Colli I."" 

I'roiii  siiiiiit  |ciaiin|iil I--'' 

|"iiiiii  siiipiil  III  yriiiii 


^'111111 


Tail: 


:t.  no 

From  siKiiit  Id  liiliiiiil  aiiiiM 1.  T.'i 

I'riiiii  siioiil  III  t'lul  '>*'  '"'' ^'  "•' 

ilrail: 

Wi.llli  of  lii'Mil '■"" 

Lcii;illi  iiC  iirliit -" 

Distaiirr    lirlwrcli     i-Vi'.s    aiiti'li- 

(illy •"'•' 

Pi-laiH'i'  lii'lvMfii  (iiiliT  iiii>liils     .'.i't 
1  (islaiicc  lirlwccii  iiiiiiT  iKisli'ils     .  lili 

r>iiil\  : 

CiKUIllti'lrlur    of  liiii.V :!."."> 


llri;;lil  "f  lail  wlicri-  Iu-;licst   ..        7(1 
Unadlli  of  lail  wlicn'  lii^flifsl ..      .In 
Lliiilis : 

Free  portion  of  longest  liiiifcr..      .  ii? 
From   clIiDW    to    lip   of    loiii;cst 

liiijirr 'X> 

V'rvv  portion  of  Ioiihi'sI  toe ;t;^ 

I'rmii  kiici' to  lip  of  loiiy;('sl  Ikc   1.  •_'.') 

nistalUT     ln!t\V«'('ll    OIllstlTlcllfll 

I  tics ;{.  r)ii 


I'lnimylKiiiiil  diiiii  iisiimn. 
(Spec.  10""J.    'I\v.{.';;.at'. ..'.  /tono/ohc,  'I'ainaiilipa^). 


III. Ill: 


l,(  ii;;tli  of  >;aiM'  of  iiioiilli  lo  ils  wiiltli iiioir  lliaii  lialf. 

\\  iillli  of  ;;,ipr  of  iiiiiiilli  to  ilislami'  lioiii  siiiiiil  In  ;.'iilai   fold  .  . .    not  i|i,        ciiiial. 

Wiiltli  of  ;;apr  of  inoiiili  lo  (listanci'  fioiii  siioiil  to  ;;iiiiii iirarlN    tliiiii's. 

Wiillli  of  ^ape  of  iiiiHitli  to  (listaiirc  from  simiil  lo  lii'liiml  anils     IJ,  liml■^. 

I'loiii  siii/iil  lo  ;;iilai  folil  roiitaiiiril  iii  ili>lani  r  iVoiri  snoiit  lo  i;niin ;>.(  tinii's. 

I'rom  siioiil  to  ;,'iiiar  foiil  ronlai 1  in  ilislancr  from  snout  to  liiliiml 

anus I  timt'N. 

I  )i  si  ami'  anicnorly  lift  ween  ryrs  in  li'in,'lli  of  oiliil I!  I  inics. 

histanri'  fioiii  ryes  lo  nostrils  in  Irnntli  of  tiiliit      1  tiliic. 

I  (island'  lirlw  ii'ii  I'xtiTiial  nostrils  in  iriiul  li  of  orliit iirarly  'i  t  iiiics, 

Itislanii'  lictwci'ii  iiiti'inal  nostiils  in  lcii;;i  li  nf  mliii nraily  ','  t  inn-.s. 

Width  of  lonum'  to  will  111  nf  head nmir  I  lian  half. 

Liinlis: 

I'l'i'i   |i;ii'|iiin  of  liiii^ii'st  lin^i'f  I'linlaini'il  in  liislaiiri' fiom  lilimv  to  tip       :itinu\s. 

Fire  poriiiin  uf  Inn^isl  toe  containi'd  in  di.stani'i'  fmni  knii-  tu  iip :i  liiiirN. 

Tail :   I, II  Iii  III  In  nil  hcliind  anus  In  irsl  nf  animal less. 

l!nd\  :   Niimliii  of  nistal  fiiliou  s  ( inrlndin;f  axillary  and   iii;;iiinal; I'J 

Miiisiin  iiiiiih,  ill  iiicliin. 


Li'n;;lli,  mcasiiri'd  alonj;  axis  nf  hndy  :  'I'ail  : 

I'rom  SI I  lnj,'api' :!l  llfinht  nf  tail  w  hciv  lii;;hrst  . . 

Finm  snout  to  oi,l;,r  fnid tin  liivadlh  nf  tail  w  lurr   lii;;hiNl. 

Fmm  snout  In  armpit ;i(l  |,imhs: 


Flom  slinill    lni;rnin "J.dO 

From  snipiil  to  hchind  anus    o.  Ill 

From  snout  In  iiid  nf  lail 1.  10 

Iliad:  I 

Width  of  head W 

Distance   liclwi'i'ti   cvfs  antcri-  i 

'•'• '. :ti 

Disi  M'twiMMi  outi'r  nostrils     .i2;i 

Distance;  liotwccn  inni'i  nostrils     .'il  , 


Fill'  pni  I  ion  nf  inii;;i'sl    liii'^cr  .  . 

I'rom    illmw    In    lip    oi'    liili;;c.sl 

tiiifii'r 

I'lir  pnilinn  nf  inii^fsl    Inr 

I'lom  km  r  In  I  ip  nf  lnnt;i'st  Inc. 

I)istanrc  lii'twi'i'ii   niilsln'tihcd 

I  lies 


.  I-,' 

•,'ll 

.till 
.  Ill 
.III 

I.Tf) 


r 


t 


M 


r 


,, 


iiii;   i;.\  rii'AciiiA  or  noktii   A.MKuifA.  83 

I'lDflDI  lillllllt     llillll  IflllllH. 

(S|(rc,    IH'I.      Iiiili'i^hmiti  h  iiihniiti  iiilil'i>riili  iisi ,  I'ctatlllllii,  miI'I  mt.) 
li.M.l 

Will  til  III  «lisl;iiiiT  tVoiii  HI  Mill  I  I"  pillar  (olil I J  liiiics. 

Willi  li  III  ilislaiiii-  I'll  III!  sill  Ml  I  111  jj;ri>iii U  liiin-s. 

I'l'iiiii  siiiiiil  til  ii^iilai  I'lilil  ciiiilaiiii'il  ill  ilislaiii'r  tVniii  siiiuil  to  i;i'iiin  . . ..   ',\',  tiiiic.'i. 

l-'niiii  siiiiiil  til  I'lilai'  I'lilil  I'lHiiaiiii'd   in  ilislaiii-c   IVuiii  siiiiiit   In  licliiiiil 
anus U  t  iiiu's. 

l>istainT  aiilfi  iiirly  lii'l  wmi  r\fs  in  1imii;i1i  iiforltit '.'A  linirs. 

I  >islani'r  I'll  nil  ryes  to  linsl  lils  in  li'iinlli  ut'  inliit 1 ',  times. 

Dislancf  lift  vvccn  cNli'inal  iinstrils  in  lrii;;lli  ut'  mliil I  i  liiiirs. 

1  Mslanci'  lii't  Willi  iiitiTiial   nnsiiils  in  Irnnlli  ut'  urliit not  '2  liiiifs, 

Willi  li  111'  ti>n;;iir  Id  will  111  III'  lii'ail    twn-tliirils. 

Linilis  . 

I'l'i'i'  iiiirl  inn  III'  iiini;rsi  liii^rr  I'uiilaini'il  in  itistancc  t'nini  i-lliuw 

to  t  i|i nut  i|nitr  :i  t  inirs. 

ri'i><- portion  of  liiii;j;rsl  tm- containi'il  in  dislaiin'  I'riitn   kiirr|iiti|i      itiiincs. 

Tall  ;    lii'iii^tli  I'll  nil  ln-liiinl  amis  to  ii'sl  i  it'  animal less. 

Midsiin  nil  Ills,  ill  ilichrs. 
I,rn;;t  li,  inrasiinil  aloiifi  a\isi)t' liiiily  ;  ISoily:     IHstancr     lictwi'fii     aini|iit 


I'liiiii  siiiinl  III  najii' In 

Fioni  siiuiit  III  Liiilar  I'lilil ■■."i 

From  siiiiiit  liiariii|.it I.V.'.'i 

I'lom  snout  III  ;;riiiii    It.iMi 

I'rum  sunlit  to  luliinil  anus    ....   ;!.7."i 

I'linii  siiiiiil  III  cml  of  i.iil (i. ','(1 

lliail  : 

Willi  li  of  licad    TO 

Willi  li  III'  loiij^nr J."i 

l,i'n;{lli  of  iii'liil !» 

Ilistanri'    lirlwi'in   ryrs    antrll- 

orly Ill 

Dislancf  lictwcrn  outer  nostrils     .  ;tit 
IHstanee  lielwcen  inner  nostrils     .  :tn 


anil   ;;roin l.TTi 

Tail: 

lleis-lll  of  tail  where  lii^iliest    ..         :!it 
lliiailtli  of  tail  where  !ii;;lies|..        1- 
Liinlis  : 

free  inirl  ion  of  loii;;est  lin;;er..      . ','> 
I'roiii    elliow     to   ti|i    of    li)n;;esl 

linger -^it 

free  port  ion  of  liili;;()sl   toe :!(! 

I'l'inii  knee  to  t  ip  of  lon>:e>|  toe        .'.til 
Distanee    lietween    oillst  retelieil 
toes '.i.  -^t 


Habits,  etc, — The  lai'vic  of  llii.s  .spi'iMiss  iiic  t'xcuu'iliiioiy  iilmmhmt  in 
all  .still  water  in  the  ii'ocli.v  Moiiiitaiii  Kt'oioii  and  tlic  I'laiiis.  Tlii'v  au' 
rapaciDii.s,  ratiii.o  aiiiiiial  I'ooil,  anil  taUinj^Mlic  liook  icadily.  Late  in 
tin' sniiiiiici'  llifv  citiiipk'tt'  their  mctainofitlio.si.s  and  take  to  tiie  lainl, 
wIh'ic  tlie.v  hide  in  the  In  le.s  iif  niaiinots,  l>ad.!ner,s,  etc.  l-'foin  tliese  (hey 
eineio('  diiiiiiii'  and  al'tei'  rains.  The  iarxa-  ai'e  iniieli  less  lVe(|iiently 
seen  in  tlie  Mast,  wheic  the  species  is  less  abundant,  and  tlu' opjun'tu- 
iiities  (tf  eoneealtiieiit  an' oi,.;it,.|'.  .Market  Fjake  is  a  temporary  Imdy 
«)!"  water  c(»\('iiiio  many  stpiat'e  niih's  in  eastern  Idaho,  it  is  forint'd 
l>v  the  overllow  oj'  llieSiiaki'  Kivei' in  spiino.  On  its  shores  1  have 
loiind  this  species.  On  tiiv'  shore  of  an  adjacent  pond  of  more  perina 
neiit  character  I  have  ohserved  this  species  oeeiipyinj;  vertical  holes, 
which  were  kept  tilled  with  water  by  occasional  waves,  but  from  which 
llieir  heads  eiiieri;-ed  into  the  air.  In  this  position  their  branchia'  were 
;iradiially  absoibed.  An  adult  I'roiii  New  .lerscy  occupied  a  biiriow  in 
!lic  soil  III' my  Icrncry  for  several  weeks.  The  Inirrow  had  two  oriliees, 
III  one  or  the  ittlu'i  nl  which  its  head  ciUild  be  o;(.n»'rally  si'eii,  observing 
what  wa>  t;oiim  on. 


\ 


»    I 


H 


» 


^m^Sm^S^Sm 


sssm 


St 


III  I,M;TIN    :i1.    t'MTKI'    MA  IKS    NAIIONAI,    .MISi;";.M. 


I'ltili'ssor  iJiiinl  lirsl  iviK-luMl  tlif  roiicliisictii  lli:i(  llic  ciiily  stiiyo  of 
this  species  is  a  Siretloii,  iiii<l  lie  siis|»e('te«l  on  lluK  ;i<r«'()iiiil  tliiit  tlii' 
Siriiloii  iiir.ilriinns  of  llie  valley  ot'  Mexico  is  the  luiva  of  an  niilviiown 
species  of  Aim1>1\ sioina.  I.oiijr  al'leiwanls  Pro!'.  AM;;iiste  Diiiiieril 
ri!cei\c(l  some  laiva'  ol'tlie  .1.  tifiriniim  iVoin  Mexico  and  ol»s(!ive<l  their 

III,. I: rphoscs  in  the  reptih'  honse  of  tlie  .lanliii  des  IMantcs  of  I'aris. 

lie  siippttsed  the  species  to  Ix'the  Sirnhm  mcrini  ii  it  in,  hni  I  showi-d 
that  it  was  liie  Ainhlijslitmii  liiiriiiiiiii  {''  iiiaforliiiin^'),  alter  an  examina- 
tion of  sjiecimeiis  sent  l»y  liim  t(»  me  to  riiiladelphia.*  Since  then 
ridfessor  .'\Iaish  at  New  Haven,  and  .Madame  Clianvin  in  Switzerland, 
have  observed  the  iiiclam  Mjtliosis  ol  the  same  species.  I'rofessor  I)u- 
meiil  also  showed  that  il  can  reprodncc  while  still  hianchiferoiis. 

JSiirilon  iiic.rindiinii  \\'a'^\.  {Aiiihli/sfoiiiti  iiiixintniim  Cope)  inhaltits 
Lakes  ("halco  and  .\ocliimilc<»,  in  thexalleyof  Mexico.  Its  metamor- 
phosis has  never  iieeii  oltserscd,  l»nt  il  is  asserted  by  I.  iM.  N'elasco  to 
lake  place.  It  is  readily  distiiijiiiished  from  the  larva  of  the  Aiiihfi/ 
stoiiiii  liiiiinuin  by  its  color.  Il  is  of  a  piiikisli  tiiay,  and  is  covered 
with  imiiK'roiis  small  ronnd,  «liisky  spots,  rather  closely  placed.  While 
neaily  related  to  the  larva  of  the  .1.  tii/rlitinii,  il  is  clearly  a  ditVereiit 
form.  Should  il  piove  to  be  the  case  thai  il  does  not  niider.uo  a  mela 
inoiphosis,  the  ^cniis  Sired(»n,  of  which  it  is  the  type,  niiisl  be  retained. 
A  second  species,  the  .S'.  iluiin'rili,  has  been  described  by  l)ii;;<'\s  from 
Lake  Tatzciiaor  in  the  Stale  of  (inanajnalo.     lis  color  is  uniform. 


r 


■t- 


.Imliliii^loiiiii   hiininiiii  (iiiiii. 
i;ksi;i;vi:  skuiks 


;i 


(':ilalci^in   N 

1  III 

niiiiilM'i.     s| 

IIT. 

:m7u 

1 

wm  1 

1 

insKii 

1 

lli'.IT 

H 

Iti'.H 

III 

UIH8 

j 

1IH)H2  ' 

1 

UU.'O 

1 

Mm 

I 

3990 

1 

4U0M  . 

1 

:i9ua  1 

1 

amw  ' 

■J 

40U7 

a 

IIXO.^ 

1 

4U4U 

2 

4)!Ut 

Ii 

4iiu:i 

Ii 

:t't7i 

fi 

:!lit«i 

1 

'.»!•;> 

ti 

flMl 

1 

K!Ut 

fi 

SI.Vi 

1 

7h:i!) 

I 

OIMI 

' 

.mu 

1 

4l)7!l 

1 

lOH'J 

;i 

l.iii'.llll.V. 


will  II 
ollnli'il 


I'liini  »  liiiin  II  iri\  I  il 


N.iliiii  111  H|M  ri 
null. 


S.  II.    l.Ullll 

I'lias    Al.liiili 

1)1.. I.  K  llfiiil,  Its.  \. 


Dclruit,  Miili A.  Sa;;ii 

Viii;iiiiii    .Si|i|. --.  |!-7I    

Wi  li-li  I  (My    liiw.i         M;i\    Jl,  |H7h     I'lini    Alilliili 

Nnillinii  lllihi.i-        ■ '   i;    K.iiiiirnll. 

W,.-l    Niiiihlh  1.1,  III ..  ill, 

('Iiiiiii;ii.  Ill Sept     7.  1X77  I  Swiiiiv 

KilL'iliilil.  S.  (■  Apr.  — ,  1^7l) 

Wilwtii  I'ily,  Iiiw.i 

I'dii  Kipliv.  Minn 

Ni»    Vi.rk'  

Inilipriiilino'.   Mil  . .   ' 

KiK-iilKilli',  Ky 

Mi»l.s-.i|i|ii      

N'lillllrln  IliillilH     

Saint  I is.  Mo 

I.akr    Kiuiiiilo.    <  'hi      

Iiiialiiia. 

Wi-l    N.illlillrl.l.   Ill 

K.HHlr,  W  is 

('nlilnilills.  llliiii 

Niw  Mi\iiii     

I'lPil  I'liiiin.  \.  Mr\ 


Dr.  .I.(i  (  iiiiiiir 

Ilr   riiiiM.  II.W.Iil. 
Or.  Ii.  V.  Sliiiiiiai'il  .. 
I!    Ki'iiiiii'iiit  


.1.   I'litl.s 

Ii     Killllinilt    

I'll. IS   !•.  r.aiiil 

I'liil    I..  I.I  M|Mrli'll\     

.'    Ilr  .1    I,.  l.iCnlll.-     

I'llrl    I  'iinnrll 


Null  las,  N.  Ml  v       ..       Hi   i '  (1    Vrw  In  1 1 

liiMiilnCaiiiin,  .\iiz   liin.i.il  W    K  M    .\iii\ 

Aii/<piia    ,  |8;i  .1   M   l;„i|,.r  

l''orl  Kcviiiilils  A.  ('li>iii;li 

I.iiiil    W'.  r,  Caijiriilii     I 

S.  \ . 

I'inl  lili-s,  N   Mix   ..   '     Or.S  W  riav\  li.nl,  r   ■     \    ' 

I'liit  liinlnn,  Mil      !(,.  K   V    ||.,m|,.„   . 

laniaiilipaN    Mrs      |i,    i,   A    K.hvanls.  f  S  A     ' 

I'liiii  iililio^  |'|lil,ii|rl|.|iiii  .\.  ;|(liiii\  ,    i-J.",> 


Ali'iilii 

Aln.lii 

Ilii 

III! 

I  III 
1 1.1 
I  I.I 
Oil. 
III. 
|)i. 
1 1.. 
III. 
Ii.i 

Hi. 
III. 
I  III 

Mil 

III. 
I  III 

Alnilii 
Al'i'li. 

III.. 

111. 

Hi. 

III. 

III. 

III. 
Id) 
III. 


i|n  . 


.Ill      l\|H'. 

.Ill 


mm 


TTwrr 


Tin;    I'.ATIJACIIIA    or    NOUIK    AMKI.MfA. 


85 


:i 


.Imlihislitiiiii  liiiriniiiii  (irccii— ('mil  iiuic<l. 
i;i;si:i;vi',  sKiaKs-c.ntiinir.i. 


f'.iiiilii^ni'  Nii.oli 
liiltnlirr .     HfM'r. 


|l',<ll 

■iiiii:. 
•inu7 
iit77r. 

1(177(1 
111"  7 
KIHHH 

lOJIT 
Mijlilll 
Kl'.lill 
:i:iHI 
17"-' 
.•.l.'.7 
:.:i,'iii 

IIX'.I 

IIH'ii: 

lii.'lT 

l(!!i:i 
l'ji>(i:i  j 

Hi:.7 
'.tl^<7 
I'.v.r.' 

ll!f.'S 

i'jiii:i 
WM 
Wi7.'i 
I(I7S 

I. •■.11 

i:i:t<il 

ii''ir. 
it 

!t'K;i 

;i!m'j 

IIMMH 

i.((ij:i 
1 1  f.'7 

Ul'.KI 
47(i(i 

;iKs7 


.'\l'.t 

I  I  -.IS 

llll'.ll 

im:i 

nun 

117.0 

ii'.r.r, 
Kwii:. 

lOS'lll 
HlKiM 

:i>:iii 
'.II  !i; 
iiifr. 

11. '.Ill 

iiLi; 

•Kill 
IIIKI 

iili.*:) 
ItllJ 

I I  I.e. 

I I  l-'T 
.IIITI 

I I I  111 
lili.J 

ItlHI 
IIIKI 
HlSIl 
I IIH7 


I alilv 


MiMilli  !•!  CiiniMKiii 
I'.iit    i;ili'v .  K.itiM 

l.dHlT    I'l.lllf 

I'ml  l,;iiiiiiiii'    W'vii 

ilo 

.   .In     

S\(liii'v,  Nrlir 


Wlii'ii 
lillr.lnl. 


Mi'\iiii    

M.iKiilii 

rclrl.Mon,  I'llll  .  ... 
1. 11'  ijiii  |Kiil<',  Minn 
Kill  I   I'l.liiii.  ('ill 

I'nit  liliili;,.!,  \V\,i 
NM.r;iHU;i    


Kcli.  Ill,  lh7il 


n.i'      .\  IHTS 


S:iiitii  I'V  CriiU     

i   U.u'kCiv.li    

I    M..\i.o       

ll.ih  l.iK.. 

Nr«    .Mislru 

:  Siiiiili    I'.iiK,  Ciilii 

SmiiIm  I''i-.  .\    Mi\ 

I    l''iiil  Sii'i'li',  Wvii 

I   Niiilliriii      I'lminliiiv 
Sui\.-v. 

'  I'llll  i;,Miii;iii  n.iu  .. 

Ill's  MnllM'M,    IllWil 

At  i/.iiii;i     

I'lii  I   riiiirii      

I''iiit   Sl.'.'li'.  \V\ii 
tll(.i»M,('.lll;lilj.      ... 
Ilii)  Miiiilui'-i,  N   Mi'\ 

Silll  l''.li'/;ll  III,    ri'\     

Saiilii  I'l',  N.  Mi'\  

Siiiiiliiin  llliiiiii.'< . . 

1  (   iiii|i  Sii|i|il\ .  Iiiil.  T      

Al.llil.  ri;l 

Vi'lliiw  Htiiiii'   I.iiKi- 

.\iiliiiiii.  .Ml' .— -    — ,  l.»x:i 

l''llll    \Vlll;;atl'    N.  Ml.'^. — ,  l,SK"l 

tiiMii.l  t. ill  an    l.a     

Ann  Ailiiii,  Mlili 


I'liiiii  « liiini  iiiViMil 


.I.II.Claik    

III.  \V.  A.  llainiiiKnil,  1'  S  A 

111   .1    ll.(iii|ii'i' 

(lias.  IJiiliv 

.     ill..... 

.  ill.   

i.ii'iii   s.  \v.  Ci'iw  I'liiii,  r. 
s.  .v. 


("A.  K    

K  llii.'-l  

S  1!.  UIl'i."* 

Hi',  s.  \v.  \Viii.iiiioii.'4i< 


l.li'iiti'iiaiit     IIi'MinliU    ami 
II.'.  I'-   V.  llaMi,  11 

1!    II.  U-aiii     :  

l.li'iil.  1''.  T.  r.iyan,  1'  S  A 
.Mill.  Nat     Mi'xici. 


— ,  1.-KJ 

.Iiiiii'  -.  is7:i 

-—'    -!'l.<7l 

!lJ"'i;'iH7:, 

-  -  -,'iV.-<i 


.liiiilaii  .\  ( iillii'il    . 

.lillill     l>lltl.'4 

Hi.  .1    I'    KiitliiiH'k 


CliaH.  Kiiliv 

III.  K Ciiiii  -t  

r  S  A    IIii.';|iilal  

(')     

I.iiiiti'iiani  r.riLilaiiil     

Cipl  lin  rupi'   . 

Cii.iH.  Unliv        

Di.  Kiil.i'ii Hill    

Hi    W.  I.I. 

M.ijiir  r'.niiiiv 

I '  I      

II     Kriiiiiriill    

III.  r  i:  Wiii'DN,  I'.s  A... 

Pi'.Chai.C,  Ni'al     .  . 

I.ii'iili'iiani  Ilavili'ii     

i;    I'  M.'iiill    

Hi    l;   \V.  Slnilil.ll,  T   S.  A 
Saint  Cli  ail.'s  ( 'ii|li'::i' 
I'l'iif.  S.  K  IJaiiil 


Nat  nil'  i.r  K|M'ri- 
llli'll. 


Alriillnlir 
|l>.. 

hii. 
III. 

Do 
Di. 
Dii. 

I  If. 
III. 

Di.. 
Dm 

Dii 

Dm. 
111. 

D.i 
Hi.. 

111! 

III. 

Do. 

Do. 
.Ml  iiliiilii    l\  |.it. 
.Ml  olmlir. 

Do 

Do. 

Do 

Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Ho. 
Ho 
Do 
Do 
Do. 
Do 
Do. 
Do 
Do. 
Do 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


(IKNKl;  \1.  SKUIK.**. 


Kiiisas  Mroliolii. 

Hill  l''oil  Colli.    l'i'\          Dr  K.  I'.il I     Do 

r.iiilniiM  l'a^.'<,  \\\o I.ii'iil.  1''  'I    I'.ivaii   1'  S  A.  Do. 

Chi'M  nil.'  I'asH        Dr.  K.Sh  ill,   r'.S.  .\    Do 

I'oii  l.aianiii-,  W  mi I.ii'iit  S.  Waiiiii,  T   S  A  Do 

I'lalli' \alli'V.  NiA    .. ('.  Hii'xlor Ho 

I'liit  I'.liss,  N.  Ml  \     Hi.  S.W.Ciawloi,!,  (I.S  A  Ho 

(': 1''..  In-i  isiill    Ho. 

Katisa.'*    ..  Hi    I')   ralinrv '  Ho 

I'l ..  Ho. 

H.'tiiiit.  Mirli A.Sa-i-r Ho. 

Wanlv.'i^aii,  111     i .IWMilnov Ho. 

Noillii'Mi      r.iiiiiiilai'V   ' — ,  IsTl  Hi.  I'l  Coiii's   Ho. 

SlIIM'V.  ' 

(')    ....'. i ..  I'l Do 

N'i'\vM,\i.o I i';     Ho. 

I'l I   S.  I'".  liaii'il   Ho. 

Snili  r...  N.  M.'\     ..   ,   (')  !  Ho. 

l;ii.  U  Islaiiil,  111 ..  .1.  It.  Sai'!;i-'if, i  Ho. 

'    'liana    , -,l,s.v^  (l.l'.IIa.x    Ho 

'onllii'iii  Kaiisii.i    I   ..  ilo      ...  Clias.  Kiiliy     i  Ho 

..  ill.    '. j....ilo.    ili> ..  Ho 

M.iiii'lli,  (lliio I I'lol'i'Hsov  Aiiili'i'vv Ho 

tl     I   I'l Ho. 

!'l    I CI Ho. 

Ni'«    Mi-\ii'i> \.  SMrCji  llan Mi  oliolir  lv;ir. 

(?) .;   Ci   Ali'oliolii'. 

CI CI     Ho 


hi 

H 


..t.1 


r 


CI    I Hi    I'\  V,  Iliivili- 

1  I 


Ho. 


I 


<@e 


SSBSS 


$ 


]* 


Sd  IMM.KTIN    ::i.    rMTHI"    STATKS    NATIoN.M.    .Ml'SKUM. 

.iiiililii»liiiii(i  tiiiriiiinii  Kill I'oniii  list    (ir,i,\ 

W'liiii  ..I  1  Naliiii- iiT  sill  ri 

riillrrli  il.  ""  "■ 


CiilaliiL'iii'  Nil  111 

IHIImIm  T.       M|"T 


l.iiialitv. 


IIWI  •-'      I'.lMliiinii.  ('ill K.Niinui'lM    

II71II  I      K.iNiiiiCal    -.IST'i     (,11-it^n  li^ni 

Illiri  1      i;i  I'iisii  Ti<\  -,IKSI     NrulMiiSii MM  .... 


.Mii.liiilii' 
|ii> 
Dm 


AMIiLVSTOMA    ri.'ISl.Tl'irM  i\<\»\ 

I'riH (Is.  Aciiil.,  riiila.,   Hti7,  |..  I'.U. 

Tlu' species  is  stout  and  lieav.v  in  ItniM;  llie  lieail  \eiy  liroad  nnil 
niiieli  (lepresscd.  Tlie  sliin  is  },nannlated  I).v  citntraction  of  the  alcolml. 
but  in  respd't  lit  jilaiids,  pits,  etc.,  appears  niiicli  like  otiiei  species. 
Tliere  is,  lidwever,  a  de(!ide(l  realiin' in  ccitain  particles  wiiicli  eiinvd 
tlie  paiotoid  re;:ion,  and  are  seen  also  on  tlie  top  of  tin-  head  alonj^  the 
inner  inarjiin  of  the  orbit,  and  perliaps  below  the  ev«'.  I  liaxc  not 
noticed  this  character  in  aiiv  otiiei' species  east  of  the  itocky  Mourdains. 
The  head  is  bioad,  ovate,  ratiier  ]>oiiited  anteiiorl.v.  The  inner  and 
outer  nostrils  are  nearly  the  same  distance  apart.  The  tonjiiie  is  broader 
than  loiifj',  more  than  half  the  width  of  tlie  head,  lillin;;  the  intersi)ace 
of  the  same  anteriorly. 

Tl»'  teetli  are  in  Ibnr  very  distinct  patches,  with  d»'cided  intervals. 
Thoy  form  one  tr.insveise  series,  nearly  straij^ht  (teiitraily  (where  they 
are  in  a  line  with  the  posterior  Ixtrder  of  the  internal  iiares),  but  ciirvin;; 
slij,ditly  backwards  lateially.  The  two  central  patches  aie  wider  than 
the  lateral,  which  vaiy  a  little  in  Icnutli  and  are  separaled  by  iiii  inlei- 
val  half  the  diameter  of  the  inner  nates.  Their  fjistance  from  the  exte- 
rior patches  is  al>oiit  twice  as  j^reat,  the  center  of  the  interval  falliiii; 
about  ()pp(»site  to  the  inner  bolder  of  iiiiiei'  iiares.  The  outer  patches  ex- 
tend about  half  a  diameter  iteyond  the  outer  border  of  inner  iiares. 

The  remaining;'  external  cliaractti'is  of  the  speciincn  are  not  dill'eieiit 
from  those  of  .1.  lifiriinnit. 

The  colors  of  the  specimen  are  much  obscured  by  bad  preservation. 
It  appears  to  have  b(>eii  of  a  iiiiiforii)  dark  blackisli  or  bluish  brow  n,  with 
a  sin;;!e  sei'ics  of  lar^c  transversely  elliptical  blotclics  of  yellow  from 
head  to  tip  of  tail,  half  on  body  and  half  on  tail;  the  foremost  one 
rounded  and  ]>lac(Ml  behind  the  eyes.  Those  of  opposite  sides  nearly 
meet  on  the  back,  and  aic  c(Uilliient  on  the  iipi>er  cdyv  of  tlu'  tail. 

This  is  the  only  species  I  have  .seen  of  the  ■;ioiip  in  which  a  strictly 
transverse  series  of  palatine  tee.th  behind  the  eye  is  divided  into  Ibnr 
{ironjis. 
The  only  known  specimen  is  the  Ibllowinji : 
No.  KKiS;   1  speciMicii ;  ( )cate  Click,  New  Mexico.       9. 
()(!ate("reek  ison  the  eastern  side  of  the  .S:ni;;re  de  (  iisjo  .Moinilains, 
the  .southern  |»ait  of  the  eastern  raii-e  of  the  1,'oeky  .Mountains  in  New 
Mexi(H). 


■I- 


s 


tin;    RArKACIIIA    OF    NOltTIl    AMKIMCA.  87 

l'll>lt(ll  liilllill    (/((»(  (/.flO  11. S-. 

(Spec.    KKW.   (I.Mlc  Kivi  T,  New  Mcxii'tt.      9.) 

Ilrilil  : 

lii'iinlli  of  m:i|>i'  dt'  iiiiiiitli  to  its  will  ill I  it  111'  iiM>rc  I  tin  11  liiilf. 

Willi  li  111  (list  iini'r  (Villi  I  Ml  11  111  I   III  l;ii  1:11    Icilil mil  ijiiili'  I'lpuil. 

Willi  li  111  ilisi;iii('i'  rriiiii  SI  I  111!  I    III  "iiiiu 1  I  imi's, 

I'liiiii  Miiiiit  III  n'llur  I'lilil  riiiil.'iiiii'il  ill  ilisliiiirr  (ViiiM  siiiiiil  lii';riiiii -Jl  linii-s. 

Disl.iiiri'  iiiili'iiiirly  lirt  with  i'\  rs  in  liMi;^tli  nf  iiiliil it  liiiii'N. 

I  (istiiiiiT  riuiii  i'\  I'M  III  iiiisti  ils  in  li'iiiil  li  "I   iU'liil 11  I  iiiii'M. 

nisliinri-  lii'l  wci'ii  oxtcrn.'il  iniMlrils  in  Ini^il  li  nf  nrliil mil  niiid'  .'  t  iiiii'M. 

I  lislanri'  lirt  WITH  111  torn  ill  nostrilM  in  Icnj^tli  nf  miiit 'J  I  iini's. 

Willi  li  III"  li'iiiiMi'  til  Willi  li  of  lii'iul    iiviT  iinr-lialf. 

I^inilis  : 

{•'rt'i'  piiiliiin  nf  1iiiij;i'mI  lin^iT  iinif  aiiii'il  in  ilisiMin  r  1111111  rllmw 

til  I  i|i lit  111'  liver  ;".  I  iiiirs. 

I'rri'  liiill  inn  111'  inli'^i'Ml    I  in'  iiilll  ai  liril   ill  iliMl'llli'r  1111111   klli'i'  In  I  l!i       ...    '.\\   I  i  nil's. 

1  >is|:iiii-i'  lii'l  wi'i'ii  iinlMlirtrlli'il  tors  in  li'ii;;l  ll  Iriilii  si  nil  I   In  "inin  . .    iiliniil   i'(|iial. 

Tail  :   I.i'ii'^lli  I'll  1111  lii'liinil  anus  In  ri-st  of  aiiiinal Itms. 

I'nilv  :   Nniiilii  r  nl'  I  ii^ial  rnri-nws  (i  ml  ml  in;;  a\iilai>  ami  iiii^uiiial )    1  -  ( .'). 

Miiixiii) nil  Ills,  ill  iiiiliiH. 
i.rnu^lli,  ini-asiii'iil  alnii;;  axi-^  ii("linil\  :  |  limlv  :   I  H-iiaiii'i' lii'twi'i'H  ai'iii|iil  ami 


I'lnlll  slinlll    lii^apr In 

r'niiil  sunlit   111  ;^iilai'  I'nlil 'M> 

I'll  nil  Slinlll    111  a  I'll  1|  lit 1.   In 

l''liilil  Mlinill    In  ;;inin ;i.  In 

rinm  Slinlll   tn  lii'Iliinl    anils...    :!. -^11 

I'inm  Slinlll   In  I'liil  111'   tail I'l.  •'Il 

lliail  : 

Wlillll  III'  ili'ifil HI 

Willi  li  III' lniiy;m' I.'i 

LrliHl  li  III'  nrliil      1> 

nisiani'i'    lii'iwi'iii    I'vi's    aiilrri 

nlly ,Ml 

IHstaiii'i'  lirl  WI'I'II  iiiiliT  iiiisirils     . -J-J 
Mislaiiii-  lirlwrin  iiimr  iinsiiils     .'M> 


'4;inlii 


Tail 


I.HI 
.  II ; 


lli'ifilil  nf  tail  wlii'i'i'  lii;;lii'st.  . 
lirrailtli  111"  tail  wlu-ri-  liii;ln'st..       ','1 
Liiiilis : 

Kli'i'  linrlinii  lit'  lnii;f|'sl    liiiy;i'r.. 
I'liim    I'lliiiw    In   tip   (it'   lim^fi'st 

liii^"'"' 

I'm-  pniiiiin  III"  IniiMost  till' 

l''riilii  kliri"  111  I  ip  III"  liili;;rst  tm 

l>islani'i'    lirtwi'i'M    niilstli'tilli  I 

tlH'S 


•Jl'l 


III 


AMItLVSToMA   Ml'lllAS  Cnpr. 

I'm Is.   .\i'ail.    riiiia..   l-ilT,  p,   I'.l.';   .'<l  lamli,  Salaiii.,  p.  <ll ;    Itniili'ii^jiT, 

Calal.  I!ali-.  (irail..  I'.iil.  Miis.,  ml.  ii,  H--.>,  p    i:.. 

Tlic  spcciiiii'M  si'li'i'tcd  as  tlic  type  of  the  (Icscu'iptioii  has  tlii' skin 
soiiicwliat  alU'i't'il  l»y  alcDliol,  s.)  tliat  an  c.xai^t  dosuriptioii  <',iii  iiol  ho 
iiiatlc  (»!' tho  <;hiii(ls,  jiits,  and  p  ires.  Tlicr  '  <1  );'.s  not,  howm't'i',  appoiir 
to  lie  any  inatciial  (lilViTciicc  Iroin  ,1.  tii/riiiinii  in   tlu'so  respects. 

Th(^  head  appeal's  small  in  pidporlioii  to  the  size  of  tlie  animal,  and 
the  cheeks  nniisually  swollen  ;  the  width  of  t  he  head  is  contained  about 
I'oiii- and  one  half  times  in  the  distance  to  yioiii.  The  eyes  are  lathei' 
small,  distant  three  lenn;tlisof  the  oiliif  :  the  iiiiier  nostrils  an*  consider- 
ably more  distant  than  the  «mter.     The  torf;'ne  is  larji'o  and  llesliy,  tilling 


m'':'n 


\  I 


ii 
]  \ 


M 


8SSSS? 


H«         I'.ii.urnx  :!i,  rN'm;i>  staths  naiionai.  miskim. 

the  rami  iuit.Ti.»iI.v,  ami  moiv  than  lialf  fix-  widtli  of  Ww  head.     The 

iiiiM'i'  nostrils  an-  (|"''''  lii<«'''i>'' 

Tlir  palatine  K-ctli  tonsi  a  very  <>l>fns.'  aii;;le  aiiU-rioily,  iracliin-  l(. 
i.lMMit  cpposil.'  tlir  mi.l.llrnf  thr  iniuT  iiaics  aii<I  oNtcii.liii^' lalcially 
iM-ynml  tl.ciii  :.v  alK.iit   ..ih'  <liamct."f.     TIkmv  is  a  sli-l.t    intcmiptim. 

iiloiii;'  111.'  median  line,  imt  no  a|.i>fecial.l. e  elsewhere.     Tlie  Iiml).s  of 

the  V  are  not  entirely  strai-lit.  l»iit  l'»nn  a  double  eiiive  (seairely  apim'- 
eialde)  .Ml  .'a.di  si.h-.  Their  an-  Iw.-lv.'  .-..stal  Kn.ov.-s.  The  p(dvio 
grooves  aie  n.>l  appreeialde,  and  oidy  tiio.se  al  lh»^  Wa.se  ol  the  tail. 


^      (5?. 


^; 


(T- 


^^^ 


•% 


Vli:.  W-  A  iiil'liil'miii  11  i.lnru:      Nil    \\  'S:      . 'i.l  I  ,ii  lin-<    'line 


ii'i) 


Til. 'tail  is  MTV  lonu.  iT>nsi(ler.ii)ly  ese.'.'dini:  the  icst  ol  t he  :iiiimal. 
niiieh  eomiti.'sse.l  from  the  has.'.  tlion;;li  not  .-hnaled  ;  o\al  ill  (Mosssec 
lion,  and   only    h.-eoininu  sharp  ii.-ar  the  tip,  without   any  erest.     No 
fjrooves  an-  visiiile  aloii;^  dorsal  or  ventral  .mtline. 

There  »h>  not  ajipear  l.»  he  any  peeiiliarili.'s  in  Hie  feet  .lisliii<iiii,shiiij; 
it  from  other  a.piatie  .\inl»lystoma.s. 

The  color  ol'  this  species  is  a  yellowisli  olive ;  Ini^-hler  yellow  l»o- 
noath.  with  more  or  less  ana  s|.)iiiosin;i'  or  retieiilalin^  bands  of  wellde- 
liiied  brown  on  the  back  and  si.les,  aiid  a  f.'w  rounded  sjjoIs  of  tlie 
same  on  the  belly.  TIk'sc  ban. Is  in  width  averaj^e,  p.'ihaps,  the  diaiii(>- 
ter  of  the  .*ye,  th.)ii;;h  \aiiable  in  this  respect.  ( 'ompared  with  yl.  ^/ 
(jritiiim,  tlii.s  species  iias  a  i»r.>portionally  smaller  head,  more  prominent 
'ower  jaw,  much  l.)n<>-ei  tail,  and  .lilVei.'iit  c(»lor;  yellow  predominatiii.t; 
in  *lie  (»ne  and  biown  in  the  other.  The  r('lali.)nsliip.  however,  appears 
to  be  very  close.  The  .lij;ifs,  p.'ihaps.  are  narrower,  th.m<;li  also  triaii- 
pillar  and  depressed. 

The  only  specimen  oi'Uw  A-xiphias  yet  kiiowi<  is  from  ('oluinl)ns,  Ohio 

(No.  n ;•..".). 


I 

T 


« ■   ■• 


TIIK    r.AI"l!A('IIIA    or    NOIJTII     AMI'.l.'ICA  89 

AMlU.YsroMA  ,li:n'i;i{S(>MANrM  (ii.ni 

(I'liitc  •,'.'>,  li^'.  11.) 

^Ut\u\  1*11(1 Is,   A'Mil.   I'liila.,  1^(17.  p.   Ilt.'>,   Slr.iiirli,  S.iliim..  p.  f.l:   lloii 

IcnjitT,  (!iit    r.:itr.,  (ini.l.   Ilrit.  Miih.,  cd.   ii,    H"i,   p.   IC.  I'l.  n.  fp^.  •.', 
Siihimnmlni  Ji  (yirKiiiiiiiiiii,  <i\i'f\\,{'im\v.  Miicliiri'.'in  liVi'i'uiii,  p.   (;    llollii.N    A     II  Mp, 

v.p.  r.i,  n.  II. 

\il>liiuiiini Jiffitsoiiiiniii,  'rsrlmili.  I'.iitr.,  p.  !•:!;   l>iiin.  iV   llilti.,  p.  Hil. 

Trilnii  iiifiir.  Hi'  Kav,  N.  V.  I'liini..  III.,  p.  ■<•">,  I'l.  |.'>,  Ii;;.  H.'i. 

Siiliiiiiiuiilni  iiniuiildhi,  Di'  K.iy,  N.  V.,  /.  c,  p.  7^<,  1*1.  'l\.  liy;.  t'.Ci ;    llciiltr  ,  N    A    Ilcip 

V,  p.  (hi. 
.tiiihiislomii  /cll'irxoiiiiiini,  I'liiiiil,  .Imirii.  Ar.  I'liil.i.  (vJ),  i.  p.  •,'-;( 
.tiiililjistiimii  I'lisiiiiil,  ll.'iilow.,  .Iiiii|-Il.  .\r.   I'llilil.  ('.M.  Ill,  p.  I!."i.'>,   I-'Cp.'i. 
.tiiihhisloiiiii  ji  (I'l  rsiitiiiiinim,  viir.    I'lisiimi,  (Jopc,  Vvm-,  Ar.  I'liila.,  l-'w.  p.   I'.'T  ;    I'miilcM- 

firr,  Cut.  li.itr.  (Jrad.  Iliil.  Mum.,  ciI.  ii,  l.-i-^J.  )>.   li'., 

(!nst;il  <;!oov('s  twi'Ivc;  miieoii.s  pores  on  tMcli  .side  of  I  lie  imi/zlc  not 
(^xtriidiii;;' lu'voiid  tlic  urliil.s.  Tcctli  Iniiisvcisf,  or  ikmiIv  so.  in  lliict' 
.si>i'io.s.  No  or  oii<>  iiKlistiiK-t  plantiir  ttiltcrclr.  I']\t('i'ii;il  iiiul  in!  ricil 
iiiii'cs  i>qiiiilist:iiit  ;  lead  colored  to  lirowii  and  Itlack,  witli  or  willioiit 
jiale  or  distinet  lateral  spots. 

Tliis  deliiiitioii  eovers  a  (•oiisideral»le  riinye  (»!'  variation,  wliic.li  is  ex, 
pressed  in  the  following:  diagnoses  of  three  snlispccMes  : 

Width  iiflicaii  I  tci  l..''i  times  in  Irii^lli  tr>  urojii  ;  li'ii^^lli  n\  rye  ■.'..">  liiiii's  in  width  of 
hi'ad  aliiivr  ,   iiiiil'iiriii  lead  rnjiir  to  hrowii I.  /.  i(  (I'lrsnniinnim. 

Wit  h  of  hi'.'id  ."•  tiiiH's  in  li'nj;tli  to  ijroin  :  iciiiiili  ol'  I'Vf  nnc  h.iir  widili  nC  jicacj  lu'- 
t  wren  anti'iior  lantlms  nf  cyi'.s  ;  hlaik  williwhitr  spots  nn  sides  and  hi'll\. 

I.   /.    lull  Villi  . 

Width  cd'  head  .'i  t  imis  to  uroin  :  leimlli  id'  eve  I  .7.'i  in  widi  ii  of  head  as  ,il>o\  c  ;   I  oolh 


:] 


' 


■'1 


:1 


sel  h's  sli 


rlltl 


slendef  ;   nniCorni  h'ad  eojoi' I.  ;'   iiluli 


n 

1' 


Aiiihlifst<ima  })(})is(»ii(iiiinn  JclJ'rr.soiiifininn   (Jreeii. 

The  synonymv  oiven  under  tlie  head  ol  this  speeies  in  o».|i('ral  is 
applieahl(>  to  this  siihspoeies  only. 

Ilody  decidedly  more  slender  and  elonoated  than  in  .1.  puuctdtiim. 
Skin  exerywliere  shio«»th.  and  sliouino  liironoh  the  transpirent  epi 
ileiiiiis  the  ends  of  the  ohmds  wiiicli  thickly  stad  the  entire  snrface. 
Under  a  lens  are  seen  nimierons  small,  rounded,  shallow  pits  lielween 
the  glands,  not  on  them.  The  contraetioii  of  the  skin  in  stroiio  alcohol 
between  these  o;lands  would  readily  impart  a  yrannlated  a|)pearanee. 
The  glandules  are  acciimiilaled  into  a  thin  stratum  altove  the  parotoid 
j,'ro;)V<'. 

'I'he  head  is  elongated,  with  the  miiz/.Ie  obtuse,  or  trinuv.ite,  the  jire.at- 
est  width  contained  1..~»  times  in  thedistaiice  to  th(^  ^nilar  fold,  and  frotn 
four  and  a  half  to  live  times  to  the  <;roin  ;  the  distaiicc  lo  the  <x\\\\\v  fold 
is  contained  ."(-J  {iiiies  in  that  to  the  ofioju.  "I'li,'  eyes  are  rather  laroe 
and  situated  far  liehind.  They  are  distant  once  the  Icnotli  '>f  the  orbit 
from  the  nostrils  (which  are  separated  by  iicirly  twice  this  h  ;th).  The 
anterior  extremities  of  the  orbit  are  distant  more  than  twice  their  len.irtii. 


iil^ 


90  i!i:i,i.i'.Ti\  ::i,  rMTi:i»  statks  national  MirsKr.M. 

The  ^Milin  I'ol.l  or  \'myn\\  is  disliiict,  not  vcr.v  |tioiiiiiM'iit  above;  tl>at 
Itcliiiid  iIh'  aii;;lL' oI  llu'jiiws  is  im  oiisitifuoiis,  as  is  tlie  lateral  |»ai(»t«)i«l 

J'liri'ow. 

TIk'IV  aro  twclvo  costal  fmrows,  iiiclmliii;;  llic  iii^'iiinal  aii«l  axillary. 

The  tail  is  a  little  slioitrr  than  the  hoilv  ami  licati  (iiicasiiriii^-  IV<»m 
postciior  extrcinit.vol'  vent).  It  is  oval  in  cross  section,  widest,  helow, 
tlion^jli  without  any  riil^je  or  crest.  It  is  little  liiylier  tliiiii  Itroad  at  the 
anns,  hut  heconies  more  and  more  compressed  to  the  tip,  the  upper  and 
under  outlines  remiiiniii;^  nearly  parallel  for  a  consideraldc^  distance. 
The  anal  .slit  is  proloujjed  into  a  }:roove,  which  extends  heiieath  the,  tail 
(o  its  very  tip. 

The  limhs  are  lari^ely  developed  and  the  toes  ver.v  lonp-,  Thedifjils 
arc  cylindiical,  depressed,  without  any  lateral  or  itasal  weh.  The  third 
linj^cr  is  longest,  then  the  second,  fourth,  and  tirst.  It  is  one  third  the 
Icn^jth  of  aim  from  elliow.  The  fourth  toe  is  louj^est  ;  then  flu^  third 
(l)iit  little  sliorlci),  second,  tilth,  and  first  ;  it  is  contained  altont  two  and 
one-half  times  in  (he  length  of  leu  from  knee.  The  expanse  of  the  out- 
stretched toes  is  very  nearly  etpial  to  thedistance  from  snout  tothe  uroin. 
The  lenj;lh  of  the  lindts  vaijes  a  little  ;  when  extended  on  the  sides  they 
may  scarcely  meet  or  considerably  overlap. 

The  toufi'ue  is  thick  and  Ihvshy.  much  as  in  .1.  jtuurtutiim. 

The  teeth  are  in  four  patches;  the  two  central  in  a  nearly  stiai^iht 
line,  or  foiniiiij;  in  smallei-  individuals  a  very  obtu.se  /\ ,  the  aniile  ante- 
rior but  not  pn.ssiii};  the  posterior  l)orderof  the  interim  I  imr«'s.  Thesi<les 
of  th(^  V  are  perhaps  slijjhtly  c(»nca\('  anteriorly.  This  patch  or  line 
extends  to  the  innei'  nares.  and  is  there  continuous  with  the  lateral 
patches,  which  are  slioit,  nearly  straij^ht,  about  one  t'ouith  tlu'  cen- 
tral patch,  and  form  the  iJOfjterior  border  of  tlu-  inner  nares.  These 
are  larye.  far  back,  and  widely  separated. 

In  .il(M)h(»l,  aftei'  lon^' immersion,  the  specimen  is  nearly  uniform  fi^iht 
liver  brown,  paler  l)eneal4i,  without  any  spots. 

MvuKiinmiiita. 

III!  Ill's 

l>('ii<;tli  from  siiniit  to  niiliir  told , 7e 

Ijcii;;! Ii  11(1111  siiciiU  Id  L;i(iiii -J  ,"i."i 

I.ciii;tli  riiim  snniif  to  nid  cif  muis  ;!.  'JO 

lii'iii^lli  iVoiii  siiiiiit  til  irimi.'iiit  (if  t;iil •,>.  .''id 

Width  (d   liciid   -,(l 

!ji'n};lli  of  inoutli  iiloiit;  iiicdian  line :t-^ 

t'orc-Mi'iii  from  (dliow Cvj 

Ijci;  Iroiii  Uiit'c H."> 

The  specimen  from  which  the  precedin;^-  des.-riplioii  has  been  taken 
i.s,  if  not  the  orii^iiial  U))on  which  Dr.  (Jre^'ii's  species  was  to. inded,  at 
least  one  collected  in  tiie  same  locality  atid  named  i)y  him.  Iia\itiii 
formed  part  of  his  collection  auii  presiMited  m my  yeat's  a-i-o  iiy  its 
owtier  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  The  "li.iiht-biue  spots"  .so  con- 
spicuotis  in  fresh  si»ecimens  have  disappeared. 


I'l. 


■:]l 


! 


.,!»■. 


f 


nil:   isArijAciiiA  <ii'  noimii   AMruicA. 


t)l 


l>r.  ll<>ll)r(M)lx-,  ill  (l»'scril>iii,i;'  tliis  spcrics,  Ii;ih  inixtMl  willi  it  iliciu'.- 
«!<niiit  (H' till'.  t(m;ju«i  iitui  tcflli  nl"  I'hllinilini  (ihiliiumKs,  wliictli  i|  sumc 
what  rcsciiilih's,  Itiil  wiiicii  iiiay  n-iulily  he  (listiii^iiisiicd  cxtcriiiill.v  l»v 
tliii  lijuiih'i' silvcn  s|»i»t.s  aiitl  iiiiifli  slmrlci' »li;;ils.  'I'iiis  imliici'il  Dr. 
Iliillowcll  critUKMiiisly  to  iiiakc  I  lie  .s|K'ri«'s  a  .s.vikmi.vmi  of  /'.  j/htlinnsns. 
Tin'  crntr  liail  itsori;;iii,  luuloiilit,  in  tlic  iicanT  roscmlilaiKM'  of  tlu'  var. 
.I.,;,  hilrrair  to  tin'  lattrr  spccirs. 


I'l..     I'l     .\,n>>!inUnir: 


■!■  rsniiiiii'iiiii  i<  'fi  rKiiiiiiiiiinil.      Nii   'l!U5R. 


.■|.t  (. 


\V     l'iiiliM\lviilii:i 


A  <'oiii|»aris(>ii  of  tlif  spcciiiicii  (li'xTilx'd  witli  tlic  t.vjtf  of  He  Kav's 
SdhiDKiHiIra  iinniiihini  cxliiltits  no  apprcfiahlc  (lilVcrnic*'  except  in  llic 
(larker  coioi.  lailicr  nioic  (l('pr<'ssf(|  toes,  ami  perhaps  inoro  niassix  e- 
iookinj"  jaws  of  (lie  latter,  the  niii//,le  a  little  more  pointed — all  iiiieer- 
tain  eliaracteis  in  r.leoholie  speeiineiis.  The  palatine  teeth  are  in  hel 
(er  preseivation  tiiaii  in  the  si'eeimeii  here  described.  The  central 
patch  is  interrupted  aloii;;  the  median  !ii>e,  and  does  not  extend  quite 
so  far  laterally.  The  le;;s  and  dl.:;its  are  inneli  leiij;tliened,  the  tij;iire 
and  description  of  |[oll>r.)ok  (see  I)e  Kay)  (M)nveyiny- a  very  erroneous 
iinprt'ssioii  in  this  lespect.  The  ;;rannlatioii  referred  to  is  in  pait  the 
<»l»tieal  etVeet  of  tiic  ^laiidsof  the  skin  showing  throiij;ii  the  transparent 
(^Itidi^'inis,  partly  the  result  of  iMintraction  of  the  skin  by  ahrohol. 

Ill  the  type  sjx'ciineii  then- are  no  symnietrically  ariaii;;('d  patches  of 
pores  on  the  head.  Their  ab.sence  may  be  owinj,'  to  the  loii;^' contimied 
preservation  of  the  specaiiiens,  or  to  ,M)nie  a(!(!idental  deticieii(\v.  In  the 
typ*'  of  N.  tjnniuldtd  these  are  <piite  visiide.  They  are  very  distinctly 
shown  ill  N().  4i»SS,  where  there  is  .seen  a  strai}j;ht  .series  interior  to  the 
eye  and  nostril  (not  reachiiif;'  to  the  latter),  bendinj;'  abruptly  behind 
the  eye  and  passin^j;  beneath  it.  On  the  jtarotoid  rejiion  above  the  lat- 
eral {groove  is  a  sli<j;litly  curved  line  of  .six  or  eiyht  pores  and  a  shorter 
stiaij;ht  one  above  it.  I>cIow  the  <;roove  is  a  crowded  patch,  which  is 
conliiiiied  in  a  siiiipK- series  aloiii;  the  inner  edj^e  of  the  lower  jaw.  One 
or  two  are  seen  at  the  side  of  tlu'  ba.se  of  the  lower  jaw,  and  others  aloii;>' 
the  sides  of  bo.ly. 

It  has  been  stated  that  in  the  type  no  indication  of  lif;iit  spots  was 
visible.     In  others,   however,  of  more  recent   ])re.scrvati()n   these  ar« 


I 


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!.»I 


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ii 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


■50    ^^" 

^  m 

^   ifS.    12.0 


|25 

12.2 


L25  114   II  lA 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


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WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14SS0 

(716)  i>73-4503 


L& 


^    * 


92 


JtllLLKTIN    :;i,    rXITKn    statics    national    MliSKUM. 


(piitc  ovidciil.  In  tlic  sinnllcsf  spcciiiuMi  of  ;5!»!»S  iiro  visible  iniimToua 
louiidcd,  im-jiiiliiil.v  disposed  Ii,ylit  snots  on  llic  lower  i»iiit  olllic  sides, 
with  some  scattoml  over  on  the  bcli.v,  :ivriaf'in}>-  Iialf  the,  size  of  the  e.vo, 
Imtwitli  faintly  dt'rmcd  niarj-ins,  Somio  scatteml  ones  are  seen  on  tlie 
side  of  the  (ail.  These  iiiav  he  j)hindu'ons  or  l)]nish  in  life.  In  the  lar;,'est 
specimen  of  .">i»7!>,  l{ii)le,v,  Ohio,  these  l)lnish  sjiots  are  (inite  evi(h'nt, 
on  the  side  of  Ixxly  and  tail. 

(Jencrall.v  the  f,Monnd  coloi  of  the  alcoholic  specimen  is  lead-colored 
to  olive  brown  and  blackish;  lijjht  beneath.  The  coh»r  of  the  livin}>' 
animal  is  similar  to  that  seen  in  alcoholic  s]»ec,iinens.  Specimens  liave 
been  h>nn(l  at  locali(i<'s  latlici'  distant  from  each  other  of  a  dark  brown 
color,  with  a  lateral  shad<>  of  a  still  (hirker  hue.  Snch  specimens  are 
of  the  stouter  type  of  the  species  as  to  pi'ojtortions.  Of  two  sj)e(M- 
mens  from  ('lark  Connty.  Va.,  llie  width  of  the  head  enters  the  leiifith 
to  the  yroin  1.',  times  in  one  specimen,  and  the  other  but  little  over  four 
times.  Other  specimens  aie  from  Saint  Catheiine's,  Ontario,  in  the 
National  Alnseum,  and  from  southern  Indiana  in  the  riiiladel])hia 
Academy.  They  have  liecn  referi'erl  to  as  <listinet  species  and  described 
as  Aiiihli/stouKi  fiisciim  by  Ilallowell,  but  I  cannot  tind  any  characters 
to  distinfjnish  them  from  ihv  A.  jcJJ'irNou in )i)(m  ])roi)er.  They  ri'sem 
ble  almost  exactly  th<'  .1.  rojictnnDu  in  coloi',  but  diller  entiicly  in  pro- 
l)ortions.  In  that  species  the  body  is  not  Ioniser  than  the  lenjitli  ante- 
rior to  the  axilla,  while  in  this  one  the  Ibi'iner  dimension  much  exceeds 
the  latter, 


>f- 


^  i 


\ 


i 


6  '  7  ^^IZ^  4 

Flii.  10.   A  iiil'hixloiiiri  jijK  rmniininiiii    l\  )ic  nl' \  in    fii;<rinii.     Nn. 'NOT      Cliirkc  Coiintv,  V.I. 


!i!  ii 


A  specimen  of  A.  ji  f))  isdiiidiixm  about  L'  inches  Ion;:  is  !iot  mate- 
rially dilferetit  from  the  ailnlt,  althoii;;h  the  two  inner  palatine  patches 
are  moi'e  arched, 

Amhli/stomo  jr(r<'rsnui(iuum  laleralv  Hallow. 

AmhlyHinmn  Intirnlr,  IImIIhw.,  /.  c.,  ]>.  li.'-j. 

Amlihinloiiia  Jitlirxoniniiiim,  viir.  hiliKili  l'it\n'  i  ,■..   I',(inl(ii^r,.|.;    c,.,!,  I{,.,|).  (Ini,!.  i!rit. 
iMiis.,  nl.  ri,  l-J-i'j.  |,.  17. 

This  form  is  (juite  distinct  tVom  the  typical  A.  jcJ/o-NonininDn, -.uul 
would  rank  as  a  spe<!ies  were  it  not  that  its  character  and  ihosv  n\  iIk^ 
latter  int(>rblend.      In  typical  si)eeimeiis  of  ih,.  ,l.  j,  la Irni Ir  thi'\w:u\  is 


Jiarrower  and  the  body  more  slender.     When   the  lind 


IS  are  lani 


the  sides  they  frcfpiently  do  not  meet  by  a   short   interval,  while  tl 


ll(MI}> 


io.se 


'It 


TIIK    I$ATKACIIIA    OF    NORTH    AMKUIOA. 


1)3 


oit\uiA.J.,i>[l)'('r.s<>ni<(iiumUnivA\  eacli  otlicr  iind  even  oveiiai)  a  little. 
Tlie  laediiiii  portion  of  tlic<leiit;il  series  iisiiiiliy  exhibits  a  slij^lit  aiij;u- 
lation  anteriorly,  while  that  of  the  typi(!al  sul>si)e(',ies  is  straij^ht;  bnt 
this  character  is  in  some  cases  not  retained.  The  color  is  j;enevally 
easily  recognized:  black  with  light  lateral  sijots.  It  resembles  in  this 
respect  the  rictluxlon  ylut>nosus,  and  to  a  less  degree  the  Amhlystoiud 
microstomntn  as  pointed  out  by  Ilallowell,  and  the  unwary  observer 
may  easily  confound  it  with  one  or  the  other  of  these  species.  liut 
lateral  spots  appear  in  some  s|>ecimens  of  the  typical  variety,  and  tlie 
ground  color  varies,  as  has  been  already  described. 

This  form  is  altogether  northern  in  its  distril)Ution,  l>eiiig  especially 
abuiulant  in  Canada. 


i 


Ambliintomn  jcllrrsoniainim  pldfincitm  Co[»e. 

Cluck-list,  \>.  •Jii;  IJinilcii^cr,  Cat.  Matr.  (Jiail.  l>rit.  Miis.,  I'd.  II,   18rV,  p. 
17. 
Amlili/Htoma  iilitlhuiim,   Cope,   I.   c.,\\.  IIW  ;    Straiicli,  S.ilaiii.,  ;>.  (i.">. 

This  is  a  vi'ry  (elongate  form  of  the  .1.  Jcjlarxonianum. 

The  head  is  oval  and  the  muzzle  rounded.  The  lengtli  (»f  tlu'  fissure 
of  the  eye  e<pials  the  distance  of  the  nostril  from  the  same  ;  is  but  little 
less  than  the  di.staii(!e  between  iiares,  and  half  or  a  little  ukuv,  of  the 
distance  between  tlie  anterior  caiithus  of  the  same.  Inner  and  outer 
nares  the  same  distane*'  apart  (Ireatest  width  of  head  "».,")  to  six  times 
in  K"  gth  from  end  muzzle  to  groin,  live  sevenths  lejigtii  from  chin  to 
giilai  i'old.  Canthus  of  mouth  behind  canthus  of  eye.  A  series  of 
l»oies  along  the  superciliary,  which  pass  round  the  orbit  Iteliiiul  and 
below;  a  scattered  longitudinal  .series  on  the  parotoid  region,  and  a 
traiisver.se  aggregation  of  the  same  on  each  side  below  parotoid  groove  :, 
a  single  series  of  the  same  for  a  short  distance  inside  tlie  ramus  of  the 
mandible.  The  parotoid  i-egion  i»ossesses  a  thin  stratum  of  dermal 
crypta'. 

Costal  folds  twelve.  The  anterior  is  a  little  distance  behind  the  axilla. 
T\)es  subeylindri(t,  similar  {o  those  of  the  A.  j<'ll'<rN<>ni((nitm:  in  one 
specimen  (ty[>e)  they  arc  separated  by  nearly  an  intercostal  spa(!e  when 
lh(^  limbs  are  pres.sed  to  the  sides;  in  another  they  me»'t.  Tail  rounded 
above  at  base,  liiially  much  compre.s.sed,  but  not  elevated;  iMpial  in  one 
specimen  to  body  and  head  to  middle  of  orbit,  measured  from  posterior 
extremity  of  vent.  In  the  type,  however,  it  is  much  shorter,  extending 
from  its  basis  <tiily  t(»  the  eighth  costal  fold  (from  groin),  but  I  suspect 
that  this  is  altnormal. 

Color  leaden  ;  in  tyi>e  paler  below,  with  numerous  indistinct  whitish 
blotches.  I"]yelids  yellowish  margined.  S[»ecinien  4(>.SS  has  the  abdo 
men  darker  and  without  spots. 

The  nar  >wer  head  ami  more  elongate  body  will  tlistinguish  this 
species  from  the  typical  A.  Jr()'ersonitniKni.     It  is  readily  distinguishable 


m 


) 


wm 


wssesBB^mm 


'■:  I, 


ii;: 


"I 


94  HULLKTIN    ;il,    I'NITKU    STATHS    NATIONAL    MIISKIJM.       . 

iunoiiH  iiiiin.v  individuals.  Nevcrtlu'Iess  miiii.v  «»!'  tliosc  of  tiie  siihsiu'- 
cies  A.J.  hito-dk'  approach  it  in  (lie  proportions  of  the  jiarts  ol"  t'le  hoad 
to  cadi  other,  indudiMj-  the  closer  aiiproxiniatiou  of  the  eyes  and  of  tlie 
nostrils.  The  body  is,  however,  always  shorter.  The  si/e  of  the  A.  j. 
laUrah  is  considerably  less.  Those  (tf  the  typicid  varietv  of  the  same 
snbsi)ecies  are  invariably  stouter,  not  cnly  in  i)ody,  but  especially  in 
the  head. 

Aiiilihi^tiimn  i<  (firxoiiiiuiiiiii  i<'(l'<'rK(t)iiaiiiiiii  (iiccii. 
iii:si;i;vK  skkims. 


Cnlaliiyiiti  No.  of 

iiiMiiIii'i'.    spi't'. : 


Local  ily. 


Wlicii 
collniiMl. 


I'loiii  wluPiii  iiM  livn 


llllliM 
lillTli 
;i!)ll7 
4ll!Ki 

■tXSI 
IIS.SK 

i(is;i(i 

;1n77 
::iis| 

■  IIMIS 


1   '   Wistciii  IN'iiiisvlvaiiia '  Dr.  .f.  Oiitii 

■I      liiplcv,  Oliiii  ..' :  Di.  e.  I{.  Uoy 

1      iiaciiif.  Wi.M ill) 

1     St.  (.'atlitiiiic'.i,   Can     Dr.  U  W.  IJiaiMo 

aila.  I 

Miiiiiit  .Joy,  I'a J.  Staiillii 

liiirlin^to'ii,  Vt     !   I.. 'riniiup.iiiri     

lairkiiDW,  Ontariip July  la,  IhHl  Dr.  .J.  U.  (iai  riii  r  .    ... 

1  ■  Ohio       i  ...'. Di'.  J.  S.  New  lirii  \-     .. 

J      Niw  York    !   '..... 

:;     I'll  vilaiid.  Ohi'i   Dr.J  e.  Kirllaud.    ... 

1   I   Wist  Viryiiiia .loliii  W   .M.  Ap|ililoii 

I  I  I 


Naliitc  (■!  sptci 
iiii'ii. 


Ali'oliolic  type 
All  iiliolic. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do 
Do. 
Do. 


Amhlijuliimii  JiffcrsiiniiniiiDi  /(t.iciiin   ll.-illow. 


C'alaloyuo  No.  of 
iiiiiiilicr.     H\i:r. 


I.ocalilv 


4ir.'u'  L'      St.    (Jatliiliiir'.'<.  ("ail 

ail.i. 

HH'.IT  :;     Clariii-  (Joaiilv.  Va  .. 

11171  •_'     St.  (Jalhi'iiiic'.H,    Can- 

aila. 


))''";",  Kroioul,o,„ur,,v..l  N'alMfolsp.Ti 

iilli'clc'il.  mill. 


...      Dr    1)   \V    llrailli' Alri.holic 


CI  

Dr.  D.  \V.  liiaiUr 


Do. 
Do. 


AmhUjulimiii   'nffirxiuiuiiiiiiii  jilnlim  iiiu  Vu\n\ 


Calalo^ilr 
lllllllllrl. 

Tll.'i 

Xo.  of 

spii:. 

1 
1 
1 

Loialily. 
Cli'Vi'laiid,  Oliio 

Wliiii 

colll'l'tl'll 

4(iH,S 

5:iGK 

.Moosi'  i;jvii'.  lirilisli 
Aiiu'riia. 

1 

rioMi  wlioiiil.r.Mvr.l.  Nat  III  .■  ol  sprri 

lllrll. 


I'liilrssiii  ,1.   1'.   Kirllaud  .. 

i'rolr.ssol  .\^;issi/.       I 

(•  Dr.Mir   Alioholir. 


Amlihislmnu  jiffi isiiii'niiiiim  liilrnilc  Hallow. 


(Jal  iloi:iir  No.  of 
imriilivr.    .spir 


I.oi  alilv. 


Wlini 
rollri  Icil. 


Kioi    wlioiii  rrciiviil. 


r)!)41  :i      Near     I.alir     .Miiiil,, 

j  lliiiUiins  lia\. 


<'.  DlcxllT 


Nat  mo  ol  .spici 

IIK'II. 


All  oliolic. 


i 


Th 
this  r 
soniu) 
The 
eonsti 
two  Ic 
one  or 
<listan 
Th(. 
or  foui 
terval 
form  a 
I>osi(('  1 
outer  n 
Tiie  I 
(ail  is  I( 
(lian  in 
on  both 
while  (I 
liin-fes  a 
The  c( 
HtrijK'  ol 
(lie  liead 
with  anil 
to  (he  en 
of  (hiik 
onto  the 
.s(ri|H'.     'J 
and  pcrh; 
1  wo   S) 
preceding 
a  litth?  UK 
however, 
niori'  (;on( 
Imt  ji  colo 
little  in  fn 


If.'a.l  : 

l'''ii,i,'tli  . 
Widili  t. 

wi.idi  t„ 


BEB 


IIIK    ItATKACIIlA    <»!'    NolM'll    AMKUICA. 


95 


i 


t 


AMUI.YSroMA  MACI.'ODACrVH'M   Uiiinl. 

(l'la(<"jr.,  li<;.  (i.) 

liiiiid,  .loiiin.  Ac.  riiilii.  (•.•)  I,  i>.  'Mi,  and  U.  S.  Kxi)!.  KxiH'<Iili(>ii,  xii,  pail  'i, 
ri.  ;!1,  li'-.  :i;  ('"I"',  I'l'"'-  Ac  riiila.,  isr.r,  p.  I'.W;  Stram-li,  Salaiii., 
p.  or.;  I5oiiliMij;i'r,  Cat.  15atr.  (ira:l.  Hiit.  Mas.,  cd.  ii,  \^^>,  \>.  >■<. 

This  species  is  the  shMidei'est  ol'  all  our  spceies  of  Ainblifstoina ;  in 
this  respe'it,  as  well  as  leiijith  or(lif>its,  ex('eeirni,ii'  the  t,vi)ical  A.jcffcr- 
noniitnuin,  but  I'eseiiihliii};'  the  A.J.  plutinciim. 

The  head  is  rather  larye,  <lepiesse(l,  and  eloiinated,  with  a  iiiodeiate 
eoiistrictioii  at  the  neck.  Tiie  eyes  are  proniinent,  and  distant  less  than 
two  leiiju'ths  of  the  orbit.  The  outer  anil  inner  nostrils  are  each  about 
oint  orbit  distant.  The  width  of  the  head  is  about  three-cpuirters  the 
distance  to  j^nlar  fold. 

The  lonj;ne  is  oval  and  longitudinal.  The  palatine  teeth  are  in  three 
or  four  patches,  the  central  largest,  occasionally  sei)arated  by  an  in- 
terval less  than  half  the  diameter  of  the  inner  nostrils.  Together  they 
form  a  line  slightly  angular  anteriorly  where  they  reach  to  about  op- 
l)osite  the  (!enter  of  the  inner  nostrils;  laterally  they  pass  a  little  the 
outer  margin  of  thc^  inner  nostrils. 

The  body  is  cylindrical,  depressed,  with  twelve  costal  furrows.  The 
tail  is  long  and  is  com[U'essi'd  for  its  distal  half.  The  digits  are  longer 
than  in  any  other  spec",  s  of  tlie  genus,  the  interior  being  well  developed 
on  both  ext  rem  ties.  On  the  forefoot  it  eipmls  the  extern  id  toe  in  length, 
while  (II  the  hind  limb  it  is  a  little  shorter  than  the  lifth.  The  pha- 
langes are  :    In  front,  2,  li,  .{,  2;  behind,  2,  2,  3,  4,  2. 

The  cnh)r  in  alcohol  is  leaden  brown,  with  a  well-defined  broad  dorsal 
stripe  of  grayish-brown,  which,  involving  the  whole  upper  surface  of 
the  head  and  neck,  contracts  on  the  nape,  swelling  again  on  the  back, 
with  an  average,  breadth  of  the  outer  orbital  space.  This  stripe  extends 
to  the  end  of  the  tail.  On  each  side  of  this  dorsal  strip(^  is  a  sulfusion 
of  dark  brown,  which  gradually  i>ales  through  the  color  of  the  sides 
onto  the  belly.  There  are  also  a  few  s[»ots  of  the  satne  in  the  dorsal 
stripe.  There  are  a  few  grayish-white  dots  scattered  along  the  sides, 
and  perhajis  on  the  limbs. 

Two  specimens  (Kt54)  from  I'ugi^t  Sound  agree  in  Ibrm  with  the 
preceding  speitiiiu'ii,  the  two  central  patches  of  i)aliitine  teeth  perhaps 
a  little  more,  angularly  arranged.  Instead  of  the  grayish  dorsal  stripe, 
however,  there  is  a  brownishicd  one,  and  the  sidi^s  areof  a  darker  and 
inon'  (!ontinnoiis  brown.  No.  1711  has  a  similar  eharaitter  of  palatines, 
but  a  coloration  mort^dvc  the  type.  The  palatines,  in  fact,  extend  a 
little  in  front  of  the  anteriiu'  border  of  the  inner  nostrils. 

l'ri)jii>rlii)iinl  iliiiitiitiiniN, 

Spec.  No.  till',',  (tvpf). 
Itoa.l  : 

l.rii!;tli  (if  i.api'  I  if  1111)11  111  lt>  ils  width t  wo-tliinlH. 

Width  tu  ('islaiiio  IViMii  siiDiil   to  sjjiilar  Cithl ahmii  t hi'('f-(|iiartfrM, 

W'idlh  Id  dislaiKM'  iVoih  mimhi  Io  •^^niin    ',  (imcM. 


B 


W 


\    !■ 


1:1 


mr^ 


!l(i 


iti;hLi:ri.\  .ii,   i'mi'ku  .^tatk.s  national  mtskum. 


ii^i 


:     t'! 


I  'cud"  ('iiiiliiiiicil. 

I'iniii  siKiul  i(i.;iil;ii-  l.)l.l  (oijliiiii.'il  ill  (listiiiico  from  mmuM  (o  ;;n)iii lij   (iiiiois 

DisiMiiiraMiciioily  l»M  wren  I'.v.'s  ill  lcii,i,'t  li  of  orl)i  t less  than '^  (iiiics. 

|)isi;iii((l>ftu(ciic\lciiiiil  iiosdils  ill  lcii;;tli..lorl(it .    omi  oibil. 

I>i.st:iii(c  1h'|>vci'ii  iiitciiKil  nostrils  in  Ici  ^;lli  of  orliif oiio  orliil 

Liiiil>s: 

Kdlioii  of  Idiots!    Iiii;;i'r  coiitiiiiii'il   ill    ilistiilicc   IVoili    clliow    to 


■  ri'f  |)orl 


111' 


niton  I  'J.l  tiiiK'M. 

I'n'v  iiorlion  of  ionuisl  loc  coiitiiiicil  in  (list;inio  from  kiioi;  to  tip ■-'.'    tiini'M. 

Ulstiincc  lii'twfcii  .iiitslivlcliiil  Iocs  ill  lcii;r||i  (loiii  siiDllt  to  j,'roiil..    alionl  ('i|iial. 
I.o.ly  :   Niimlii'r  of  costal  furrows  (inclnilin.;,'  axillary  anil   iii^niinal)   l\> 

Midsiin  wtlll'',  ill  inilii.^. 

liCiiulli,  iiu^asnivil  aloiin  a\is(if  lioily  :  lioily:    Distance     Ijctwccii      arinpit 

I'l sMoiil  to  cape '-'I'  and  •,'roiii  , llii 

Fiipiii  ■~iionl  to  unlar  folil M  I'ail:   Hcicjit  of  tail    wlicic    lii^iicst      .  !■< 

l''ioiii  siHiiii  to  uiiu|iil lio  Liiiilis: 

I'loni  s il  to  cKiiii 1,;.()  Free  iiorlion  of  loii;,'csl  liiij,'cr..      .  lo 

Fidinsnoiil  lo  li(diind  aims l..-^,;  ,  I'roin    clliow    to  tip   of    l(Mic;cst 

I'roiii  snout  to  end  of  tail.,   broken.  ;  liiicei- :(;) 

Head:  '  Free  portion  of  loiij;c,st   toi> "JO 

Widlii  of  licad ''W  I'roin  knei!  to  I  ip  of  loiiii;i'st  toe      .5(1 

Widlli  of  loiij;ue 17  IMslanee   lielweeii    oiitstretcdied 

l,clii;tll  of  orliil    I-'  toes l.oll 

Uislaiicc   belwecii    eyes    aiilcii-  Tolal   leii;;t li  cd'  a  larger  s|M'ei- 

oily ','0  men I  in.  1  liii. 

Distance  bctweeii  oiiti'r  nostrils     .  Iv'  , 
Distance  bclwccii  inner  nostrils.    .  FJ 

TIii.s  .spccii'.s  is  round  in  .stiilabU' localities  tliroiiojioni  Ore.yoii  :iii(l 
Wa.sliiiioioii,  raii,i;iiij;'  a.s  far  ca.sL  a.s  I''oi'(  Walla  Walla,  and  cvi'ii  as  Car 
as  Koit  Custer,  near  (lie  l»io  Horn  IIiv(M',  Wyoniiiio',  from  wliiidi  a 
KlK'ciiiion  was  l»roiio!il   by  ('ai»t.  C'lias.  Iicndirc. 

Niinu'ruiis  si»etiim'ns  IVoin    Fort   Walla   Walla  iiiid   si.\    from   Fort 


.--i^ 


2        "  --  3  ' 

Klii.  17,    .\iiihhixt<'iiiii  iiiai-rinl(irhilii}ii.     Nii,  ((i)'.'.     Asliiriii  ()  retroii       - 

:t 
I'ilaniatli  dilVoi  rroiii  tlntsi'  from  more  wi'stcrn  regions  in  {\n\  al>scn(!0 
of  till'  (lor.sal  color  stripe.  In  some  of  I  lie  former  the  width  of  the, 
head  enters  the  lenoth  to  the  .i^roin  '>\  times,  showing  a  narrower 
form  than  in  the  tyiiical  form.  In  others  of  them  the  head  lias  the 
usual  width.  Tli«>  single  specimen  from  Fort  Custer  has  the  dorsal 
band.  A  salamander  from  the  Flathead  River,  Montana,  was  deserilied 
by  I'rofe.ssiir  Peters  tinder  the  name  of  Ainhljfstoiuii  hraiissii*  There 
is  iiothin.ii- in  the  description  to  show  that  this  si»eciiiieii  does  not  beloiiR 

'Sit/iiii-vlieiichic  dcrtlcs,  llschafi  Xaluil'orsilM'ndc  I'lviiiiile,  I'.cijin,  I-!-.',  p.  II.'.. 


i 


11 ' 


TlIK    UATRACIIIA    OF    NOKTII    AMKKICA. 


1)7 


V      i 


to  tho.  A.  mairiHlactiflnin.  The  width  of  tlie  head,  sa.ys  IVters,  enters 
the  length  to  the  ^M'oiii  4;r;  times.  The  <h)rsal  l)aii(l  is  ocliraceou.s,  whilo 
in  t.vi>ical  .4.  mavrodavlylmn  it  is  j^laiicoiis  or  mauve  color. 

Amhlj/ntoma  m(UriHUtclii!iim  IJiiird. 
KKSKKVK  SKKlliS. 


Caliilii^iu'  (^1).  Ill' 
iiiiiiilii'r.    s|H'('. 


4054 
4012 

flS7S 
HKOH 

ijriui 

IUUh 

r«'.'48 

r.';>H7 
10UJ2 

XUIiti 

1 4V.H 
4711 

4o;).'i 


L()i;llil  V. 


I'lijiot:  Soiiiid,  On'unii 

Asloriu,  On';;(iii 

OliilowN  urk      l.aUc, 


Wliuii  »'<il- 
K'cIimI. 


Fkiiii  uliiiiii  re ciiviMl. 


Ur.  Geo.  Siiclilc'V,  V.  S.  A. 

A.N.  S.,  I'liila.'. 

Dr.  C.  M.  U.  Kfiiudly 


Fort  Ivlainnlli.  Oki'.mmi     UcI.     'J,  1S7U 

(iarii.sdiiCircli,  W'iisli 

Km  I    Wall  I    Walla, 

Wanh. 
ilo 

On';;<tii 

Koit    Walla    Walla,   i 

Wash.  I 

do 

do 

Kurt  Klaiiiatli  Drcuoii  i 

Koit  Ciislcr.  Moiii    . .   I 


Willi-s  Witlirli 

('apt.  ("lias.  liiMidiro 

.Imii' — ,  )(<H1    do 


,  IH<1 

,  II-81 

,  1.><HI 

,  |S,sl 


I.ii'litriiaiit  Miilli'ii  . 
("apt.  Cha.H.  liLiidiro 
do 


do 

ill.   

II.  M.KIdoiTv,  M.  I)  .... 
Capt.  Clias.  Itciidiri' 


Si'iiiialii ).  Wash .\.  (;ainplprll 


2      Wa.slilii;;toii   I'c  i  ijloi  \ 


Naliiic  of  sjHjci- 
iiion. 


Ii'idiidic 
J>o, 

1)0. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


1)1-.  J.  (i.  Cooper Ak'uhuliu  liirva. 


AMHLVSTOMA  Kl'IXANTIIUM  Coitc* 
rnu'cc'il.  Acjul.  I'hiliul.,  ISK!,  \i.  U). 

Nearly  related  to  Ainhli/stoma  mac  roil  net  i/him  IJaird,  and  to  l»e  placed 
next  to  that  species  in  any  synopsis  of  the  ju'enus.  Costal  folds  twelve. 
Nocanthiis  rostralis.  ir|)[n'r  Jaw  overlapping;-  lower.  Tail  strongly 
compressed,  as  loiij;' as  head  and  body  to  <;roin.  Head  wide-oval ;  its 
{greatest  width  t.ne fourth  in  total  lenj;th  to  theyroin.  l)i<;its all  rather 
shiu't;  four  phalan.i;('s  in  fourth  posterior  dij;it.  Internal  nares  as 
widely  si'.paratt'd  as  the  external.  Eye-tissure  one  half  width  between 
the  anti'rior  canthus.  Median  dental  series  present  in, i-'  an  an;j;le  for- 
wards. Tonj;ne  lar«;e,  deeply  plicate,  licnjjth,  in.  .(KS3;  lenj'th  to  ax- 
illa, .017;  to  j:;roin,  .OH);  lenjifth  of  anterior  limb,  .012;  of  anterior 
foot,  .001;  of  hind  limb,  .((14;  of  posterior  foot,  .0005. 

Sides  of  body  and  tail  and  superior  surfaces  of  limbs,  sliiiiiiif>-  black. 
Dorsal  region  to  end  of  tail  and  muzzle,  j;amb()j;'e  yellow.  The  yellow 
expands  on  the  head  and  forms  two  cross  bands  on  the  up[>er  surfaces 
of  each  of  the  limbs.  The  black  of  the  sides  is  occasionally  inter- 
rupted by  the  yellow  spots  irrcfiularly  jMaced.  lU'low,  dilute  black, 
dusted  with  minute  white  spetddes. 

Th(^  strui!tural  dilfcrcnces  between  this  and  the  .1.  noicrodadiilKm  iuv, 
not  many,  but  are  well  marked.  They  are :  (1)  The  j;i'eater  width  of 
the  head,  whicii  enters  the  length  (without  the  tail)  live  times  in  the 
latter,  and  finir  times  in  tho.  A.  <  pi. rant  hum ;  and  is  also  setMi  in  the 
greater  iiiterorbital  width;  (2)  in  the  short  toes,  which  are  very  much 
longer  in  the  .1.  mueroihictijlum.     In  color  this  species  is  the  more  bril- 


il 


.  !( 


,i;l 


m 

i 


1951  liull.  :u- 


Tliitcii.-.,  Ii«.  ». 


:i.;  ( 


i 

i 

1 

'  i 

'■^ 

D.S 


1!ILLi;tin-:u,  unitkd  .stativs  national  musioum. 


lianf  tl.c  cast  spock'S  l.dnj;-  (loscrilu'd  as  biowu  witl.  a  «ia.v  dorsal 
stii...'  iiistca.l  of  black  with  a  yellow  dorsal  stripe.  In  it  the  limbs 
a,v  Ja  banded,  and  the  bellyis  nnitbnnly  i.ale,  contrary  to  what  holds 
i„  the  present  species,  which  is  the  han.lson.est  of  the  j;vnus.  I  ob- 
tain.Ml  fotir  si.ecin.ens  of  this  salamander,  nnder  lo-s,  in  a,  swamp  near 
(I,c  liea.l  of  (he  S(.nth  IJoise  lliver,  on  the  south  side  of  the  Sawtooth 
Mountain  ranjje,  Idaho. 


ff    ^ 


35- 

Flo.  18.  Aiiihli/Kloma  fpijcaulhinn.  Atlanta,  Miilio;   |. 


This  species  is  in  all  respects  more  robust  than  the  A.macrothu-ttfhm, 
and  is  more  brilliantly  colored.  Its  tints  are  (hose  of  the  Kun.pean 
SaUmandnt  ni<iculi»s(i,iuu\  are  bri};hter  than  (Iiose  of  any  other  species 
of  the  j-enus.     Its  hyoid  apparatus  is  represented  on  IMate  L';{,  tij,'.  8. 

CIIONDKOTUS  Cope. 

Aineiic'uii  Niitiirali.st,  iet<7,  ]>.  riS  (Jamiiiry). 

Otog'.ossal  cartilajj:e  trianj^fular,  attached  by  a  base  to  each  side  of  the 
Jiyi)obranehial  cartila{;e. 

in  otlier  respects  this  genus  agrees  with  Anddystoma.  The  larva  of 
the  type  species  {C.  tcnchrosus),  the  only  one  I  have  ideiititicd,  dillers 
from  tliose  of  AmbUiftoma  in  the  absence  of  basal  branchial  processes, 
and  (tf  spleiiial  teeth.     (Plates  L'O-LM.) 

1  have  examined  the  hyoid  apparatus  of  the  sjiecies  of  this  genus, 
and  1  refer  two  others  to  it.  One  of  these,  (\  vhujuhttns,  very  probably 
belongs  here;  the  position  of  the  otlier,  C.  tc.vanus,  is  altogether  uncer- 
tain as  yet. 

Considered  with  lespect  to  the  forms  of  their  otoglossal  cartilages 
tiiese  species  fall  into  three  sections,  as  follows  (see  IMates  LTj  and  L'(J): 

(I)  Tlie  cartilage  uninterrupted  in  front.  C.  (cntbrosus,  C.  aterriniKs. 
and  V.  ilrvortiaitits.     (Figs.  1,  '1-5,  8-".».) 

(•J)  Tiie  cartilage  divided  in  front,  and  without  median  processe.s.  (J. 
2)<n-oticu>i.    (Figs.  0-7.) 

(.'{)  The  cartilage  divided,  each  half  with  an  internal  and  external  proc- 
ess in  front.     (Figs.  1-2,  I'l,  2().)    C.  microstomits, 

111  addition  to  tliese  characters,  it  may  be  observed  that  in  the  C. 
tenchrosus  and  C.  dterrimus  there  is  a  sheet  of  strong  librous  tissue 
extending  antericrly  from  the  otoglossal  cartilage,  and  forming  the 
base  of  the  tongue.  A  few  similar  fibers  are  found  in  the  correspoiul- 
ing  position  in  the  A.  pary>tk'iim. 

IJesides  the  characters  of  the  otoglossal  cartilage  I  have  already 
given,  I  may  add  thac  in  the  species  with  entire  anterior  border,  the  crest 
of  the  superior  surface  of  the  basibranchial  appears  to  pass  through  a 


foi-a 
lissi 
IM.  1 

T! 

A 

r 

temb 
Th 
tiori] 
Texa.^ 
from 
Th( 

1.  Vi 


r 


(     k 


r 


i 


rilK    UArUACIIIA    Ol'    N'vtIiTII    AMKIiU'A. 


99 


Ibriiiiidi  ill  the  l»a.s(M)t  tln'  (tt()j;l<>.ssiil  caitilajit'.  Wlu'ro  tlic  latter  is 
lissuu'd  tlm  (!ivst  appears  to  be  deeurved  tlir()ii.i>li  it,  as  in  C.  inwoticus, 
IM.  i>5,  Fiy;.  (i. 

Tlie  speeics  of  tiiis  jfciius  are  distributed  as  follows: 

Al'sruoiMl'AKiAN  lki',(ii()N. — ('.  inivrn.sti)ni KK  and   (J.  ritujulatus. 

Pacikk!  liiiiaoN. — a.  iKirotiouH,  C.deoorticatiis,  C.  ittvrriinus,  and  C 
tenchrosus. 

The  (J.  microstoinits  is  not  coimnon  in  tlie  eastern  part  of  the  Aus- 
tioriparian  re<:;i()ii,  but  is  cliielly  found  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  and 
Tt'xas.  The  Pacilic  species  are  all  northern,  none  beiiij;  yet  known 
from  the  middle  and  southern  [Kirts  of  California. 

The  speeies  of  Vltondrotus  are  eliai'aeterized  as  follows: 

1.  V()iiicr(>|iiiliitiiit',  lootli  scries  cxtciulinj;  fxtci-ior  to  (lit^  liiii!  dC  Ilm  iiitcriiiil  iiarcs; 
liiiif|i;il  plicir  riidiatiii;;  iVoiii  iK^iiiul  ;  piirotoiils  nut  ilistiiict. 
CI.  Canlliim  rostralisdistiiicl ;  fail  .sliorti'i-  tliaii  head  and  body. 

Miiz/.1(!  i'lini;:ati',  Hat,  iii't«liiccd  lii-voiid  nostrils;  voint'ioiialat iiir  toctli  in 
two  latlicr  short  scrii's,  wliicli  prcsi'iit  an  open  an;;l('  backwards;  brown, 

marl  (led  with  darlicr  brown  spots f '.  tviuhrosua, 

IF.  Series  of  (ccth  f\ti'ndMn;to  external  tissnre  of  innernares;  liiif;iial  plica'  radiat- 

inj?  from  Ixdiind  ;  parotoid  j^lands  forming  a  distinct  ovoid  mass. 

ex.  Teeth  in  thr(!(^  series  (no  canthiis  roslralis  o'-  plantar  tnbcrch.'s) ;  fourth  too 

with  three  phalanjj;es. 

Mnz/le  not  i)rodncc<l ;  median  series  of  teeth  forniin}?  an  open  anglo  forwards; 

wi<ltli  of  head  l")  to  j;roin  ;  legs  stout;  toes  long  ;  tail  longer  than  body  ; 

nniforn:  brown C.  jHtrotieim, 

III.  Series  of  teeth  not  extendin;.    beyond  inner  lino  of  nares;  lingual  plica'  radiat- 
ing from  behind  ;   no  distinct  parotoid  mass  (species  large). 
«.  TwolviM'ostal  folds ;  no  plantar  tubercles;  fourth  toe  with  three  j>lialanges. 
Vomerine  teeth  in  one  transverse  series  behind  i)osterii)r  lino  of  choana' ;  tail 
nearly  as  long  as  head  and  liody  ;  inn/.zh!  very  obtuse  ;   nostrils  terminal ; 

light  brown,  with  ret  iculations  of  dark  brown C.  dvanlictilK.'i. 

\'onierino  teeth  in  t  wo  sigmoids,  which  converge  and  Join  antorlorto  elioana' ; 
tail  only  as  long  as  Imdy  ;  mu/.zle  llat ,  produced  beyond  nostrils;   unifortii 

black ('.  (itcrrhnitii. 

(ill.  Konrleen  costal  lolds;  fourth  toe  with  foui' phalanges. 

Teetl*  arched  between  inner  narcs;  head  one-fourth  to  groin  (in  small  sptici- 
mens") ;  ey(M)nr-half  width  bet  ween  canthus;  mn/zh"  br()at;  outer  nearer 
together  than  inner  nares;  brown,  with  a  series  of  lighter  sjnits  on  upper 
part  of  sides,  below  yellowish;  ninzzli'  and  tail  marbled  with  the  same. 

('.  texaiiiiH, 
\\.  Series '>f  teeth  not  ext<Miding  Ik^voimI  inner  margin  of  nares;  lingual  i)lica'  radi- 
ating from  a  niiMlian  longitudinal  furrow  of  tin;  tongue  ;  no  distinct  paro- 
toid nniss  (sjiecies  small). 
a.  Two  sci-ies  of  teeth;  no  canthus  rostralis  (fourth  toe  with  four  phalangoH). 
,<.  Tail  comiires.sed,  eijual  to  tlm  body. 

Ma-,idibh<  shorter  than  muzzle;  head  elongate,  width  betwtu'u  ^^yes  behind 
eiimil  from  sanui  to  narcs;  width  of  head  (i.o  times  in  b  iiglh  to  groin  ; 
limbs  longer,  .separated  when  a)ipress<'d,  by  t  wo  intercostal  spaces  ;  black, 


wi 


111  numerous  narrow  gray  aniiuli  on  bodv  and  tail. 


.(.'.  ciiiuiilutiin. 


Mandible  longer  than  miiz/le;  head  short,  broad  ;  width  between  eyes  behind 
e(iiia\  from  same  to  end  muzzle;  body  stouter;  width  of  head  tJ.r)  to  7 
limes  in  length  to  groin  ;  limbsshort,  separated  by  six  costal  spaces;  lead- 
colored,  witli  a  few  grav  shades  below (\  niicrostomm. 


\} 


F 


1 

'i' 


,i>    ' 


Hi 


lUO  JIULLKTIN    ;;i,    CMTKI)    STATKS    NATIONAI,    MUSKUM. 

CIIONIH.'OTI'S  ('l.\(;ri, ATI'S  CoiM'." 

AmhUjHUwm  vbxjnhihm  Cnpr,  Vvov.  Ar.  I'liila.,  1-(17,  |..  •.'(»:,:  St,„,i,|,.  Si.liiin.,  )..  (I.".; 
lidiilni.iiiT,  Cit.  ItMtr.  (ir.iil.  liril.  Miis.,  cd.  ii,  l>.--.',  \k  W. 

This  spt'cios  ;ii»pr(tiidiL's  the  €.  microstoiints  in  general,  but  iiiii.v  be 
mulily  kiiowii  b.\  its  inori' cloiifiiito-ovoid  head,  with  loiiff  iniiz/.U',  more 
sleiidei'  form  of  body,  iiiid  peculiar  coloiiitioii. 

iMiieous  (!i'.vpl.s  and  pores  aii'  not  miicii  devcdoped  iti  this  animal;  a 
fi'w  only  of  the  latter  extend  alonj-'  the  superciliary  rei;ioii.  The  costal 
folds  are  fourteen,  and  are  visible  across  the  abdomen. 

The  liead  is  clonijate,  eonvex  both  transversely  and  loui^itudinally  ; 
the  upper  face  of  the  muzzle  is  narrowed,  and  projects  beyond  (he 
mandible.  The  width  at  the  Jaws  enters  the  lenjith  to  thi!  «;roin  (i\ 
times,  and  1=1  to  the  edjje  of  the  }>ular  fold.  The  external  nares  are 
(juite  close  top-ther,  nearer  than  the  lonj;'  diameter  of  the  eye,  iiml 
nearly  l.o  (his  diameter  in  advance  of  (he  eye.  The  au(erior  anj-ies  of 
the  latter  are  -'.3.')  diameters  ai»art.  The  folds  on  the  side  of  tin;  head 
and  neck  sM'e  as  in  other  species.  The  distancie  between  tlie  inner  nares 
is  l.GO  times  the  distance  between  the  external. 

The  tongue  is  oval,  (juite  elon,nate,  I)u(  not  tilling'  the  space  between 
the  rami  of  the  mandible;  its  median  j;roove  stronj-ly  marked.  'J'he 
palatine  teeth  are  in  a  sinj;le  row,  sliifhtly  eonvex  forwards,  cndrely 
between  the  inner  nares,  their  posterior  margins  of  the  cuds  of  (he 
series  and  nares  corresponding.  The  gape  of  the  mouth  isshorl,  bu( 
longer  than  in  V.  mirroNfomus;  its  external  candius  falls  aiderior  (o 
the  posterior  canthus  of  the  eye,  while  the  anterior  eanthusof  (he  same 
measures  the  i)osterior  third  of  the  ga|)e,  commencing  at  tins  middh'  of 
the  premaxillary  region. 

Costal  grooves  fourteen;  a  median  dorsal  groove  strongly  marked. 
An  unusually  strong  fold  across  Ix'twien  angles  of  mandible,  wliicli 
sends  a  branch  to  tiie  orbit;  gular  fold  continued  (»n  neck,  sending 
ii  parotoid  groove  forwards.  Ijength  to  gular  (old  .l.T.")  in  length  to 
groin. 

Length  of  tail  nearly  e«|ual  from  l»asis  of  same  (o  (he  mental  cross- 
fold.  It  is  of  rather  uniform  depth,  much  compressed,  keeled  abov»5 
and  (or  its  distallialf  below,  (ieneral  form  of  the  body  slender  and 
compressed,  elevated  at  the  scapular  and  pelvic  regions. 

Limbs  stout;  the  lingers  slender,  bu(  not  veiy  elongate.  Ajipressed 
to  the  sides  they  fail  of  meeting  by  the  leiiglh  of  the  sole  and  longest 
toe;  length  from  tip  to  tip  when  outstretched,  .(»()  length  (o  groin. 
Length  of  lower  leg  and  foot,  scarcely  .S  from  muzzle  to  gular  fold.  No 
visible  plantar  tubercles.  Fourth  toe  distinctly  longer  than  third  :  then 
2,  4,  1.     Fingers  3,  2,  4,  1. 

Color  in  alcohol  black,  (he  under  suilaces  (hiekly  speckled  with  gray. 
A  vertical  narrow  gray  line  passes  between  every  |»air  of  costal  folds 
and  meets  its  feUow  on  the  dorsal  line  or  bifurcates  to  meet  a  similar 
bifurcation  in  like  manner,  end)r,icing  ar.  a-.    These  narrow  annul!  ex- 

*'IV\t,  iijr.  117. 


F 


tend 
extre 

Toljil 

Widlh 
Wi.lll 

'J'he 
Xo. 


.Imhli/sti 
/ilii/r 

Amhljisln 

ISiijil 

Til  is 

and  has 

is  veiy  ; 

than  in 

with  sill 

shows  tl 

probably 

pores  <»r 

dent  ill  .v. 

The   h 

t'oiislrict 

limes  ill  , 

head  is  n 

'I'lie  lowe 

the  lattei 

length  ol 

rated  I»y 

'I'iie  aiitei 

instead  ol 

gnlar  fold 

The  1)()( 

incliidin^r 

dorsal  grc 

Tiie  (ail 

dricalat  b 

to  the  (i|), 

iire  siiarp. 

tlietiil.     I 


m 


THE   MATHAfMlIA    OF    NORTH    AMKKICA. 


101 


tcinl  nearly  as  far  forwards  as  the  orbils,  and  .siirrouiid  the  tail  to  its 
y  t'xtreinity.     Muzzh;  bhick. 

MiKxiiydiicnln.  '"•     •''!"■ 

»            I           Totiil   l('Mj;tli :!     <>. 

Li'iiitlli  to  <'iintliiis  oris  (strtiif;lil ) 2.  ti'i 

.                 LiMi^lli  III  ,i;iil.ir  I'dld (I. 

Lciijitli  I"  liniiii If*.  7 

Wi.ltlM.rii.a.l :!.'^ 

"•■•            Wiiltli  iilmvc   i'ciiiorii 'i.'2'i 

'l'h(^  sliach's  of  cohuatioii  in  this  creatiiri^  are  those  of  the  Amhbixtnmn 
oiKiriiin,  liiit  arc  dilVcrciitly  arraii<;ed. 

X(».  .'>7S(;;   1  spec;  (irahaiiiville,  S.  C. ; I»aih\v. 


:  ( 


CHONDKOTl'S  MlCl>'OSrOMrS  Cope* 
Amciicaii  N':i  turn  list,  l"^"<7,  |i.  f^S. 

.Imhiiisliimit  piirjiliiiriliciim,  Hallow.,  Vruv.  \r.   I'liila.,  I"*.'!!!,  p.  S  (ore  Sidhima iidrn  por- 

phijniivu,  (iii'i'ii ). 
.Imliliislniiiii  niirnislDiiiinii  ('(i|to  I'roc.  .\c.   Pliila.,  I~ti7,  |).  'JlHl;  Str;iiU'li,  Siilaiii.,  p.  ti."i; 

ISoiiicii^^ci',  (.'at.  I'.atr.  (irail.  liiit.  Miis.,  cd.  ii,  Hsj,  p.  ,f)ii,  I'l.  ii.  lii;-.  I. 

Tiiis  species  is  amoii;^  the  most  shMKh'r  <»f  Aiiicricaii  Ainblystoinida', 

.•'r  ■ ,        and  lias  other  pecidiaritics  l»y  which  it  is  readily  rcco<>'nizal»le.     The  .skin 

J  is  very  smooth  and  slippery,  with  thi^  f>laiHls  less  evident  in  the  skin 

'  than  in  A.  ()i»i<'iim,j<[(}rrs(>ni<tiii(iu,  vti;.    The  skin  is  eveiy where  covered 

with  small  shallow  pits,  oidy  visible  when  the  nincns  is  removed,  whi(!h 

shows  the  tail  t(»  be  .sometimes  cons|»i(!nonsly  f;i"aniilated,  the  <>rannU's 

probably  corresponding  to  the  ends  of  the  {glands.     Thei'c  are  no  evi- 

pores  or  pits  of  hir.i;i'r  size  than  the  others  on  the  head  and  parotid,  iis 

dent  in  some  Ambly.stoinata. 

'i'lie  In-ad  is  very  small,  narrower  than  tiie  body,  with  little  or  no 
const ri(!t ion  at  tin;  iu>(;k.  It  is  (^oidained  about  six  and  one-half  to  seven 
tiim-sin  the  distance  to  the  i:i(»in.  Tlic  muzzle  i<  short  and  wide.  The. 
head  is  much  arched  in  every  direi;tioii,  the  eyes  far  forward  and  latiM'al. 
'i'lie  lower  Jaw  jtrojectsa  little  beyond  the  border  of  thenpper,  e;)neealin^' 
the  latter  when  viewed  from  above.  The  i-yes  are  distant  h'ss  than  the 
leiij^th  of  tln'  orbit  fiom  the  nostrils,  their  anterior  extremities  sepa- 
rated by  I  J,  times  this  nnil.  The  nostrils  are  one  orbit  lenjjth  apart. 
The  anterior  edye  of  the  orbit  falls  opposite  the  middle  of  the  j^apo 
instead  i»f  in  its  posterior  third,  as  in  A)iihljfsltt)H((  JcJ}'<;r,s(mi<inHm.  The 
j;iilar  fold  is  <listaiit  from  tin;  snout  one-lifth  the  distance  to  the  yroin. 

Tli(^  body  is  slender  for  the  jfcniis.  There  are  fonrteen  costal  fnrrow.s, 
inclinlinj,'  the  iii;;iiinal  and  axilhtry.  Tluu'e  is  a  sli;«Iit  indication  of  a 
dorsal  oroove  jjosterioily. 

The  tail  is  about  two  thirds  the  head  and  body.  It  is  nearly  cylin- 
drical at  ba.se,  and  then  becomes  slightly  (jompressed,  jiiore  and  more  so 
to  the  tij),  where  it  is  quite  flat,  but  without  crest,  allhoa.L^li  the  edjjjes 
are  sharp.  Viewed  IVoin  the  siih^s,  there'  is  a  constriction  at  th(\  base  of 
tli(^  t  ill.     it  is  one  fourth  higher  in  the  mi(hlh^  than  at  the  b.ise. 


\\\ 


I 'la  If ',>.-.,  lii-H.  1, 


10: 


lUIMJll'IN'    :ll,    r.VITi:i)    SI'ATKS    NATIONAL    MUSEUM, 


Tlio  limbs  arc  wi-ak.  Tlic  tU</\is  arc  however  vei-.v  loii^',  cyliiidrical, 
«loi»it\«J.se(l,  williaiit  iiieiiil)raiie.  Tlie  |»ro])oi'tit)ii.s  of  llic  dibits  areas  in 
A.  p'.invtiitiiiH.  The  loiij^vsl  Mii;jeii.s  but  (»iie  third  the  fore-anii;  tlieh)n^'- 
<'St  toe  isalitth'  more  tliaii  one  third  the  lej;  iVoin  knee.  Tho  out- 
stret(!iied  hind  le^s  are  al)oiit  two  thirds  the  Iiead  and  body  to  j,'roin. 
When  (lie  lore  and  hind  leju's  are  extended  and  ai)i>resse(l  to  the  sides 
they  an'  separated  by  six  of  I  lie  inteicoslal  spaces.  This  indi(!ates 
thai  the  le<,'s  arc  shorter  tlian  in  any  otiiei'  species  of  tlu^  ^eiiiis.  The. 
ton^nie  is  thick,  lleshy,  and  attached,  although  sli;ihtly  free  at  sides  and 
tip.  There  is  a  lonniliidinal  uimovc  in  the  toii;,nie,  separatin,!,'  tho  two 
papillose  portions,  ol'  an  oval  sliajie,  placted  side  by  side,  with  the  e(U;e 
of  the  ton^^Mie  projecting;'  beyond  tlieiii.  The  |/apilhe  Ibini  pai'allel  st'ries 
ill  each  oval  obli(pie  to  the  (H'litral  f;roove.  Tin's  is  not  round  in  Amhli/- 
stoma  Jcjrrrsou  itni  II  III . 

There  are  only  two  patches  or  lines  of  palatine  teeth.  Tlu'se  o(!eii|)y 
the  middle  of  the  palate,  forinin;i;aii  Ai  the  aiif^leantiu'ior  and  reaehin;;' 
as  far  forward  as  the  aiderior  border  of  the  inner  iiares.  The  postt'io- 
external  ends  do  not  pass  th(^  inner  marj^inof  those  nares  (in  the  soft 
palate,  the  in'oportions  beiii^'  a  little  dilfereiit  in  the  skull). 

Sometimes  these  two  patches  form  nearly  a  stiai;;lit  line,  or  at  least 
the  central  portion  is  straight,  the  lateral  beiidin.u  sli<;htly  backwards. 


Fin.  in.   riiiDiilmtii.':  i,ilfi;i>.liiiini/i.     No.  39!t!».     S.niiit  I.oiiis,  Mo. ;  ', 

The  color  in  alcohol  is  a  dark  brownish-black,  a  very  little  paler  be- 
neath, and  thickly  anil  irre;,'nlarly  si>rinkled  on  the  sides  with  plma- 
beons  spots  about  the  size  of  the  eye,  of  no  delinite  ontline.  These  are 
less  iinmerous  above  and  below,  sometimes  nearly  waiitin;,^;  sometimes 
they  are  larger  than  as  described,  and  look  not  unlike  patches  of  a  <,'ray- 
ish  lichen  growing  on  the  sides. 

Mmsiircmcnis.  ^    , 

Iriclioa. 

LL'n{,'fli  .'ilonir  axis  of  Imily  rioin  Hiioiit  to  aii>,'l((  of  inontli oo 

Lcn<;tli  from  snout  to  ^iilai'  fold "  ^r, 

Lciif^tii  from  snout  to  M-roiii '>'>() 

Leni^tlifromsnont  lolicliind  anus _     ij  j^O 

Lcnstli  from  snout  to  tip  of  tail \[[_ ^"I,^) 

Lcnirth  of  tail .' rn 

Widtli  of  head ..""" 'm 

Lcnjrfli  of  foro-iirm  from  (dliow ",,) 

Lenjjtliof  !(■;,'  from  kni!(; .".'.".!.'.".'.!!".! .KJ 

Expanse  of  hind  leys ,' .r 


i 


! 


HUM 
■M'M 
,'i!IS2 

;iss  1 

.'lillVJ 

lo:;7 

IIH7K 
.•)!l»5 

:iMl<)  I 

IIU.'XI 

s:Mi(i 

|-.'II.-,,K 
S777 

ii,v;i 

III7-' 
III71 

iiiiii;  I 

llMII    I 
4(187 


TIIK    liATK'AOIlIA    OK    NORTH    AMKRIf'A. 


103 


Tli»!  total  Icii^^tli  of  liir^icst  s|«'('iiin'ii  svvu  (.">!).;!>,  Saint  Louis)  is  0 
iiiclit's,  of  wliicli  tlio  tail  tbriiis  2M().  The  smallest  adult  is  li  incliea 
louj-'. 

In  the  Just  jxM'iVctcd  younf;-  is  simmi  a  series  of  illy-dediied  liylit  spots, 

lai't-er  tiiau  elsewlieie  !ilon,u'  eaeli  side  of  the  back.     The  belly  is  (|uito, 
lij-ht  (rolored. 

'J'his  speeies  bears  a  close  reseinblaiiee  to  I'hthotlon  (ilutinosHS,  from 
\vlii(th  the  jjenene  pcculiiirili'  the  lon^'er  digits,  etc.,  readily  distinguish 
it.  The  bluish  spots,  too,  a.  inneh  less  sharply  delined  and  duller,  less 
silvery,  and  do  not  o(!eur  on  the  l)aek  to  anythin<;-  like  the  same  extent 
as  in  /'.  {ilKfiiiosiis.  From  A.  jfircnionidntiin  it  will  be  known  by  the 
projectiii};  lower  Jaw,  much  smaller  and  more  arched  head,  j-reater 
nund)er  of  costal  furrows,  more  evident  spots  on  the  sides,  etc.,  besides 
the  important  peculiarities  of  t()n<;'ue  and  teeth. 

This  is  one  of  the  species  whose  metamorpiiosis  is  completed  some- 
tiuH'  before  il  attains  full  si/,i^  A  specimen  in  which  minute  stumps  of 
the  branchiu'  remain  measures  2  in(;hes  in  len<,'th ;  another  without 
traces  of  them,  2.1."*  inches.  The  width  of  the  head  enters  the  len<;(h  (o 
the  f>roin  l.'J  times,  and  tiie  tail  fall*  short  of  the  axilla  from  its  base. 
These  measuremiMits  may  l»e  compa/ed  with  those  (jf  the  adult  in  illus 
tration  of  the  j;eneral  jiriuciple  that  the  relative  lenji'ths  ot  body  and 
tail  increases  with  iiutreased  size. 

Th(!  well  developed  lateral  procM'sses  of  the  otoj;lossal  cartilaj;e  ai»- 
proach  the  character  of  Amblystoma  more  than  is  seen  in  any  other 
sp«'cies  of  (Jhondrotus,  its  very  lonji  median  processes  are  not  found 
in  anv  other  species  of  this  ueiius.  AIthou<;]i  they  lie  closely  apju'essed 
in  tl  ■  lonj;'  axis  of  the  tongue,  (hey  are  homologous,  each  with  a  half 
of  the  (iircle  of  And)lvstoma. 


P4 


1 1 


1 1 


:il. 

il 


m 

■;  5 


t 


ClionilvotiiK  mkronlomim  Copt'. 
liKSia.'VK  SKUIKS. 


ruiMiii^iic 

N'o.  Ill 

iiiinildi-. 

Slice. 

HH?.") 

,' 

kk:)7 

1    1 

:i!t!»!l 

1 

MS'2 

I 

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t 

to:[7 

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:) 

1IH7H 

<i 

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un.'id 

;i 

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;i 

ST77 

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IllnlC, 

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11. '.(U 

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lit"'-' 

1   i 

14474 

1   ] 

4ii!in 

:!0 

llKII 

•J     ; 

■ji;87 

'-'1 

l.oialiiv. 


Maiiili'vill,,  r.ii      

^   M Il  (\n  nii'l,  III  . . . 

Siiiiil  l.iitiis,  Mo 

(') 

I'liilrio    Mcr    i;iiu"c, 

I.a. 
Nrw  Madiiil,  M.i  .... 

Kurt  Sinitli,  Aik 

NToiiiii  <'aniii'l,  III  ... 

Wlicallaiiil,  Iiiil 

('(iliiinliiiM.  I  Hijci 

Niw  Mailiid,  Mo 

Mount  CariiiL'l,  III  . . . 

OaKlrv,  S.<; 

Moiin't  Caniiil,  111  ... 

n.'Uinill.',  Ill  

IIiKl.ion'.s  liay 

C) '. 

{'■) 

Saint  I.otils,  Mci 

Sollllll'Ill  IllilloiM 

I.aiiiaslcr,  Olijn 

(iiainl  Coteaii,  La 


Wli.n 
nillcctrll. 


KicMii  whom  iri'riM'il. 


Nov. 
•I  line 


-,1H7C 
-,  If 7". 


Nov.  -,  1HS1 
.\lir.  — ,  IhSI 


\.().  .Viadniiy 

SaiiiiU'l   rimii  1 

Dr.  (ico.  I'lii^iU'niaiin. . 


.la.s.  Kiiiiic 


N'alnio  of  siirci- 
ini'ii. 


Alcoliolir 
I  III. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


N'ov.  — ,  l.-'SI 
Apr.     T),  1H87 


It.  Kciiiiicott !         Do. 

Dr.  H.  !•".  Sliniiiaiil Do. 

I,.  .M.'riiiiii  r I        Do. 

ItoliiTt  I!iil;;wa.v Do. 

j   I'riil.  I..  I.i'siincicnx Two  larvii'. 

I    U.  Kriinicotl i'llUi. 

!   I/.  M.  'rimicr ;  Alroliolic. 


— , 1«K1 


I''.  W.  liaywaiil 

I<.  M.  'J'lmii'r 

Dr.  A.  Kciis.s 

V.  W.  llavdcn 

{'■) -. 

W'.r.T.'l.  Ks 

Dr  (ii'o.  KnCflinaiiti.. 

]{.  Kciiiiiciitl 

I..  I.rsiilliTclIX     

Sl.(,'liailcs('i:l!f.;c  ... 


Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


11 


I      I 


[^ 


,      ':      ' 


ill 


i! 
ir: 


'  i       J: 


i  ! 


104       lii'MJ-rriN  :!i,  unitkd  srATKs  national  muskum. 

t'llOXDKOTIS  TEXANIIS  Mattlics. 

(I'latcr)!,  lij,'.  I!l,) 

.%il„mtui(lin  Ir.nnin.  Mattings,  All,!;i'iii.  .hiilscii.-  natnili.  /.•iliiiiR,  I,  IH.Vi,  p. 'ififi. 
.tnihlHsloiiHi  hj-ainin,  liair.l.  I".   S.  Mcx.    ISdiiiMl.   8iirv.,    ii,   I.Vi)f.,  -"■'.  I'l.  :<•".,   fly;.  If.; 
Cope,  Pn>c.  Ac.  I'liila..  '     \i).'.'(M:  Sliaiicli,  Salaiii.,  j).  <m  ;    IJonlciigrr,  Cat.  Hat-r. 
(irad.  liril.  Miis.,((l.ii.        .'.  ji.  r>0. 
The  (U'seriptioii  <»t'  this  spcc-ios  is  taken  from  si)eciiiuMis  uliich  iiro 
not  fully  j^rowii.   Tiic  proportions  iirc,  liowcver,  inucli   llioso  of  llic  (!. 
viicnKstowus  at  tlic  saiin'  a^ijc.    This,  with   the  Iarj;c  nunilu'r  of  costal 
^Moovcs,  ivndors  it  alMi(»st  (joitain  that  the  fiill-srown  individuals  are 
imich  like  those  of  the  latter  species,  and  very  probably  of  near  the 
same  si/e. 

Skin  ever;s  ..  Iiere  <piite  smooth  ;  no  traces  of  pores  on  the  head  or  paro- 
toid  lejiion  in  many  sjx'ciinens.  Costal  folds  fonrteen,  distinct ;  head 
folds  slightly  marked,  the  {,ndar  sli<>]it.     A  mediali  dorsal  <rroove. 

Mead  oxal,  rather  tiattened  ami  broad;  canthns  rostralis  somewhat 
marked.  Month  lar<;e  ;  (ianthns  behind  eye,  anterior  canthns  of  latter 
markiii;^'  middU' of  mar^^in.  Nostril  a  little  neai'cr  eye  fissnre  than 
length  of  latter,  jtrobably  eipial  in  older  specimens.  Width  between 
anterior  canthns  of  eyi^  double  len.yth  of  tissure;  external  separated 
by  one  leng;th  of  same,  which  is  less  than  the  distance  between  inner 
nares. 

Ton.^ne  small,  as  in  other  yoiui}.',  l)ut  not  fissured  or  grooved,  as  in 
tliose  of  the  two  jircceding  species.  Talatire  teeth  tbrming  an  arched 
seiies  between  nares.  extendinji'  to  their  anterior  border,  and  not  bej'ond 
the'r  inner  bordu'  in  the  lateral  direction.  From  their  i-esemlance  to 
thrse  of  .1.  mirrostomion  of  the  same  ajic  1  susj)ect  they  are  similar 
ir.  old  individuals. 

Ijody  rather  slender ;  width  of  head  at  Jaws  four  times  in  total  length 
to  yroin.  and  .7."»  len^tb  to  ynlar  fold.  Tail  short,  longer  when  older, 
('(jual  from  its  basis  to  axilla.  Limbs  moderately  stout ;  digits  elongate; 
third  and  fourth  toes  nearly  e(pial  then  lifth,  second,  first,  l-'ingera 
3,2,  1,1. 


Above,  light  brown,  with  a  series  of  light  spots  along  upp<'r  part  of 
sides;  these  are  small,  ami  one  is  between  each  pair  of  costal  folds. 
Sides  and  belly  yellow. 


Lcn 
Lci. 

liCII 
LtMl 


Tin;    15ATRAC1IIA    OF    XORTJI    AMERICA.  105 

Mcasitri  mcnls. 

In.     Lin. 

Li'iijjtli  fiom  (Mid  imi/zlt;  to  caiitliiis  oris 0      2.0 

liCiifftli  from  cud  imi/zlc  to  axillii 0      fi.  .'> 

Lt'ii^fdi  from  t'lid  iiiii/./lii  to  fjroiii (•  11 

Lciifjtli  from  end  muz/lo  fo  I'lid  tiiil 'i      I?.  7."> 

Ijfiijjth  from  (^lltow  lo  end  finucr 0      ;>.  I 

Lciif^tli  from  knco  to  <Mid  toe 0       ;i.  7 

No.  ton,  el  0  vol  I  .spociiiuMis;  locality,  San  Antonio,  Te.\.;  collector,  J. 
I).  Ciraliani. 

Tiie  piano  front  and  cantlms  nostralis  of  this  species  form  a  resem- 
blance to  the  (J.  tenebt'osus,  between  which  anil  C.  microstomus  it  is 
natnrally  placed. 

CIIONDROTIS  J'AKOTlCfS  IJaird.* 

Cope,  .Vini^riciiii  Niiliirali.st,  IHS7,  \t.  >*». 

Amhljintoma  paroticnm  Haird,  Coih'.  I'mc.  Ac.  I'liihi.,  IH(;7,  p.  200 ;  Strancli,  Salam., 
p.  (•).-.;  noiil.'njj;t'r,  Cat.  Hatr.  Grad.  Hrit.  Miis.,  cd.  ii,  IS-i,  p.  1^  IM.  ii,  lij^.  3. 

This  salamander  is  of  very  i)ecnliar  (iharacter.  It  is  one  of  the  stout- 
bodied  spe(!ies,  in  this  respect  about  e(]nal  to  A.  piincttitum,  but  with  a 
broa(b>r  head. 

In  the  type  specimen  (47(t8)  the  skin  is  remarkably  free  from  pits, 
pores,  and  milk  olands.  Tiiese  are  found  on  the  parotoid  region,  both 
above  and  below  the  horizontal  furrow  from  eye  to  side  of  neck,  which 
is  swollen  in  conseiiuence.  There  is  also  a  small  patcii  on  top  of  head 
borderiii};-  the  orbit,  a  pat<-h  on  the  s|)a<'es  between  the  intercostal  fur- 
rows, on  the  ujyper  pint  of  the  sides,  extending-,  though  faintly,  nearly 
to  the  belly.  Along  the  ridge  of  the  tail,  bordered  below  by  an  in- 
dented line,  the  glands  are  tliickly  crowded.  A  few  scattered  glands 
are  seen  along  tlie  back  ;  elsewhere  the  skin  is  perfectly  smooth  and 
glandh'.ss,  with  the  miisch^  directly  beneath  it,  although  probably  when 
fresh  the  usual  shallow  pits  of  tlu'  group  stud  the  skin  thickly  every- 
where, as  usuid.  These  are  distinctly  visible  in  a  second  si)ecimen 
(I7(t!>).  In  this  also  the  ghuuls  an;  more  numerous  on  the  back  and 
extend  fart  her  <lowu  the  side  of  the  tail. 

The  head  is  Itroad  and  depressed,  considerably  constricted  at  the 
neck.  The  eyes  are  unusually  large  and  prominent  for  the  genus,  sepa- 
rated ant»Miorly  by  about  twice  the  length  of  their  orbits,  distant  from 
the  nostrils  less  than  this  lengtii.  The  outer  ami  inner  nostrils  are 
respi'ctively  about  equidistant  by  little  more  than  one  length  of  the  orbit. 

The  tongue  is  moderate,  m-arly  circular,  tilling  the  rami  only  ante- 
rioily  and  hanlly  more  than  half  the  wi<lth  of  the  head. 

The  teeth  are  in  four  patches,  forming  a  transver.se  series,  slightly  an- 
gular anteriorly,  where  they  extend  to  about  opposite  the  centers  of  the 
inner  nostrils,  'i'ju' two  central  piit<!hes  are  rather  the  larger,  with  a 
slight  interval.  Tlicy  extend  jxtsterolaterally  nearly  to  the  inner 
margin  of  inner  nostrils;  then  ai-e  se|)arate()  from  the  outer  patches  by 
an  interval  nearly  the  widih  of  the  inner  nostrils.  The  lateral  patches 
extend  a  short  (listance  bevond  the  outer  margin  of  the  inner  nostrils. 


hn 


4 


I 


i 


I'latfJl.  liijs.  n.7. 


i 


I 


lOG  IMILLKTIN    .SI,    UNITHD    STATICS    NATIONAL    MITSEUM. 

The  para  spl.enoidal  imrlion  of  tlio  roof  of  the  moiitli  is  imicli  re- 
stricted laterally  and  behiiul. 

The  body  is  full,  rounded,  anddei)ressed.  Tiiere  are  eleven  costal  fur- 
rows, including  iu'juinal  aiul  axillary. 

The  tail  is  compressed,  but  oval  in  cross-section,  with  the  lower edjio 
rather  sharp  towards  the  end.  Tiie  upper  outline  is  much  rounded,  it 
is  iu)t  hi-ii,  and  not  as  long'  as  the  rest  of  head  and  body;  longer  than 
from  sntmt  to  groin.    In  one  specimen  there  is  a  distinct  furrow  along 

the  under  side. 

The  limbs  are  large;  the  digits  lengthened;  more  depressed  than  in 
A.  piinrtatum,  but  linear,  not  triangular  in  shape.  Tlie  lateral  ones  are 
more  lengthened  than  usual,  and  those  of  each  limb  ure  more  nearly  of 
a  length?  The  free  portion  of  longest  linger  is  more  than  one-third 
from  tip  to  elbow;  that  of  longest  toe  in  the  same  proportion. 

The  gape  of  the  head  is  wide;  the  length  more  than  half  the  width. 
The  width  of  the  head  is  contained  four  times  in  distance  from  snout  to 
groin. 


I  I  H-  II  G 

Fio.  21.  Chondi-dtiiK  iiarnliciin.    No.  7021.     Vi|i;t't'.s  Soiiiiil.  Orriidii.     Xatiiriil  si/.i\ 

The  color  in  one  specimen  is  everywhere  a  <lull  reddish-olive  ()»• 
brown,  paler  beneath,  and  without  the  trace  of  any  spots.  Xo.  I7(>7  is 
inu<!li  darker,  nearly  islack. 

The  AmhJustomn  tri-sruptiim  ('ope,  from  Ocate  Creek,  is  similar  to  the 
present  species  in  the  intervals  between  the  four  palatine  patches  and 
the  glands  on  the  parotid  region.  The  rest  of  the  skin,  however,  as  far 
ascanbeas(!ertained,isglan(lulai',  a^'i"  A.  pmirtdtuiii,  /'////■//(»/«,  etc.  The 
digits,  too,  are  shorter,  Hatter,  more  triangular,  the  lateral  and  central 
more  unequal.  The  eyes  are  much  smaller  ami  farther  apart.  'I'liei-e 
are  twelve  costal  furrows,  not  eleven,  etc. 

Chondrotim  ppi'iiliciis  Itairit. 
UKSEltVl".  SKKIKS. 


CiitiiliVUliolN'o.  ofl 
niiriiliiT.    •iprr. 


Locality. 


Wlicii 
CoHi'cIimI. 


4'OH  1      Cliildwy  nek  I.aUc. 

Ori'doii. 

711'Jl  I      I'liiict  Sdiiiid,  Oiv^dii 

lllir>  1      N.ah  r.iiy,  (>ii'l:iiii  .... 

4711!)  ,        -      Xcai'SrijihiliniiMi, Oil'. 

i;nn. 

1      Cnal  iiiiii('.<  (if  VaiH'ciii. 

\VV  l.'4lall4l. 


FlKiii  wliDMi  irci'ivi'il 


N'aliui'  of  ,t|ic(i 
iiii'ii. 


A.  Ciiiiplicll Aliiili.ilic  l\  |H 

Dr.  (".  r..  1!.  K.iiihtIv Al.  (iliolir. 

.1.  (i.  Swan |i(i. 

A.  Cainplhll       I),.. 


AUli'ii  W.  Iti^\v.s(in 


Do. 


I 


T 


H( 


THE    BATRACFIIA    OF    NORTH    AMKRICA, 


rroiiorlioiiitJ  (limfiisioiifi. 


107 


47Ud.  L'hilowyiick. 
Head: 

fifinj^th  of  jjtapo  of  iiiontli  to  its  widtli  inoro  than  half. 

Width  to  disfiinct'  from  snout  to  giilar  fold contained  IJ  tinies, 

\Vid(h  to  distance  from  snout  to  j^roin    'l.J  tinics. 

\\  idtli  to  distance  from  snont  to  Ijehind  aims -f  fi  tiniuH. 

From  snout  to  ^nlar  fold  contained  in  distance  from  snont  to  irroin '.ii  times. 

From  HUO'.it  to  guhir  foUl  containud  in  distance  from  snout  to  hchind 
aims +4  times. 

Distance  anteriorly  Itctween  eyes  in  huijjth  of  orbit 2  times. 

Distance  from  eyes  to  nostrils  in  leiij;tli  v  f  orbit little  over  1   time. 

Distance  between  external  nostrils  in  huij^tli  of  orbit little  ovtsr  1  time. 

Distance  between  internal  nostrils  in  lenj;th  of  orbit about  1  timo. 

Width  of  toiif^nc  to  wiilth  of  head little  over  i  time. 

Liinl>s: 

Free  ))ortion  of  hnifiest  finj^er  contained  in  distance  from  elbow  to  tip  2ij  ti'nes. 

])istance  between  oiitstrctchi'd  toes  in  len;i;lh  from  snont  to  jiroin e(|nal. 


•i, 


McdHircmctiln,  in  iiichcH. 


»  w     » 


Leiifjth  (measured  aloiifi  axis  of  body): 

From  snout  to^japc^ r>0 

Fnnii  snout  to  jjnlar  fold '.•."> 

From  snont  to  armpit l.Tid 

From  snont  to  irroiii li.  Id 


From  snout  to  l)(diind  aims  . 

:$.  sn 

From  snont  to  vui\ 

of  ta 

1... 

7.  t]0 

lead: 

Width  of  he.-id... 

.  .  .    . 

.  -  - 

.7.') 

Width  of  ton"ne 

to 

Lenj^th  of  orbit ... 

.  2.". 

Distance   between 

eyes 

ant< 

M*i- 

orly 

. 

.  »r> 

Distance  between 

outer 

nost 

rils 

.  25 

Head— Continued. 

Distance  b(!tween  inner  nostrils     .24 

Tail : 

Height  of  tail  where  hij^hest.. .     .  4.^> 
I'.readlh  of  tail  where  hi-;hest..     .20 

Limbs: 

J'ree  portion  of  l()iii;(>st  (inj»or..     .  !?0 
I''roiu  ell»o\v   to   tip   of   lon>;e.st 

r"-f,'<'i- «5 

Free  portion  of  loni^est  toe 'MIt 

From  knee  to  tip  of  lon^fest  toe  1.00 
Distance   between  ontstretehed 
toes :?  05 


CHONDUOTUS  DIX'ORTICATUS  Cope.  * 

American  Naturalist,  18.-'7,  p.  i^-<  (February). 
Anihlnnlomn  dccottiialiim  Vo\w,  I'roeeeds.  Aiucr.  I'hilosoph.  Soc,  l."^8f),  p.  r>S2. 

Tlii.s  species  has  a  {jood  deal  of  allinily  in  its  character  to  the  C. 
paroticiis  I>air<l,  but  it  dilVeis  in  important  points  of  structure,  as  well 
as  in  its  external  appearajice. 

Its  oeii(>ial  proportions  are  not  slender;  and  the  limb.s,  especially  the 
posterior  ones,  are  very  stout.  The  tail  is  Ions',  i>»<l  •»  coinpres.sedfroin 
the  base.  It  does  not  bear  a  fin  at  any  i)art.  lis  length,  in  the  sinj^le 
spetuiuen  before  me,  is  eijual  to  that  of  the  head  and  body  (in(!ludingtho 
vent),  less  the  distance  from  the  eye  to  the  end  of  the  muzzle.  The 
head  is  short  and  the  muzzle  is  contracted,  ami  is  steeply  rounded  in 
profile.  The  distance  from  the  muzzle  to  the  axilla  enters  the  length 
from  thea.Killa  to  the  groin  1\  times.    The  width  of  the  head  enters 

•riate24,  li«H.  8,it. 


■    * ''      V'.A  : 


I    I 


i      ll 


iff  1 15: 


108  liULLKTIN   .-51,    UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

the  total  loii<;tIi  to  tlic^ioin  I  tiiiios.    Thi'  limbs  when  i>it'.s.s<'«l  to  the 
side  ovt'iiap  l>v  tlio  loii^^tli  of  tlii' liiis^'i's. 

There  is  no  eantliiis  lustralis,  ami  the  lower  jaw  does  not  extend  be- 
yond the  upiKT.  The  external  iiares  are  almost  terminal,  and  are  as 
far  apart  as  the  distance  b.'twcLMi  the  inner  bordiM'S  of  the  choana'. 
The  latter  are  rather  lar^e,  and  are  transverse.  The  vonieropalatino 
series  of  teeth  form  a  short  transverse  line,  which  is  entirely  within  the 
internal  borders  of  the  inner  nares  and  a  considerable  distance  poste- 
rior to  them.  The  ton,-;ae  is  wider  than  Ion;;-,  bnt  docs  not  till  the  wide 
floor  of  the  mouth  laterally.  A  dermal  yroove  extends  posteriorly 
from  the  eye  to  the  side  of  the  neck  above  the  anterior  border  of  the 
liiunenis.  A  branch  groove  descends  a  short  distance  posterior  to  the 
eye  and  turns  forwards  to  the  eanthns  of  the  mouth.  These  grooves 
divide  masses  of  crypts,  those  on  the  inferior  side  of  the  {groove  hi'.\u<r 
most  prominent.  The  tract  above  the  groove  resembles  the  parotoid 
ftland  of  the  Vliondrotm  parotiviin,  bnt  is  much  less  distinctly  <lelined, 
fading  out  upwards. 

There  are  eleven  well-defined  lateral  dermal  folds,  and  sjtaee  for  a 
twelfth,  which  will  probably  be  found  well  defined  in  other  specimens. 
The  back  from  the  interscapular  region  posteriorly  and  the  superior 


e  e  7 

4.  \  3 

Fin.  22.  ChftDdnilKK  (h-riiiilfntiin.     No.  Itl9:i.     I'nrt  Simpson,  1!.  (!.     Natiiiiil  size. 

part  of  the  tail  are  thickly  studded  with  cryi)ts.    There  is  a  slightly 
defined  gidar  fold. 

The  fore  limb  is  as  long  as  from  its  anterior  base  to  the  anterior  mar- 
gin of  the  eye.  The  toes  are  quite  short,  and  tiieir  lengths,  beginning 
with  the  shortest,  are  .5-li-.")-t.  Tiie  posterior  foot  is  (vspecsially  robust, 
and  tliesole  is  wider  than  the  length  of  the  longest  linger.  There  ar<' 
im  distinct  tubercles  on  the  sole.  The  lengths  of  the  toes  are,  In^ginning 
with  the  shortest,  1-5-2-1-3. 


I 


f 


\\ 
\\ 
w 
1)( 


on 

CO 

eh 
si/, 
spi 
tlu 


Mfasinrmiiiln  of  Xo.  lAWX 


M. 
171 


Totiil  l('ii;;(li. 

lii'iintli  Id  1)!isc  1)1'  tail dill) 

Ei'nj;lli  to  ffroin " 071 

liPiijitli  to  iixilla OH  I 

liOiij;!!!  fi>  line  (if  eyes (!(),") 

liiMif^tli  (if  i'lirc-lcjx O-ji; 

liCiintli  oC  lurc-fodl 111(1 

I.ciinlli  Dfciilpitiis (II IH 

IjtMij^lli  of  hi  ml  I<'<r ().2(j 


I 


I 


( 


rilK    IJATUACIIIA    OF    NOUTII    AMEKICA.  101) 

M. 

Loiij^tli  of  hind  I'ciot OlOi) 

Witllli  iK'twcfii  nostrils 00r> 

Widtli  bi'lwfcii  (■.yes (I0(! 

Width  of  liiiid OKi 

Widtli  ofKolo OtW 

D.'pth  of  tail  at  miihllo W8 

Till' iii;uiiu'r  of  (U'S('i-il)iiijf  tlio  color  i)iitti'rn  of  this  .species  «li'(>eii(l,s 
on  wliiit  we  ii-oaitl  as  tlie  j^rouiul.  We  can  assume  tliat  the  ground 
color  is  represented  by  a  dark  chocolate-brown,  and  say  that  this  is 
closely  studded  with  brownish-white  spots  of  irrej;nlar  forms  and 
sizes.  On  the  back,  limbs,  and  top  and  sides  of  the  head  the  pale 
spots  are  so  close  tojjether  as  to  reduce  the  brown  to  a  network.  On 
the  l\nM-leos  the  p.ile  spots  arc  lar<»er  than  anywhere  else.  The  spots 
are  few  on  the  tail,  and  those  chielly  near  the  base.  The  inferior  sur- 
tiUH's  are  dirty  lif,ditbrown. 

Tiie  characters  which  separate  this  species  from  C.  j;<no//VM.s'  are: 
The  inu(;li  shorter  series  of  vomeropalaiine  teeth,  the  shorter  lin,ners 
and  toes,  the  less  distinct  psirot  id  jflands,  the  shorter  and  more  ob- 
tuse head,  and  the  coloration. 

No.  IIUKJ;  one  specimen;  Port  Sinipsor  Alaska,  l.SSr>;  Dr.  T.  II. 
Streets,  U.  8.  Navy. 

CiroNltKOTUS  ATKKKIMUS  Cope* 

Ainericiin  Niituriilist,  1887,  \t.  88. 

.tmhhistiiiiKi  iilirriminii,  Co]»(',   I'rot,'.  Ac.   IMiihi.,  1^(17,  ]>. 'JOl  ;  .Stiaiitli,  Sahiiii.,   p.  (i.'>; 
Honliii^.  r,  (at.  Itatr.  (Jiad.  Hiit.  Miis.,  cd.  ii,  ls,--,>,  p.  4i». 

This  is  a  stout  spe(^ies,  haviiifj;  a  form  of  head  intermediate  between 
that  of  tlu^  C.  fenebrosus  and  .1.  tiyrintim.  The  deidition  is  (piite  pe- 
(Miliar,  and  with  the  ensemble  of  its  characters  refers  this  species  to  the 
immediate  neiyldiorhood  of  the  C.  ienthiosus. 

Head  a  broad  oval,  its  ••reatest  width  a  little  over  three-quarters  the 
leiijith  from  end  of  muzzle  to  {?ular  fohl,  and  4.2  in  same  to  "roin.  The 
pupil  marks  three-sevenths  the  distance  from  canthus  of  mouth  to  ex- 
ternal nostril.  Fissure  of  orbit  equal  lenj;th  from  same  to  nostril  and 
enters  l.OU  times  widtli  between  the  latter;  it  is  contained  2.L'5  times  in 
widtli  between  anterior  canthi  of  eyes.  Canthus  rostralis  marked  at 
orbit,  terminatinjjf  very  obtu.sely  at  nostril.  The  i)rolile  descends  steejyly 
from  line  of  latter,  imt  being  prolonjjed,  as  in  C.  tenebrosns.  Thus  from 
the  line  connectin}»-  middle  of  inner  nares  to  lip  is  .To  external  interna- 
rial  distance  and  .0  between  anterior  canthus  of  eyes;  in  C.  teiwhrosus, 
same  eipials  ititernarial  width  and  .75  the  distance  between  eyes.  The 
distances  between  inner  and  outer  nares  are  the  same;  the  former  are 
round.  The  series  of  palatine  teeth  commence  oidy  ojjpositc  the  middle 
of  the  posterior  marfjin  of  the  internal  nares,  and  describe  a  slight  curve 

•  Phitciit,  li,KH.  4,5. 


■^ 

'm 

\ 

,  ij 

\ 

Z.  'i 

'fU 


I'i 


;1 

4  . 

■ 

^'1 

7 

r 

'        1 

ii:M 


110  IIULLIM'IN    :{l,    UNITKI)    STATlvS    NATIONAL    MI'SKUM. 

round  their  inner  margins  to  a  point  Ju.st  in  advance  of  their  anterior, 
then  turn  abruptly  inwards  and  slightly  l)a(;k\var.ls,  making  a  right 
an-lo  with  their  previous  course.    They  converge,  but  do  i-ot  unite. 

lo ue  large ;  as  broad  as  long.    CJular  fold  well  n.arked  ;  parotoid 

.rroovcMiot  visible,  perhaps  accMdentally.  It  is  dilllcult,  as  in  the  C.  tent: 
hrosus,  to  distinguish  the  costal  folds.    There  are  not  more  than  twelve. 

The  tail  is  short  and  stout;  its  upper  edge  is  much  coini.ressed,  as  is 
the  i)osterior  half;  its  glandular  structures  are  much  less  developed 
than  in  other  species  of  Amblystoma,  the  erypts  of  the  erest  being 
minute  and  globular.  Length  of  tail  e(pial  from  its  origin  (posterior 
margin  vent)  to  pcsterior  outline  of  sternum. 

Tlie  extremities  are  very  st()nt,.iust  meeting  when  laid  along  the  side. 
The  palms  and  soles  are  very  wide,  and  the  toes  short  and  llattened. 
They  stand,  as  regards  length,  behind,  3,  4, 1>,  5,  1 ;  before,  3,  2,  4,  1. 


1  4  Q  6 

Kii;.  2;t.  Vhiiiiiliiildi-  alcrriiiiiii.:  No.  W^i'2 ;  raliiral  size;  Kinky  MuiiiituiuH. 


The  color  is  black  above,  lead  colored  below. 


Measinrmnitn. 

Ill 

Length  from  HiKiiit  to  "fapo  (lint  projection) 0 

Lciigtli  I'roiii  snout  to  };iil:ir  loltl 0 

Len};tli  iVoni  .snout  to  axilla (• 

LiMijith  from  snout  to  j;roin 0 

Lcni^tli  from  siniut  to  end  of  vent  0 

Lcnjjth  from  snout  to  muI  of  tail (i 

Width  of  head 0 

Width  of  tonyue (( 

Width  between  eyes  anteriorly t) 

Width  between  nostrils 0 

Width  between  inner  nostrils (t 

Width  from  eye  to  nor.tril 0 

Circuniferenee  of  belly 0 

Greatest  lieijjht  of  tail 0 

Greatest  width  of  tail 0 

Free  portion  of  longest  linger 0 

From  elbow  to  tip  of  linger 0 

Free  part  of  longest  toe 0 

Knoe  to  tip  of  longest  too  ... (I 

E.xtcnt  of  outstretched  toes 0 

No.  5242;  one  specimen ;  North  Rocky  Mountains;  Lieutenant  iNIallen. 


Liii. 

-.1 
12.7.-. 
I'.l.  1 

■».-* 
(i 

1>.  75 
f).  2 
5 
4 

:s 

2.  ar> 
y;j.  (I 

.'■>.4 

•i.r, 

y.  r. 

i>.  7r» 

;{ 
11 

<;.  (i 


I 


(SI/ 


w 

Sll 


I 


1 


TIIK    IfArKAClllA    or    NOl.TII    AMKUICA.  Ill 

f IIONDliOirs   IKNHI'.UU^r.S  li«l.  (linl. 

Colli',  Aiiicricuii  Niitiirjilin(,  l."^.'*/,  p.  8H. 

Amhhjxiiimii  li  inlinisiiiii,  li:iinl  and  (iiranl,  I'l-oc.  Ac.   riiilj'..,  H.Vi,   i>.    171,  tiiiil    U.  S. 

Kx|il.  Siirv.,  xii.,|inrt   ii.,    I'l.  M,  lij?.  1;    (Jopt',  rroo.  Ac.  I'liila  ,  18(17,  p.  i/CCJ; 

Sliamli,  .S;ilaiii.,  p.  ti:>;   Uimlmmcr,  Oat.  Hair.  (Srail.  Hrit.  Miis.,  I'd.  ii,   IrtS'i,  p.  U). 
.\ililiiiiiin-((  liiKlinixii,  (iir.,  l'.  S,  Kxpl.  Kxpcd.,  llcrp.,  )>.  M,  IM.  i,  lins.  <J-17. 

This  .species  is  csiu'ciully  cliaructcri/ed  by  its  iniussive  fVaiiie  and  huge 
si/e  among  tn  <>  salamanders,  as  well  as  by  other  peculiarities,  liereafter 
to  Itc  mentioned. 

The  skin  is  less  glandular  than  in  A.  pnnctatiim  or  ^(^r/«jn)i,  although 
scattered  glands  may  be  detected  (closely  and  evenly  distributed  on  the 
wlioh'  back  ami  sides  and  on  tiie  chin.  The  remaining  under  parts  and 
snout  befiu'e  the  eyes  are  smooth. 

The  head  is  v«My  massively  built,  large,  broadest  behind  the  eyes  and 
triangular,  the  sides  being  nearly  straight  to  the  narrow  and  roundt'd 
tip.  The  eyes  an;  very  large  and  prominent,  se|>arated  by  less  than 
two  lengtlis  of  the  orbit,  ami  distant  less  than  one  length  from  the  outer 
nostrils,  which  arc  separated  by  \\  orbits  distance,  and  placed  on  the 
side  below  the  distinct  eanthus  rostralis.  Tlie  outer  nostrils  are  much 
more  distant  tiian  the  inner,  which  are  very  large,  much  excavated, 
and  iiave  the  external  canal  occupied  by  a  soft,  plaited  membrane. 

Tlie  tongue  is  thick  and  tleshy,  nearly  orbicular,  but  angular  anteri- 
orly. It  tills  up  the  lower  jaw  pretty  well,  and  is  more  than  halt'  the 
width  of  the  head. 

Tlie  palatine  teeth  are  in  two  patches  only;  each  very  slightly  convex 
antericu'Iy,  coming  together  at  a  slight  angle,  with  the  apex  backward, 
l)nt  separated  along  the  nu'dian  line.  Lateially  the  patches  of  teeth 
form  the  p(»sterior  margin  of  the  inner  nares,  and  do  not  extend  beyond 
their  outer  margin.  The  eidire  .series  is  thus  posterior  to  the  nostril, 
in  younger  specimens  the  series  are  more  transverse,  the  inner  extrem- 
ities slightly  incurved. 

The  width  of  the  head  is  contained  1;^  times  in  distance  to  gidar  fold 
and  4  times  to  groin. 

The  l»ody  is  roumled  and  depressed.  As  nearly  as  can  be  ascertained 
there  are  about  twelve  costal  furrows. 

Th(^  tail  in  the  two  specimens  before  me  is  considerably  less  than  half 
the  total  length.  It  is  much  compressed  from  near  the  base,  and  the 
edges  near  the  end  are  (jnite  sharp.  It  is  far  short  of  being  as  deep  at 
the  base  as  the  body. 

The  lind)s  are  stout.  The  digits,  the  fingers  especially,  are  short,  con. 
sii'erably  depre.s.sed,  but  linear  ami  blunt  at  the  tips.  The  under  sur- 
faces of  these  are  souiewhat  swollen  into  a  kind  of  bulb,  which  in  alcohol 
contracts  into  something  the  appearance  of  a  disk.    The  third  finger  is 


I     I 


m 


0m 


V 


P 


\[2  lilLLiniN    :;i,    UNITKI)    STATKS    NATIONAL    Ml'SKUM. 

loii'-est  l»iit  is  very  littlo  iiiarc!  tliaii  tlic  scooiiil,  iiu.l  this  than  the  first 
■iiul'lou'itli  Tlic  tl.inl  liii-cr  is  .iontiiiiuMl  nearly  four  tiii.cs  in  tlio  (lis- 
iancc  lion,  elbow  to  tip.  Ti.c  lomtl.  loc,  is  louf-vr  than  third  in  three 
specimens;  in  one  the  second  exceeds  the  fourth  a  little,  ami  the  same 
are  nearly  eipial  in  case  of  the  lin-ers. 

The  color  of  this  si.ecies  in  alcohol  is  a  kind  ot  (hirk  reddish-brown; 
paler  beneath,  mottled  and  marbled  above,  and  on  the  sides  with  darker 
brownish;  iuost  distinct  on  the  head,  especially  on  the  snout,  where  the 
skin  is  i)erfectly  sino'>f  h.    The  head  shows  a  tinye  of  f^rayish  in  the 

«;ronnd  color.  .    ,     ,t    ■     i 

(For  fresh  color  see  the  ligure  in  (lir.ird's  Ileri>etology  ot  the  United 

States  Exploring  Kxpedition.) 

There  are  two  varieties  of  this  species:  <f.  Where  the  hnval  rejjjion  is 
Hat  and  the  muzzle  narrower  before  the  orbits,  and  the  marblinj<;s  con- 
lined  to  the  head;  the  body  i»eiii«-of  a  nearly  uniform  brown.  Repre- 
sented bysi»eciinens  1710  and  4(l.*>3.  fi.  The  loreal  rc-iioii  swollen  in 
front  of  orbits,  ami  hence  the  muzzle  broader;  tlu^  f,M(»und  color  {gray- 
ish, with  coarse  brown  marbiinji-,  like  larye  hollow  spots,  distributed 
over  the  whole  upper  surfaces  of  the  body  and  tail.  Hei)resented  by 
No.  r»!»Sl  and  a  larj>e  specimen  (leiijith  S  inches  (J  lines)  in  .Mus.  Phil- 
adelphia Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  from  I'.ody  I'.ay,  latitude  .'i8^  18' 
north,  on  the  coast  of  California,  procured  by  (leor^e  Davidson,  of  the 
U.  S.  Coast  Survey. 

Clioiidrotiin  Idnhromin  lid.  (iinl. 


IJKSKKVK  SKKIKS. 


Cataliisiio  No.  u(. 
luiiiibi'i-.    spec. 


I.iKiility. 


Wlifii 
cjllccti'il. 


KlDin  M  liiilii  irnivt'cl. 


I 


4710 
4053 

SD81 

14182 

mm 

U5.-)U 
13781 


1  I  OlPiIoii K\|  lorini;  c\|M-(li(iciM    

]  ■  Astoria,  Oit'soii I I.iciit.  W.  1'.  Tii>\\  In  itljic 

I  r.  .S.  Aiiiiy. 

1     Cliilow  .viirli  I.aUc,    Dr.  ('.  11.  K.  KciiiKilv 

(hfumi. 

1     l'ii;;ct  Sdiiiiil.  Oic;;iiii "Ill 

1  !  roillunil,  Oii'Uo" l***^'''  •!.  I'i'visiiii 

1  !  Slia.sia  Cuuiit.v,  Cal...  I'^KH  I..  W.  ( liviii 

7    do 18h.')  (y'lia.s.  Ti)W  iiHiiiil   .. 


N'aliiii'  »rHiicii- 

IIICll. 


Ali'iilicilic  t.vpr. 
.Miiiliiilic. 

Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Ad.  and  larvii'. 


rroportional  dimcnuions. 

Head: 

Lenjitli  "I"  'X'i\»'  of  iiioiitli  to  it.s  width two-tliirils. 

Width  contained  in  distunce  from  siiont  to  fftihir  I'ohl l\  times. 

Width  coiitiiincd  in  di.stancc  fVoni  snout  to  >;roin -I  times. 

Troni  .snout  to  j;ular  fold  oontaiiu'd  in  di.staiu'c  fioni  unout  to 

jrroin lilt  If  over  li  tinii's. 

Di.stancc  anteriorly  lii'twecn  eyes  in  lent^th  of  orl)it not  <|nite  twice- 

Ui.stancc  from  i^ycs  to  nostrils  in  lenj^th  of  orbit four-tiftli.s. 

Distance  between  external  nostrils  in  length  of  orbit H  timt^s. 

Distance  between  inte'iial  nostrils  in  length  of  (ubit ionr-lifths. 

Width  of  tnncnus  to  width  of  head one-half. 


1 


t 


\ 


liimi 


Tail: 


F.engll 
I' 
1' 
I'rl 
I'rj 

1  I. 

ad: 
Wi 
Wi 
Wi. 
Dis 
Disf 
])isl 
Disti 


!!• 


The  lai 

any  other 

1051- 


THE    lUTRACHIA    01'    NORTH    AMERICA. 


113 


<       . 


I 


i  r; 


liiiiilm: 

Eroo  portion  of  lonj^ost  linger  t'oiitiiiiicd  in  distaiico  fron»  cl1)o\v 

to  tip nearly  I  tiiaos. 

Freu  portion  of  lon<j(.'Hl  too  containcil  in  distanco  Irom  knoo 

to  tip nrarlj  lit  tiini-s. 

Distance  betwei-nontsti-'trlioil  toes  in  lenj^th  from  snout  to  groin one-third. 

Tail: 

Een^tli  tVoni  lieliind  anus  to  rest  of  animal contained  I  '.   limes. 

Lenj;,lli  from  lieliind  anns  to  total  length twoli'ths. 

Mtanitrtiniiitu  in  hidti/i. 

I^iuiglii,  measiiied  along  asisof  liody  :  Iiody  : 

Erom  .snout  to  gajie .*!()!  CirLMimfereneo  of  holly -Ldt) 

I'rom  sMoiil  to  gular  fold   I..">(l|  Distance  lii    ween  armpit  and.. 

Erom  snout  to  armpit 'J.  I(»  ninin 'J. (i."> 


T    ■" 


Ei'om  HUoiit  to  groin   1. .'•."> 

Erom  snout  to  liehind  anus r>.  (i."> 

Eromsiiont  torn  1  of  tail lt.:!U 

Mead: 

Widthof  head 1.1.'. 

Width  of  tongue (Id 

Width  of  orbit :M 

Di.stanee  liet  ween  ryes  anteriorly  .."18 
Distance  between  ouler  nostrils  .10 
Distance  bet  ween  inner  nostrils  .  i!() 
Distance  from  e^o  to  nostrils. ..     .*2(J 


Tail  : 

Height  of  tail  where  highest...     .(15 
Ibeadtli  <if  tail  where  higln'st..     .'M 

Limbs: 

Erei'  ipoititin  of  longest  linger..     .'JH 
I'ldin  elliow  to  tip  of  longest  lin- 

«cr 1.(1.-. 

Eree  portion  of  longest  toe :!() 

Erom  KniM' to  tip  of  longest  toe.    I.!i.-| 
Distaiiee   between    oiltstntched 
tous u.  (ii; 


Ah 


\ 


Flo 


Tlio  larva  of  tlii.s  .spiu-ii's  l'ii'»iii('iitly  cvcct'tls  in  (limcii.sioii.s  thai  ol 
any  other  species,  and  (iiiite  e<|iial.s  theadtilt.     It  is  a  iiiiitbna  lead  coloi', 
1951— Bull  31— S 


H 


) 


114       ju'LLjyriN  :u,  iimtki)  statks  natioval  muskum. 

or  soinctiiiii'.s  bliirkisli,  and  tlic  imiz/lc  is  latliiT  iil)riii)tly  sIioHcikmI. 
The  tiiil  lias  a  liii  at  its  oxtivinity,  wliicli  extends  also  wi'll  aiiti'iiorly  on 
tho  snpeiior  t'd;;e.    The  dij^its  arc  Ihittcned,  and  their  apices  are  pro- 
tected in  many  specimens  by  a  liorny  cap  of  a  blackish  color.    This 
larva,  however,  dillers  lioni  that  of  other  species  of  the  ;;cnns  in  otlier 
characters  of  more  iniportance.     First.  There  are  no  teeth  on  thesi»Ien- 
nial  bone.    (I  have  not  examined  very  small  specimens.)    Secondly.  Tln^ 
branchia-  have  a  peculiar  shape.*     There  are  no  processes  such  as  exist 
in  all  other  Urodcle  larva-,  but  the  linduia'  arise  from  the  edj^es  of  tlie 
vertical  lamina-,  which  separate  the  pliarynj,'eal  lissnres  (Fi.i;.  3,  p. ,'{,  No. 
7).    The  superior  ))art  of  the  lamina  is  a  little  more  produced  than  the 
inferior,  so  as  to  form  in  some  specimens,  on  the  third  lamina,  a  short 
ju'ccess.    This  type  of  external   branchia-  do(-s  not  n-semble  any   of 
those  of  the  perennil)ranchiate  types,  where  theie  are  always  \mH',- 
esses  which  are  fre(piently  furnished  with  more  or  less  numerous  rami. 
Thirdly.  The  teeth  of  the  larva  are  stronjicr  than  in  the  adult.     They 
are  compressed,  doubleedj^ed,  and  acute,  liavinj,''  thus  a  da.y<;er  shape. 
They  can  iullict  a  severe  bite. 

As  they  approach  maturity  the  marbled  (-olois  be^in  to  appear. 
They  can  probably  reproduce  without  under^oin^'  a  metamorphosis, 
since  I  have  found  e;ij?s  in  the  ovaries  ready  lor  dc])osit. 

I  observed  these  larv.i.'  in  some  tributaries  of  the  ^IcCloud  IJiver, 
near  Baird,  Cal.  They  swam  with  .ureat  rapidity,  darting'  about  and 
hiding  tlemselves  amonj;'  the  fallen  leaves  that  covered  the  bottom,  i 
took  from  the  stomach  of  one  of  them  a  larva  of  its  own  si)e(!ies  (»f  on«-- 
third  its  size.  They  are  common  in  the  mountain  streams  of  northern 
California-aud  western  Ore<;on.  The  skeleton  of  a  lar^e  sjtecimen  friun 
iSalenj,  Oregon,  is  li^'ured  on  Plates  L'O-L'l.*  The  hyoid  apparatus  of  a 
youuger  larva  is  reprcscuted  ou  PI.  22,  lijjs.  L*-o. 


1    /Ci 


LIXGILELAPSUS  Cope. 

American  Naturalist,  I'^'y",  p.  S8. 

Otoglossal  cartilage  free  from  the  basibranchial,  and  capable  of  an- 
teroposterior movement  on  it,  and  not  forming  a  ring.    Tail  cylindric. 

In  other  resi)ects  this  genus  is  identical  with  Amblystoma.  The  dif- 
ference in  the  otoglossal  cartilage  is  great,  and  is  presented  under  mod- 
ihcatious  by  two  species.  This  cartilage  is  drawn  backwards  by  two 
pubohyal  muscles,  and  forwards  by  two  corres[)onding  geniohvals. 
(Plate  22,  tigs.  10-13.) 

The  species  of  Lingua-lapsus  resemble  in  the  character  of  their  tongui- 
aud  vomerine  teeth  the  typo  of  C.  microfitouius  and  the  genus  Chondro- 

*  Sec  pafjo  ;jl,  aiitea. 

•  TIio  fourth  L-eratobraucbial  was  present  iu  thin  speciuieii,  but  was  overlooke.l  by 
the  artist. 


J^'  h'pturu 
l»etw(H'n  t 
of  several 
and  .separ; 
The  ski  I 
«i<les  are  c 


-■^y, 


Tin;    IJATKACIIIA    OF    NORTH    AMKUICA. 


115 


tii:i.    Tlioy  iwe  the  only  AiiiblyHtoiiiidiu  witli  cylimhii!  tail.    Tliey  tliller 

iiH  follows: 

I.  Foldsol'  till' toiij^iii' radiating  IVoni  a  lon^jitiulimil  furrow  ;  voiiifiiim  Iccdi  not  ox- 
tDiiiliii^  I'xiciiial  til  iiili  riial  iian-H;  tail  niuiKlol  \n  Hci'tion, 
a  t'linuia  of  iitii;;lii.sHal  caftila^vi'  liifiiril  forwanls;  11HI//I0  very  sliorl ;  jaw8 
i'i|iial;  Ir;is  .sliiirl,  Mi'iiaiali'il  finiii  I'iU'li  otliiT,  wlii'ii  aiipri'SMi'il,  liy  four  iiitiT- 
spacu's;  lilai'Ui.sli,  willi  li;;lil  ci'iiss-liaiiilsdii  lu-ail,  liotly.aiMl  tail,  /..aiiinilatng. 
attConiiia,  of  iitiiu;liis.sal  i'arlila;;o  tiinn'il  liai^kwanls;  iiiii/./lo  ('liiin;ati',iiro,icct- 
iiijf  lii'yiiiiil  flii'i ;  li';;s  liiiij;i'r;  si'|iarali'il,  wlirii  aiiprrsHi'il,  by  two  iiiti'i'costal 
spai'i's ;  j^iayiNli-lirowii,  with  niiiiii'roiis  palo  tiausvrr.so  lines,  which  form  ii 
If! iciiluti;  pattern  across  the  tail L.  lii>turiiv. 


;>T?»" 


r 


LIX(iU.i:LArSUS  ANNULATITS  Copo.* 
American  Naturalist,  l^•'7,  p.8H. 
AmbUjHiomn  (umiihditm  Cope,  I'roc.  Aiiicr.  I'hilos.  Sue,  H"^7,  p.  "('iri. 

TIlis  specii's  ivsciiibU'S  the  ('liondrotii.s  mii-rastoinns  ratliei'  than  tlio 
C.  (iii(jiil((lu.s  or  this  L.  Irpdiriis,  llowcvoi',  it  appi'oachcs  Iho  histtiuiiu'd 
spt'cit's  ill  the  form  and  leii^'th  of  its  tail,  and  exceeds  that  and  all  the 
other  si»ecies  of  the  lUiiiily  in  the  lenyth  of  that  part  of  the  body. 

'llie  muzzle  is  very  shorl,  and  the  head  is  not  distinoiiished  from  the 
neek.  The  leos  are  short,  and  when  apinessed  to  tlu^  sides  are  sepa- 
rated by  a  space  of  three  and  parts  of  two  other  intercostal  spaces, 
e(pial  to  four  spaces.  The  tail  is  in  section  cylindricat  base,  and  widely 
oval  to  near  the  extriMiiity,  where  it  is  more  narrowly  oval.  It  is  not  an- 
{filiate,  and  has  no  dermal  marj;in  on  the  middle  line  above  or  below.  Its 
lenylh  exceeds  that  of  the  head  and  body  by  the  lenoth  of  the  anterior 
foot,  iind  it  may  have  been  loiicctii",  sis  the  extremity  is  injured. 

The  head  Is  short,  and  the  width  enters  the  lenoth  to  the  groin  six 
and  a  (luarter  times.  1  he  front  i.>  :oiivex  to  the  upper  lip  or  profile, 
and  transversely  between  the  orbits.  The  parietal  region  is  very  con- 
vex transversely.  The  width  between  the  canthi  ocnlorum  behind  ex- 
ceeds the  length  from  the  same  point  to  the  end  of  the  muzzle.  The  nos- 
trils present  anteriorly,  aud  they  tiro  not  <iuite  so  close  together  as  in  the 


4         '     3     ■    "  -     ■  5       •  '•  2  e         7 

Flir.  Zi.     LiiKjiiiilajiiiiK  iiuiiiihitiix.     No.  115C4;  imtiinil  .ii/o,  I'xrcpt  I'M^.  5. 

Jj.  lepturKN,  as  the  distance  between  them  measures  two  thirds  the  width 
between  the  eyelids.  The  vomerine  teeth  form  two  transverse  fasciculi, 
of  .several  rows  of  teeth  eaeli,  between  the  t^hoana',  (ionvex  forwards, 
and  .sei)arat«'d  on  the  middle  line  by  a  very  .short  interval. 

The  skin  is  perfectly  smooth.     There  is  ii  postgnlar  fold,  and   the 
sides  are  cros.sed  by  thirteen  folds,  with  space  enough  at  the  axilla  for 


[,  ■ 
If 

!' 

fill 

L'' 

';■' 

: 

I 

», 

116       miLLKTiN  :ti,  i'Niri:it  statks  nationai.  miisKUM. 

ii  Ibiirti'oiitli.  The  liiil  is  also  very  (listiiicll.v  iiiimiliilc  yioovcd.  I 
count  lliiit.voiic  ;;iim)V«'s  heliiinl  llii'  rciiioi:;,  mid  llii'  iiijiiicd  cxlroiiiily 
is  not  ;;ioovnl.  indistinct  aivows  miv  iippiircnt  on  the  tiiils  of  sevt'ial 
of  the  specii'sof  Anibl.vstoniii.  Tlicir  iiiv  no  rows  of  nmcons  poms  on 
tlio  lioad  'I-  l)ody  of  this  species,  nor  accuninhitions  of  ciypts  on  the 
head,  body,  or  tail. 

The  palm  is  wide,  and  the  (in;;ers  not  h»njj,  thcaij-li  of  unequal  U-n^t  h. 
The  kMij-thsof  tlie  linj;eis,  he;;innin^'  witli  the  shortest,  are,  L',  ."),.'{,  I, 
and  their  phahin<;t'S,  2,li,  ."f,  li.  The  toes  of  the  Idnder  foot  are,  in  ordei' 
of  hni/;tli,  1,  r>,  li,  ;{,  I;  and  the  phalan-^es,  2,  2,  .{,  I,  L'. 

This  species  is  lar<,'er  than  tlie  L.  IcptKnis  or  tlio  Chomlt'otus  micro- 
alumua. 

MianKii  miiiln. 

M. 

Total  k'ii;.'(li '•'•'' 

Li'ii^lli  (obiiMOof  tji=l "'.»- 

Lcii^jtli  ti)  ;;r()iii •'** 

Lmjitli  (oaxillii I'-'-! 

Lciij;tli  tt»  caiitliiis  oii.s i"i;i 

Lt'ii^^th  of  fore  liiiil>  iVoiii  iixiliii t'l'-.' 

Loiij;lli  (if  lore- toot I'i'T 

Lonjjtli  of  Iiiiul  liiiil)  from  ;;roiii (i',''J 

Li'ii-,'tli  ofliiiul  foot IIIV 

Widtliof  lu'iiil til-,' 

lh>iAh  of  tail  at  iiiiddic (Ki'.t 

The  tyi)ieal  and  only  specinien  is  preserved  in  ah-ohol.  The  color  above 
cverywliere  is  dark  brown;  below,  very  lij;lit  brown.  Tiie  sides  are 
pak'r,  perhaps  pak'  yeUow  in  life,  and  tlie  color  ascends  at  several 
points,  so  as  to  form  cross-bands  of  moderate  width  ami  very  well  de 
lined.  One  of  these  crosses  at  the  occii»nt  and  one  at  the  axilhr;  be- 
tween the  latter  and  the  ^'loin  tliere  are  live,  nearly  e<|iiidistant. 
There  is  an  imperfect  one  at  the  sacriiiii,  and  there  are  seven  on  the 
tail,  one  of  them  imi)ei'fect.  Tln^  coloration  of  this  species  is  «|uito 
uni(pie  in  the  j^enus  in  its  rej;ularity. 

The  locality  of  the  only  specimen,  \o.  llatJI,  is  unknown. 


LINGILELAI'.SU.S  LKl'TUKUS  Cope.* 

Aiiierii.'aii  Naturalist,  1SK7,  p.  88. 

Amhhjulomii  Irptiinim  Copi',  I'roc;.  Aiiicr,  I'liilsoiili.  Soc  ,  ls-i(l,  p.  :,->.\, 

This  species  resembles  the  Chondrotus  riiufulatHs,  but  dilfer.s  from  it  in 
the  entirely  dillereut  form  and  proportions  of  the  tail.  This  i)art  is  very 
slender  in  the  L.  kptunis,  with  round  or  vertical  oval  section,  without 
keel  above,  and  lacking  very  little  of  beiii};'  as  loiij;'  as  the  head  and 
body  together.  The  legs  are  of  the  same  proitortions  as  in  tlu^  C.  cin- 
qulatiiH',  that  is,  when  aitpressed  they  are  s(!parated  by  a  space  equal 
to  the  length  of  the  posterior  foot,  showing  their  greatly  superior  length 
to  those  of  the  C.  microstomus.    The  body  is  cylindrie.    The  head  is 

*  Plate  '24,  fig8."ia,  13.        " 


._ 


t 


T 


an 
low 

of 

act 

'I 

poii 

mid 

e\t( 

tern 

<'(|M; 

liflh 

is  ei 

The 

len-t 

to  Ih 

TIkI 
gilte. 

•i,  I ; 
himi  I 
The 
is  mar 
linger^ 
linct  p 

/• 
If) 


f 


TOK    !»ATRA("IIIA    OF    NOKTII    AMERICA. 


117 


an  oviil,  with  prmliiccd  iiiid  ioiiiuUmI  iiiii//1c,  wliicli  ])r()j«>(;ls  Itcyoiul  tlio 
lovvi'i- Jiiw.  'I'lic  iiiiitiial  rcsi'iiiblt's  ii  rictliodoii  nillicr  than  the  .s{i(>cii'.s 
ol'  Anibl.y.stonia,  bnt  its  vomcrino  teeth  and  t()n};ne  liave  all  the  ehsu'- 
a(',t«'rH  of  the  ChovdrotitH  mirrostomus, 

TUv  vomerine  teeth  form  a  (!onvex  series,  extondin^j  forwards  to  ii 
point  between  the  ehoana-,  where  they  are  slifjfhtly  interrnpted  on  the 
middle  lin(>.  The  ton<;iie  is  lar^'e,  tilling'  the  tloor  of  the  mouth,  and  is 
extensively  free  at  the  sides  oidy.  The  external  nostrils  aro  nearly 
lernunal  and  ai'o  rather  near  to;^ether,  the  space  between  thcni  beinjjj 
e(|iial  to  jtist  half  that  betwetMi  the  basesof  the  eyelids  ami  abontthreo- 
lifths  that  between  the  ehoana-.  The  width  between  the  eyes  behind 
is  ecpnd  to  the  axial  len<,^th  from  the  .sanu^  to  the  eml  of  the  muz/.le. 
The  width  of  the  head  enters  the  len;;th  to  the  jjroin  seven  times.  The 
lenjith  from  tlie  muzzle  to  the  axilla  tMiters  the  distance  from  the  latter 
to  the  ji'roiu  I  v  time,'. 

The  lateral  di;;its  are  distinct  and  the  median  ones  moderately  elon- 
gate. Their  lenjjths,  bcfjinniuf;  with  the  shortest,  are:  Fore-foot,  2, .''», 
;5,  1 ;  hin<l  foot,  1,  o,  2,  ;j,  4.  The  phalanj-vs  are:  Forefoot,  2,  2,  ,3,  2; 
hind  foot,  2,  L',  .'{,  4,2.     No  palmai  or  plantar  tubercles. 

The  skin  is  pcil'ectly  smooth,  ami  between  the  axilla  and  thejiroinit 
is  marked  by  foui'teen  fjrooves.  There  uro.  no  <lermal  nmr<j[ins  to  (ho 
(in<,'eis  or  the  tail.  The  cloaeal  orillce  is  a  simple  slit.  There  is  a  dis- 
tinct post^'ular  fold. 


Fl'i.  'JO.  lAnrfiinlnpniii)  Irptiinm.    Niit.  size,  cxrrpt  (ii;.  Ti. 

Midsiircmciili*, 

M. 

Total  liMi,!,'fl      *. lir. 

I /('Until  IVmii  I'l,  I  of  iniiz/lc  In  l)iisi'  of  tail O'J'2 

l.ciijrtli  I'll  111!  end  i»r  iiiii//.li'  Id  ■^roiii (ir>ir» 

Li'ii;itli  111  111!  I'liil  of  111  1 1 //I  !■  lo  axilla flvJO 

l,cn;jlli  iVdin  end  of  iiiii/,/li!  lo  ran  111  us  oris dlKt,') 

r,('ii;;lii  of   I'orc-li'j; {)\;\ 

!,fni;tli  of  fore-foot Oli.^'t 

Lnijitii  of  iiiiiii  U"^ on; 

li(Mijj;tli  of  liliid  foot OOT.'i 

Willi li  of  Iicail 007.'". 

Depth  of  tail  at  iiiidille OO-^. 

The  color  of  the  typical  speiMinen  in  alcohol  is  ptirplish-brown  above 
an<l  paler  below.  There  are  numerous  not  well-defined  whitish  spots 
on  the  sides  and  a  few  on  the  belly,  and  there  are  some  very  faint  and 
deli<;ate  j^ray  lim>s  am-oss  the  posterior  part  of  the  back.  The  tail  is 
densely  si)eckle<l  with  gray  on  the  sides,  and  delicate  gray  lines  across 


IM 


V      \  I 


!  ;i 


>>':.  y,  I. 


I    » 


■ 

i 

J 

k 

i 

n 

'  '1 

, 

1 

h 

*J 


rn  M 


i 


■WA 


i! 

Ii 


lis  I'.HF.LKTIN    :ll,    TTNITi:i)    STATES    NATIONAL    MIJSKUM. 

tlicuppor  siiilacti  of  tlio  tail  in  a  ivliciilatc  iiiamu'r.    The  limbs  arc 
palor  than  the  back,  and  tiic  di^iits  art"  cross  barml  with  whitish. 

The  habitat  of  this  sj.ccics  is  uiikiiowu.  The  only  spocimon  was 
Ibiina  in  a  Jar  with  a  speciinoii  o!  lHoiiycti/his  tomsxs  and  one  of  Ii<()m 
toiqwraria;  the  former  ('alifornian,  the  latter  Pala-arctic. 

])IC  A  M 1  'TODON  St  ranch. 

Strand),  Salmn.,  p.  (i^;  r.oiilongfir.C'at.  ISatr.  (irail.  lirit.  Afns.,  2il  cd.,  l.S8-,>.  p.  38. 

Tongne  nearly  entirely  adherent.  I'alatine  teeth  in  two  lonj,'  trans- 
verse arched  series,  convex  forwards,  con verj-inj;  backwards,  sit nated 
behind  the  line  of  the  (;hoana',  si>parated  from  each  other  by  a  wide  in- 
terspace.   Toes  live,    Tail  compressed. 

This  genus  I  have  not  seen.  Its  characters  and  those  of  its  only 
species  are  copied  from  15onlen;;er's  work  above  (pioted. 

DICAMPTOl^ON  1:NSATIIS  Kscli. 
Straiicli,  /.  c,  p.  r.'.1;  HonU'iij^cr,  Cat.  liatr.  (Jrad.  Uiit.  Mus./Jil  nl.,  1>-S2,  p.  .38. 
Tiiloii  oisaliis,  Escliselioll/,  /.(><'>1.  Atlas,  ]).  ('<,  I'l.  'J-J. 

Ilealbroad.  Snont  rounded.  I'.ody  stout.  Lind)S  short.  Toes  free. 
Tail  Sivord-shaped,  (curved  upwards,  as  long  as  liead  and  body.  Skin 
nearly  smooth;  parotoids  and  costal  grooves  appai-ently  absent.  L'ed- 
dishbrown;  back  marbled  with  brown.  Total  lenstli  about  four  decim- 
eters. 

I  liavc  not  seen  this  sjjecies,  and  know  it  only  from  the  figures  and 
descriptions  above  cited.     It  is  said  to  come  from  California. 

IIYNOIillDJ:. 

JTijtwh'ihlKC  C(t])e,  prno.  Acatl.  I'liila..  1<)1>,  p.  l'2r>. 

Otoglossal  cartilage,  none;  a  second  ei)ilu'auchial.  Second  basi- 
branchial  not  continuous  with  the  first. 

Vertebra'  ami>hico'lous. 

No  parasphenoid  teeth;  vomerines  on  the  posterior  edge  of  the 
vomeropalatine  bone.     Pterygoid  bones  distinct. 

According  to  Wiedersheim*  two  genera  of  this  family,  llynobius 
and  Eanidens,  jjossess  a  lachrymal  bone  in  addition  to  the  prefrontal. 
Whether  it  is  a  characteristic  of  the  other  genera  remains  to  be  ascer- 
tained. The  same  author  shows  (/.  c.)  that  the  hyi)ohyal  caililages  are 
very  elongate  in  the  two  genera  named,  and  are  not  articidaled  with 
the  basibranchial,  thus  permitting  of  inde[)endent  m(>tion.  (See  IMate 
25,  figs.  10-11.)  Jle  also  tigures  a  cartilaginous  coune(!tion  luitweeu  tli*' 
stapes  and  the  cpradrate,  as  occurs  in  the  Trematodeia,  whicdi  is  a  char- 
acter of  ninch  importance. 


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V  / 


THE    IJATRACIIIA    OF    NORTH    AMKRICA.  119 

The  latest  work  on  tliis  subject,  tliat  of  Doulenj^tM',  throws  iiiuch 
light  on  it,  owiiig  to  the  opportunities  on.jcyed  by  its  aiitlior  for  the 
study  of  the  forms  of  salainaiulers  found  in  Asia.  He  gives  the  follow- 
ing table  of  the  genera  of  the  family,  but  refers  them  all  to  the  Anrblys- 
(omida- : 

I.  Series  oi'p.'ilatiuc  tooth  coiivorsinn;  1»a(;kv\    >  .Is,  forming  a  V-s'i-T*^'!  figure. 

Toes  live Ifyiiohiiix. 

Toes  four  .. Stihinutiidrclla. 

11.  Series  of  i)al;itiue  teetli  uniuferrupted,  doubly  arohod,  forming  a  fY^"**'''iP<^*^ 
figure. 

Kingers  and  toes  with  eitidorinic  claws OinjrhodactyhiH. 

III.  Series  of  i)aIatiuo  t(^oth  iu  two  arehcs,  convex  forwards,  separated  l»,v  a  wido 
interspace. 

Talatinc  series  short,  between  the  choanii:.     Toes  live, Haiiidciis. 

Falatine  series  .short,  between  the  choan;e.     Toes  four Halrdchypvriin. 

Of  those  genera  all  are  Asiatic.  Tiie  iiorny  claws  said  to  character- 
i/.e  Onychodactylus  may  not  be  confined  to  thiit  genus  or  be  constant 
in  it,  as  they  develop  by  the  hardening  of  the  epidcrniis  xv  Amblystoma 
and  .some  other  genera  on  exposure  to  dry  coiulitious. 

Tiiere  are  twelve  species  of  this  family  known,  distributed  as  fol- 
lows: ll^'iiobius  5;  Salamendrella  2;  Onychodaiitylus  1;  Kanidetis  .'}; 
l>atrachyi»erus  1.  The  hyoids  of  three  of  the.se  genera  have  not  been 
examined. 

rLETriODOXTID.E. 

Gr.ay,  Cat.  I5i»tr.  fJrad.  Hrit.  Mus.,  ISrut,  ;n,  exclusive  of  Anildystoma  and  Dos- 
nioguathns, 

riflhoiloiitidii  i',o\)0,  ,l()\\rt\.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.,  Pliila.,  tstiii,  10,">. 

SpclcrpiiKr  Cope,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Piiila.,  K,[),  l',':i. 

ricthodoutidd' l><iHloiitoKni(hin,\u\  Jfriiiidiutiiliidd'  \l•,^\\^^^\\,  .Tourn.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc'.,  Pliila., 

I'll  Ihodtniti nil  15()ulenger,  Catal  Uatr.  (iriid.  lirit.  Mus.  ed.  II,  1.-^.-i:>. 

Vertebra'  amithico'loiis,  simple  below.  Ethmoid  wanting;  no  ptery- 
goid. 

Carpus  and  tarsus  (^irtilaginous. 

Vomeropfilatino  bones  not  produced  posteriorly  over  i)arasphenoid  ; 
dentigerous  plates  on  the  parasplienoid. 

('eratohyal  undivided,  arti(Milating  directly  with  the  (piadrate  bone 
or  cartilage;  no  otohyal.  One  only,  the  first  epibraiichial  in  adults; 
second  basibranchial  not  connected  witli  the  lirst. 

Stai)es  not  connected  with  the  (juadrate  by  cartilage,  iu  adults. 

\'estibnle,  inner  wall  o.sseous. 

The  abovi^  characters  define  a  very  distinct  and  natural  group  of 
genera,  which  arc  all  but  one  ((leotriton)  coiilliied  to  America.  Many 
of  the  species  are  of  small  size,  some  of  them  indeed  of  very  small 
size.  The  largest  species,  Sprlcrpcs  hcllii,  rea(!hes  the  dimensions  of 
the  Amhifisfoma  tijin'num  or  Axolotl.     Some  of  the  species  are  hand- 


fi 


■:M!\ 


;  I  i  ■ 
Ifif 


hi 


120 


IJULl.ETIN 


l^NITKO    STATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 


sonielv  coloiTcl.  All  arc  (li><tingui.shea  for  tiieir  poworof  projoctingtlio 
toiKMio.  Some  of  H.e  spocios  of  Spclerpes,  ul.erc  tl.is  organ  is  free  all 
ronml,  can  i-r.^jcct  it  ontirely  from  the  i.iontli,  xvhilc  the  acotntonfuscm 
has  almost  the  power  of  the  chameleon  in  this  respect,  projecting  the 
tongue  for  a  .listance  equal  to  one-half  the  entire  length  of  the  am- 

mil  * 

Appropriately  to  this  habit,  the  basibranchial  bone  and  its  pair  of 
short  h.vi)olivarprocesses  are  free  from  the  ceratohyals,  thus  admitting 
of  free'  movement,  and  the  epibraiiehials  are  very  long.  In  all  of  the 
genera  the  extremity  o*"  the  eeratoliyal  is  attached  to  the  quadrate,  as 
bi  the  Aml»lystomi(l'ie.  sliowing  that  it  is  not  tliis  element  which  is  pro- 
ji'cted.  Ibit  in  Geotnfon  and  Speler|)es  sp.  the  epibranehial  is  greatly 
elongate,  extending  to  the  side  of  the  nape  and  interscapular  region,  a 
structure  necessaiy  to  projectility. 

Jn  tlie  characters  of  the  sca])ular  and  i)elvic  arches  this  family  does 
not  (IKfcr  from  the  Amblystoniid;e  and  Salamandrida'.  The  foramen 
which  sei)arates  the  i)rocoracoid  from  the  coracoiil  is  well  marked  and 
interinarginal;  in  the  Amblystomidie  it  is  smaller,  and  .n  the  Sala- 
maiulrida-  marginal.  The  femur  always  i)resents  a  strong  trochanter. 
It  is  weak  in  Strrcochiln  m<irfiinaiiiiii.  In  Trituriisand  Diemyctylus  it  is 
(piite  weak,  but  in  Salumandra  stiong. 

In  most  of  the  genera  of  tills  family  the  enamel  does  not  cover  the 
entire  crown  of  the  tooth.  In  Siwlcrprs  ruhcr,  lo)){i>cau(his,  and  hcJHij  and 
Pkthodon  (fliidnosiis  and  cincrciis  the  external  part  of  the  crown  termi- 
nates in  a  transverse  cutting  edge,  while  the  inner  extremity  is  more 
prolonged,  leaving  a  transverse  depression  between  the  two.  In  Sp. 
hcllii  the  inner  apex  is  transverse  and  prolonged  a  little  beyond  the  ex- 
ternal, while  in  the  other  Spelei])es  and  the  I'lcfhodon  ghdinnNiis  the 
inner  crown  is  more  prolonged  and  is  incurved  conic.  In  1*.  chwrciis 
it  is  a  little  more  obtuse.  In  Desmognathiis  and  the  Amblystoinida". 
the  twoai)i('esare  of  equal  height  and  are  both  transverse  cutting  edges, 
the  outer  narrowed  in  the  former.  In  the  larva-  of  IMethodontida'  that 
I  have  examined  the  crowns  are  sim])le.  The  teeth  of  Autodax  are 
more  like  those  of  Ccecilia,  or  of  Ilylonoinusof  the  Coal  Measures,  and 
distiiiguisli  the  genus  from  other  IMethodontida'. t  They  are  large, 
com]>i'ess('d,  and  simple. 

Tliis  fiimily  is  more  remote  in  its  skeletal  (iharacters  from  the  Sala- 
mandrida'  and  I'leurodelida'  than  is  the  Amblystomida'.  Thus  the 
absence  of  parasphenoid  brushes,  the  ossification  of  the  tarsus  and 
cari)us,  and  (he  persistence  of  the  pterygoid  bones  aie  characters  eom- 
nion  to  Die  two  latter  and  wanting  in  the  present  fiimily.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  nonprolongiition  jiosteriorly  of  the  vomers,  the  articulation 
of  the  ccratohyal  with  the  (piadrate,  and  the  ampliic<e]ous  vertebra', 
belong  to  this  family  and  the  Amblystomida"  only.   The  position  of  the 


'  liWiU 


iKcr  ill  Sitziini'slicr.  Akml,  Wiss..  Miinicli,  I.SrC 


tSec  I'roceed.  Aca.l.  Nat.  Sci.,  I'liila.,  18.V,I,  '-Jl. 


l>.  iOlt. 


rilK    ISATllACHIA   (iV   NORTH    AMERICA. 


121 


r-': 


r? 


latter  liimily  is,  tlieieforo,  between  tlie  Pletliodontidie  and  the  Sala- 
niandrida'.  The  AinhlyiStoniidie  and  Plethodondida^  may  be  tluis  eoni- 
pared  with  reference  to  tlie  devehipmental  character  of  the  features 


whidi  distin^nish  tlieni. 


AMllLY.SrOMID.K. 

Superior. 

(.'iirpuH  .'iiul  tiirHua  o.sspoiis. 
rroiiinxilliiry  foiitancllo  closod. 

Inferior. 

O.  i>tfr!if/oidi'um  ppraistcnt. 


I'l.ETIIODONTID.K. 

Inferior. 

Ciirpns  and  tarsus  carfil!i<;innns. 
rnMiiaxillary  fonfanolle  open. 

Superior. 

O.  plrri/yoiilcuiii  olilitisratod. 


Tlie  inferiority  of  some  Piethodontidie  is  seen  in  tlie  non  distinction 
of  the  di;;its  ((Edii)ns),  the  tliinness  of  the  ossiticatioii  of  the  purietal 
nioaihranc  bones  (Hatrachoseps),  and  in  (Elii»ina  the  persistence  of  tiie 
mcinbranons  <;raninm  by  the  limitation  of  llie  i)arietal  boiies  to  two 
small  oval  lateral  scales  and  the  wide  divarication  of  the  pi)st(M'ior  ex- 
tremities of  the  frontals. 

The  <(enera  embraced  in  this  family  are  as  follows: 

Section  I.  Tlie  toiij;iie  attaclied  from   tlio  central  or  |)nsterior  pedii'el  to  IIk^  anterior 
niari^in  in  narrower  or  wider  liaiid.     ( I'lelIioilitnt;i'.) 
A.  Two  preniaxillary  Ixnies. 

Dij^its    I,");  maxillary  lione  rej^nlar,  willi  niimerons  small   teetli:  parietals 

I'lilly  osailiod  Plclhodon. 

Uij^its  1,  I ;  maxillary  as  al)ove,  paritstals  fully  ossifuMl IlimidKcliilium. 

AA.  f)n(\  ]ireinaxillary. 
(Y.  Di<;it.s  I,  4. 

Maxillary  rei^ular,  with  small  teeth  ;  parietals  not  ossified  .. .  nntrachosepn. 
itt* .  i)i^its   I,  'i. 

Maxillary  normal ;  teeth  Hiiiiill,  very  niiiner'^"s ;  no  preniaxillary  fonta- 
nel le  SlervochihiK. 

Maxillary  edentulous  jiosteriorly,  decnrved,  formin}:;aeiittinj^odij:e  ;  teeth 

few,  larpe,  Iviiife-shapeil  ;  a  iiremaxillary  fontanello iuloilnjr. 

Section  II.  The  ton;;ne  free  all   round;  attached  hy   its  central  pedicel    only.     (Sjie- 
leipes.) 
A.  Two  preniaxillary  bones  (with  fontanolle), 

I)i};its  4,  5.  closely  united  hy  a  broad  palmar  membrane Cenlriton. 

I)ij.;its  4,  r>,  entirely  fivf Gjiriiwjihilii.'i. 

AA.  Olio  preniaxillary  bone  (with  fontanelle). 

(>•.  ni^its  4.  4.  ' 

Dijfits  free  ;  parietal  and  palatine  bones  well  ossified MiUiruhii^. 

liiY.  Dijiits  4,  ;'). 

!>i^itsall  free;   craMal  bones  well  ossified S/iclcrprs. 

Dijiils  little  distinct:  ]>ari<'tal  and  palatii'e  cartila^jes  not  OHsilie<l. 

(J'dipitiii. 

I)i;;ils  entirely  confuundcd  as  an   uinlividcd   palm  or  sole  ;  cranial  bones 

wcl  1  ossi  tied (I'dipus. 

T\u\  {generic  relationships  of  the  above-named  {jroi'ps  are  exceed- 
inj^ly  simi>le,  ;uid  the  case  with  which  the  atiimalscan  be  analyzed  ren- 
ders the  ciisc  free  from  the  donbts  which  constantly  arise  in  discus- 
sions of  {generic  relationships  as  to  the  probable  omission  of  characters 


:i  ,\ 


i\ 


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rj  I 

IP    ' 


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iri 


122  BULLETIN    :U,    UNITKD    STATKS    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

from  the  arj,nimeiit.  Hero  it  can  be  safely  asseitetl  that,  as  far  as  tlie 
skeletons  are  concerned,  there  exist  no  other  generic  distinctions  than 
those  given  above.  If,  now,  any  -ciples  can  be  derived  from  consid- 
eration of  the  osseons  system,  th.  ch  of  all  others  ])res(Mits  ns  with 

by  far  the  greatest  number  of  u\ .0  modifications  of  structure,  the 

same  may  be  with  considerable  probability  inferred  for  the  other  sys- 
tems. 

The  primary  groups  are  distinguished  by  the  different  degrees  of  at- 
tachnuMit  of  the  tongue.  That  form  which  is  most  attached  rej)reseuts 
and  is  i(h>,ntical  with  an  imnmture  stage  of  the  species  of  section  second, 
where  it  is  more  extensively  free,  as  any  oneniay  satisfy  himself  by  the 
examination  of  a  larva  of  Spelerpes  at  a  certain  period.  The  tongue 
will  be  found  to  be  tlmt  of  Tlethodon. 

The  secondary  groups  are  distinguished  by  the  separation  or  cou- 
Huence  of  the  premaxillary  bones.  Those  presenting  the  latter  type 
exhibit  separate  premaxillaries  at  the  beginning  of  larval  life,  though 
the  union  often  takes  place  very  early.  The  mimber  of  digits  dis- 
tinguishes groups  of  genera  of  less  value;  in  some  tiie  hind  limb  has 
five  digits,  in  others  four.  In  an  early  larval  stage  all  possess  l>ul  four 
digits,  and  in  some  of  those  with  live  the  inner  consists  of  one  i)hal;nige 
only  even  at  maturity  {Spdcrpes  chiropfcrK.s  ct.  aff.)  Not  lli'.^  iug  as  c(mii- 
plete  a  series  of  larvae  of  Spelerpes  and  IMethodon  as  uf  Anihli/stDiiKi 
imndatum,  I  describe  the  develoi)ment  of  the  digits  in  the  latter  as  iudi- 
eating  the  meaning  of  variations  in  the  same  at  maturity.  At  a  leugth 
of  l.L"""'  the  fore  limb  only  is  projected,  ami  bears  two  digits  only,  as  in 
the  genus  Proteus.  At  1.5"""  sometinH\s  the  posterior  limbs  are  devel- 
oped, sometimes  imt,  and  from  this  size  to  U.-'i"'"'  the  nund)er  of  digits 
bears  little  relation  to  the  size  of  the  animal,  an  additional  digit  sonu'- 
times  appearing  earlier,  sometimes  later.  Their  numl)ers  aie  then  at 
first  2-0;  then  always  3-0.  With  the  hind  foot  divided,  they  ar(^  .'{-L». 
and  then  ,'5-1.  Sometimes  the  anterior  digits  are  couiplete  iu  number 
before  the  hind  limb  api)ears,  and  we  liave  coml)iuations  of  numbers 
from  1-0  to  1-3,  4-t,  and  the  full  nund)er,  1-5,  which  is  found  in  all 
specimens  of  2.5"'"'  and  upwards,  denera  which  exhibit  reduced  digits 
are  in  all  other  respects  Spelerpes  (/.  e.  ^Manculus)  or  Plethodon  (lleiui- 
dactylum),  or  riemidactylinm  with  uuossified  parietal  bones  and  eonsdli- 
dated  premaxillaries  (Hatrachoseps).  Api)lying  the  case  of  Anibly- 
stoina  to  tiiese,  we  could  not  assert  that  Ilemidactylium,  for  instance, 
is  identical  with  the  undeveloped  stage  of  Plethodon,  since  when  Ambly- 
stonui  exhibits  digits  l-t  it  is  branch iferous.  IJi.t  making  the  more 
legitimate  eomi)arison  with  Plethodon  itself,  I  find  that  the  complete 
number  of  i)osterior  digits  appears  much  later  in  life  than  in  Ambly 
stoma,  while  thebranchia'  are  absorbed  much  earlier;  that  development 
in  the  first  regard  is  retarded,  while  in  respect  to  the  gills  it  is  a(!cel- 
erated.  Thus  in  riefhodon  ciin'rcus  the  exterior  digit  is  longer  than 
the  interior;  iu  si)ecimensof  2.1"""  the  outer  di.":it  is  the  shorter;  in  those 


^  A 


!♦ 


. 


\ 


TIIK    I'.ATRACIIIA    OF    XORTII    AMKUICA. 


123 


^  k 


J 


i 


V   3> 


of  l.S' ,  \vlii(;h  jiiv  witlioiil  j;ills,  it  is  ;i  very  minute  tubercle  on  tiie 

outer  inetiitarsiis.  In  ■'■.  '■'tie  eailier  stiige  it  (t.iii  not  but  be  wantinj^, 
tlioiijjli  this  I  liiive  not  seen,  and  I  have  little  doubt  that  it  is  then  a 
llernidaetylium,  unless,  indeed,  the  parietal  bones  be  not  ossified. 

Another  fu'tal  condition  rendered  pernianent  is  seen  in  the  generic 
character  of  the  <;enus  (Hdipus,  whi(!h  dilfers  from  Spelerpes  solely  in 
the  f«etal  non-separation  of  the  dijifits  which  continues  even  after  the 
bones  of  the  diffits  have  been  developed.  In  the  larva  of  Sp.  ruber  the 
digits  are  early  entirely  distinct,  so  that  so  far  as  this  species  is  con- 
cerned (Edipus  i)resents  an  inc.ract  parallelism,  but  they  are  also 
nu)redistin(!t  than  in  the  mature  ISpclerpeH  beJlii,  where,  as  might  besup- 
I)osed,  the  fo'tal  union  is  delayed  to  maturity  in  other  respects,  as  ip  a 
speirinu'U  from  Orizaba,  INIexico,  of  l(!.o  lines  in  length.  There  the  union 
is  about  as  extensive  as  in  (Etlipm  iiiorio.  In  the  young  of  Tliorius 
peniuttttluN,  the  digits  are  not  distinguished  in  specimens  of  .GO  of  the 
full  size,  and  otherwise  entirely  mature.  In  the  adult  they  are  distinct 
for  half  their  length.  The  digits  in  the  young  larva  of  Gyrinnphilus 
porphi/ritiruH  are  as  distinct  as  in  those  of  Spelerjtcs  rubra.  In  one  exam- 
l)le  1  find  the  simple  foot  of  earlier  stages  retained,  resembling  exactly 
that  of  (Kdipus,  excepting  that  there  are  emarginations  for  but  three 
toes  instead  of  five,  (lenera  which  have  no  ])remaxillary  fontanelle 
at  maturity  have  it  in  the  larval  stage.  Finally,  closely  allied  genera, 
whi<!h  only  dilfer  in  the  degrees  of  ossi/ication  of  the  parietal  and  pala 
tine  bones,  represent  simply  the  relation  between  undeveloped  an<l 
developed  conditions  of  the  same  form. 

The  relations  of  the  genera  maybe  expressed  as  follows:  Those  of 
the  first  or  Plethodontine  se(!tion  are  related  to  those  of  the  second  or 
Spelerpine  by  an  incraet  parallelism,  excepting  Autodax,  whose  pecul- 
iarities exclude  it  from  the  comparison.  Those  in  ea(!h  section  differing 
in  the  union  or  separation  of  the  premaxillary  bones  are  ndated  in 
the  same  way  to  each  otiier.  The  nearly  allied  genera  in  the  IMethodon- 
tine  groui)  are  llernidaetylium  and  Plethodon,  and  liatrachoseps  and 
St<'re()chilus.  In  the  first  case  we  have  only  inexact  parallelism,  because 
while  Plethodon  lias  the  four  digits  of  llemida(!tylium,  its  parietal 
bones  are  unossified,  tliough  an  acceleration  of  development  in  these 
respects  would  render  the  relations  one  of  c.raef  p((rallelis))i.  This  is 
apparently  the  relation  between  l>atrachosei)s  and  Stereochilus,  Ww 
with  the  fcetal  digits  of  the  latter  the  former  preserves  also  its  fcetal 
cranium.  It  only  renniins  to  ascertain  whether  Stereochilus  loses  its 
branchiae  before  or  after  aecpiiring  the  normal  number  of  digits.  From 
the  very  small  size  of  one  at  least  of  these  the  fcn-nu'rcase  seems  pro!) 
able,  but  I  have  not  yet  been  able  to  prove  it  by  direct  observation. 
Should  it  be  so,  we  would  have  a  <!ase  of  crnet  jmrrt//f/j.v»i. 

In  the  Spelerpine  group  the  relation  between  (leotriton  and  Gyri- 
uophilus  is  again  one  of  inentet  parailelism,  since  when  the  digits  of 
the  latter  are  only  separated  at  the  extremities,  as  in  the  former,  the 


1 


124 


miLLKTLV    :!l,    IT.VITKD    STATICS    XATIONAI,    MITSKITM. 


m 


M 

liii 
•If 

i  '5 


Ik 

m 

''  it] 


i 


$  $ 


iiniiriiil  is  still  ln'.iiKrliifcioiis  ;iiiil  possesses  tlic  lai'Viil  toiij;'U(',  clc.     Tlie 
satiii'  ociiis  ill  S[M'Ii'r|>('s  wiicii  (icidiiii  of  its  species  present  l>iit  loiii' 
liiini  toes,  as  in  .Miiiic.iiliis  ;  tlierefoio  the  n'lation  of  these  two  is  also  of 
inexact  parallelism.     The  relation  of  Thorins  is  also  one  of  iiicrart  par- 
tillcli.siii,  for  thoMiiii  its  eliaractters  are  fonnd  in  some  .voiui^"  Sjx'lerpesat 
an  immatjire  a^ne  snbseqnont  to  the  absorption  of  the  brancliiiu,  it  lias 
opisthocu'Ins  vertebra'.     With  (Edipns,  if  the  condition  be  not  that  of 
cvdcl  iiiiniUfli.sui  with  some  species  of  Spelerpes,  the  approach  to  it  is 
close,  as  above  observed.     It  is  chiefly  pi'cvented  by  the  fact  that  the 
ossifK^ation  of  the  parietal   bones  in  most  species  of  the  latter  takes 
place  after  the  extremities  are  fnlly  developed.     It  is  to  be  ol>served  in 
tliis  connection  that,  as  has  been  above  pointe<l  out,  the  separation  of 
the  (li<,'i(s  takes  j)lace  at  very  dilferent  periods  in  the  history  of  the  dill'er- 
<'iif  species  of  the  same  ;;(Miiis.     Thus  in  the  Sjirlirjics  nihcr  {hoy  are  en- 
tirely distinct  at  a  very  early  period  of  larval  life,  while  in  S.  (ritlialirus 
iuid  S.  hrllii,  which  much  more  nearly  resembh^  the  speciies  of  (l<Mipu,s 
ill  the  ilispositioii  of  tiie  vomerine  teotli  iind  eylindrie  form  of  the  tail, 
this  separation  is  miudi  retarded. 
Tlicse  ,t;eiiera  may  i»e  parallelized  also  in   the  followiii<,'  manner  in 


illiistriition  of  the  I;iw  of  heterolo^'y: 

I'l.inilnDo.VT.i:. 


.S'/c)'('i)(7m7«s. 


.Uiloilar. 


Hiifriirhoaeps, 


/ftmiilinliiliiim. 
I'lclliodou. 


A.  One  iirciniixilijiry. 
No  fiiiit.'inellc. 

A   folltiUH'IIo. 

Toes  l-f). 
Tcctli  liirj^o. 

Ti'.oth  small. 

Toosl-I. 

AA.  Two  prciiiaxillarics. 
T(i(\s  (V-'o. 

Toes  iiiiitod. 


Sri3LEUri58. 


Spelerpen. 
ManoHbiH. 


dliriiinjihihii, 
(linlritOH. 


The  minor  relations  may  be  nioie  reailily  expn'ssed  thus 


I'l.KI  llODONr.K, 


riilhodon. 
Aiilndar. 


ffrmiihirli/Uiim. 
Iliilriirhonrps. 


Di^MtHl-;"). 
a.  I>i;;it.s  (listiiict. 

'I'wo  prt'inaxillarics. 

OiH'  I'ri'iiiaxijjary. 
^v.  Diifitmiiiitcd. 

Two  priMiiaxiiiaricH. 

One  itrcMiiaxillary. 

DifriLsJ-l. 


Scr.l.KIJI'K  '. 


Hi/riiinitliHiis. 
S/wlirpen. 

<!rnlriln>}. 
(KiliptiK. 

Mmu'iihiK, 


i 


'See  Oriij;in  oC  (Jcttcra,  p.  .>;{. 


^Mtowr:»-u 


X 


i'llli    IJAl'UALMllA    OF    NOKTll    AMEUICA, 


12r) 


Or  tliiis: 

Two    rU10.MA.\Il.LAKII':S. 


(lijriHoiihiluH, 
I'ltlhiidoii. 
dvotritoii, 
IhmidavhjUum. 


Dif^itH  4-5, 
a.  Distinct. 
Toiifjiiu  IVnc. 

Toni^iio  iutiiclicd. 

iX(X.  United. 

Dibits  4-4. 


ONK     PltlCMAXIl.LAKY. 

Sjtvliriwu. 

SUnvchiliin. 

(Kiiipun. 

(titculitn. 
Ilalravhoscjin, 


Some  other  chanicters  found  in  tlii.s  tiu  lily  are  those  of  low  develop- 
ment nnd  iiijproxiiniitions  to  the  larvul  condition.  Thu.s  three  of  the  .spe- 
eie.s  exhibit  at  tinie.s  a  subnareal  cirrhn.s,  which  occurs  in  some  of  the 
Co'cilid! ',  and  Xenopus  among  Salientia.  It  is  the  persistence  of  that 
long  sulDcular  tentacle  characteristic  of  the  early  larval  stage  of  Uro- 
dehi  generally  (see  Plate  10),  and  of  a  later  larval  stage  of  Xenopus 
(cid.  Wyman  and  (Jray),  where  they  resemble  the  appendages  of  the 
Siluridie.  They  have  been  called  crochets  by  Itusconi,  and  homologized 
with  the  cylimlric  cephalic  processes  of  the  larval  liana,  with  what  cor- 
rectness remains  to  be  proven  by  ob.servations  on  other  types. 

I'ischscholtz  correctly  rei>resents  7><(/ra(7/f>.st7).s'  attcnuatiis  i\>i  without 
pretbntals.  An  elongate  process  of  the  frontal  occupies  only  part  of  its 
place,  forming  no  suture  w  ith  the  maxillary.  This  is  (juite  ditUirent  from 
J)enK)gnathus,  where  the  orbit  is  comi»leted  by  the  union  of  frontal  and 
maxillary.  In  ^fan(^nlus  ijiiadi'idi(iit(itun  the  prefrontal  occuipics  this 
depression  as  an  elongate  vertical  .scale. 

In  fSpclerpcs  ruber  the  (luadratum  presents  a  small  internal  anterior 
ala,  whi(;h  has  a  superlicial  resemblance  to  a  pterygoid.  In  this  species 
there  is  ai)parently  an  a/.ygus  bone  behind  the  luemaxillaries.  This  is, 
however,  only  the  expo.sed  extremity  of  their  united  spines,  w hich  are 
nearly  or  (piite  i.solated  by  the  approximation  of  thi^  anterior  parts  of 
the  nasale.    It  does  not  occur  in  the  Gyriuophilti.s porphyritkuti. 

JJATUACIIOSEPS  Donap. 

Faiuia  Italica;  Oniy,  Cat.  Hrit.  Mun.,  \H20,  4vJ ;  Coiic,  Piococil.  Ac  I'liila., 
1809,  p.  1)8 ;  Straucli,  Salani.,  i>.  84;  Houlen^cr,  pt.  Cat.  Brit.  Mns., 
Oil.  n,  lS8i,  J).  .V.>. 

Tongue  adherent  anteriorly.  Digits  I,  4  ;  a  large  parietal  fontanelle. 
i'remaxillary  single,  pierced  by  a  fontanelle. 

This  genus  embraces  the  tbrms  which  may  be  considered  the  lowest 
in  the  family.  It  dill'ers  from  Ilemidactyliuni  as  Thorius  does  from 
Si>elerpes,  /.  r.,  in  the  nonossitlcation  of  the  parietal  bones.  This  low 
grade  of  development  is  liero  «een  in  the  extremities  also,  whi(;h  are 


f  > 


ft.  i^m 


i 


120  JUILLiniN    lil,    IIMTKI)    STATKS    NATIONAL    MUSKUM. 

imich  reduml,  and  the  snake  like  form  of  one  of  the  species.    The  speeies 
are  four,  as  follows : 

I.  Costal  i)litu',  ei),'Iitefii;  (ho  toes  well  dovclopixl,  palmutt!. 

Outer  posterior  toe  woll  (lov.'Ioi.ed  ;  liinil  liriili  extending'  over  7.5  eostal  Inter- 
spaces, fore  liiiil)  toorl.it:  tail  e(|iial  boily  and  liead  to  orliit,  more  slender  than 

tlu- body;  belly  yellowish II.  i„u-iJic,iH. 

II.  Costal  pliea'.  nineteen  to  twenty-one  :  toes  very  nidiniental,  little  distinct. 
a.  Parasplienoid  teeth  in  one  patch. 

Mind  linibexlendinj; over  six  costal  interspaces;  fore  limb  nearly  to  orl>it ;  tail 
as  Ion-,'  as  body  ami  head  to  orbit ;  width  of  head  seven  times  from  nin/zlo  to 

jrn,in;"belly  black J'-  iiiynniilnn. 

Hind  limb  extcndinj?  over  fonr  costal  interspaces;  foro  limb  not  to  iiiiHiIe  of 
month;  tail  thick  as  body,  .is  loiij;  as  body  and  head  plus  the  len>;tli  from 
mn/./.le   to  axilla;   width    of  head   vl'^ht  times   (mm    nin/.zlc  to  ;;roin;  belly 

f,,.„^y,, Ji.  atlvnuatun, 

aa.  rarasplu'noid  te<'tli  in  two  [patches. 
Hind  limb  extendiii';  over  lour  costal  spaces;  tail  uu)ri!  than  twici^  as  lonj;  as 
head  and  body;  sides  dark /'.  aiiiilalii'i. 

l$ATlx'AClI().'<i:i'S  CAUDATCS  Cope. 

(I'late  i.xxxi,  li^'.  -.'.) 

riead  short,  wide,  iiiu/zle  as  lonj;-  as  eye,  the  nostril  not  (jiiite  ter- 
minal, li 'iij^th  from  end  of  muzzle  t(t  humerus  euterinj;-  3..'53  limes  in 
lenjith  froiu  humerus  to  axilla.  The.se  pioportions  are  those  of  the- 
li.  attcnuatus.  Tail  excessively  elonoate,  l'.-'  the  len;.;th  of  the  head 
and  body.  In  the  7>.  (tttenitdtus  the  tail  is  !.(>  the  len^^th  of  the  head 
and  body  and  less  (measurements  made  from  femur).  Limbs  about  {»s 
in  B.  attenuatKH,  the  anterior  reachiiij;'  the  lirst  dermal  j^roove  behind 
tlie  mouth,  and  the  posterior  eoverinj.;-  four  intercostal  spaces  when  ex- 
tended forwards.  The  inner  dij,qts  are  rudimental,  that  of  the  anterior 
foi)t  possessing  a  metacarpus  only.  The  costal  fj;ro()ves  number  f  went' 
one;  they  extend  across  the  abdomen,  liut  are  not  visible  on  the  bacL. 
The  tongue  is  a  longitudinal  oval.  The  vomerine  teeth  form  two  con- 
vergent brands  directed  inwards  and  posteriorly  from  within  the  choan;e. 
They  are  better  developed  than  in  li.  aftenuKtiis.  The  i>arasphenoid 
teeth  are  in  two  distinct  patches,  thus  ditfering  from  those  of  the  Ji. 
attenuattiHj  where  they  form  a  single  patch. 

Mtasitrcinents. 

M. 

Total  length Kid 

Leuf^th  to  axilla Oll.'i 

Lenj;tli  to  <froiu O.'il 

Len,nth  to  base  of  tail (I.')7 

Width  of  head OOtJ 

Lonjfth  of  forelindi (KlOo 

Leuf^th  of  bind  limb 007 

The  general  color  is  brown.  It  is  deeper  on  the  sides  to  a  line  on 
each  side  of  the  back  and  on  the  anterior  half  of  the  abdomen  and  on 
the  superior  surface  of  the  distal  part  of  the  tail.  (Jultir  region  ami 
chin  yellowish, 


I 


4 


>     4'' 


ll 

t| 

(I 
til 


Tilt;    IJATKACHIA    OF    NORTH    AMKUICA. 


127 


Tliis  is  the  most  vormit'orm  North  Americiiin  sahunaiitlor,  reseinbliii}>; 
the  (KiUinna  laiijonitis  KoR'i'st.  of  Contral  America  in  its  proportions. 
Its  rehitioiis  t;)  the  Jiatrocliosc/ni  ultenuatus  are  close,  but  its  dillerences 
may  be  siimniarized  as  Ibllows:  (1)  The  two  patches  of  paras[>ljenoi«l 
teeth;  (li)  tlie  absence  of  dorsal  grooves;  (.{)  tlie  very  elongate  tail; 
(I)  the  longer  pat<!hes  of  voiueiinc  teeth.  The  habitat  of  the  H.  vnntl- 
(tins  is  much  north  of  any  from  which  tlie  V>.  aftcniuUuii  has  been  ob- 
tained. 


cS 


ti  tl 


6  7 

I  3 

Fi;;.  'J7.   lliilnii-ldisejis  rdinJiitvii,  No.  l;).'(il.    H.i.sslri'.s  Uaibor,  AliisUa;   ;  except  Via.  '>=\. 


(;iital(iL:iii-  N'o.  ol'j 
miiiilier.  ,  siiec.i 


I.iieiilitv. 


13JU1 


I     UasHler  llailiiir,  Alaska 


From   wli.an  re.'eive.l.       ^'''t'"" ''''  «1»'^'- 
i  men. 


Uelliy  K.  Xielmls i  Aleoliolie. 


.V 


IJATK'ACHOSKPS  ATTENUATUS  Escli. 

liniiiiii.,  rjiuii.  H:il.;  Ilullow.,  Joiini.  Ac,  I'liila.,  iv,  1,'<)8,  p.  IMS;  Copo, 
I'roc.'td.  Ac.  I'hilii.,  l,i(>'.t,  p.  "Jrt;  Striiucli,  Salaiii.,  p.  !*:>;  Gray,  Cat. 
I5iit;-.  (Jrad.  I'.rit.  Mils.,  cil.  i,  p.  ■«•>;  IJoiilcnyicr,  Cat.  15atr.  GraJ.  Brit 
Mil  •  ,  I'.l.  v.,  1~.-^-,',  p.  til). 

iS<(liini(iitiliii(ii  iilliiiiKittt,  Ksclisfli.,  Zool.  Atlas,  p.  1,  1*1.  til,  tii^.  1-14. 

Tliis  species  is  well  cliaracteri/.ed  by  its  slender  form  and  its  very 
weak  extremities.  The  costal  folds  are  nineteen,  more  rarely  twenty  or 
eighteen,  and  are  well  marked  on  the  back  and  belly,  and  turned  for- 
wards toward  tlie  median  line  on  the  former,  which  is  marked  by  a 
delicate  groove.  There  are  tour  latera\  folds  in  front  of  the  fbie  limb, 
three  of  wliicli  are  crossed  by  a  longitiullnal  fold  from  tiie  orbit.  The 
tail  is  longer  than  in  any  other  North  American  salamander,  except  the 
/.'.  candatit.s,  and  is  entirely  cylindrical,  and  undistinguishable  at  the 
origin  from  the  Iiody  ;  it  is  marked  by  forty-seven  distinct  annuli  to  the 
end  of  the  vent.  The  toes  are  very  small  and  obtuse,  and  free  for  the 
length  of  only  one  plialange:  below  this  a  web  connects  them.  The 
inner  toe  on  both  feet  is  a  mere  knttb.  The  extended  fore  limb  reaches 
the  transver.se  Ibid  behind  the  canthus  oris;  and  the  extended  hind 
limb  covers  four  intercostal  spaces. 

The  head  is  short,  broad,  and  flat,  and  the  muzzle  is  as  long  as  the 
diameter  of  the  orbit.  The  lip  is  more  or  less  luominent  below  and  be- 
Ibre  the  orbits.  Tlie  palatimj  teeth  do  not  extend  to  behind  the  nares; 
they  form  two  very  oblique  short  series,  which  nearly  meet  posteriorly 


If- 

I  hi 


«  ) 


f\ 


r  , 


V\ 


.rn 


128  nULLKTlN   34,    IJNITKl*    STATKS    NATIONAL    MII.SIUJM. 

on  the  iiiiMliiui  liiu',iiii(l  are  well  .sepiiriited  froiii  ihesplieiioulal  initchos. 
The  latter  are  not  separate,  ami  fonii  one  wide  oval  brush. 

Mcaitiiriinnitu  i>f  Xo.  IIHOI. 

M. 

T.ital  loiit!!!! ^^* 

Total  ImiKth  oflii'iKl  ami  boily ^'" 

Total  Icii^'tli  IVom  inuzzle  to  ;,'roiii •'•'■' 

Total  Ifii^lli  iVoiu  iiiu/./lc  to  axilla. "H 

Total  luiijjili  iVoiri  inii//lc  to  cantlm.s  oris OOl 

Leiijith  of  loiv  liiiil) 00»> 

Lon^'tli  oI'IiIikI  liiiili <"*7 

LiMijjth  ot'liiiid  loot ^•*'- 

Width  of  hoa.l **05 


f'll 

vJ 
.vrl 
Til 


I''l(J. 'J8.   JIdlnichiiKijiK  (illi  iiiiiitnx.     11)!*!).'),  ];  li;;.  0  —  ■}. 

The  color  of  the  lower  surface  is  brown,  with  a  few  whitish  points  on 
the  },Milar  reyion  and  tail,  and  fre(|uently  over  the  whole  abdomen.  The 
sides  are  darker,  sometimes  almost  black.  The  upper  surface  is  <,'ener. 
ally  a  paler  brown,  with  a  lij^ht  shade  extending  on  each  side  from  the 
nape  to  the  base  of  the  tail.  These  bauds  arc  composed  of  numerous 
short  longitudinal  streaks,  which  become  separated  on  the  base  of  the 
tail,  and  cover  its  surface  to  the  end,  or  to  the  middle,  as  the  ease  nii»y 
be.  This  light  color  has  generally  a  reddish  hue,  and  in  many  speci- 
mens exteml  entirely  across  the  dorsal  region,  forming'a  band,  not  un- 
like that  of  riethodon  cincreus  <ri/llir<mi>ti(s. 

Habitat. — Tliis  is  an  abundant  species  of  the  Pacilic  coast  region  of 
the  continent,  but  it  has  not  becui  found  to  the  eastward  of  the  Coast 
Kange  of  mountains.  I  have  ^^\aulined  eight  specimens  from  near  iSan 
Francisco,  in  the  ^Museum  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy,  from  William 
M.  Gabb,  and  one  in  tlie  iMnseum  of  the  Essex  Institute  from  the  sauio 
locality,  obtained  by  Mr.  Samuels,  and  the  following: 

JtatraeliowpH  atlinitatun  Ksch. 
KESERVE  SKltlES. 


Cataloiriio 

No 

(if 

iiiiiiiIk'I'. 

H|)l 

;c. 

0890 

1 

'.l«)l 

10 

■Kill!) 

•> 

w:oi 

li 

■1017 

It 

4114:1 

■> 

i:i!Mi:i 

4 

144-4 

7! 

Locality. 


(;alifoiiiiii... 
l''ii'mio,  Ciil  , 


Whpii 

cdllcctdtl. 


Kroin  wlioin  Nature  of 

ILTl'iVt'd.  i       HlK'fillU'Il. 


187y 


\)v.  Win  Stiiiip.siiii 
(jurttavo  ELsoii  — 


MoMliTe.v,  (':il j CanlicUl  ... 

I'ctaluiiia.Cal I';.  Saiimc'ls. 


('alil'ornia... 


('.('.  liovlr 


Siena  Nevada  Moiinlaili.s,  Oil!  . ..    Jul.v,  1«84  :  J{.  IC.  ('.  StiariLS  . .. 


liallciia.s  liav,  (.^al 


K.  Ilciiipliill 


Alcoliolic. 
Do. 
Do. 
])o. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


S^ 


\ 


,L 


^       * 


J 


•■-.^,u..„;;;,!■''';:;::'•""■^■^■''-•'>■'■:N•'■«,« .,,,,, 

» '111,1  if'i) t  II  'N.  i>  , 


129 


'J^"'s  .s„.an  species  roso,  ,  ,  «•'-'•".  l«8o 


'''"'■■il  l.'n"(li  f.v,"i",.'  • 

""  '''oCIi,.,,,!  

;^''"^«!i  „(•,;.,, ,(,;,-,; ;;; 


tines. 
-.  22 
■■  13.5 
•  3.5 
1.7 
1.8 
2 


<^oIor  above  ,Ieei,  In". ■-"'''-■■: ^-^ 

i«o  .s])eciiueii.s  of  ih\  *  ^^« 


J''"rncho.,l>.  >n,nra.M.  Vo^,. 


A«^.«. 


^'I'l'alily. 


H'l.cn 

'••'Ili'ctcil. 


""""■■"^^;!^^,^:r^^i-. 


''"'■""1  wliiiiii  re 
•■'•ivcl. 


N'Uiiro  of 
speciinon. 


_  I  ^'■^^•^•'^''^'"■"«- 1  Alcoholic. 

'»"si""«"ai  -im,,^,:;  ;:'::'«■'*«;  ''■'''■''""<io,.ron:  h,!'''"  "■  ""■ 

^" -:;;.  '^.^1""  >:;::;  lit::  -;-■  ^.4;:^,,^;^:;/:  '- 


fj 


Jil 


I 


130       nrLLirriN  :;i,  unitkd  wiatkh  national  muskum. 

iiics.  Fore  limb  to  orbit,  liiml  limb  .scinccly  longi-r,  roiUiliiii}?  tlic  oijjlitli 
fold  from  bcbiiiil.  Tlie  iimcr  di^it  on  both  oxticmitics  is  .so  short  as  to 
render  tlio  members  almost  3-3.  Tail  elongate,  slender,  sia)cylindrical. 
Gnlar  fold  represented  by  a  line. 

Miasunmoiln,  in  iiirlun. 

Length  of  head  to  angle  of  niontli 

JJreailtli  of  licad  licliind  cyi'H ^ 

Kroni  uinz/.lo  to  liiinKMiiH f» 

Trom  nnizzli)  to  groin IC.  f) 

Leiiglli  of  tail f 

Length  of  posterior  limb •{& 

HalrachoscpH  pnciJlvHS  Cope. 
KK.SKKVK  SKUIKS. 


IjilirN. 

»  r. 


Catalnf;ii('  No  of 
niniibcr.     Bpcc. 


07.13 
4000 


1 


LofiOity. 


Santnlinrbnrn,  Cnl 


'i     San  Frnmisco,  Ciil 


When 
collected.     1 

! 

1 

1 

Kroiii  wliiim  vcocivctl. 


Nature  of 
Hpi'cinieii. 


ni.  llavH.   ., 

K.   I).  OlltlH  . 


Ale.  tyiti'. 
Alcoliulic. 


IIEMIDAOTYLIUM  T.scliiuli. 

Classif.  tier  Batrachicr,  Trans.  Noudiatol,  183S,  p.  .'il-DI;  IJonap.,  Fauna 
Ital.,  n,  llil,Nio.  10;  Filzingor,  Syst.  l{cpt.,:i:{;  Hainl,  .Jonrn.  Ac.  Nat. 
Si'i.  rhihi.,  I,  lidl,  1810;  Hallowfll,  /.  c,  IS.'.S,  HCm;  Gray,  Cat.  Hrit. 
Mas.,  1850,  41;  Copi-,  rroei-cd.  Ata<l.  I'liila.,  IHO'.t,  p.  'Jl>. 

Desmodactjilits,  Dnni.  &,  Hibr.,  Krp.  (Jen.,  ix,  p.  117. 

Tongue  adherent  anteriorly;  digits  t-4;  parietal  bones  fully  ossified, 
without  fontanelle;  two  i)renia.\illaries,  with  fontanelle;  prefrontal 
boue  present. 

This  genus  is  oidy  distinguished  from  Plethodon  by  the  deticieney  of 
its  bind  foot  in  digits.  Tho.se  that  remain  are  quite  rudimental.  It 
differs  from  Batrachoseps  in  the  i)resence  of  the  prefrontal  bono.  There 
is  but  one  species  known,  and  its  habits  are  entirely  terrestrial. 

IIEMIDACTYLIUM  SCUTATUM  Tschiuli. 

Batr.,p.94;  ILillo\v.,.Ionrn.  Ac.  Pliila.  {■>),  in,  p. :'.(!() ;  Stranch,  Salain.,  p. 
7(J;  Gray,  Cat.  Batr.  Gratl.  Brit.  Mus.,  ed.  i,  p.  41. 

Salamandm  scutata,  Schlcg.,  Faun.  Japon.,  Amph.,  p.  119,  •■iiitl  Abbild.,  PI.  40,  tigs.  4-6. 

Salamaiidm  melanostida,  Gibbos,  Best.  .Jonrn.  Nat.  lILst.,  v,  p.  89,  I'l.  10. 

Umnoddctyliis  sciitatim,  Dnin.  Sc  Bibr.,  p.  118. 

DmnodactijlHs  melaiiosticttis,  Dnni.  A  liibr.,  p.  119. 

llatmcho8cps  sciiMus,  Bonlongcr,  Cat.  Batr.  Grad.  Brit.  Miis.,  ed.  ii,  188',>,  p.  WX 

Whole  skin  finely  and  beautifully  granulated;  viewed  vertically,  the 
sides  of  head  arc  parallel,  the  eyes  forming  the  anterior  corners,  and 
not  projecting  beyond  the  line  of  head ;  nuizzle  not  tapering,  but  .sides 
nearly  parallel,  almo.st  entirely  truncate,  and  overhanging  lower  Jaw; 
eyes  nearer  muzszlo  than  Plethodon  enjthronotus  (viewed  from  above) ; 
outline  contracted  beh^ud  tUo  occiput,  then  expanding,  taniiddJe  of  body 


J 


Total  Jenj 
I'ungtli  to 
Length  to 

I^l'ngtlito; 

^"■"gth  to 
J-'f'iigth  of 

J-L'n(r(Il  ofl 

I-'L'ngdi  of  ] 
Width  of  h 


s 


I'ect  very  weak-  f<w>J  .      "'"'•»".>  «l»oeimens.  "*^  ^•'"' 

I'eatli.    Cent  -.1  h...  ''"''•'•'*'''  ''''^"y  «i<lc^s  uultu      7       "'  '''"'«'' 

^<^»ti.»l  tmtt  unspotted.  '*'  ^''^  "'"te  of  tail  be- 


P"i.  29.  /A, 


f> 


f) 


'f"<al  Jeiigdi 

1-on^th  to  j,,.oi„ 
,   ''i'"«:tIi(oa.xill;,         

;^'>"«n.  off„,eii,„,...  "■ 

^^™«:(I.  ofliiiwlliml,     ■"■ 

"Kltli  of  head 

■•"••"-... 


""'''"'■'."''■inn  ,, ■„,„„„„ 
Mat 


"'"'lllCKld,   111..    J 


•1(1  L' 

ir.s 

ir..  (i 

.•{. .{ 

2 

•{.  a 
1.1 

2.0 


'  tWWP 


I 


TT^ 


132       BULLiyriN  ;u,  unitkd  states  national  museuxM. 

IJesides  spt'ciiiioihs  from  Cliestor  County,  Ta.,  from  Iluntiiiftdoii 
County,  Pa.,  and  from  Chicago,  111.,  in  the  Museum  of  the  rbiladelpliiji 
Academy  of  Natural  Science."*,  the  followinjr  are  in  the  National  IMuseum. 
Professor  Verrill  ,says  it  is  abundant  near  New  liaven,  ami  the  Essex 
Institute  po-ssesses  it  from  Gloucester  and  Beverly,  Mass.  Dr.  J.  E. 
(Jray,  ('atalos'ue  oflJritish  Museum,  gives  Niagara.  Dr.  II.  AV.  Gibbes 
described  it  from  Abbeville,  S.  C. 


Idii  !l 


IlcmidavljiUnm  nciilatiim  Tscli. 
KESEKVK  SKKIKS. 


Catiil(i"iii'   No.  of 


nmiilier. 


408:5 

'Um 
4":ii) 

40!(:i 

4(iy4 

40H9 

40:111 

:i743 
144r,U 
4UU1 
4724 


HI)ec. 


Loc.Tlity, 


\Vhi«n 
collected. 


From  whom  received. 


Ci.rli.s1e,  Pa I'rof.S.  F.Biurd. 

.ill) 1 <1(> 

St.  Ciilliiiine'!),  Ciinada '  Dr.  D.  W.  IJeaclle 

Itiplev,  Oliid 1'.  I!.  Iloy 

Nortlilicld,  111 U.  Keiiiiicott 

Moadville,  I'a William.s 

Hicelionni};)!,  Gn (') 

Anderson,  S.  C Mrs.  Daniel 

(') (') 

W'a.sliinj'ton,  D.  U (?) 

lioor;;ia Dr.  .F.  .Tones 


Nature  of 
Hpecimon. 


Alcoliolic. 
D... 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


4rp». 


^;.-  -,1; 


I  i 


I'     V 

ri" 


PLETITODON  Tscbudi. 

Systoiii  (1.  Batrachier,  Trans.  Neiicliiid'l,  ISHH,  .VJ-'J2;  Uon.ip.,  r.iuii.-v 
Ital.,  II,  V.n.  Uaird,  Joiirii.  Ac.  Niit.  Sui.,  Pliila.,  i,  ii'J2:  llailowell,  ib., 
18.">8,  :{4-,';  Cope,  I'roc.  Ac.  N:it.  Sci.,  Pliila.,  lf«(Jl»,  l',M ;  l{oiileii<,'er, 
("iit.  15;iti-.  (irad.  Hrit.  Mils.,  11  vd.,  18,-^-,',  p.  M. 

Jhredia  Girait],  Trocced.  Acad.,  Pliila,,  l*,i,  ]>.  t:!.". 

To!igue  attached  by  the  median  line  below,  from  the  glosshyal  bouo 
to  near  the  anterior  margin ;  vomerine  and  parasphenold  teeth  present ; 
a  large  fontanelle  between  the  spines  of  the  separate  premaxillary  bones. 
Toes  1-5,  normal.  Anterior  teeth  not  enlarged.  Cranium  well  cssitlcd. 
Prefrontal  bone  present. 

This  genus  is  highly  characteristic  of  the  lienio  nearctica,  where  five 
species  represent  it  on  the  Pacilic  slope  and  three  in  the  eastern  dis- 
trict. A  species  from  Japan,  named  P.  pcrsimUis  by  Gray,  is  shown  by 
Mivart  not  to  belong  to  this  genus.  The  species  are  all  terrestrial  iij 
their  habit.s,  and  three  which  I  have  observed  (/'.  omjoncnuis,  P.  ffhiti- 
nosns,  P.  eincreus)  undergo  their  metamorphosis  while  quite  small. 
The  last  uanu'd,  and  probably  P.  (ilntinoNus,  never  enter  the  water,  but 
are  hatched  in  damp  places  on  land.  The  branchiie  have  therefore 
no  functional  service.    The  species  are  as  follows- 


J 


>       ' 


- 


'    1  * 


TlIK    HATKACIIIA    OF    NORTH   AMERICA. 


133 


a.  The  i)araHi>lifiu>iil  iiatches  in  coutiict  throughout ;  voineiiiio  aeries  well  separated 
iiKMlially. 
(i.  The  tail  cjliiulric. 

Costal  plit:i'  10  toll);  form  slender;  tail  c.vlintlric  ;  limbs  weak;  inner  toes  rii- 
(limental ;  vomerine  scries  not  cxtcndinj;' hejond  nares  externally;  belly 
brown  marbled  ;  above  plumbeous,  or  with  a  red  longitudinal  band. 

1'.  viiiorns. 

Costal  pliea!  II;  I'orm  stout;  tail  rounded;  limbs  short,  stout;  inner  digits 
distinct ;  vouieriiu!  series  extending  outside  of  inner  uares;  black,  usually 
with  gray  lateral  blotches  and  smaller  dorsal  spots /'.  (jIiiHiiosuh. 

Costal  jdicie  i;i;  form  as  in  /'.  ;/?i(/(»(>.si;.s;  tail  longer  than  liead  and  body; 
<ligits  truncate,  the  internal  ones  very  ru-liiiieutal ;  vomoriuc  series  very 
obliiiue,  not  extending  behind  ehoana-;  black,  with  yellow  spots,  which 
are  largest  on  the  head,  large  on  the  back,  and  minute  on  the  sides. 

/'.  (nteiiD. 

"Cf/stal  plicie  i:?;  form  moderate,  tail  t^ylindric,  shorter  than  head  and  body; 
vomerint^  series  very  oblinue,  not  extending  externally  to  ehoana* ;  toes 
more  acute;  black,  with  large  yellowish  spots;  smaller  on  back,  want- 
ing on  head'' /'.  Jldvipiiticlatus. 

fill  The  tail  ccuupressed. 

Costal  idic:e  ].");  form  slender;  tail  well  compressed;  limbs  weak;  inner  toes 
rudinu-ntal ;  vonu'rine  series  not  extending  outside  of  narcs;  belly  brown- 
marbled  ;  above,  with  a  red  dorsal  band /'.  intermedhis. 

Costal'pliea'  11;  form  stout  ;  head  large  ;  limbs  robust ;  inner  toes  distinct ; 
tail  compressed  from  the  base,  shorter  than  length  of  head  and  body ; 

tiniform  dark  brown  above,  ami  lighter  brown  below I'.  crdSsidiiH. 

<va.  I'arasjihenoid  ])atchcs  well  separated, 
/i.     Tail  rounded. 

Costal  plie.e  i;!:  form  stout;  head  large,  wide;  lower  Jaw  wider  than  upper; 
niu/zle  broadly  truncate;  vomerine^  teeth  approximated  medially;  tail 
slender,  snbcylitidrie  :  black,  limb,",  belly,  and  spots  of  back,  orange. 
/'.  cvoccater. 

Costal  plie:e  Ul-ll ;  form  stout  ;  head  wide;  maxillaries  wider  than  mandible; 
mu/./.le  narrowly  truncate  ;  vonu-riue  teeth  approximated  mcilially  ;  tail 
ttlcndcr,  subeyliudrical ;  ligh'  brown  jibovo;  limbs  an<l  below  yellow. 
/'.  orvjioni'iiHis. 


\        ' 


TLKTIIODON  CINEREl'S  Circeu.* 

Salamaiitlru  c'lHcrca,  Green,  .lourn.  Aciid.,  I'hila.,  i,)>.  I].">G. 

I'IcIIkkIoii  linoriix,  Tsehudi,   liatr.,   p.  'J2;  Cope,  Check   List  N.  Amer.  Hatr.  Rept., 

Saluiimiulni  irijlhroniiUi,  (ireen,  .lourn.  Ac.  I'hila.,  1,  jt.  IJ;")!!;  Ilolbr.,  N.  A.  Herp.,  v,  p. 
«:!,  IM.  11;  l)e  Kay,  N.  Y.  Faun.,  Repl.,  ]..  7.-),  I'l.   1(1,  lig.  :!H ;  Wied.,  Nova  Acta 
Eeop.— ('and.,  WNii,  \\.  l','(i. 
l"(tlioiliiii  <i-!illinnioliis,  liaird,  .lourn.  Ac.  I'hila.  (•.'),  i,  j).  'JS;');  IJnm.  iV   Hibr.,  IX,  p. 
sti;  Cope,  Troc.  Ac.  I'liil;!.,  ISf.'.l,  p.  100;  Strauch,  Salam.,  p.  T'J ;  Houlengc  , 
Cat.  Uatr.  tirad.  Ibit.  Mus.,  ed.  ii,;i8S'i,  p.  .'.7. 
Amhhisloma  vii/lhioiioliini,  dray.  Cat.  !!atr.  (irail.  Hrit.  Mus.,  ed.  i,  p.  ;?7. 
SuliiiiiaiKlni  (KjHix,  Sagi'r,  reninsular  Jo'irnal  of  Medicine,  1."^,')^,  p.  4'J'.>. 

This  species  is  iiiiu)ii<;  the  ino.st  eloiiR'atetl  .aiitl  slcndor  of  American 
saliiiiKUnltTs.  It  is  almost  lUM'Coctly  cvliiidriital  tliroitglioiit ;  a  very 
sW^ld  amount  of  oompressioii  only  beiiif;-  visible  towanls  tlie  end  of 
the  conical  tail,  which  is  loufjer  th;in  tiie  head  and  Ixxly.    It  is  much 

•  Plate  111.  iigM.  l-t;. 


il     I 

4 


I 


li' 


f       :\H 


\U         nULLETIN   :!l,    UNITED    STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

sloiKlorer  aud  more  veniiitbrm,  with  much  weaker  le.i-.s  than  Rf/Iulinosus. 
Tims  in  .specimens  of  the  two,  measuring  l.HO  from  snout  to  groin,  the 
head  and  body  of  r.gUHinosu.s  have  the  widtli  onetliird  greater. 

There  are  eighteen  well-marked  costal  furrows  between  tiie  limbs, 
excluding  any  in  the  axilla.  The  posterior  are  situated  in  +he  groin, 
bifurcating  above.  In  a  single  specimen  of  var.  Cinereus  (No.  3805) 
we  reach  a  count  of  nineteen.  This  increase  in  the  number  of  costal 
furrows  is  coincident  with  the  wide  separation  of  the  limbs,  the  distance 
from  head  to  axilla  being  contained  about  ^  times  in  that  to  the  groin, 
instead  of  2i,  as  in  1'.  ghitinosus.  The  tail  is  longer  than  head  and  body  ; 
sometimes  considerably  more  so. 

This  species,  including  all  varieties,  has  an  extensive  range,  being 
found  throughout  the  United  States  east  of  the  Mississippi  JMver.  It 
appears  to  be  more  abundant  in  the  Middle  States;  its  northern  range 
is  to  the  middle  of  Maine,  Ontario,  and  Michigan. 

Its  habits  are  entirely  terrestrial,  as  it  is  never,  even  in  the  larval 
stage,  found  in  the  water.  It  is  abundant  under  stones  and  logs  in  the 
forests  everywhere,  and  does  not  occur  in  open  llelds.  The  eggs  are 
laid  in  a  little  package  beneath  a  stone  in  a  damp  place.  When  the 
young  emerge  they  are  provided  with  branchia',  but  these  soon  vanish, 
and  they  are  often  found  in  this  young  stage  apparently  quite  devel 
oped. 

ridhuhn  vincrcus  ciiurcu,,  Green. 

The  color  of  the  upper  half  of  body  and  tail  is  a  dark  liver-brown  : 
beneath  dirty  whitish,  linely  vermiculated  or  mottled  with  brown  in 
about  e(|ual  i)roportions,  giving  rise  to  a  ''pepper  and  salt"  appear- 
ance. There  is  sometimes  a  yellowish  tinge  towanls  the  head,  and  ii 
phunbeous  under  the  tail.  On  the  sides  the  appearance  is  more  that 
of  whitish  specks  in  a  dark  ground.  Sometimes  the  upper  |>arts  are 
clear  brown,  at  others  more  or  less  varied  with  very  minute  spots  of 
dull  grayish-white.  Sometimes  the  under  parts  are  so  much  clouded  with 
'..fown  iis  to  ajtpear  principally  of  this  color,  only  faintly  mottled  with 
lighter  (3805.) 

This  species  is  easily  distinguished  from  /'.  f/liitinoHUfi  by  much  slen. 
derer  form,  smaller  limbs,  more  webbed  digits,  eighteen  costal  groov«'s 
stead  of  fourteen,  vermiculated  under  parts,  which  have  not  the  black  in- 
ground,  the  absence  of  the  appearance  of  i)ieces  of  lead  foil  on  th(^ 
sides,  etc.  The  limbs  are  very  small  and  weak.  The  digits  arc  distinct, 
though  sliort.  The  basal  web  extends  rather  farther  forward  tlian  in 
i'.  (/luiinosuif,  the  two  terminal  joints  of  the  longest  toes  only  being  free, 
instead  of  two  and  a  half. 

I  can  detect  nothing  in  the  characters  of  bead  and  tongue  difl'ereut 
from  /'.  glutinosus. 


THE    IJATRACIIIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Miaauirmciiln,  in  iiivlivs. 


135 


LenRtb,nioasiirc(lal()ngiixi8of  body: 

From  snout  to  tia\tii .  ir> 

From  snout  to  gular  fold :!'> 

From  snout  to  armpit 55 

Fronis  nout  to  ^roin 1.  M( 

From  8iu)ut  to  behind  anus 2.00 

From  snout  to  ind  of  tail 4. 10 

Tail  2.10 

Head : 

Width  of  head 23 

Width  of  orbit Olt 

Distance  belwei-n   t-ycs   anteri- 
orly  12 

Distance  between  outer  nostrils    .08 


IJody : 

Circumfirence  of  belly 75 

Distance  between  armpit    and 

f^roin  1.24 

Tail: 

Hoij^htof  tail  where  Ligbeat 12 

Limbs: 

Free  portion  of  longest  linger  ..     .05 
From   elbow  to    tip   of  longest 

linger 21 

l're(!  portion  of  longest  toe 07 

From  knee  to  tip  of  longest  toe.     .25 
Distance  between  outstretched 
toes 8-3 


rkthodon  ciucicus  cincvcus  Green, 
KESKUVE  SEUIES. 


H«5»». 


>  ' 


Cat uloanc  No.  of 
iiuiiiltor.    himh;. 


Locility. 


AVlipn 

t'olli'Ctrd. 


Fioni  whom  roceivcil. 


Nature  of  speci- 
men. 


4885 
4888 
5063 

4720  j 

:noo ; 

I'JOIO  I 

:i8i5 

8:)7;t 

IMI!) 

r.'oi:. 
:wiH 
:ift0."i 
:iK«7 

■1788  I 

47'jn 

;iHj5 
;t787  j 
;i77o 
13:110 

3818  I 

11708  I 

31*07  I 

47Jfl 
3813 
3H-J4 
4721 
4731 
4U0U 


10 


1 

i 

13 
I 
1 
3 
4 
I 
1 
1 

ir. 
11 
1 

18 
1 

4 

1 


Mipiiiit  Joy,  I'a J.  StaiillVT 

I!iookvilU>,  IikI ' 

lliulson's   l!ay  Triri-    1  C.  Drexlcr 

lory.  I 

.St.  C  a  I  h  .!  r  i  II  uV,     Dr.  1>.  W.  lioadlo  . 

('aiiaila.  ' 

Cailisl...  I'a  ,. I'rol'.  S.  R  liaiid... 

I'otmiiac  liiviT,  I). C..1  Apr.  — ,  I8s.' i  Kdwiii  I'liiidlc 

Carlisle,    I'a    S    F.  I'.aird   

liaiiihiid^i'.  Pa    Doe.     8,  ISTS     J.  K.  (iarivtto 

(,> 

(') 

Clark  (y'lmiity,  Va 

Coliliiilms.  Ohio   

Ailiron.la.k,  N.  Y.   

IJaciiir,  Wis 

(icoiiiia 


Itoslon,  Mass 

KIplt'y,  Ohio 

(Nixsarkic.  N.  V 

Drtroit,  Mich 

I'aiiTax  Comity.  Va  . 
Claik  Coiiiilv,  Va.   ..  ' 

(!l .' 1 

Adiroiid.irk    M  o  ii  n- 
fains. 

IMiilad.lphia  

llainpsliiri'Ccmiily,  Va 
'ryiroSpiiiijis,  Ti'iiii.. 

(iroi'j;iii   ....    

Uctroit,  Mich 

Soiitlicni  Illinois 


(') 

.1.11.  Uichaid  

C.  It.  It.  ICciiiicrlv , 

^'■> ' 

K.  Clarko 

(.') 

In-.  William  .loiics 

T.  Kooscvcldt 

1'.  K.  IIov 

I'lof.  S.  !•'.  Baird 

C.Sa^'iT 

(ic(ir;;o  Sliocmiikor 

C.  IS.  1!.  Kciiiicrlv 

C> ' 

K.  Clarke  


J.  II.  Uichaid 

M.  McDonald  .... 
Major  It.  (hvcii... 
Dr.' W.C.Jcmes  .. 

Dr.  A.Sa;!(^r 

H.  Kenuicolt 


Alcoholio. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

1)0. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


riethodon  cinnrns  cri/thronotus  Green. 

(;i7(>ti,  Clark  County,  Virginia.) 

I  have  been  uiiiiUle  to  detect  any  tlilt'croneo  in  striictnre,  proportions, 
and  general  character  between  tliis  snppo.sed  species  and  P.  eincreus. 
The  only  diil'erencc,  if  any  there  be,  is  to  be  found  in  the  color  of  the 
back,  thatof  tlie  side  and  belly  being  very  much  the  stmie.  A  broad, 
light-reddish  stripe  coininences  at  the  nape  of  the  width  of  the  inter- 
orbital  space,  and  continues  to  the  tip  of  the  t.iil,  on  which  it  dimin- 
ishes gradtiidly  in  width.    The  central  region  of  this  stripe  generally 


\ 


f 


if 


11 


13n  HULLETIN    P.I,    rXlTED    STATKS    NATIONAL    MFSEUM. 


!^       I 


% 


'i  ■ .,  i  - 

hip 

i::'H' 


exhibits  ii  very  line  inoltliiiy  ol"  luowiiisli,  scaicely  ub.sciiriii<;'  tlie  t'lU-ct 
of  the  ml  jiTOund.  The  mottling  i.s  suiiR'tiiiios  tMiiially  ilistribiitcd— 
sometimes  concentniteil  in  some  phices  more  than  otliers.  The  sides  of 
tlie  body  are  abruptly  and  continnously  dark  brown,  but  soon  fades  oil' 
below  into  the  pepper  and  salt  of  the  lower  sides  and  belly.  There  is 
sometin)es  the  etfect  of  a  broad  dark  stripe  on  each  side  the  red,  but 
this  is  usually  very  illy  delined  below. 

The  color  of  the  red  stripe  varies  considerably.    Sometimes  it  has  a 
shade  of  pink— sometimes  of  orange  or  yellowish.    The  close  resem- 


4  3 

Fk;.  30.  riethoihiii  eliiciriis  cr/ilhronolKg,  4(<2c 


^ti 


St.  CaUiariius.  Canada;  ;. 


blance  in  size  and  character  with  the  l're(iuent  association  in  the  same 
localities  between  the  two  species  have  given  rise  to  the  belief  that  tlu'y 
were  ditJereut  sexes  of  the  same  species.  That  this  supposition  is  in- 
correct is  i)roved  by  the  fact  that  both  males  and  females  are  found  of 
each  kiiul,  as  was  long  ago  noticed  by  llaldeman.  As  varieties  they 
are  very  permanent  ones,  as  I  have  Ibund  all  the  young  of  the  same 
brootl  or  set  of  eggs,  whether  in  the  eggs  or  Just  escaped  from  them, 
uniforndy  with  either  dark  backs  or  red  ones.  1  have  found  adult  red- 
backed  specimens  watching  eggs  with  red-backed  endiryos,  and  biowii 
backed  in  charge  of  brown-backed  embryos.  Tliere  is  also  some  dillci- 
euce  in  geographical  distribution.  Thus,  on  the  west  side  of  Laki; 
Champlain,in  Essex  County,  New  York',  I'rol'essor  Jiaird  states  that  lu^ 
lias  found  the  red-backed  salamaiuler  very  common,  and  never  saw  there 
the  r.  cinercus.  Among  a  very  great  numlterof  specimens  which  I  hav(^ 
examined  iu  the  collections  of  tlie  Smithsonian  Institution,  the  A(!ad- 
emy  of  Natural  Sciences,  and  Mssex  Institute  I  have  observed  but  four 
specimens  of  the  red-banded  variety  and  four  of  the  gray  which  could 
be  regarded  as  intermediate  in  cliaraiiter.  This  apjiears  in  a  rufous 
cast  in  the  dorsal  color  of  the  latter  and  a  slight  obliteration  of  the 
borders  of  the  dorsal  band  in  the  former.  Such  coloration  is,  however, 
very  uuconimou  in  the  living  animal,  which  is  everywhere  exceedingly 
abundant.  The  statement  made  by  J.  A.  Allen  that  such  are  aliundant 
in  Massachusetts  is  not  conlirmed  by  the  siiecimens  iu  the  museum  of 
the  Essex  Institute,  ]\Iassaciiusetts. 
An  examination  of 


types 


indra  (ifiilis  (.'5770) 


shows  them  to  belong  to  this  subspecies.     His  variety  with  livid  back 
is  the  ricthodoH  cincreus  cbiereus. 


T 


^^. 


\ 


l\ 


Tim    15ATRACIIIA    OF    NOIITII    AMKUICA. 


137 


Miaaiiri'inoilfi,  in  hiclicx. 

Length,  nieastucd  alonj;  axis  of  body : 

From  snout  to  {Jjapc II 

From  snout  to  {jular  fold :?l{ 

From  snout  to  aiiuitit 'IH 

From  snout  to  j^roin 1.  (iO 

From  snout  to  bcliind  anus I.H2 

From  snout  to  ond  of  tail It.  W 

Tail 1.70 

Iload : 

Width  of  head 20 

Length  of  orl>i  t (!!• 

Distaneo  between   eyes   anteri- 
orly   Vi 


Head— Continued 

Distuuco    between    outer    nos- 
trils   ?(.07) 

Hody : 

Circumference  of  belly (55 

Distance  between   armpit   and 

groin L  10 

iiimbs: 

From  elbow  to  tip  of  longest 

linger 20 

From  kne(^  to  tip  of  longest  toe.     .tJo 
Distance;  between  outstretched 
toes 7(! 


ridhoilon  rhinriia  crjilhroiioittx  Green. 
ItKSEUVK  SICKIES. 


(lixtalosiio 

Xo.  of 

iiiimliiT. 

»])PC. 

4H!W 

;i 

1S!»1 

I 

r,:if;i 

a 

SUTi 

o 

.liiT.'" 

.l 

71-18 

1 

-8i;;i 

10 

iKIIIO 

•» 

O'jrm 

1 

37(ir. 

1 

37.->rt 

18 

48-JH 

2 

4S:i!) 

1 

482!t 

;: 

;i78S 

A 

■17-.'X 

r, 

•i7(;n 

•_' 

ijtJii 

1 

Locality. 


When 
coUeitiil. 


From  wlioni  received. 


Wasliiiifjton,  D.  C Dr.  William  Sliiiip.son  . 

New  Vork 

Koit    William,    Lake      '  K.  Keniiicott . 

Siijierinr. 

Iiukc  Superior do    

South  of  lli;;lilaiidM '  ('.  Drexli'r 

Koek  Cn.k,  1).  (; I II.  W.  Klliott 

WaHhiii;:toii,  1).  C Dr.  IC.  Cooes,  I'.  S.  A  . .. 

Norfolk,  (Joim    ;  Seiit.  IMi,  1S77  I  A   !■".  Wooster 

Wood's  lloll.  Mass 1S7I  I  U.  S.  V'lsli  Commission 

("l.irk  Conntv,  Va   ...    !  Dr.  ('.  I!.  It.  Kennerlj'.  . 

Westpcnl.N.  Y    |  I'rof.  S.  K  liaird 

Sl.Calhariiie's.Canada |  Dr.  1).  W.  lieadle 

r.iciok villi',  1 11(1 !  Dr.  1!.  llavmond 

St.c^atliiiiines.Cumida     Di'.  D.  W.'ltendli^ 

Uaeiio'.  Wis — 

West  Norlhlield.  Ill   .     ,  It.  Kennieott 

Alle;ianv<'ounlv.  N.  V 1).  Stevens 

I'otionae  Itiver,' l>.  ('. .    Apr.  —,1882  10. 1'rindlu 


IIU 


Nature  of  speci- 
men. 


Alcnliollc. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


^1 


u 


(ilOXKUAL  SKUIES. 


;|| 

^ 

n 

i 


782S 

.■ir. 

;i7r.i 

.'■) 

!t9!U 

:i 

1.11 1» 

11 

:i78:i 

1 

rj7iij 

;! 

i;i."(i 
i:i:iii 

l;t.i8tl 

:i7(!» 
:)7(i.'> 
;i7(!:i 

HI.V2 

:!77S 

;t778 


(;. 


Washinuton,  i 

(iliiileestil',  \'a 

Miilillelowii,  (Jonn  ... 

liiisliiM,  Mass 

Itiple.v,  Ohio 

I.oiikoiit      Mountain 

Tenn. 
XorldlU,  (.'onn 


:i      Washington,  D.  (J.    . .    ... 

L-     Itawliv,  Va     I  .. 

'J!»  I  Meadville,  I'a     ... 

1   I   Lancaster,  Ohio ; I,.  I,e! 


J.  W.  Da^iins  . . 
Itev.  (;.  Mann. . 
W.  !I.  Harnes.. 
T.  Itoosevelilt  . 

I'rol.  II. IV  

W.  I'.l'o'e 


.') 


(ieor;ji'  Shoemaker . 

nrnjaniin  Miller 

Williams 


squeienx. 


1  I  .Mississippi '  Dr.  Shnmard 

1  I  (') 

in     Oian^e,  N.  Y 


(0- 

Dr.  .I.Cr.Cc 


1     Ouenia  Countv,  N.  Y 11.  Da'js 


Miper 


Hi 

1 

•J7 

,1 

20 

.1 

70 

:i 

:.'.     Carlisle,  I'a 

I'pper  Darliy,  I'a 
I'hiladelphia,  I'a 


leoruia. 


( 

Detroit,  Mieh I  I   Dr.  Sa 


S.  Kliaird 

Mr  Smelt 

J.  II.  Ituhard... 
Dr.  W.  L..Ione». 


AU'oliolic. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


■  >\ 


138         IJULLETIN   31,    UNITKI)   STATKS    NATIOXAL    MIJSKUM, 


riefliotloii  cincrcHS  (lorsalis  ISaird. 


Cope,  Tror.  Ac.  I'liila..  l.-(!!),  p.  100  (niiine  only). 

This  snbspecios  lias  tlie  sizciuul  jjioportions  of  body  ami  limbs  as  in 
P.  cryllironotitft,  but  may  be  readily  dif^Miij-iiislied  by  the  smaller  number 
of  costal  furrows,  shorter  body,  and  (lillereiit  character  of  the  dorsal 
stripe. 

There  are  only  sixteen  costal  furrows  between  tlie  fore  and  hiiul  legs, 
instead  of  eighteen,  as  in  /*.  rn/tlinniotus.  This  indicates  a  shorter  body, 
and  accordingly  we  lind  that  the  distance  from  snout  to  armpit  is  con- 
tained  only  three  times  in  that  from  snout  to  groin,  instead  of  3^  or  ;M, 
as  in  tlie  other. 

I  am  unable  to  detect  any  difference  in  the  mouth,  tongue,  teeth,  or 
limbs. 

In  alcohol  there  is  a  broad  yellowish  red  dorsal  stripe,  which  begins 
Jit  the  uape  and  extends  to  the  end  of  the  tail.  On  the  back  it  is  otj  an 
average  as  broad  as  the  interorbital  space  of  the  head.  The  outlines, 
instead  of  being  parallel  or  nearly  so,  are  very  irregular  on  the  back, 
exhibiting  tour  or  live  coarse  dentations  between  shoulders  and  rump, 
which  in  some  specimens  are  nearly  opposite  each  other  (causing  the 
dorsal  stripe  to  be  twice  as  wide  at  some  places  than  in  others),  or  more 
or  less  alternating.  On  the  tail  the  outlines  are  straight,  converging 
slightly  to  the  tip.  The  sides  and  beneath  are  dull  brownish-yellow  or 
whitish,  finely  mottled,  or  vermiclated  with  dark  reddish-brown,  which 
becomes  more  crowded  to  the  dorsal  stripe,  and  is  sharply  relieved 
against  it. 

There  is  a  distinct  light  line  from  the  upper  eyelid,  passing  internally 
to  the  nostrils  and  meeting  its  fellow  iu  an  angle  in  the  middle  of  the 
muzzle,  then  sending  down  a  single  line  to  the  edge  of  the  lip. 


i 


Mcasunmciiln,  in  inches. 


LengtU,  nioasiueil  along  axis  of  bodj 

: 

From  .snoiit  to  gapo 

.11 

From  8nont  to  gnlar  fold 

.lit 

From  snout  to  armpit 

.K) 

From  snout  lo  groin 

1.  :!G 

From  snout  to  Ijoliind  anus 

l.(i2 

From  snout  to  end  of  tail 

2.  'M 

Tail 

l.:i2 

Head  : 

Width  of  Lead 

.'20 
.12 
.17 

Width  of  tongue 

Length  of  tongue 

Length  of  orliit 

.(111 

Distance  between  eyes  anteri-. 

orly 

.1:! 

Head— Continue<l. 

Distance;  between  outer  nostrils    .06 

liody  : 

Circumference  of  belly GO 

Distance  between  armitit  and 
groin IS(! 

Tail :  Height  of  tail  where  highest.     .  10 

Limbs  : 

Free  portion  of  longest  finger..     .O.'i 
From  elbow  to  tip  of  longest  lin- 
ger  23 

Freo  portion  of  longest  toe Oti 

From  knee  to  tiji  of  Iongt?st  toe    .23 
Distance  Itetwoen  outstretched 
toes 7.'» 


J 


V  I 


t 


THE    BATRACIIIA    OF    NORTH    AMEUICA. 


139 


I 


TluH  subspecios  i.s  iciidily  distinguished  IVoin  P.  erj/throHotus  by  tlui 
din'oient  relative  position  of  the  linibs>  .iJid  uiimber  of  costal  furrows 
already  referred  to.  Tlic  very  jagged  or  irregular  outlines  of  the  dor- 
sal stripe,  the  light  line  on  the  nose,  and  the  lighter  and  more  reddish 
shade  of  the  lateral  and  inferior  mottling  will  at  once  distinguish  it  as 
far  as  color  is  concerned.  Tlio  duskj*  shade  of  the  sides  is  not  continuous 
above,  but  shows  distinctly  minute  mottling  of  lighter. 

It  is  somewhat  dillicult  to  assign  to  this  form  a  definite  status.  I 
should  be  disposed  to  regard  it  as  a  good  species,  but  for  the  fact  that 
out  of  a  great  number  of  specimens  of  the  i'.  crythrnnotus  var.  cinercm 
1  lind  a  single  individual  (Sm.  No.  382."))  from  Ohio  which  presents  the 
proportions  of  the  present  species,  and  the  same  number  (sixteen)  of 
costal  plicas  For  the  present  therefore  I  refer  itas  a  subspecies.  I  have 
seen  live  specimens,  which  agree  in  every  particular ;  one  in  the  Museum 
of  the  Kssex  Institute  in  a  bottle  with  the  common  varieties  of  the  P. 
crythronotm,  the  Spclerjics  hilincatns,  and  Desmognathus,  all  from  Es- 
sex County,  Mass.,  and  four  specimens  in  the  Museum  of  the  Smithson- 
ian as  follows: 

I'hthodoii  crulhronoliis  dorwlii  IJiunl. 


(!iiliilo>;uc  Xo.  of 
iiuiiilit'i'.    spec, 


377C 


Locality. 


WllPTl 

colK'itiil. 


From  wlioin  received. 


Loiii.sville,  Ky  . 


Nature  of  speci- 
men. 


Habits. — The  Pkthodon  cinorns  is  the  most  abundant  salamander  in 
the  northern  and  central  eastern  United  States.  It  is  of  terrestrial 
habits,  and  is  easily  found  under  logs  and  their  bark,  stones,  etc.  It 
feetls,  like  other  species,  on  insects  and  their  larva',  cai)turing  them  by 
applying  to  their  surface  its  Hat  and  projectile  tongne  and  jerking 
them  (juickly  into  its  mouth.  It  frequently  climbs  to  the  summit  of 
low  vegetation,  from  which  it  springs  by  a  sudden  straightening  or 
curvature  of  the  body,  as  the  case  may  be,  in  the  manner  of  a  cater- 
pillar. 

PLKTHOUOX  (JLUTINOSl'S  Green.* 

T.schiidi,  IVitr.,  ]>.  [)> ;  (.'ope,  I'roc.  Ac.  lMiil;i.,  ISlW,  p.  100 ;  Stiaiieli,  .Salam., 
It.  70;  nonlcnjjei',  Cut.  Hatf.  Gratl.  Hiit.  Miis.,  ed.  ii,  1882,  p.  ">(;. 

SiilamaiKlid  nhiliiiosa,  (Jiccii,  Joiini.  Ac.  Tliila.,  i,  p.  :i.'i7 ;  ll((lltr,,  N.  A.  Herp.,  v,  p. 

:W,  I'l.  10;  De  Kay,  X.  V.  I'aiin,  Rcpt.,  p.  Hi,  l'|.  17,  p.  l-,>. 
Stilamtitidra  miiohiln,  (iilliains,  .rourn.  Ai".  I'liila.,  i,  ji.  4ti(t. 
Saliimttndrn  riiUndnicai,  llarlaii,  .loiirn.  Ac.  I'liila.,  \',  p.  l.">(i. 
I'Ictliodiiii  <iliiliii(isiiin,  (Ji'ay,  Cat.  Hatr.  (irad.  Urit.  Miis..  cd.  i,  p.  :?'.(. 
Tiitoii  iiorplijifiliciin,  Dc  Kay,  N.  V.  I'aiiii.,  Rcpt.,  p.  »',\,  I'l.  Iti,  tij;.  :{7. 
Ci/lhiilro.toma  filiitiiiomim,  Dmn.  «.V-  Hibr.,  ix,  ]».  SO. 

This  spe(!ies  is  of  a  stout  form,  the  body  depres.se»l,  the  head,  body, 
and  tail  continuous,  with  very  slight  constriction  at  the  neck;  the  tail 

*  IMatcs-ij;;  :tl.  lit'.  •':  •''•''•  *'VA-  '-':    ••',  '"},'•  •:    »•"'.  "K-  •">;  ■!**.  •'«•  IJ- 


^iil; 


i  'I 


■l 


\v:  1 


\'>.\ 


pM 

Q 

i-^^ 

i"-,. 

i".a 

!^ 

lii 

'n 


i 


140         lU'LLKTIN    :!l,    UNITKD    STATES    NATIONAL    MUSHUM. 

(•.vliiiilriciil,  vciy  sli}?litl.v  co^  .imsssed  towiiids  tlif  pointed  <-oiiicaI  tip, 

iiiid  loiigcf  than  the  body. 
Theskin  is  evorywiicre  closely  lined  with  short  perpendicular  slnnds  for 

secreting  a  milky  jiiico.  Tliese  are  largest  on  the  upper  surface  of  the 
tail  and  more  scattered  on  Wh'.  belly.  The  skin  is  also  closely  covered 
with  shallow  pits.  visii)le  only  when  the  mucus  is  removed  and  through 
a  lens.     I  have  not  observed  any  large  pores  in  patches  on  the  head. 

The  head  is  broad,  the  sides  i)arallel  to  the  eyes,  then  converging  and 
distinctly  truncated  at  the  cn<l.  The  eyes  are  largo  and  i)ronnnent, 
separated  anteriorly  by  one  and  one-half  diameters  of  orbit ;  the  »lis- 
tance  to  the  nostrils  and  between  them  rather  less  than  this  amount. 
The  nostrils  are  lateral  near  the  end  of  the  muzzle.  The  upper  jaw 
overlaps  the  underconsiderably,  especially  anteriorly;  where  there  is  a 
slight  protuberance  downwards  of  the  lip  on  each  side,  the  n.uzzle  giving 
a  concave  out'line  when  viewed  both  from  before  and  laterally.  There 
is  a  slight  groove  down  the  side  of  the  muzzle  from  the  outer  edge  of 
the  nostrils  to  the  swollen  part  of  the  lip. 

The  gular  fold  is  entirely  adnate,  without  any  overlapping. 

There  are  fourteen  well-marked  costal  furrows,  including  tiie  inguinal 
and  one  close  to  the  forelegs.  They  are  distinct  <mi  thesides,  but  inter, 
rupted  on  the  back  and  belly;  none  are  distinctly  visible  along  the 
pelvic  region  and  the  tail.  There  is  a  shallow  fuirow  along  the  back, 
but  not  the  least  sign  of  ridge  or  compression  on  the  cylindro-quadrate 
tail,  although  this  is  rather  higher  than  wide  towards  the  end. 

The  limbs  are  moderately  developed.  The  digits  are  short,  broad, 
linear,  cylindrical,  depressed,  and  slightly  swollen  into  knobs  at  the  ends, 
where  they  expand  very  little,  but  without  any  appearance  of  a  disk. 
There  is  a  short,  thickened  membrane  connecting  the  basal  joints  of  the 
digits,  leaving  three  phalanges  free  of  the  longer  toes  and  two  and  one- 
half  of  the  lingers.  This  inend)rane  has  the  etfe(!t  to  cause  tlio  bases  of 
the  digits  to  stand  out  very  free  and  separate  from  each  other. 

The  second  aiid  third  lingers  are  nearly  e(pial,  the  latter  rather  longer; 
the  third  toe  longest;  the  fourth  sometimes  not  shorter.  The  first 
linger  and  toe  are  quite  rudinuMitary,  being  a  mere  knob.  The  distance 
from  snout  to  axilla  is  contained  less  than  three  times  in  that  to  groin. 

The  tongue  is  very  large,  in  alcoholic  speiumens  frequently  l)rotnid- 
ing  beyond  the  Jaws  all  round.  It  is  oval,  longer  than  broad,  lleshy, 
and  highly  papillose,  thin  towards  the  margins.  It  is  very  slightly 
emarginate  behind,  the  notch  bordered  by  a  ridge  on  each  side.  It  is 
l)edicellate,  free  behind  and  on  the  sides,  but  ailixed  to  it  anteriorly; 
the  point  of  adhesion  visibl"  externally,  as  a  circular  or  lozenge-shaped 
whitish  spot  just  behind  the  jaw-bone,  and  about  as  large  as  the  orbit 
of  the  eye.  The  attachment  is  comi)lete  anterior  to  tlie  pedicel,  which 
again  is  free  from  its  sheath  only  behind.  Tlie  tongue  is  thus  evertile 
and  capabh  of  being  thrown  outwards.  There  is  no  free  sjrace  anterior 
to  the  pedicel. 


al 

al 

I'l 

t( 

al 

tl 

fr 

I>i[ 

•U 

.I'M 


I 


THK    nATKACIlIA    OF    NOltni    AMERICA. 


141 


The  piilatiiie  t«>i'tli  iorin  ii  sciies  on  each  side  in  the  shape  of  a  short 
an!,  tlio  convexity  anterointer'ov  Tiiesc  do  not  meet  internally,  but 
are  Heparatedby  a  short  interval,  as  they  are  Ironi  the  two  plates  of 
l)arasphenoidal  teeth,  beginninj-'  a  short  distance  behind  them  and  ex- 
tendin};-  backwards,  meeting  along  the  median  line.  The  inner  nostrils 
are  rather  small,  i>laced  anterior  and  interior  to  the  commencement  of 
the  palatine  teeth.  IJesidesthe  broad,  shallow,  shortehannel  proceeding 
from  the  outer  end  of  these  nostrils  past  the  exterinil  extremity  of  the 
palatine  teeth,  there  is  a  deeper  and  very  narrow  one  i>assing  along  the 
upper  edge  of  the  broad  channel  and  along  the  nuirgin  of  the  ui)per 
jaw  to  its  posterior  extremity. 


6  7 

Fir,. 'M.  I'll tliinlon  ;tUit!iii>imii.     No.  378'.'.    Alilmvillc,  S.  C;    ',. 

This  species  in  alcohol  is  of  a  livid  bluish  black.  The  upper  parts 
and  sides  are  nuukcd  with  well-detiued  specks  of  a  grayish-silvery 
color,  looking  like  torn  i)ie(!es  of  foil.  These  vary  with  the  specimen, 
but  are  generally  more  numerous  and  larger  along  the  sides.  The 
under  parts  are  sometimes  tinely  dotted  with  whitish,  but  this  isusually 
the  effect  of  the  whitish  glands  seen  through  the  integument.  The 
under  i»art  of  the  tail  is  of  a  pale  bluish-gray.  The  light  spot  on  the 
chin,  showing  the  attachment  of  the  tongue,  has  already  been  referred 
to.     The  soles  of  the  feet  are  also  whitish. 

The  back  is  sometimes  destitute  of  spots,  or  they  are  very  minute 
and  these  when  present  are  often  duller  than  those  on  the  sides.    There 
is  occ^asioiialiy  a  yellowish  tinge  in  the  lateral  spots-    A  few  sjiots  of 
the  same  kind  are  sometimes  found  under  the  chin. 

Young  si»ecimens  are  marked  like  the  adult,  except  in  being  whitish 
beneath,  and  in  freciuently  having  the  white  spots  more  i)uuctifornx 
and  s(!attered. 

A  number  of  young  of  eighteen  lines  in  length  from  caves  in  Mont- 
gomery County,  Va.,  have  ii  series  of  small  bright  red  spots  on 
each  side;  some  others  from  the  same  locality  do  not  exhibit  them. 
The  variation  is  thus  remotely  similar  to  that  in  IhsmoifHathus/KNca. 

I  have  not  been  able  to  discover  any  permanent  dilference  between 
the  southern  specimens  of  this  species  and  the  northern.  I  have 
thought  tliere  was  a  greater  tendency  to  expansion  of  the  light  spots  ou 
the  side,  so  as  even  to  form  a  continuous  band,  and  to  a  reduction  in 
size  or  disapi)earance  of  those  on  the  back.    I  have,  however,  Ibuud 


:1:  iH 


142 


UlII 


.LirriN  ;!i,  unitki)  statks  national  muhkiim. 


m 

Un 


ii 


si)eciiiieii.s  of  precisely  similar  chanictor  iVom  iiortheni  localities.  Some 
soutlu'iii  speciiiieiia  appeared  to  liiive  tlie  ai;;its  less  webbed  than  usual. 
Ill  certain  8i)ecimena  from  Sontli  Carolina  described  by  llallowell  the 
white  sitots  fail  to  exhibit  themselves  on  the  sides,  the  color  being 
everywhere  a  deep  black,  the  gular  region,  lips,  palms,  and  soles  being 
of  a  clear  yellowish-brown.  This  (^institutes  a  well  marked  color  vari- 
ety, but  no  ditierences  of  a  higher  value  can  bo  found.  There  are  four 
specimens  of  it  in  the  iMusenm  of  the  J'hiladelphia  Academy. 

The  range  of  this  species  is  from  Texas  to  Maine.  It  is  recorded  by 
Packard  as  from  Okok,  Labrador  (.Mem.  I'.oston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1808), 
but  I  suspect  that  this  animal  will  be  found  to  be  the  Amhly-stomu 
jefcrsonianum  var.  lateralc,  which  has,  with  the  .1.  ,;.  platincum,  the 
highest  northern  lange.     It  appears  to  bo  common  in  Massachusetts 

and  Maine. 

This  salamander  is  entirely  terrestrial  in  its  habits.  It  is  found  much 
more  abundantly  in  the  mountainous  districts,  and  haunts  rocky  locali- 
ties as  well  as  Ibre.st  mold  and  fallen  logs.  1  have  found  it  mote 
abundant  in  Tennsylvania  and  New  York  than  in  southwest  Virginia. 
1  believe  that  it  prefers  a  cool  climate;  in  the  Hat  and  warmer  tertiary 
and  cretaceous  eastern  coast  region  it  is  rare.  In  southern  Pennsyl- 
vania I  have  only  Ibund  it  on  the  northern  exposure  of  the  south  Ches- 
ter Valley  hill,  never  on  the  southern  exposure  or  other  part  of  the, 
north  hill.  In  southwest  Virginia  it  is  more  common  in  caves  than  on 
the  surface. 

MeaHurcmciitH,  in  inches. 


liPiifjtli,    iiicasiircd     alonj^    axis    of 
body : 

From  Hiioiit  to  jjapo 

From  suoiit  to  y;ular  fold 

From  snout  to  armpit 

From  snout  to  j;roin 

From  snout  to  beliindanus 

From  snout  to  end  of  tail 

Tail 

Head : 

Width  of  bead 

Widtb  of  toiigno 

Lenyth'of  orbit 

Distance  bet  ween'eyesanteriorly 

Distance  between  outer  nostrils 

Distance  betwcou  iuuer  nostrils 


.:tl 

.()(; 

.  IKI 

2.  5(1 

3.  (10 
f).  1)0 


2.1)0 


.48 
.10 
.17 
.■27 
,17 
,15 


IJody : 

Circumferoiico  of  Itelly l.Ciii 

Dist.inco    between   armiiit   ami 
ffroiu 1.00 

Tail: 

Heij;Iit  of  tail  wberc  liij^bcst. ..     .112 
Hreadtli  of  tail  where  lii}j[liest ..     .'.]'i 

Limbs: 

Free  i)ortion  of  lonffcst  lin<;er..     .  KJ 
From  elbow   to   tip  of  longest 

iingor I"»J 

Free  portion  of  longest  tot! 10 

From  kneo  to  tip  of  longest  toe.     .  'm 
Distance  between  outstretched 
toes 1.85 


T 


•^JS" 


TIIK    liATKACIII-V    (»!•'    NOUTll    AMKKICA. 

J'lilhodoii  (ilnliiiOHiiii  tiri'iiii. 
IlKSKUVE  SKUIES. 


143 


('atiiloKiic 
iuiiiiIm'I'. 


Bl-Td 
:i7,"<i 

r)j(!7 
;i:ri(i 

:i7n7 

7!10ri 

;;77;) 

'J'Jfi'.l 

M\» 

II'.'HH 

;irr>(i 
;i7ri!) 

:i7Hi 

;i7f;'j 
;)7t«i 
:;7r.i 

■Ml'J 
4  Sill 

;i7x!) 

(iSf'.t 
:i775 
lllMill 

i;i:iir> 
;)7ii7 


No.  of 

HpOC. 


I 

;i 

2 

I 
I 
2 

HI 

ti 
III 
1 
I 
1 
r> 
<i 

K 

:i 
r. 

« 

s 


1 
I 

ltd 


l.iiralil  V. 


MiiiHlcvillr,  I.i. 

<in>miii  

.Ill 

i  T.vMM'  S|iviii;.'!',  'I'l'iili. 

Il'iivtnii,  All    

OclawiiiK  (Nimilv,  I'll 

Cailisl...  I'ii  

Nalcliiz,  Mi.i.H 

Sllllllll'lll    Illilllli.H    — 

MdiiltiMi,  Ala    

Siiiilli  ('anilliia 


'VIl.M 
I'lllluvtt'll. 


...iNiiv.— ,  1K7!». 


Tvicc  S|M  iiiy,  'ri'iiii 
MCa.lvillc,  I'a 


('Ii  nliMtnii,  S.  (' 

Alilii'villr,  S.  C 

Ilii  rliiiliiMi;li,  (ia 

Caih^l.',  I'a 

New  Uraiiiiri'l.t, Ti'x  ... 


From  wlmiii  rt'cuiviil. 


N.  ().  Ariidt'iiiy  .. 
iii'.'w.Y,  .r.iiitii!! 
A.  !■;.  K(l;;i'\V()rlli 


I'lof.  S.  l-\  liaiiil  ... 
Ci.l.  «.(;.  I..  Wail.H 

U.  KcMlliCKtt 


Niitiii«()f  Rpcri- 
luun. 


I'r.pf.  K.  Owen. 
Williaiim 


.1  I'li.f.S.  !•'.  Ilairil 

.   I  Capt.  S.  VaiiVliet,  L'.  S. 

I  !      Army. 

Clnilii- Ciiiiiit.v,  \'ii 1  Dr.  C.  ii.  It.Kciimily  .. 

NfwVoiU i.I.SIaiiHer 

liaiiiii'.  Wi.s    i  ( 

('Il.lllrsldll  (.') 

Wisl  Niiiilili.Iil,  III  .. 

Milton,  Kla 

\Vasliiiit;t(p|i,  D.C 

(•lanjje,  N..I    


K.  Kcnniciitt 

S.T.  Walker 

(icoruc'  Sliiii'iiiakcr. 
Dr.  Coiipir 


Alniliollc. 

i)i>: 
1)11. 

Do. 
Dii. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


lili.NKKAL  SKKIKS. 


4ssn 

;i7>'r) 

;•.7^1 

!I|HI 

lollli) 

llTlil 

IJ 

IHII 

iKii; 

ui,'-.:i 

lll.'-.H 

47i;'j 

:)774 

.")!lli7 

.(' 


■I- 


r.ailc 


Nnifolk.  Va 
(!raliani\  llli', .' 

Uii  rlii)i(iiii;li,  ( ia 

Mcadvill.,  I'a      ' Williams 

W.sl  N'.,illilirlil,  HI Ii.  KcimicDtt 

Ncii  111  Caicil ilia    I (;aiil.  Wllliaiii  lloldi'li  .. 

I'liioTi  riiiinty.  Mo  i !   I*.  I{.  Hoy 

UriiDkvilli',  Iml    Dr.  Ilayiiionil , 

r.iiMiUvilli'.  lull Dr.  I!,  ilayiiioml 

Mi.'*sissi|i|ii    !  Dr.  Slmmaril 

tliMisr  Cn  lOi,  S.  (" i  {')  

W'l  stern  Mi.ssimii I»r.  Sluiniaril 

i;> :  c; 

(iioryia   Dr.  W.  I,.  Jones 

Kemiii'r  ('ninit.v,  Miss D.  (".  I.loyil 

Soiilli  Oariiliiia. (.') ." 

fniDiitiiwii,  Ala ;  K.  K.  Sliowaller 

I  I 


Aleiiliolli;. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


AiiiiTicaii  Niitiirali.si,  ISSI,  p.  ST?*. 

Proi)ortions  as  in  P.  f/htlinofiKN.  Head  oval,  Haf,  its  width  entering 
lenj-tli  of  head  and  body  to  tliij^h  si.x  tiine.s.  Tail  <iuite  slender,  cylin- 
dii(5  from  base,  and  lonjior  tlian  leiifjtli  of  head  and  body  by  the  widtii 
of  the  head.  Tlie  limbs  are  well  developed,  and  when  appressed  to  the 
si<les  tliey  overlap  by  the  leii.uth  of  the  distal  phalaiifjes. 

Tiie  tonj;ue  does  not  fill  tlie  floor  of  the  mouth,  especially  anteriorly 
The  vomeroi)alatiiie  teeth  are  in  two  straiglit  series,  which  are  directed 
posteriorly  from  the  internal  borders  of  the  choanu'  at  an  angle  of  45 


1^ 

■  1 

; 

'( 

? 

I 

•  1 


'l     .!  ■ 


144       niLi.KriN  :ii,   I'MTKi)  siaths  national  miiskiim. 

tlc'},Met's.    Thc.v  arc  .si'i'iiiatod  IVoin  each  otluT  on  the  iiicMliaii  lino  by  a 
slMJit  iiit('rsi>a(Taii(irn)iiilli(>|)arasi.liL-ii<)i(l.sl..valittU'l()iiKt'iM)iH'.    This 

fonii  is  (juilc  dilVcivnt  from   tliat  ciianictoiistic  of  tlio   P.  (/liitino.sHs. 

There  tlio  series  pass  beliiiul  tlie  choatiie,  soinet lines  even  beyoiul  their 

external  border,  and  from  (wo  arched  scries,  not  directed  backwards  in 

any  such  dej;iee  as  seen  in   tiic  i'.  <niriis.     The  parasphenoid  ])atehe8 

are  close  toj-ether,  bnt  a  iiotcii  anteriorly  and  posteriorly  indicates  the 

extremities  of  the  line  of  separation. 

The  internal  di-^its  on  both  feet  are  indiniental  and  terminate  in  si 
single  small  i»hahinj;'e,  whicli  does  not  extend  beyond  the  extremity  of 
the  second  metapodial  bone,  and  is  connected  with  the  latter  directly 
by  the  intej;ument.  The  terminal  i)hahin;,'es  of  ihe  other  toes  are  trun- 
cate and  slightly  ex|>anded  at  the  tii)s,  as  in  the  /*.  (jIutiiiosHs. 

There  are  thirteen  lateial  dernnd  folds  and  a  gular  fold.  The  skin  is 
smooth  cNcry where. 

AfeasunmtiitH. 

M. 

Totiil  U'li^'th ll"^ 

LL'iij;tli  oriieml  and  body ('•">-•"> 

Li'iif^lli  to  iffoin ••17 

LeiiKtli  to  axilla 018r. 

Leiiijlli  to  richisoiis 0(17 

Lciifitli  of  forc-loi;  from  axilla ol.')"* 

Leiijjtli  of  ('111 lit  us (lO.")!} 

Li'ii^tli  ofl'oro-loot OOt; 

Lenj^tli  of  hi  lid  1('<; 017.') 

Lcii}i;tli  oflibia OO.W 

Leii-illi  of  hind  foot 0(l.<) 

Width  of  head ..   .  00.>^:{ 

Width  bctwi'cn  eves 003(! 


t 
s 
tl 
w 


if  ff 


z 

3  5  '      '    " 

l''I(i.  3'J.  J'titltddijii  II iicim  Cti\ti',    R.  Ti'iiiiossoo;  }. 


The  coloration  is  peculiar.  Instead  of  the  black  color,  with  or  with- 
out ])ale  bluish  dots,  of  tiie  /'.  fjUifutomiN,  the  sides  and  back  arc  thickly 
spotted  with  large  yellowisli-grecn  blotches  of  irregular  form,  produc- 
ing an  etfect  something  like  tlie  coloration  of  the  ."Mexican  Spclcrjxs  lep- 
roNUS.  The  dorsal  spots  are  much  larger  than  the  lateral,  and  are  often 
continent.  On  the  head  they  almost  exclude  the  ground  color.  The 
s[)ots  on  the  sides  are  (juite  small,  as  are  tho.se  on  the  feet.  The  lower 
sides  of  the  tail  ami  belly  are  dusted  with  yellow,  and  the  throat  is  also 
dusted,  and  a  little  more  coansely  than  the  belly. 

The  characters  which  distinguish  the.se  species  from  the  1\  glutinosus 
are  theditlerent  torm  of  the  vonuM'oi»alatine  series  of  teeth,  the  ab.sence 
of  a  costal  dermal  fold,  and  the  coloration.    There  is  some  reseiublanco 


i 


TIIK    HATWACIIIA    (tF    N(»i;lli    AMI:KI''A. 


Ufi 


to  tlu'  I'.jliiripiinrtatn.s  ol'  Stiiiiii!li,  Iroiii  C'uliloi  ;iiii,  to  Judaic  by  tlio  dc- 
s(;ri|)tiuii  ^ivcii  l>.v  lliat  iiiitlior.  Ih*  stales  llial  llu*  tail  is  sliortiT  than 
tlio  liua<l  and  body,  tliat  tlic  di<;ils  iirc  iiioru  iiciih',  and  tliii  spots  arc 
waiiliiijL?  on  llii^  lirad  and  sniallci'  on  tin-  liack  tlian  on  the  sidos.  In  all 
tlu'si'  points  it  (lill'crs  iVoni  the  /'.  a twiis. 

I  ha\'(t  s(M-n  lint  one  s[)i'(;iiii(>n  ol  this  species.  I  look  it  al  llie  nninlli 
ol'  the.  Ni(;ka.jack  (7ave,  wliicli  is  in  the  nionnlains  al  the  jnnetion  ol 
the  bonndarie.s  of  the  States  of  (leorjuia,  Alabama,  and  Temu'ssee. 


1 


1 
i 


l'l,i;Tli(»l)()N   FLAVIITNCTATIS  Stiamli. 
Siilaiii.,  |i.  /I;   Ifiiiilciinci-,  ('ill.  Ii:ilr.  (liail.  Mill.  Miin.,  cii.  ii.  H-i-.*,  p.  ,'p."i. 

Pahitiin-  tcctii  in  two  very  oblitpic  si'iics,  (tonvci.uin.;  ba«tk  wards,  scpa- 
rated  iVoni  each  other  by  a  sli;;lit  iiitersi»ace,  not  c.\tcndinj;(»nl wards 
lu'yoinl  (dioaiia",  jtarasphcnoid  Icclh  in  t  wo  elonjiate  patcthes  in  ironlaitt 
thron^lionl,  widely  separated  IVoni  the  palatine  teeth.  Toii;;ne  vciy 
lar},'e;  posterior  border  tree.  Head  ralhei  loii^.  with  a  median  lonyi- 
tndiiial  juroove.  IJody  cylindrical,  liiiiibs  as  in  /'.  (ihitiiinsiis,  bnl  the 
lin^^ers  nniro  slender  and  more  pointed,  'i'ail  cylindric^al,  a  little  shorter 
than  head  and  body.  Skin  smooth;  thiit»'(Mi  costal  .nro(»ves.  I'dack, 
with  larji'e,  iire,i;nlar  yellowish  spots,  more  iiiimeidiis  on  the  sides  ami 
(HI  the  npper  part  of  thc!  tail,  smaller  on  the  throat  and  bidly,  absent 
on  thci  npper  snrlace  ot  the  head  and  the  lower  sin  face  of  the  t;ul.  To- 
tal leiijith,  I  17 

I  lia\e  not  seen  this  species,  which  is  said  by  Dr.  Stranch  to  have 
been  obtained  at  New  Albion,  (lal.  Il  iiiiist  be  rare  or  of  local  distri- 
bution. 1  have  c.«»pied  tlu^  above  dcscriptit*,!  trom  IJonlen^'cr's  Cata- 
loj;ne  of  the  i»ritish  .Mnseiim,  pa.uc  ,"».'>. 

I'l.i;i'il()i)()\    IM'Kli'MKIUrs   liaii.i. 

rroiTi'il,  .\c.  Nat.  Sci.  i'liila..  l-.')7,  -J'''.':  Sliainli.  Salrini.,  |i.  *•.':  lioiiliiii;('r, 
Cat.  lialr.  (iiad.  I'.iil.  Mils.,  |--.>.  p.  ."w. 

This  species,  in  m'licr.il  appearance,  proportions  of  body,  etc.,  is  very 
similar  to  /'.  t-iii'iuns  cfjitlirounlits,  althon.^h  aimndant  dilVereiices  arc 
easily  discoverable.  The  body,  as  in  that  species,  is  slender  and  de- 
pressed, but  tin'  tail  is  sli;4htly  compressed  at  the  middle,  and  more 
Klroii.niy  at  the  extremity, 

There  are  no  a|»pareiit  peculiarities  aboii!  the  liciid.  The  tonj;ne  i.s 
eloiij;a ted,  elliptical,  withonl  postei-im-emariii nation.  There  are  l'onrl«'('n 
costal  fiinows,  or  pi'ihajis  lirtccn,  if  we  include  one  al)ove  the  axilla. 
The  distance  I'roin  siiont  t(»  axilla  is  cmitained  latlier  less  than  three 
times  in  that  to  .uroin. 

The  dibits  are  well  developed;  more  as  in  !'.  (/liifihosns.  There  is 
little,  if  any,  indication  of  web  at  their  bases,  the  three  terminal  plia- 
lan.ues  of  the  third  and  fourth  toes  beiim  free.  The  third  and  loiirlh 
toes  are  about  e(pial.     Tlu^  outer  toe  is  not  more  than  half  the  second; 

i!ir»i— iJnii  ;;i U) 


<  [  1 


HI 


.», 


f 


i. 


:4 


\  ' ' 


146  BULLKTIN    III,    INITKU    STATES    NATIONAL    Ml  .slU'M. 

the  liiist  tiM,Ler  ami  too  are  almost  riuliinciitaiy.    The  third  linger  is  tie- 
cidedly  longer  than  the  .second. 

The  dorsal  .surface  of  this  si)ecie.s  is  traversed  by  a  broad  brownisli. 
red  .stripe,  extending  from  tiie  nape  to  the  end  of  the  tail,  the  sides 
regular  and  nearly  parallel,  though  more  .separated  towanls  the  middle 
oflhe  back,  where  it  is  as  wide  as  the  inferorbital  .s|»ace.  The  stripe  is 
sparsely  dotte.l  with  dusky  spots  throughout  its  extent.  Tiu)  sides  aro 
abruptly  blacki.sh  brown  on  each  side  the  dor.sal  siriite;  at  Jirst  con- 
tinuou.s,  but  l»ecoming  more  and  more  interrupled  by  mottling.  The 
belly  is  light  browni.sh-yellow,  Ihickly  mottletl  >\Hii  dark  brown  in 
aboiite(iual  proi)ortions;  lightest  under  the  chin.  There  is  a  du.sky  lino 
from  the  eye  to  the  point  of  the  mu/zle. 


1  4  3  8  6       7 

V\i:.:V,t.  I'litliiiil'iK  iiilrniir.liiis.     Nil.  17:1-'.     Kml  Ti-.joii   Cal.;  j. 

The  general  i»roportions  and  structure  of  (his  sju'cies  are  luore  tho.se 
of  I'.  t/!utinosi(s  than  of  /'.  rinercini,  althimgli  slenderer  of  body.  In 
lM»th  tlieie  are  about  fourteen  costal  grot»v«'s.  Tiie  outer  digit  in  /*.  in- 
(munVim  is  neaily  rudifneiilary,  in.slead  of  luominent,  as  in  the  other 
spe(!ies. 

A  distinguishing  feature,  when  «;ompared  with  /'.(•//(<■/•<  «,v,  i.s  found 
in  the  fourteen  instead  of  «'i;;liteeii  cost.d  j;rooves,  (lie  f<»re  ami  hind 
limits  iM'ing  thus  le.ss  widely  separated  piopoitionally.  The  legs  are 
stouter  and  the  digits  much  less  weldu'd  (scarcely  at  all  in  WxcX).  The 
third  ami  fourth  toes  esi»ecially  aie  much  longer. 

liMlejiendently  of  the  structural  pccnliai  ilics  I  liml  ik, thing  in  {\w 
color  to  distinguis'ii  this  species  from  /*.  rlnrrriis  <  fijlhronotnx, 

Mtioiiti  I  iimiln.  ill  imliix. 


lit'ii;;tli,    itH'a.siircil    aliiii;.'   axi.s    nl' 
liiidv  : 

I'roiii  .siiiiiit  to  j;ii|it! 

riniii  MKiiil  III  pillar  Itiiil 

I'roiii  .siiiiiit  toaniipil 

I'llllll  SIKHIt  to  jivo'wi 

I'iciiii  Miiilll  to  lii'liiijil  anus -J.  i:. 

I'toiii  Niioiit  to  fiid  (it'  tail ... 

Tail   

If. ail: 

Willi  li  of  licail .j;, 

Width   <if  toii;;iii; i.-, 

lii'lijrtli  of  toti;;iU3 ■.>| 


.It 

.  I.'. 

.  iiri 
.  -II 


:!.  ti.'i 
t..-.(i 


Lt'iiH;(li  oforltii,, 
Difst, 


.  (i;i 


llicc  liftwecii   eves  aiitti  i- 


orly, 


Uody: 

( 'irciiliifi'lrlici'  of  lulls fO 

I  >i.'^tall^l■  lirfvstrii    aiiii|iil   and 
;;ioiii 1.  :..'■» 

■fail: 

llri;;ll(  of  tail   W  line  lii;;ln'.sl  . .  17 

lii'i'.'iddi  ol'lail  wIktc  lii^lii'st . .  Ili 

l.ii.iU.-: 

i'ri'c  |Hii  tion  of  l(Mi;;fst  linp'r. .       .  l»/ 
|-"roin  flliow    to  tip   of  loii;;i'Nt 

lin-.T :il 

I'liM' |ioition  of  lonj;r.sl   toe 11 

{''loni  klirc  to  tijiof  jont^i'hl  (or  .  I!7 

Distance  lict  ween  oiitst  rrtclicd 
•Iocs 1.  JU 


THE    r.ATKAl.'lllA    OK    NOUIIl    AMKUICA. 

I'll  llioiluit  iiiltriiiii.liiiti,  liainl. 


147 


Cat-iliii;iii' 
uiimlici. 

Nil  III 

SJUT. 

1 
1 

473-' 
OKI-) 

l.iir.ili'.y. 


I'lnt  'rr.jou,  ('ill 

I'll  il  ininrH,  Viiiniiiivri 
M.inil. 


Willi  f.    .     .  1  1         Natl    I' o    n)M!Ci- 

1,     .     ,  1'   111  I  \v    II  II    II  rvi  I  .  ' 

CO  U'cicil.  iit'ii. 


.r.  Xiiiitiis   

Aldrii  W.  Hcvv.sDU  , 


1  'r.viii'ot'dim'riii- 
liiiii. 


I  Iiiive  also  this  spccit's  IVoin  iit-ai'  SaliMii,  in  tin;  Willamette  Valley, 
(>re;;(Hi,  HO  that  it  prohalily  (ktui's  tlii'(Hi,i;h(ml  theeiitiie  I'acilie  rej;ioii. 

rLi;rii(»!»()N  ck-assi^uis  Cik-. 

l'l;ili'  lAWI,  li;;.   1. 
riiirird.  Aniil-,  l'llil(isi)|ill.  Siu-.,   l"''^<),  |i.  .VJl. 

'I'his  speci.s  lias  a  siipci-rnial  leseiiihlaiu'e  to  the  /*.  orctjoiuitsis,  but 
its  iiiaiiiloltl  (lilVeieiH-es  are  easily  |)ei'i;eive(l. 

Tiie  Wnm  is  (|iiite  lolmsl,  ami  the  head  is  larye,  its  width  Koii.g  into 
th»;  len!;tli  to  the  thijuhs  only  live  times.  The  tail  is  very  much  com- 
pressed  tVum  the  base,  and  is  also  shallow  ;  its  length  ecpnds  the  dis- 
tanci'  iVom  ils  iiaseto  the  ;4nlar  Ibid.  The  le;4s  are  robust,  but  not  very 
Idiiu  ;  when  a|»pressed  to  the  side  they  Tail  to  meet  by  the  lenj-th  of  the 
posterior  loot. 

The  t(>n,i;ne  is  lar,i;e,  tilliu";'  the  Moor  ot  the  month.  The  vomeropala- 
tine  teeth  aie  in  two  short  series,  which  eonver};e  backwards,  without 
coinin:;  into  eontael,  IVom  behind  the  internal  eye  of  theduKune.  The 
pirasphenoid  teeth  are  in  a  single  undivided  patch,  which  commeuucs 
well  behind  the  vomeropalatiiu-s.  The  maxillary  and  uiandibular  teeth 
iii'e  minute. 


i|-i|i5 


^n 


1     ,:      V 


•»--• 


>     ' 


3  5 

I'lii.  ■.W.—l'llli;,!,.,,  .•i-,/sM((ii,v.     Nil.  '.HIT.     CiiliCi.riiia; 


^itf 


e    7 


'I'he  hcMtl  \  lewed  from  above  is  oval;  in  profile  the  mu//Ie  is  thick 
and  Iriineale,  ami  prtijeels  beyond  the  mouth.  Theedneof  the  lip  is 
.>li,uh(ly  an^iilal*'  below  the  iiar»s.  The  eye  is  lather  larj;e,  its  length 
etpialin.-;  that  of  lli»' niuzzle.  The  distance  bet\vn'n  the  nostrils  isecpia 
lo  that  between  the  bases  of  the  e\elidsat  their  middles.  The  toes 
are  sIkui  and  fiee,  (Uie  iihaiaii^t-  of  the  first  difiit  tm  eacdi  foot  |>roJect- 
\\\%.  The  ends  uf  the  tiu's  aie  obtus«'  and  bulbiform.  A  yular  foUl. 
liMteral  folds  foiirleeii. 


il 


lilfl  1 1 


148         BULLETIN    34,    UNITED    STATES   NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

Metxnitremi'iits  of  So.  "J  147. 

M. 

im:> 

Total  leiif^lli y.^^ 

Lt-iigtli  ol'  lu'iid  iiiid  body ' 

Length  to  groin ^'^^^^^ 

Longth  toiixilhi - • ; 

Length  to  lino  of  rictus  oris 

Length  to  line  of  oy^i ' 

Length  ot  »ore-U<g ^^^.^^^ 

Length  of  Corefoot '  ' 

Length  of  hind  leg "' 

Length  of  hind  loot ^^ 

Width  of  hciid ""'^' 

Width  hetweon  eyes "•'"'-'•' 

Colorabovc,  iiiiifonn  diuk  redtlislibrowii ;  below,  imifonii  li{>lit  brown. 
I  liiive  seoii  but  one  siteciiiR'ii  of  this  si)ecies,  as  follows:  No.  9147; 
California;  Ih:  J.  G.  Cooper,  collector. 

PLETIIODON  OKEGOXEXSIS  (liriinl. 

Cope,  Proe.  Ac.  I'hila.,  1809,  p.  100;    lioulenger,  ("at.  Hatr.  Orad.  Hrit. 
Mns.,  eil.  II,  iSrJ,  p.  .>!. 

i:nx(iliiiti  v>irhxrhoIt:ii,  Gray.  Cat.  I5atr.  (irad.  Urit.  Miis.,  ed.  i,  p.  4S  (iter  Triton  lunnliix. 

Escli.sch.). 
Uircdia  onuoiieiish,  (lirtuil,  I'roc.  Ac.  I'hiia.,  If'M,  p.  '-iXt,  and   II.  S.   Expl.  Exped.. 

Her]...  I'l.  I.  lig.  IH-','.");  Ktraiich,  Salani.,  p.  "ti;    Hallow.,  I'roc.  Ac.   I'liiia  ,   IH.'.t;, 

p.  'J:!;'). 
rivthodon  ciisaliiK,  Cope,  I'roc.  Ac.  I'liila.,  HOT,  \k  l(i7. 

This  species  may  be  readily  known  by  its  relatively  short  and  slender 
tail,  its  lono;,  weU-develo[)ed  liinl)s,  and  wide  head,  as  well  as  by  il.> 
delicate  coloration. 

The  form  of  the  body  is  rather  depresse<l,  with  distinct  head  and  tail. 
The  width  of  the  head  enters  the  lenj^th  to  the  j;roin  in  the  larj^est  in 
dividuals  ~>.'SS  times;  in  th().se  of  medium  size,  4.a  times;  in  the  youii},' 
of  17.")  lines  in  length  it  enteis  ;i.."»  times.  Costal  folds  II,  the  an 
terior  indistinct  or  wanting,  the  po.sterior  nunx!  than  usually  obliiiue,  the 
inguinal  extending  forwaids  and  upwards  one  si)ace  in  advance  «»f  the 
originof  the  femur.  The  limbs  appre.s.setl  overlap, sothat  the  lingers  reach 
the  bases  of  the  tot^s.  There  is  no  vertebral  groove.  The  tail  is  slightly 
compressed,  more  distinctly  so  towards  the  extremity, and,  what  is  excep- 
tional and  (!liar;i(;teristic  of  this  spe(!ies  and  the  /'.  rroaatcr,  most  so  in- 
ferioily,  leaving  the  nppi'r  outline  Hat  for  the  pr(»ximal  two-thirds  the 
length.  The  postorlntal  fold  is  well  marked  and  (Mtntinnes  into  the 
traiisver.se  fold  of  the  tliroat.  The  head  is  oval,  and  without  <!anthns 
rostialis;  the  mn/./.U\  rather  thick,  and  with  a  suinnfeiior  truncation, 
which  is  not  so  imirked  as  in  J\  cnx-ntter.  The.  nostril  is  terminal  and 
nearer  the  orbit  than  the  diameter  of  the  ey»'  li.ssnre.  The  latter  enters 
the  width  between  the  anteiior  (ianthi  of  the  smne  !..'?.'{  times. 

The  inner  nares  are  very  small.    The  voineriu(^  arcs  curve  backwards 


I 


UK 

nu 
di^ 

mil 
Th 

<!OII 
ri 

(lev 
loll' 
litt 
rior 
wlii 
litt 
1-2- 
Til 


1 


I 


THE    HATllACiriA    OF    NOFiTII    AMERICA. 


149 


medially,  and  iioarly  or  (luite  in  contact.  Tho  i)t<,Mygoi(l  patcbes  com- 
mence at  some  distance  behind  these.  They  are  of  usual  breadth,  but 
diver^ife  more  posteriorly  than  in  the  species  of  the  lirst  section  of  the 
jrenus,  resembling  thus  many  species  of  Spelerpes.  Tlie  teeth  are  very 
minute,  and  are  arranged  in  series  directed  backwards  and  inwards. 
The  tongne  is  a  little  more  free  than  in  P.  ffbitinnsus,  as  the  lamina 
connecting  the  anterior  and  nie<lian  points  of  support  is  «piite  thin. 

The  inner  toe  in  both  i)air  of  limbs  is  (juite  snuill,  but  free  and  better 
developed  than  in  P.  f/lutlnofim.  In  the  anterior  i)air  the  third  is  the 
longest;  the  second  is  a  little  shorter  than  the  latter,  aiul  the  fourth  a 
little  longer  than  the  lirst  or  inner  one.  The  longest  toe  in  the  poste- 
rior limbs  is  the  third  likewise,  the  fourth  being  nearly  equal  to  it, 
whilst  the  second  is  a  little  longer  than  the  fourth,  which  itself  is  a 
little  more  develoju'd  than  the  lirst  or  innermost.  Phalanges  1-2-3-2; 
l_2_;{-3-2. 

The  skin  is  perfectly  smooth  externally,  but  on  being  examined  under 
the  microscope  it  exhibits  a  nuvsh-work  of  little  stellated  mucous  pores, 
similar  to  those  of  Auto(1a,v  liignbi-is,  but  proi)ortion!illy  larger. 

According  to  a  sketcth  from  life  made  by  Mr.  Drayton,  of  the  United 
States  l"^\pl()ring  I"]xpedition,  the  ground  color  is  milky  white,  with 
crowded  dots  of  reddish  brown.  On  the  si)ecimens  preserved  in  alcohol, 
however,  the  b()dy,  head,  and  limbs  are  of  a  unifornj  dark  brown,  lighter 
beneath.  Under  a  low  magnifying  power  minute  dots  may  be  observed 
vsciittered  all  over  the  surface.  The  <rolor  would  appear  to  vary  sonte- 
what.  A  drawing  in  the  Smithsonian  re<!ords,  <'()Iored  fnun  life  by 
Samnels,  represents  the  sides  of  head  and  body  with  lower  snrface  of 
t.iil  and  anterior  faces  of  limbs  of  a  bright  orange.  This  is  the  color  of 
living  specimens  which  I  have  tak»  i  myself. 


Fki.  its.  -  I'lithdiloii  <iir;i('iin>iiiii.     No.  irSOlfi.     Biikcloy,  Cnl. ;   \. 
Miiimnrmctila,  in  inclivn. 


In.    I.iii. 


Lciif^tli 

I.i-Il<rtll 

Lt-nolli 

L<MI<r||| 
liCllJftll 

Lriijfth 

lilMl^tll 
I,OIIJ,'tll 


from  snout  to  ^^iipc 5 

IVoiii  siuMil  lo  fjiihir  fold y.  !< 

from  snout  lo  axilla   12 

fr<im  Hiioul  to  o;roin '2      4 

from  snout  lo  mil  of  vent "J      St.  2 

from  snout  to  end  of  tail I     10.2 

of  for."  limit 10 

of  fon-foof .I.f) 

of  liinil  iiinh 10.  r> 

of  III  nil  foot 4.5 


E 

,1 


\') 


it 
:     1 

r', 

ffl 

I-  M 

In 

let 

4'  t 


"    if  I 


i  Ijj;       ! 


150         lUJLLlOTIN    34,    IJNITICO    STATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

111.    l.lii. 

Will  til  ol'sdlc  oChiml  loot ~-^ 

Wiilthoftiiil :••' 

Wi.lllioflMHly ^-'j 

Willi h  oC  Iioad  (j,nviitc,st) •'■'' 

Width  lifiwocii  fxti'iiiiil  iiiiiVH 

Widlli  lict  wccii  iiitcniul  iniri's '•'' 

Tlii.s  liiiiKl.soiiic  spccit's  woiiltl  iippiMi'to  lu'  nor  micoinidnii  in  ()r«'<;on, 
I  Ibiiml  it  ;il)iimliiiitl,v  in  ihc  it'dwood  (oicst  at  Russian  liivcr,  (!ali- 
fornia.     It.s  »\v('s  arc  pioiiiiiii'iit  and  hcantiliil  in  lili'. 

(lirai'd  refem'd  tliis  .spc(;ic.s  to  a  .ycnn.s  wliicli  lie  called  IhMcdia,  and 
as  it  appears  to  ine  without  reason,  as  I  can  liiid  no  cliaracteis  liy  wliicli 
to  distin.i,niisli  it  IVoin  I'lelhodon.  \)v.  Mivait  inl'oinicd  me  that  tliis 
species  was  labeled  as  identical  willi  tiie  Triton  cnstdKs  Kscli.  in  tlie 
llrilisli  Mii.seiiin,  and  i»resiiininj;'  on  lln^  accnrac.v  of  tlie  det<'iinination 
I  called  it  /*.  eusatxs.  On  examination  of  his  (i<>iircs  I  find  liiat  ilsciis- 
cholt/Zs  animal  is  very  dillerent,  perhaps  .ucnerically  so,  and  i>rol»al>Iy 
worthy  of  reference  to  a  {jentis  I'^nsatina,  in  accordance  with  Dr.  (iray's 
cataloiiue  of  tlie  IJritish  Mn.senm,  a  coarse  followed  I»y  Dr.  Uonleno'cr. 

{{(•sides  specimens  in  Mnsenmoflhe  IMiiladelphia  .Academy  and  l-'ssev 
Insfitiite,  and  my  own  «!al>inet,  the  following  have  come  nnder  my  ol»- 
siM'vaMon : 

I'lillitxUiu  tirfijiiiii  iisis  (;ii<l. 
lUCsr.uvK  si:i;ii:>. 


'  r     » 


p 


Ciitiilntno    N'o.  Ill 


iiIm'I'. 

H|iec. 

XI II II I 

1 

•ICIIll 

:i 

7(L'.' 

I 

•IIIII4 

.1 

liis.'l 

1 

IlliMCiJ 

•J     , 

U7!t:i 

2    ; 

i 

l.iiialil  V. 


WI..11 

fdllciinl. 


Kliplii  wliiiiii  iiTrivril. 


Mdiitoirv.  Cal    CnilicM      

I'llfli'l  Sidinil.  Oli';;iill    .. .     III.  I '    1;.  Ki'llMi'liv 

ilii (•    I!   l;    K.  I'M.ih 

I'l-tiilimiii,  (.'ill I M.  SiiiiiiirU 

(J;ilil'miii:i    I''.»4  .1.  S.  .VihIk  iin    


Hcikilcv.Ciil 
I'iif;('t  Soiiiiil.. 


ls«t 


I'LF/nioDON  ('I{0('i:ati:i.'  copr 


U.  Iv  C.  StraiMs   

W.  llia.vtiiii 


Natiiii'  (il'siH'cl- 
null. 


Alriiliiilii' 
Do. 

Ho. 
ii.> 
ii». 
Ho. 

Uo. 


rror(>(>d.  Ac.  Xiit.  Sci.  I'liila..  iSiT,  p.  -Jlo,  /.  ,■..  HC'.i,   p.   |iH:  Stniiicli, 
Siiliim.  ji./il ;   lloiilnij;iT,  Cat.  l!atr.  (Ir.id.  Hril.  Mils.,  nl.  ii.  Irts.',  ji.  .'>,',. 

The  largest  sjteeies  of  the  jicnus,  and  one  of  the  ".lost  oiiiamented  of 
the  Aiiieri(^an  salamanders. 

In  primary  features  this  species  is  near  the  /'.  ortfioyinisis  (lirard 
havinj;' the  altachmeI^t  of  the  toncne  aloiin'  the  median  line  (piite  nar- 
row, and  a  very  narrow  free  margin  in  front.  'Ihe  jialatine  teelli  form 
two  lonjj  transverse  .separated  ar(;s,  which  aic  directed  more  poste- 
riorly at  their  median  than  extcri(»r  extremity,  the  latter  e.xtendinj;'  far- 
ther ontside  the  outer  mar},nn  of  Ihe  inner  nar(>s  than  the  Iran.sverse 
diameter  of  the  same,     Th(>  tail   is  snltcvlindrical  and   slender:  conr 


THE   nATRACniA   OF   NORTH    AMERICA. 


15i 


■ 


'   r      » 


pressed  and  narrowed  in  seiitiou  below.    No  prominent  glandular  ag- 
glomerations or  pores.    Only  three  jdialanges  in  the  fourth  toe. 

Form  of  head  peculiar.  It  is  very  broad,  with  straight  converging 
maxillary  outlines  and  truncate  muzzle;  upper  surface  nuich  narrowed 
on  nuizzle;  loreal  regions  plane,  very  oblique;  canthus  rostralis  not 
miirked.  Maxillary  outline  oblicpiely  spread  at  and  behind  orbits, 
where  it  is  exceeded  by  the  projecting  margin  of  the  mandible.  Ante- 
riorly, and  at  the  end  of  the  nui/.zle,  it  [>roje(!ts  considerably  beyon<l  man- 
dible. Muzzle  truncate  in  i>rohU^;  a  slight  euiarginaticni  at  middle  of 
premaxillary  Ixu'der,  and  a  groove  on  vm'.U  side  of  it  on  inferior  pro- 
jecting ftice  of  lip.  Nares  terminal,  some  distance  above  the  angulatioii 
of  the  lii>,  continued  below  in  a  groove,  which  bifurcates  near  lip  mar- 
gin ;  the  posterior  line  exti'iiding  a  short  distance,  the  anterior  to  the 
median  ennirgination  separating  the  anterior  from  the  inferi.n*  plane  of 
the  muzzle.  Kyo.  large,  not  very  prominent;  its  anterior  canthus  well 
in  front  of  ndddle  of  Jaw,  and  8e|)arated  one  diameter  from  nostril  and 
1.5  from  the  other  eye. 

No  f'^ld  acaoss  front  angle  to  angle  of  mandible,  but  the  gular,  pnro- 
toid,  and  postoibital  grooves  well  marked.  Costal  grooves  indistinct; 
!.'{.    Skin  everywhere  very  smootii. 

Tail  longer  than  head  and  body  by  the  length  of  the  mouth.  Width 
at  (Mirves  of  niiiiidible  4.0  times  in  length  to  groin.  Extremities  slen- 
der and  long;  when  pressed  to  the  si<les  the  lingers  extend  to  the  heel. 
Length  of  wliole  fore  lind»  2.7-j  times  in  length  to  groin.  Inner  tinger 
very  sunill,  half  the  length  of  the  fourth;  third  longer  than  second. 
Sole  narrow ;  longer  than  longest  toes.  Inner  toe  less  than  half  the 
tifth;  third  a  tritl(>  longer  thiin  fourth;  s(>cond  much  longer  than  tiftii. 
Lower  leg  .7"»  thigh  to  groin. 

Patches  of  parasphenoiibd  teeth,  two  in  conta<^t  anteriorly,  well 
separated  front  palatines.  All  the  teeth  minute,  mnnerous,  acute 
cylindro  c(uii«'.  Tongue  with  ratlu'r  straight  lateral  and  posterior  out- 
lines. 

(\)1(M' tlu'oughout  pitchy  itbick,  fading  into  bright  red  orange  below ; 
limbs  orange,  a  blackish  cross  baiul  below  tlie  knee.  A  large  red- 
orange  si»ot  on  «>acli  paroroid  region,  and  tbursniiiller,  irregular,  similar 
spots  on  the  body  to  base  of  tail  on  each  side  of  and  near  the  vertebral 
line.  A  pair  of  orange  spots  at  base  of  tail  and  a  distant  seiies  on  the 
upper  face  of  the  tail. 

Ilesides  the  type,  a  specimen  of  this  species  was  obtained  at  Cape  St. 
Lucas,  in  Lower  CaIiforui;»,  and  I  have  seen  om^  from  near  San  Diego,  at 
the  northern  end  of  that  peninsula.  As  the  typical  specimen  was 
ifouiid  at  Fort  Tejon,  Cal.,  the  range  (»f  the  species  is  extensive. 


HH 


l-jl 


I  !■ 


t      . 


J 


IfyJ       ni]u.i:TiN  .M,  uNiTi:i>  s'I'ati.s  national  mi  skum. 

Miaxiniiiii  iil-^,  ill  iihliin. 

III.  Liu.  In.  Lin 

Lci)i;tli:  lli'iiil — (Jontiniitd. 

M«!a.siire(liiIoii};iixisnflioil.v-  .'     11       |j  Dist.'uicf  lift  ween  itiiicr  ims- 

Froiii    Hiirtiit    lo     j;:i|if     (on  '  trils 'J 

front.) •'■'  '•'■•''I-' 

From  snout  to  j,nil;ii-  l'<il<l "^         |  lli'it;iit  of  tiiii  wliiTc  lii,nlic.st 

From  snout  to  !irnii>il  1       .  "•'>  lircinllli 

From  ."iuont  to}j;roin -     -^  IJinlis: 

Free  |iortiiHi   of  loners!    (iii- 


'J.  5 


From  .snout  to  center  ot  ;ni;il 

slit 

Heu.l: 

Wi.ltiiorlieail 

WiiltlioCtoii^riic 

Leiifftli  of  orliit 

Distance  Itefvvcen  eyes  .'in- 
teriorly   

Di.stnnri^  lietweeii  outer  nos- 
trils  


1. ') 


II.  /.; 
;!.  7." 


From  elliow  to  tip  of  loiij;est 

'■'llifer 7.  •.'." 

I''iei'  portion  of  loii;jest  toe..  'J.  7ri 

From   liiiee  to  tip  of  lon|!;est 

1 1  le H.  ,"i 

nist.ince  liet  wi'cil  ontslrtMeli- 

I'll   toes M     '1.1 


No.  4701 ;  oii('.siu'(!iiiHMi  :   Kort  Tcjoii,  CmI.;  .loliii  Xaiitus, 
;->TI';i;i:()CillLlIS  Vn\n\ 

Churacicr. — Toiis'iic  attaclicd  alono-  tin'  mt'diaii  line  to  \\\v  aiilnior 
iiiiir^tii;  toes  l-"*;  prciiiaxillaiy  l)()iit'.s  (•iiiilliiciit,  witli  a  .siiii|)|»>  .spiiu', 
witlioiit  fontaiK'llt'. 

Tliis  oeims  isreincsciitcd  l).v  Itiit one  species  ol  llie  aiistioripariaii  «lis- 
ti'ict  of  the  iioarctic;  i'(';iii)ii.  It  is  cvidciilly  oi'atpiatii!  Iialtits,  iiml  is  oi 
larvaliko  proportions  and  appcaiMiicc,  but  lias  tiie  craiiiiiiii  (iill.v  <!«' 
veloped  and  in  some  respects  more  .solidly  than  its  allies.  In  tin'  only 
skeleton  I  liave  examined  the  prelrontal  is  jncsent  on  one  side  and 
wantiii}?  on  the  other.  The  premaxillary  l)oneislike  that  ol  nesmo<,Mia- 
thn.s,  while  the  toniiiie  is  slightly  (Veer  than  in  IMethodon.  The  species 
exhibits  weak  extremities.  It  is  Inmi  southeast  (Jeorj;ia,  and  is  (piite 
rare. 

Costal  ])lie:i',  17;  i'liinL;;;te.  Iieail  narrow,  wiiltli  more  tli;ii.  .■-even  times  to 
;;roin,  iiioie  tlian  twiee  to  a\ill,i;  no  eantlins  rosiiali--;  l.iil  conipre.sseil 
from  (lase,  liiMie '. ;  -.iiall;  pale  yellow,  browti  lineil    S.  iiianjiiiiiliis. 

STKIJF.ncHILtl.S  MAKCINATI'S  Ilallowell. 

rseiidolrilnii  iuuriiiiintiix  Hallow.,  Pr(>eeccl.  Ae.  N,it.  Sei.  I'liila..  Ifrifi,  p.  i:!(t. 
.S/ic/iryx'.f  mar<iiiintiis  Slrancli,  Salam.,  i),  8:{;  I!oiileiij;er,  Cat.  Matr.  (ir.iil.  iSiil.    Miis. 
eil.  II,  I--,',  p.  (11. 

This  is  a  well-marked  and  peculiar  species,  tuid  not  iieariy  allied  to 
any  other.  The  head  is  more  tlian  usually  clonfj^atc,  Wsth  piojectin^',  Hat, 
trniieate  muzzle.  The  K^'t'eral  dimensions  o!  the  reail  are  small :  the 
interorbital  space  is  narrow  tind  nearly  plane,  its  wiiltli  betwciMi  tiie  an- 
terior cauthi  of  the  orbits  not  <piite  1.5  the  lony;itudiiinl  diameter  of  tlio 


eyi 

liai 

'J 

pla 

dist 

tral 

liiix 

nos 

side 

The 

free 

a  na 

are 

exte 

mea.'> 


Tin;  batkaL'Iiia  of  noktii  a.mhuica. 


laa 


eye.  Both  iii)per  and  lower  pali»ebiie  are  transparent,  a  feature  pecu. 
liar  to  til  is  species. 

Tlie  pores  of  tiie  skin  are  large  and  on  all  the  upper  surfaces  closely 
placod ;  on  the  sides  more  distantly.  The  mucous  p(U'es  on  the  head  are 
distinct  and  larjie.  They  form  a  douhle  seri«is  along  the  canthus  ros- 
tralis,  ami  a  snigle  one  ahove  the  orhir,  which  turns  round  the  latter  be- 
hind, and  is  conf'inued  b'dow  it  and  along  the  side  of  the  muzzle  to  the 
nostril.  A  series  of  similar  large  i)ores  extends  along  the  middle  of  each 
side,  one  a  little  in  front  of  the  median  point  of  the  intercostal  spaces. 
Tiie  tail  is  compressed  fnun  the  base,  and  not  elevated ;  it  carries  a  strong 
free  dermal  border  along  the  median  line  aboveon  the  distal  two  thirds; 
a  narrower  dermal  margin  exists  on  the  inferior  distal  half.  The  limbs 
are  short  and  weak,  but  the  digits  are  well  developed.  The  posterior 
extended  forwards  measures  If)  intercostal  intervals;  the  anterior 
measures  backwards  4i  of  the  same,  counting  the  axillar.  The  jdia- 
langes  nuMd)er  on  the  posterior  feet  \-2-',i-',i-2;  on  the  anterior,  1-2-3-2; 
the  terminals  are  (piite  acuminate,  especially  behind,  where  in  one  indi- 
vidual they  have  a  slightly  corneous  sheath.  Tiiere  are  17  costal  folds 
and  an  axillar  space.     The  tail  is  not  annulate. 

The  rictus  of  the  mouth  measures  nearly  the  diameter  of  the  eye 
behind  it.  The  tongue  issmall  and  free  all  round,  cxceptat  the  anterior 
margin  and  along  the  median  line  to  the  glossohyal  pedicel.  The 
vomeiine  teeth  exteiul  behind  the  nares  in  two  series,  which  are  con- 
vex posteriorly;  they  approach  each  other  as  though  at  an  angle 
directed  anteriorly,  and  then  suddenly  curve  backwards  and  form  the 
pterygoid  series.  These  are  more  slender  and  more  nearly  approxi- 
mated than  in  any  other  species,  and  consist  ea(!h  of  but  one  row  of 
teeih  to  th(^  point  where  they  begin  to  diverge;  /.  c,  near  the  posterior 
|)art  of  th(^  globe  of  the  eye.  They  do  not  diverge  widely  and  exhibit 
but  a  few  scries  of  teeth. 


'  H 


1    i!-'. 


^ 


V.  !! 


>' 


^4 


Pin.  36.  Stfrrochilu*  marginnhu.    No.  3907.    Goorgiiii  J. 


The  color  is  a  deli(Mte  yellowish-brown,  with  numerous  brown  lines 
interspersed,  which  form  several  dark  bands  along  the  side.  A  nar- 
row dark  line  extends  from  the  orbit  to  near  the  axilla.  A  narrow 
yellow  line,  brown-bonlered  above  and  below,  extends  from  axilla  to 
groin.  The  tail,  belly,  and  gnlar  region  are  closely  brown-8i)ecked; 
similar  specks  occur  on  the  sides  of  the  hea<l  behind.  The  ground  color 
of  the  belly  is  yellow. 


.; 


i^: 


W- 


t 


m 


164         HlII.M:TI>f    :M,    UXITED    STATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

.liidl  mruHuremenU. 

U. 

From  iii;i//;li-  to  iiiilciior  (•Miilliiis  t-yti ■ "<'-' 

From  mii/./lc  to  rii'liis  oris ' 

Fr Ill II //Ic  to  II xi Mil 

From  iiiii//li'  to  ;,'ioiii    '•''*; 

From  mn//lr  to  |io.s|rrior  nijirfj;iii  vent "j'lti 

From  imiz/lc  to  cml  of  (nil "''-I'' 

Lciij;lli  foiv  limli '"""_ 

I-iMi«tli  foiv-toot  "<'■-'"» 

LtMijjIh  himl  liml. "'"^ 

[.ninth  liiiiil  foot "04 

Width  lift  ween  fxtcniiil  niircs WOl 

Wiiltli  liffwccii  iiiti'nial  riarcs  , "'•! 

Will  til  lii'twccii  caul  li  us  oris <"••• 

Willi li  lii'twciMi  I i-ri  at  axilla •''•■-'7 

Width  licrwi'cii  ffiiiora  at  ;^i(iiii ""•'•'» 

TIlis  i)('(!iilijii'  siil;miiiii(l('r  is  |>iol»iii>l.v  aqimtiti  in  its  liiil>its.  Tliis  is 
iiidiciitcd  In-  tlu^  (!(>iiiinv>s('(l  liii  like  tiiil  and  the  transparent  |»al|U'- 
hviVi.  It  is  (|nite  ole},'iiiit  in  its  coloration.  Nothing  is  known  of  its 
iiabits,  as  it  is  as  yet  very  rare  in  colhH'tions.  IJcsidos  thi'  type  siuicn- 
nicn  of  llallowcll  in  tlic  .Miisenin  of  the  Academy  Natural  Sciences,  I 
have  only  seen  the  I'ollowinji-: 

No,  3!tt»r;  two  specimens ;  (reurjjia;  Dr.  Joseph  J<nie8. 
(JYKINOPIIILUS  Cope 

Proicid.  Arail.  I'iiila.,  Hii'.l,  i».  I118. 

Toiipfiie  snpporttMl  oidy  hy  the  s'l*>ssoliyal  |)edi(!el,  holetoid ;  craiiinni 
tally  ossified,  the  jiremaxillaiy  hoiu's  remaining;  «listinc,t  and  enihracino; 
a  fontanelle.     J)ij;ils  entirely  distinct,  4-."). 

This  geinis  is  distin},niislied  from  Spelerpesjin  act;onnt  oftlie  marked 
pe(!iiliarity  of  the  premaxillary  hone,  in  wliich  it  resembles  IMetliodoii 
rather  than  the  first  named.  Uiit  inie  species  is  as  yet  known.  It  has 
u  siiperfi(!ial  resemhlaiice  to  tin'  Spclvrpcs  ruber,  hut  dillers  in  .several 
osteoloftical  peeiiliarilies.  Its  misal  bones  iire  well  separated,  and  the 
pi()(>ti(;s(piamosal  crests  are  peculiar.  Tho  anterior  or  proiitii!  crest  is 
short,  distinct,  and  carved  inwards  und  backwards;  that  on  the  proxi- 
mal extremity  of  tlu^  squamosal  curves  towards  it,  but  leavi's  si  consid 
eraitle  intersjiace.  This  is  occnpi(>d  by  two  os.seous  processes,  like  two 
teeth  of  a  comb.  In  S.  riihcr  the  anterior  crest  only  is  pn'sent,  and 
forms  a  rectaii«!,le,  tln^  anterior  liiidi  beinjjf  transverse  and  the  anj-le  in- 
wards. Tiie  nasal  bones  also  are  in  conta<;t  across  the  prennixillary 
spines. 

The  type  of  the  fienus  remains  for  a  more  than  usmilly  long  period  in 
the  larval  condition,  and  Just  before  its  metamorphosis  is  jjenerally 
identi(!al  in  its  osteoloojical  (iharacfi'rs  with  the  jjonus  Neeturns,  except 
in  the  absence  of  the  intercilary  bone,  and  tho  number  of  posterior 
digits. 


X 


» 


Tri 
.(- 

Slirl 
Sjii  I, 


TIIK    IJATRACIIIA    <)l>'    NORTH    AMERICA. 


155 


CoNtiil  i)li(ii'  Ki.  Head  wido,  widlli  li's!#tliiui  seven  tiiiu-H  to  uroiii,  not  over  twico  to 
aNillii;  »  hIi'diij;  etintliiis  roMti'ali.s;  tail  roiiiideil  at  tlio  liaso,  not  linncil;  liir^o; 
unifonn  |inr|>Ie-j;r,i.v  aliovo 0.  porphjiyilicii'f. 


i 


(JYRIXOl'IIILUS  I'OUI'IIYUITICUS  Given.* 
(^ope,  Troceetl.,  Ae.  I'liila.,  \^t\0,  p.  lo,-j. 

Siiliniiamlra  pnrphnritica,  Green,  Contr.  Macliii.  li.vc,  i,  l>*'27,  ji.  '.\,  PI.  1,  Cig.  2. 
SdliiiiiiiiKlnt  HHlmoiini  (Storer),   Ilollir.,  N.  A.   Ilerp.,   v,   p.  :i;{,   I'l.H;    De  Kay,  N.  Y. 

Faun.,  Kept.,  p.  TC.  I'l.  HI,  li;,'.  :«•. 
Tiiloii  itiiriilijirilhiiH,  llolln-,,  /.  c,  \t.  H:t,  I'l.  "Jf^. 
I'l^tiiilonilDii  HalnioiiniH,  .Journ.  Ae.   I'liila.  ("il,  I,  p 


•JM7 


Hallow.,  I. 


IV,  p 


:m7 


.liiihlijiliiiiKi  snliiiDiiiiiin,   Miiiii.  i,V'   l!ilir.,  |>.  IK). 
Sjii  liviK's  siilmniinis,  SIraneli,  Salam.,  p.  h;!. 


S/irlr 


7" 


niiiininifti, 


(!ia\,  Cat.  Mafr.  (irad.  Miit.  Mns.,  e.l.  I,  p.   K! 


.s'/i(7(  )-y»(  s .'  iiDyiilijiiiliiii,  ill.,  ihid. 

.s'/)(7«i'/i(.'*  tiitrphjiiiHrii'i,  l>iiiilen;;er.  Cat.  liatr.  (iiad.  Mrit.  Mils.,  ed.  ii,  IKSv',  i>.  (14. 

Tlii.s  \\\H\  sjM'cit's  of  .siiliiiiiaiKli'r  li;is  an  cloitfiatt'd  and  .sU'iidcr  body, 
iiiiK'li  depressed  III  roil  jiiioiif-,  witli  very  little  eoiistiietioii  at  the  neek, 
and  (he  tail  lapeiinj;'  very  inqH'r('e|>til)ly  Croin  the  body.  TIh'  skin  is 
siii<M)th  and  vory  slippery,  tnery where  under  tlu^  lenssho\vin}«' appproxi 
mated  shallow  pits,  hut  no  indication  of  glands.  As  nearly  ns  can  be 
asju'itained  the  ixires  of  the  head  are  as  in  Spfh'rjus  nihrr. 

The  head  is  Hat,  depressed,  and  rather  wed}>«'  shaped,  the  whole  u|)per 
part  to  the  mn/./le  bein<;^  nearly  in  one  plane.  The  niM//.le  is  promi- 
nently and  bi'oadly  lriiiu;ate,  thon;;h  a  little  roiindetl.  The  sides  of  tln^ 
head  are  aliniptly  oltliipic  and  also  ipiite  piano,  the  <'aiithns  rostralis 
lieiny;  very  slron;^ly  marked  as  an  an<;ular  rid^jfc  e.vl  i  liiiij  forward 
outside  the  nostrils  to  the  edj;*^  of  the  jaw,  where  it  lorins  a  sli^^ht 
and  obtuse  proJe<'tioii.  This  rid;;e  is  further  indicated  by  a  lioht  line 
(always  present)  I'rom  the  anteriiu-  anj^ies  of  the  eye  aloii;;  its  summit 
to  the  niar.uin  of  the  jaw;  the  two  nearly  parallel.  The  nostrils  .send  a 
narrow  I'm  row  from  their  outer  extremity  down  this  rid^e. 

The  lower edoe  of  the  upper  jaw  viewed  from  before  is  (loiicave,  being 
bounded  on  ea<di  side  by  the  rid^e  Just  mentioned.  Tlu're  is  no  well- 
delined  cirrus  however.  The  side  view  of  the  lower  ed.i!;e  of  the  upper 
jaw  is  also  con<'ave.  The  upper  Jaw  pr»»jects  larj;ely  over  the  lower, 
most  so  anteriorly. 

The  eyes  are  lar};'eand  prominent,  distant  anteriorly  about  «)ne  and  a 
half  len^-lhs  of  the  orl>it  ;  the  external  nostrils  one  orbit  len.iilh  apart; 
the  inner  less  than  this.  The  latter  are  very  minute.  Tiie  touffuo  is 
circular,  entirely  (ree,  pedicellate,  and  j^n'atly  protractile. 

Theteelh  are  much  as  in  Sprlcrpr.s  riihrr;  tho.  parasphenoidal  bauds 
perhaps  rather  narrow. 

The  body  is  rather  vermiform,  beinj;'  of  equal  si/,(^  throu*;ho(it,  uuich 
depres.scd,  with  a  furrow  fiom  nap«'  to  above  anus,  where  the  tail  risi ; 
into  a  sharp  rid^f,  which  continues  to  I  he  tip.     There  are  sixteen  distinct 


l'late:tn,  (ij^.  t;;  :f.t;  :tl,  li^rs.  I-I;   X.,  «};.  (1;  .«(»,  Ii;,'.  :{;    \>*,  Ii 


i:t. 


^M 

lij 

'5 

•J 

t-t--. 


PC 


I   1 


m 


li 


III ' 


IftG         BULLETIN    :U,    HXITKI)    SIATI'-S    NATIONAL    MUSKUM 

costal  fiiiTows,  oxd^l(lin^'  an  axillary  oiic,  and  livo  pelvic.  Similar  fur- 
rows  ran  In-  traced  to  the  tip  of  the  tail.  Tlie  tail  is  (juadrate  at  the 
base,  with  ronnded  anj-les,  broailer  than  hi-;'!!,  but  becomes  more  and 
more  compressed  to  the  tip.  The  limbs  are  feeble  and  widely  separated. 
The  di^'its  all  distinct,  but  small ;  the  lirst  rather  riidinicntary. 

In  alcohol  mature  individuals  of  smaller  size  are  of  a  lij;hl  brownish- 
red  on  the  baitU,  the  sides  and  itenealh  pile  reddish  salmon  t'olor.  The 
sides  of  body  and  tail,  however,  and  to  a  less  extent  the  back,  are  closely 
covered  by  a  coarse,  indistinct  reti(!uIation  or  network  ol"  rather  dark 
brown,  showinj?  the  li;.jliter  -iionnd  color  in  tlu^  areola',  and  <!onvcyin<,' 
the  impression  of  rathei-  oblon.i-  lij;hl  spots.  Tlie  under  parts  are 
jjenerally  immaculate,  tliou.;;h  larjic  spiMtimens  are  sometimes  fiindy 
sprinkled  with  dusky.  There  is  always  a  li<;ht  line  from  the  eye  alonj^- 
the  can  thus  to  thecdj-e  of  t!ie  upper  Jaw;  those  of  opposite  sides  parallel. 
With  iiicreasin;;' aji'e  liie  icticulation  of  the.  sides  be(!onu's  obscured 
by  theextension  of  the  ^rouml  color  of  tlu^  i)a('k  over  the  sides  and  Jie 
•fading  (tut  of  tlu!  dark  markinjjs.  Tlier<'  is,  however,  j,M>nerally  a  dull 
(iloudiuH' (»f  darker  and  a.  faint  indiiiation  (»f  the  light  spots,  especially 
on  the  lower  part  of  the  sides. 

This  species  dilfers  from  tSiKlrrpiH  nihcr  in  many  details  of  external 
fiU'iii — the  more  vermifoiin  and  depresse<l  body;  inoi'e  widely  separateil 
fore  and  hind  legs;  oiu>  more  costal  furrctw  ;  the  more  depressed,  nu)r(^ 
truncate,  and  broader  head;  larger  eyes;  prominent  ridge  iVoin  eye  eon- 
tinned  to  margin  of  upper  Jaw.  etc.,  not  to  nuMition  the  diU'creniie  in 
coloration.  To  S.  r.  Jhirissiiii lis  it  is  related  l»y  the  |Motuberan(U's  on 
the  upper  jaw  on  each  side  the  muzzle,  iuit  these  are  less  pi-onnnent.  The 
tifteen costal  groovesandsiiai'ply  detined  idaek  sp(»ts  without  reticulation 
on  the  sides  distinguish  the  former. 

A  specimen  from  (Icoigia  (I7l(i)  dilfers  in  a  more  slender  shape,  and 
in  having  dark,  horny  tips  to  the  digits, as  in  tli<'  afpiatic  Audilystonue, 
as  if  having  lived  in  a  drier  region  than  usual.  'I'herc  are  only  lifteen 
costal  grooves  to  be  distinguished. 


Flc;.  :i7.   thiriiKiiihlliix  j,(irjili:irltifiiK      No.  :i:i74. 

Miiixiifi nil }iin  iif  All.  :!*ri(/,  ill  iiiiii(n. 

LfiiiKtli,    incMsiin'tl    iiloii^r    axis    of  l-iii;;ili,  cic.— CoiiliniK-i). 

'""'y  '  I'nilii  Mioiil  lo;;i'iiiii 

From  HiioiK  to  ^rap,. lo  .  I''ioiii  .snout  (o  ln'liin,!  aiiiiH. 

FroiiiHiioiil  to,..,iil;ir  Col.! h()  i  From  .snout  (d  rii.l  of  tail  . . 

F"oni  Hiiout  to  iirmpK L  lo  |  'I'iijl 


.'<  JO 
4.10 

y.  '10 


>       » 


J 


THK    IJATKAC'llIA    OK    NOUTII    AMKRICA, 


157 


ra' 


i 


4     » 


Ikutl :  . 

Wiiltliofli.-atl .") 

Widdi  (iftitiitriit) ','."> 

litllKlll  ol'olliit 'ii) 

niNtiUict!    butwcfii    eyes   aiitt'ri- 

oily :io  I 

Pistanci)  Iwtwt'cii  outer  nostrils.     .'-'1 
J)istaiicf  iM'twfoii  inner  nostrils.     .  l'> 

Body  : 

('ircninli'i't'iicc  of  liclly 1,8") 

Dislanco   between    arinpil    ami 
Uroin ii.  'Jii 


Tail  : 

lloi^lit  of  tail  wliere  hinhesl 40 

Breadth  of  tail  where  hi)j;h(>st..     .  :ir> 

Linihs : 

Fret)  portion  of  ion;;est  linger..     .  14 
I'roni  elhow   *.<)   tip   of  lon<rest 

(in;;er 45 

l'"ree  portion  of  lonf^esl  toe U> 

l''roni  kneo  to  tip  of  longest.  to(<.     ,  (iU 
Distance  hetween  outstretelied 

toes !.!»(» 

lleijjht  of  body '>! 

Wi.llh t,'» 


TIkt'  (^iiu  he  VitiW  tloiiWt  tliiit,  its  ISiiinl  has  sn;;'^est('(l,  this  is  [Uv. 
Stilinmnnlni  lutrphnrith-n  of  (lii'eii.  Tho  aii^iihitioii  and  paUM;(>h>r  of 
(he.  ••aiithiis  rostralis  is  dcsca-iht'd  acuaifati'ly  as  well  as  tlie  cohn"  (tC  the 
hody.  Tlic  hirj^o  hirvii,  \  iiicluis  h>iij>',  is  only  rt-fiTahle  to  this  spcrics. 
')^\\{}.  Chonihotus  iitkrontomuH,  \\\\W\\  llolhrook  inid  IlaMowtdl  have  iiii- 
ajjiiiiMl  to  he.  (Irccii's  species,  is  not  iiiditrated  hyGfeen's  des(riiptioii. 
It  is  not  so  hiij-c,  lias  not  the  eanthns  r(»stral;.',  thi^  hiiva  is  very  small, 
and  the  eoloiatioii  is  (piite  dillerent.  (lieeii's  limine  represents  it  well, 
tlioii<rh  \hi'  AitihljisloiiKi  j('())}:soniiini(mi>u  I  lie  same  plate  is  represented  as 
larirer — a  relation  of  size  tlui  reverse  of  what  nsnally  holds  in  ntitiire. 

Tliis  is  tlieoidy  one  of  oiir  I"]astern  salamanders  wliitrh  ttttempts  ^elf- 
defense.  It  snaps  liereely,  hiil  hai  inlessly,  and  throws  its  body  into  (Con- 
tortions //'  tcrrontii.  It  prefers  tlie  (M)olest  ioealities  thron<4;lnmt  the 
Alle>;liaiiy  mountain  n',i;ion,from  New  Vork  to  Alahama.  It  isaipnitic, 
bn'  jirefers  the  still  waters  of  swamjis  or  sprin,i;s  to  riinnin<^  streams. 
Il  is  (tomnion  in  tlie  region  wlieinH'  (Irecii  procured  it,  while  C.  micro- 
atomus  is  rare,  if  e.visliii;;  at  all. 


ft    ••  I 


m 


W 


Uiiriiiiipliiliin  j>(ivi)hijni\('U8  (ircen. 
liKsr.Kvio  s!;i;ii:s. 


>       ;  » 


(,'.ll;llip-llc     .Nil.  el' 
Iilllllbil.        .-llcf. 


8J(10 

:i 

■MH  1 

4 

3MU 

1 

3817 

'1 

as.ij 

i; 

li'.ti'i 

1 

(•jtiii 

Id 

U749 
12703 
aritU 
3174 
8S12 

4710 
mOH 

1  U7:i 

3Klil) 
Ul<li8 
471(1 


III 


l.erulily. 


(^iirlisle,  I'a 

(1..    

('iniiiiiiiMhiM  uh,  I'a 
ruNliiM^li,  I'a   ... 
M.M.Ivilli',  I'a     .... 

Ciiliimlms,  Olili) 

Cailiilr,  I'll 


Wlini 
•olIiTlid. 


iMOM,  whom  .ocivoii.  ,  ^""'i',;; ",'■"•"-'"'• 


1S71     I'liii".  S.  t".  r.aiiil MiiiliDJii-. 


I'lixlilUUJI,   I'; 


....III 

.1  1)1.  .1.  (iiirii   

,    I'rivf.  S    V.  liairil 

.  1   I'liilcHsiir  Williaiiis   

.     I'liil'.  Il,  1,1'Wiiik'H'Iix 

.  i   I'liil.  S.  1'".  liainl 


1 


|>|M 


•lam 


<lii 


i;icflii)riiii'.;li,  ( i 


LiiiiUiiiit  Moiiiilaiii.'l'LMiiii  Mar.  — ,  ISSl;  :   W.  II.  Vi 


.Allium. iarli,  .\.  V 


(Jiilaiiibia,  S.  0 


S.  I'.  liainl  , 
K.  Samiicl.-i. 


Alilii 


.  S.  C 


1    !( 


('arli-.!.',  I'a. 
0 


1)1-.  (iriirijH   II.   Miiraii, 
r.  S.  A. 

\M\  ItaiT.'tt 

I'lof.  S.  !■'.  liaird 

(') 


j  Mi'rtilvillc,  I'a I  I'rofi'ssor  Williaiiia 


il<] 


I 


|J|)|iiT  (iuor};i;i ...I  Dr.  W.  L.  JunvH. 


Ill  I. 

Do. 
l>o. 
Do. 
Do. 
l)i>. 
Do. 
Dii. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do 
Do. 


J-  =  ' 


P" 


>'';jS  S 


l;j.S         miLLi:HN    :il,    IIMTKD    .SIATKS    NATIUNAI.    MII.SKHM. 

i'n.riT.I.  .\-.  N.il.  S,i.  I'liilii.,  isil'.i,  i>..-l(il;  Itoiilciij;.-!',  fat.   IJalr.  (iia.l. 
Ill  it.  Mil  .,.m1.  II.  I-^-.'.  p.  '■: 

Ton-lie  liri-  iill  iouimI,  huli'K.i.l.  To.-s  l-l.  Piiriclal  bones  o.s.siHc.I, 
iind  witlioul  roi:tiiii«'ll<'.     Piviiiii\ill:iiii'sc(Mi.s,sili(Ml. 

This  "iciiiis  omIv  (lilUTs  ridiii  S|H'U'riM.'.s  in  the  nlrsi'iicc  ol'ii  ili;;it  IVom 
the  ImimI  loot,  .sliiiulin-  Ihiis  in  the  .siiiiie  ivlatioii  (o  it  thiit  lleiiiMliiet.v- 
Ijiini  does  to  rietho.h.ii.  Its  t.vpieal  speeies  was  i'oniieil.v  jelene.l  to  lla- 
tiaelio.scps,  l>iit,  liesides  tlie  yreat  dilVeieiiee  in  the  tongue,  the  latter 
lias  a  parietal  I'.iitaiielle  and  laeks  the  prefrontal  hone.  The  latter 
piiiiit  is  iiidieated  b.v  lOseliselioltz  in  his  atlas.     In  the  pre.seiit  jicnus  that 

bone  is  pre.sont. 

The,  two  speeies  as  vet  known  have  a  limited  distrilnition.  Tliev  are 
the  smallest  Nnitli  Ameiiran  salamanders. 

They  are  distiii;;iiislied  as  follows: 

Tail   Hliiiit,    comiticsMMl;    l.ody    .slioilcr    I'.V    lin^'lli   i>l'    tcnmi  ;    lila.k,    Niilrw    ii;;ii( 

M.  n  iiiil'tr. 


rklnl 


Tail  .sii'inlcr,  c.vliiKlrif;  ImhIv  Ioiujit  ;  iim/./lf  lnnadfr;    ullnwi'-Ii.  ,i  (Inisolalcial 
luown  l.aii.1 '^  <iii,i,lri<li;iil,tliix. 


( 


of 

wh 


l.t'll 
l..'l 
l..'ll 

l.rll 
l..'ll 

l.cli.: 

I..'li< 

l.i'iU 

l.ni 

\Vi. 

\Vi. 

Wi.l 


X 


ill'  l! 


1  : 


I 


MAN'L'i:i.is  i;i:Miri:i{  vo\n: 

Ki'pt.  I'falMiilN  Ac.Sali'iii,  l"^  i'.t,  p.  ~l ;   li.)iil.iij;(M,  Cat.  I'.ali.  (iiad.  Brit. 
MiiH.,  <(l.  II.  !"■'•,',  p.  7il. 

Ill  this  small  salamaiKler  the  leii;>tli  to  tln'  foie  limlis  Mitels  that  bi'- 
tweeii  the  limbs  but  little  over  twice,  iiidieatiiij;'  a  less  slender  lonii  than 
in  the  »S'.  tiiKdlriilii/ittdiis  of  eipial  size.  The  head  is  an  eloii,i:ate  oval, 
its  width  enti'i'inj"'  tin  lenj;tli  to  tlu^  ;;ioiii  nearly  seven  times.  There 
are  si.xteeiM'ostal  folds,  ineliidiii;^  the  axillar,  and  these  are  eontiniu'd 
upwards  to  near  a  median  <Ioisa1  ;>:roove.  The  tiill  is  deep  anti  Hat  and 
marketl  with  the  liiteial  intermitseiilar  ;;i'ooves,  besides  a  stionj;  median 
f;roov(!  above.  The  latter  j;ives  way  to  a  low  fin  on  the  distal  half  of 
the  tail. 

The  limbs  aie  slunt  and  weak.  The  posterior  extends  lorward  o\  t'l' 
si.x  jii'ooves  iind  half  an  interspace,  the  anterior  ov»'r  live  and  one-half, 
inclndin*;'  the  axillar.  The  tinkers  an^  slender;  tlu^  interior  on  both 
limbs  (;uite  short,  though  (listiiicl. 

The  vomerine  teeth  are  in  the  two  usual  series,  which  are  more  pos- 
teriorly directed  thiiii  is  iisiiai.  The  paraspheiioid  patches  cease  far  be- 
hind the  lirst  iinntioned,  and  a'  ■  in  narrow,  very  convex  biiishes, 
\vlii(th  are  distinct  from  each  othi'r  thioiij;liont  their  leiij;tli.  The  ton;,Mie 
is  eloiif^ato  oval. 

The  color  is  black  above  and  dark  brown  below;  the  black  extends 
downwards  iind  nearly  meets  round  tin;  uw.k  belov  .     The  lower  part 


'^^km  '^ . 


~i 


I 


X 


TIIK    UATliACIIIA    ol'    NOKIII    A.MKKH'A.  159 

of  tliii  si«U>.s  of  tlic  lit'utl,  body,  aiitl  bii.sal  tliinl  of  tail  are  <l(i8ted  fliiu 
wliitu  (lots. 

MiiiHiin  mi  nl». 

M. 

Li-ii^th,  uxiiil,  I'rniii  cikI  of  iini/zlc  lo  rictus  mis nn  ;7ri 

I. I'll >r III,  axiiil,  tVtiiii  I'liil  tit' iiiii//,lo  III  ii\illii iiii-<ii 

I.i'iij;lli,  iiNiiil,  rniiii  ('Mil  III'  III II /./.lo  111  j^ioiii (ivi7 

l.i'ii|;lli,  ii\iiii,  I'l'iiiii  criil  til'  iiiii/./.li<  III  I'liil  lit'  vi'iil II.! 

l,i'li;jlli,  lixiiil,  r      •'  t'llil  <it'iilil/./.li)  In  rml  nl'  lail (l.'iS 

I.i'iifil  li  111'  riiid  1 1  mil (HiriT'i 

Lili;;lli  of  I'liii'  riinl {»)■' 

l,rii},'lli  111'  hi  ml  limli IK  (7 

I,ci|i,Mli  iil'liiriil  fiiol (M)'^H 

Willi li  iit'lii'iiil (MKii 

Wiillli  i.riiiiily (lOlJJ 

Willi li  i.l'lail   UU.> 

Only  one.  spt'ciiiicii  of  this  Npocit's  li:is  (Miinr  iiimI*t  my  olisiTvatioii. 
It  was  I'oiiml  liy  C  .1.  Mayiianl,  of  Sali'iii,  .Mass.,  at  .lacksdiivillc, 
Kla.,  in  l"\'l»iiiaiy,  l>ii;!>.  ||  Is  pit'scrvcil  in  tliii  iiiiist'uni  of  liic  Pea- 
body  Aradi'iiiy  of  Scii'iMM's,  wliicii  insiitiilion  It-nl  it  to  iiic  lor  dftcrini- 
natioii. 

l''roiii  till*  t'onn  of  tlit>  lail  it  is  piobalily  a  more  aijiiatic  animal  than 
its  roiijLiriu'r  M.^iKiiilriilifiiliilKs,  .\\\tl  W  {\tv  s|n'fniH'ii  in-  an  avci'a;:^  ony 
it  is  not  ((iiitc  s(»  diminiit  ivc. 

MANCI'l-l'S  (,it  AI>i:il)|(;ii'At'fS  III. ,1.1.* 

('ii|M-,   I'n.iiTil.    \i\    I'liihi.,    I'll',!,    |..    im  ,    li..iilrii>;i  r,  CjI.    It.ilr      (Jiiiil 
Itiit.  Mils.,  111.  II,  I--,',  p.  "■'.. 

.N'i(/(()ii(i»i//(i  l//lll(//'i(^■.(/(^(/||,  lli.llii.,  N.  A.  Ilrr|..,  \,  \i,  li."..  I'l.  '.M. 

JlalriKlioniiis  iiiiailriilii/iliilns,  Hainl,  .li.iini.  .\c.  I'liila.   (•-'),  I,  |..  '.'-T  ,  .si  i:ii((li,   Salaiii. 
]..  ».".;  (irav,  Cat.  iSalr.  (ir.nl.  I'.iil.  .Mils.,  nl.  i,  \>.   \>. 

This  inli'i't'stin;;-  s|u'(',i('s  is  amoii.i;'  the  least,  if  not  tin*  very  smallest,  of 
Ameiieaii  salamanders.  It  is  mileh  like  .S'y>r/rcy>r,v /;/////( (f^(.s-  in  iieiienil 
aiip<'iiranee,  lint  is  still  sleiideier,  and  with  lunger  di.s;its. 

I  can  see  nolhiiij;'  distiuelive  in  the  head.  «'.Keept  that  the  pedieel- 
late  tongue  is  veiy  lar;;(',  oval,  elongated  elliptieal,  nearly  twice  as 
loii.i;' as  wide,  and  lilliiiuf  the  interspace  of  the  lower  J  iw.  The  teeth 
appear  as  in  S.  hilliittdiis.      Tlie  head  is  narrower  than  in  tliis  species. 

The  body  is  cylindrical,  depre.s.scd,  with  liftccn  costal  furrows;  a  six 
tcLMith  would  lie  in  the  axilla,  lint  can  mil  be  traced.     The  separation  of 
the  liinlis  varies  consideralily  ;  in  the  lar^^cst  specimen  the  distance  from 
snout  to  a.\illa  is  contained   nearly  three  and  one-half  tiiiu's  in  that  to 
j;roiii ;  in  others  hardly  .'5  times. 

The  tail  is  slender,  subqnadran;;iilar,  and  lon<,'er  tiiaii  the  rest  of  tho 
animal. 

'J'he  di,i;its  are  iein;tlieiied  and  slender;  tho  loiifjest  to«  <!Oiitained 
about  two  and  one  half  times  in  the  distance  from  knee  to  tip.    The  inner 

•  riali"J7,  liiis.  .-.-7:  :!.".,  li-.  I'.>. 


'i  i\ 


1  • 


«it; 


Ill  ' 


ri 


IGO         lUILI.KTIN    3i,    IMTKI)    STATKS    NATIONAL    VHSKl'M. 

toe  is  eiitiivly  wamiiiy,  without  a  trace  of  it  beiug  lelt.    Tliere  are  thus 
but  four  (lif^its  to  each  limb. 

W^  ^         '  lA    M    //)  2  G  y 

<  4  3  6 

Fio.  38.  JliiiifiilKii  iji(ii<tri(li:iil(itiiii.     Ni>.  31HI4.     AMiivillf,  S.  C. ;  i,  [. 

TIk!  coloration  n'seml)U'.s  that  (tf  S.  hiliiicatti.  Then^  is  a  broad  red- 
dish or  brownisii  yellow  dorsal  stripe  from  hea«l  toeiid  «)f  tail,  bounded 
oil  each  side  I».v  a  narrow  (hirii  line  extending-  from  the  eve,  fadiii''' 
jjiadiially  olf  below.  The  sides  are  closely  dotted  oi'  mottled  with 
brownish  dots,  the  dark  line  leferred  to  beiii;;-  merely  a  closer  ananye- 
iiient  of  the  <lots.  The  uii  ler  parts  an-  whitish  in  iilcohol,  linely  mot- 
tled or  dottccl  like  the  sides,  but  less  closely  :iiid  more  indistin^Miishably. 
Tlu^  median  line  of  the  belly  is  generally  immaculate.  Theie  is  almost 
always  a  narrow  lij^ht  line  on  the  sid*-  from  the  fore  to  hind  le,i;s. 

The  lifi'ht  dorsal  stripe  is  <;»'i:eially  nioi«'  or  less  dotted  with  brownish, 
sometimes  with  a  teinlency  to  a  median  strip  '. 

In  one  specimen  the  sides  iirc  distinctly  ilottecl  linely  with  white. 

This  siu'cies  was  referred  to  liatrachoseps  of  lioiiapaile  l)y  I'lofessor 
r>aird,  without  probably  having  seen  the  ty|>e  of  the  lattt-r,  no  do'il»t 
on  the  faith  of  I5(»naj»aite"s  erroneous  description  of  the  toiij^ne  of  the 
same.  It  is  evideid  that  tht^  two  si»ecies  oiijiht  not  to  be  re;;arded  as 
coiif>eneric,  since  the  /»'.  tUtniuiiins  turns  out  to  be  more  neai  ly  alliccl 
to  Ilemidactylium  than  to  Spelerpcs. 

The  known  raiij^c  of  this,  one  of  the  smallesl  of  land  Vi-rtebratt's,  is 
from  middle  North  Carolina  to  the  border  of  Texas,  includinj;  I-'lorida. 

Mni.fiiniiii  Ills,  ill  iiihiK. 

L('ii;^tli,     iiii'ii.iiiiril     ,'iliiij;;    axis    iil'  ilrail     (.'mil  iiiiii'd  : 

'•<'<l\  :                                                                                 IHstiilicf  lii'lwi'i'iii'Vt'.saiili'i'iiii  l\        (i;( 
t'lOlll  hlKHlt   IOKi<l"' "         Mmlv  :   ('irilllllfrlTIK (Iicily (.1 

from  sunlit  to  ^riilail'itltl v'.'!  I'ajl: 

I'loiii  ,si t  to  al'iiipit Ill  llii;;lit  of  tail  \\  licic   liiulir.sl    ..      .1.". 

I'roiii  Mioilt  lo  Mioiii 1.  IT  liiiadlh  "!'  tail   w  li.ir  lii:iln  >|    .      .  |  | 

!''.'i>iii  MMiiil  to  licliiiii)  anus  . . . .    1.  |ii  l,iiiili>: 

i'rulll  sliolll  lo  (11(1  of  till It.  ISO  I'nc  |Hir|  ioli  o|' |oil^(  SI    llll;;cr..       .Il.'i 

'liiil I.i>l>  from  clliow    to    tip    (>r   |oii;;(  >| 

"•'■■I'l:  liii^'ci     l,s 

Widlh  oDicad ]>;  \,,i-  |ioilioii  of  l,irii;cs|  toe 0- 

Widlli  (if  loii;,Mic Ill  I 'mm  km  c  to  ti|i  ol'  loii;;(  >l  toe.      .'S.\ 

l.cii^'th  oftoii^ilc 1.1  ,           Iti.staiicc    liclwccii    oiit.stich  lied 

l.t'ii^'tli  ofoiliit .(»;:   '  ti>«H ;•,< 


(Jiita 
null 


i 


CataliidiH^'  No.  of 

lllllllllUI'.        H\)Vf. 


Tin:    HATIJACIIIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 

AlanciihiH  qiKnlridiijitiitnH  llolhr. 


IGl 


I.ipcalitv. 


When 
I'ollucti'tU 


l.-r<.>n  who,,,  r.HWve.l.      Nat,.ro  of  spec 


03;i7  I       :i  MninU'vilK',  La Nov.    2,1870    (i.  Kuhii 

;isiit  7  Iticfhordiiyh,  (ill (') 

XSii7  U (!) 

.■I!tu4  1  Al.hcvilh",  .S.C, I'loC.  S.  K.  Bairil , 

KiiiMtoi,,  X.  (J .f.  W.  Mihic,' 


Alcdhuliv, 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


! 


*,' 


SrKLEIJPES  Katinosque. 

Atlantic  Journal,  i,  p.  2i,  18^'i. 

SinlciiicK  (iiiiy,  Cat.  Hut.  Mils.  KM,   l.l;  Co\w,  rritcui'tl.  Ac.   Thila.,  IdliO,  p.    101; 

Itoiilcmr,    Cal.   IJatr.  (irail.  Urit.  Mns.,  cd.  u,  I-8-i,  p.  (lO. 
Cjllindrosoma  TMcliiKli,  \at.  Sy.sl.  IJatracliitT  Ncncliatcl,  lH:iH. 
('nHiKlroiiiiiiKi   il    llolitonlonsa   pars   Diiint^ril,  Krp.  (J(^n.,  ix. 
Sptliriws  il  I'll  iidolrilon  IS.iinl,  .lourn.  Ac.  Nat.  .Sci.,  i  ;  Ilallowell,  1.  c,  iv. 

The  toiijiuc  iVi'c,  oxcopt  at  tho  yios.soliyal  .siii)[)ort.  Pivlatino  and 
jiaiictal  hones  fully  ossilicd;  pronia.xillarics  coiisolidatotl,  and  their 
s|>ine.s  enibracinf;  a  lonlanclli'.    Toi'th  small.    Toes  4-5. 

Tliis  i.s  a  natural  ^cnu.s,  and  i.s  abundantly  represented  by  individ- 
nal.s  in  the  eastern  di.stiiet  of  the  nearetie  realm,  and  the  Mexican  of 
the  neotropie.tl.  Its  di;;ital  characters  oidy  distinsnish  it  from  !\raii- 
eidns,  and  some  of  the  .Mexican  species  approach  that  genus  in  the 
great  reduction  of  the  inner  digit,  which  ri'snlts  from  a  diminution  in 
the  nundter  of  phalanges.  The  cdiisolidation  of  the  premaxillarie.s — a 
marked  t'liaracter — appears  very  early  in  the  developmental  history  of 
such  of  the  species  as  I  hav*'  i)een  able  to  study  {S.  niba;  S.  bilincatus). 
The  .Mexican  siiecies  pass  their  me(amori>ho.ses  soonest;  then  such  us 
S.  hilin(atii.s,  and  the  S.  ruber  remains  longest  a  larva. 

The  characte.s  of  lune  species  of  Spelerpes  are  given  in  the  follow- 
ing table.  1  know  of  none  otliers,  tliinUing  that  the  genera  (Ediims, 
(I'Mipina,  and  (leotriton  should  l»e  maintained  as  distinct.  Of  these 
species  four  only  inhabit  the  ju'arc^tic  realm,  and  five  are  found  in  the 
Tieira  Teinplada  of  Mexico,  on  the  eastern  .side  of  the  plateau.  The 
nearcti(!  specii  s  are  all  conlined  to  the  ei'.steru  region,  the  genus  differ- 
ing in  its  range  from  IMethodon  in  not  extending  to  the  Pacific  region. 

The  largest  species  of  the  Spelerpes  is  the  S.  bcUii  of  Mexico,  which 
among  salaman  'ers  is  only  exceeded  in  dimensions  by  the  Ckonilrotiis 
ttiirbro.sits.  The  largest  species  of  North  America  is  the  -S'.  ruber.  The 
species  of  this  genus  display  more  brilliant  colors  than  any  other  of  the 
family,  yellow  and  red  l>eing  the  usual  ones. 

I.  \'()iii(  line  tcctli  nut  conl  iiiiicd  liatk  to  itarasplicniiid  jiatchct,  cxtouded  outwardly 
l>i'yoi,d  nail's, 
ri.  Costal  t'olils  I  l-l'i;  tail  cylimliic ;  inner  toes  rndiincntal. 

riii'a>  I',';  cxlrcinilii's  of  inner  toes  free ;  ot hers  short,  thick,  suhociiial ;  a 
eanilins  lostralis;  iiiii/./.le  triiiKMie;  vomerine  series  in  (umtact ;  lead-col- 
or<t(l,  iiHu.illy  with  I  wo  dorsal  series  of  red  spots;  larj^est S.  hiUii. 

iu:)i— I'.iiii.  34 — 11 


I  I 


1G2         BULLETIN    31,    UNITED    STATES    NATIONAL    Ml'SEUM. 

riicii*  I'i  ;  imiov  tao  and  Joint  distinct,  otlior  toes  well  developed,  cylindric; 
width  head  5  to(>  times,  and  h-nj^th  liead  to  axilhi,  "2.5  to  3  limes,  to  gri>in  ; 
tail  yeneially  more  eloufjato ;  bhiek ;  sides,  tail,  and  often  back,  gray 

varied;  larger *'•  lepioaiix. 

PlicH)  11 ;  inner  too  not  distinct;  otiier  toes  very  sliort,  margined  ;  width  of 
liead  li,  to  axilla,  1.3  to  groin  ;  tail  short;  black,  unspotted  ;  medium. 

S.  repliulicHg. 
II.  Vomerine  teeth  not  continued  posteriorly  to  the  psirasphenoid  patches,  uor  exte- 
riorly to  beyond  the  nares. 
rt.  Tail  round;  costal  grooves  11-1-';  inner  toes  rudimental. 

Plieie  11  (without  ingiiiual) ;  width  of  head  1..'>;  length  to  axilla  'if'  times  in 
length  to  groin  ;  tail  rather  short ;  toes  very  short ;  upper  lip  more  or  lees 

truncate  ,um1  angulate S.  chiropltrnfi. 

an.  Tail  siibronud;  costa' grooves -il ;  inner  toes  minute. 

Width  of  head  near  one-seventh,  length  to  axilla  .M  of  length  to  groin  ;  limbs 
short  ;  tail  thick  at  base;  brown,  with  a  dark  lateral  baml  on  each  side; 

small *'■  inHlt'q>licntiig. 

txim.  Tail  compressed  ;  costal  grooves  13-lJ  ;  inner  toes  distinct. 

Plica-  usually  14;  width  of  head  less  than  one-sixth  to  groin  ;  head  to  axilla 
well  over  .33  (d'tlie  same;  body  longer,  tail  not  keeled  above  jiroxinially, 
comparatively  short  ;  \omerine  series  turned  iddi<inely  biickwards;  yel- 
low, with  two  latero-dorsal  black  bands;  tail  dark  laterally  ;  belly  yel- 
low, immaculate  ;  small .v.  liUiiicaliii*, 

Plica',  13;  width  of  hcail  eipial  one-sixth  length  to  groin;  muzzle  to  axilla 
more  than  one-third  the  same;  t.'iil  long-keeled  above;  yellow,  nides 
many  black-spotted,  a  median  dorsal  aeries  of  spots;  tail  yellow,  black- 

barred;  belly  innnacniate;  larger a.  l<ni;ii<(iii(liis. 

Plica-  13;  width  of  head  gn-ater  than  (uie-sixth  length  to  groin;  from 
muzzle  to  axilla  considerably  ni(U(- than  .33  h-nglh  to  groin  :  tail  buig- 
keeled  abr>v<-;  yellow,  with  three  black  b.iuds;  tail  black,  yellow-barred  ; 

belly  motth'tl ;  larger .s',  (iiilli>liiiialii». 

III.  Vomtu'ine  series  of  teeth  <'ontiiinoMs  posteriorly  with  the  parasphenoid  brnshi-s, 
and  original ing  behind  n.ires. 

Costal  i)licie  1.'>-1(I;  head  widi-,  not  more  than  seven  times  to  groin,  not 
more  than  twice  to  axilla  :  no  canthns  rostralis;  t.iii  :■■—:;, h-d  at  l»ase, 
not  tinned;  laige ;  v(-rmili<ui  red,  black  or  brown  spotted *',  ruber. 

SPELERPE.S  Ml'LTIPLICATCS  Cope. 

Proc.  Ac.  Phila.,  IHOD,  p.  KK!;  Houlenger,  Cat.  13atr.  (Jrad.  Hrit.  .Mus.,  ed. 
II,  l-'H-i,  p.  r.r. 

Tins  siiiiill  .spo(;i»'.s  resembles  in  general  i>io|»ortion.s  Unnitlarti/lium 
scntdfnm.  It  is  well  eliafatteiized  in  tlii.s  ifvum  by  its  imineroii.s  co.stal 
plica-  and  tliittkeiuMl,  .siMiecly  coiiipre.ssed  tail. 

The  width  of  the  head  enters  the  lenj^th  to  the  jjroin  (I.Tfj  times;  the 
length  to  axilla  enters  thiice.  The  hind  limb,  extended,  pa8.se.s  six  iu- 
terval.s  from  the  gioin  ;  the  foot  is  wide  and  tlio  toes  short,  especially 
the  inner  and  outer;  the  inner  has  .i  one  minute  Joint  free.  The 
.same  iiiiiy  be  said  of  the  anterior  di',.,s.  'I'he  tail  is  tiompro.s.sed  a  little 
and  eonsiderably  tliiekened;  in  the  smidlest  specimen  the  terminal  .75 
above  and  ..'W  below  are  keeled;  in  others  the  superior  keel  is  more 
distal. 


^  i 


i 


\ 


^ . 


1 


TlIK    IJATUACIIIA    OF    NOKTIF    AMEUICA. 


1G3 


Upper  lip  inodtTiitrly  tniiiciiti',  with  iiilVauiiroal  iuiglos,  and  in  one, 
rmliniental  (5ini.  The  innz/le  is  rather  thiek  and  slioit,  the  head  Hat; 
in  one  snniUer  spt'cinien  the  former  is  a  litth^  loiifrer  than  in  the  others 
ami  the  width  of  the  iiead  rehitivcly  less.  Tiio  vomerine  teeth  form 
sliort  series,  each  rather  suchlenly  bent  haekwards;  the  pterygoid  two 
narrow  patches  not  approaching  the  vomerines,  the  rehitions  in  this 
respect  being  as  in  »V.  hiliiwdtus. 

Tiie  eoh)r  in  ftmr  specimens  is  an  nnspotted  brown,  the  inferior  sur- 
faces paler,  especially  the  gnlar  region.  In  the  smaller  specimen  above 
mentioned,  which  seems  to  constitute  a  variety,  the  brown  color  forms 
a  broa«l  dorsal  band  with  dark  j)oints;  the  sides  are  of  u  i)inkish  gray, 
aiul  the  uuder  surfaces  light  yellow. 


6       7 


4  3  5 

VUi.  :;0.   Sjirlrriirs  iiiiiUifliidtiiK.      Xo.  JOIIS.     V\vt\  llivcr.  Alk.  ;  f,  t- 


Miii-iiiniiiriils  of  tin  htvijvxl  xjnr'iiniH  on  the  rM'iv  of  llu:  body. 

Inches. 

Lfiiy;tli  fioiii  mii/./lc  to  (iiliil O.'i 

l/cMijj;lli  from  mii//.li'  to  riitiis }•> 

l..'iij;tli  iVtiiii  iimz/li-  t(i  axilla l','."! 

l^fii;{th  I'll  (111  iiiil//l('  III  j;roill I.  ;">:{ 

I.i'iij^lli  riiim  111 II //li'  to  CI  1(1  (if  tail ;\.'-i\ 

ij'iijilli  111"  Ion;  iiiiili M.V.i 

l.fiij;tli  of  I'oK -loot OS 

I. distil  of  liiiul  liiiili *,';» 

l,iii}r)ii  of  iiiiid  loot i:{:j 

Width  of  licail  at   aiiti'iior  aii;;I('  orliits. 1 

Willi h  of  Ilea. I  at  rictus -22 

Width  of  liody  at-  .sacriiiii i.^ 

The  form  of  this  species  woidd  iiidi<;ate  it  to  be  terrestrial  in  its  hab- 
its. Of  its  geograi»Iiical  range  we  have  as  yet  little  information,  except 
that  it  belongs  to  tiie  southern  central  region  of  the  <!ontineiit.  Profes- 
sor Cragin  sent  me  a  specimen  which  was  taken  in  southern  Kansas, 
and  tlie  types  wei«'  fcuind  as  below  stated. 

No,  |(K5S;  ."»  specimens;  Ked  Hiver,  Arkansas;  Dr.  L.  A.  Edwards. 

SI'KM'.Kl'KS  i'.ii.INKArrs  (iiccii.* 

Hiiiiil,  .foiiiM.  Ac.  riiila.CJ),  i,  p.  'J-T :  ('ope.  I'roc.  Ac.  I'liila.,  l^ii'.»,  p.  107; 
Siiaiic!\,  Saiam.,  p.  ^J ;  Cope.  .Viiicr.  Nat.  i\,  p.  I(tl  ;  (i ray,  Cat.  ISalr. 
»iiad.  Urit.  Mils.,  cd.  I.  p.  II  :  il.iilow.di.  .lomn.  Ac.  IMiila.  ('.'),  IV, 
p.  :!lii:   Koiili  ii'^i  r,  C.il.  It.ilr.  (iraij.  ISrii.  Mils.,  cd.  II,  l-SJ,  \>.  Ci!!. 

SuliiiiiiiiKlra  hiliiicditi  (Jrccii,  .foiirii.  Ac.  IMiila..  I.  p.  '.'Wi;  Molhr.,  \.  A.  Itcip.,  v,  p.  r>5, 
I'i.  1(1  •,  lie  Ka.v,  N.  V.  I'aiiii.  l.'-pl  .  p.  7'.t,  I'l.  -J;!,  li-,  C.T. 

•  riaic  'i'*,  !!;;«.  I-C.. 


^f 


- 


'  , 


i 


m 


V 


1G4  HULLliTIN    :il,    I'NITKI)    .STATIvS    NATIONAL    MUSIiUM. 


Salamandid  Jitirhslmu  Ilarlaii,  Aiiii'V.  .lourii.,  lf''i<l,  p.  'JS(;. 

Sitlanuindm  \irri<jmi  (Jivoii,  J.miii.  Ac.  I'liilii.,  iv,  p.  'iM;  Holbr.,  /.  c,  p.  5:J,  PI,  15. 

Spvkrpes  ciniijous  Bainl,  /.  c. ;  Stiiiucli,  /.  r. ;  Ciiay,  fat.  Jlatr.  Gnul.  Brit.  Miis.,  cd. 

I,  p.  41. 
IloUtoijIomi  bilhuata  Diiiii.  &.  IJibr.,  p.  1)1. 

In  desciibinj,'  this  species  I  have  selected  specimens  IVoni  New  Jersey 
as  inostliivc  the  type  of  Dr.  (Jreeii  from  the  same  State.  These  are 
before  nie,  but  are  in  rather  indilVerent  preservation. 

The  general  characters  of  the  gronp  as  described  under  ^'.  huyicauda 
apply  equally  here.  The  chief  differences  of  form  appear  (o  consist  in 
SI  rather  narrower  head,  a  more  elongate  body,  and  perhaps  i»ropor- 
tionally  more  slender  digits.  There  are  usually  fourteen  costal  furrows 
between  the  limbs;  a  lifteentli  falling  over  the  in.sertion  of  the  forelegs, 
and  in  some  specimens  possibly  in  the  axilla.  The  distance  from  snout 
to  axilla  is  contained  about  2n  times  in  that  to  the  groin. 

There  is  only  a  slight  obtuseness  of  the  lip  on  each  side  of  the  muzzle 
to  represent  the  cirrous  ai)pendage  of  the  larva,  which  is  sometimes 
persistent,  thus  presenting  the  characters  of  the  suppo.sed  species  tS. 
eirriijcra. 

This  s])ecies  is  of  a  clear  yellow;  the  back  with  a  tinge  of  brown  on 
it,  and  this  bordered  on  each  side  by  ;i  dark-brown  line;  sometimes 
very  continuous,  sometimes  slightly  broken  here  and  there,  beginning 
at  the  eye  ;  sometimes  at  the  muzzle  and  running  through  the  eye. 

The  space  between  the  lines  is  finely  spriidiled  with  brown  or  black, 
sometimes  only  appreciable  under  a  lens,  sometimes  more  distinct.  In 
most  specimens  the  larger  spots  are  aggregated  into  a  narrow  nie«lian 
or  dorsal  scries  extending  to  the  tail;  the  spots  on  the  line  sometimes 
partially  or  entirely  continent.  The  under  parts  are  always  entirely 
immaculate  citron  yellow.  The  sides  aie  very  minutely  dotted  with 
blackish  below  the  lateral  stripe;  in  nearly  all  the  si>ecimens  from 
Orange  only  distinguishable  under  the  lens,  and  impaiting  a  slight 
dusky  shade.  The  amount  of  dotting  here  on  the  side  is  scarcely 
greater  than  that  on  the  back. 

'ii  perhaps  the  greater  nund>erof  specimens  the  mottling  of  the  sides 
is  „reater  than  as  described,  making  a  broad  lateial  band,  .sometimes 
fading  giadnally  out  of  the  dorsal  surface,  ami  fading  out  along  the 
belly,  sometimes  leaving  the  lower  edge  of  the  dorsal  stripe  well 
marked;  occasiomdiy  the  whole  sides  are  almost  as  dark  as  the  lateral 
stripe.  There  is  a  row  of  pores  on  the  upper  part  of  the  sides,  one  to 
each  intersitace  between  the  costal  furrows.  The.se  show  in  the  «lusky 
sides  as  a  line  of  whitish  spots,  as  tliey  «lo  in  *S'.  (jutlolincnta.  This  may 
be  owing  in  both  either  to  the  transparency  of  the  epider«nis  or  to  the 
actual  presence  of  spots  of  white  around  these  pores. 

This  species  bears  a  cIo.se  resemblancse  to  ncsm<>(fn<Ulius  orlnophaa  in 
some  of  its  conditions  of  coloration.  Tiie  latter  may  be  always  «lis- 
tinguished  independently  of  the  generic  characters,  by  the  broad  light, 


J 
I 


oi! 
oil 

fri 

otl 

I){ 

ail 

si(| 

ml 

ar4 

dill 
nal 


f 


./•^, 


i 


\ 


Till':    HATUAClllA    OK    NORTH    AMKUICA. 


165 


fjoiierally  thirk  bonU'rcd  lino  wliich  p.i.sses  iVoin  the  eye  posteriorly 
obliquely  tobeliiiul  the  iuigle  of  the  jaws;  iiiul  by  the  absence  of  yellow 
on  the  belly. 

In  the  large  series  of  specimens  before  mo  are  some  specimens  (4735) 
from  the  vicinity  of  Lake  Oqnassa,  which  ajipear  distinct  from  any 
others  in  the  collection.  They  have  more  the  general  appearance  of 
Desmognathns,  though  truly  Spelerpes.  The  muzzle  is  rather  longer 
and  considerably  higher  at  the  end;  the  protuberance  of  the  lip  on  the 
side  of  muzzle  larger.  The  side  of  the  head  anterior  to  the  eyes  is 
much  pitted  with  pores,  scarcely  appreciable  in  the  others.  The  colors 
are  darker;  the  dorsal  stripe  browner;  and  the  mottling  of  the  sides  en- 
croaches on  the  belly.  The  chin  is  quite  consi)icuously  mottled.  Tiiese 
<liirerent;es  mark  a  variety  which  Baird  reconls  in  his  MS.  under  the 
name  of  /S'.  h.  borealis. 

A  few  specimens  have  but  thirteen  costal  folds,  and  one  from  Georgia 
(4737)  has  that  number  on  one  side  and  fourteen  on  the  other.  Those  with 
the  fewer  plic;e  have  usually  shorter  bodies.  This  is  particularly  the 
case  with  three  specimens  (374S)  from  (leorgia,  where  the  width  of  the 
head  enters  the  length  to  the  groin  but  little  over  five  times.  The  sides 
are  in  this  variety  dusky,  with  a  series  of  white  puncta  below  the  lat- 
eral band.  The  dorsiil  region  and  top  of  the  head  are  abundantly  punc- 
tate; sides  of  tail  uniform  black;  belly  immaculate.  This  variety  con- 
nects with  the  S.  bilinvnt<i,\\ni  Sahxmnndracirrifiet'a  of  Green.  The  fol- 
lowing description  is  taken  from  Green's  type  in  the  Museum  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution  (No.  4743). 

The  head  is  depressed  and  anterior  to  the  eyes.  The  sides,  instead 
of  tapering  to  a  truncated  muzzle,  are  nearly  parallel  to  the  truncate  but 
rounded  muzzle.  This  squareness  is  produced  by  the  development  of 
the  protuberances  of  the  upper  lips  on  each  side  the  muzzle,  which,  al- 
though partially  indicated  in  other  species,  here  attain  their  maximum 
of  growth,  becoming  cirri,  which  are  cylindrical  and  a  little  knobbed 
at  the  ends,  extending  downwards  past  the  lower  jaw.  They  are  about 
as  long  as  the  outer  linger,  or  .05  of  an  inch  in  length.  The  appearance 
presentiMl  is  not  uidike  that  of  tlie  muzzle  of  a  walrus  or  morse.  The 
narrow  groove  extending  from  the  outer  edge  of  the  external  nares 
passes  all  the  way  down  the  antero  «'xternal  surface  of  the  cirri. 

There  are  but  thirteen  costal  grooves,  including  an  indistinct  one  in  the 
groin.  A  fourteenth,  if  present,  would  fall  above  the  insertion  of  the 
fore  leg.  The  «listan(!e  from  muzzle  to  axilla  is  contained  oidy  about 
two  and  a  half  tinu>s  in  that  to  the  groin. 

The  tail,  as  in  other  species,  is  slender  and  compressed,  longer  than 
the  rest  of  the  animal. 

The  digits  an;  unusually  long  and  very  slender,  considerably  longer 
than  in  var.  S.  h.  hilini'dtiis.    Tlu'  limbs  are  also  well  developed. 

Tliecohu'  is  \\\\u:\i  the  same  as  in  s.  h.  hiliticatns — yellowish,  with  a  well, 
detlned  line  of  bla(;k  on  each  side  the  back,  tlu;  intermediate  si)ace 


i;^ii^ 


!  I 


I  p 


16(i  IM'UJ'.TIN    :!l,    l\ITi:i>    STATKS    NATIONAL    MISKUM. 

(lotted  with  nitlu'r  hw^v  iiiid  distinct  spots  of  bliicUisli  witlioiit  dolinito 
arniii^'i'iiK'iit.  Tlio  sidi-s  iiic  ohsciiici.v  iniirblcd  with  dusky.  The  uii. 
der  parts  iii)pL'ar  to  be  iiiimacidalo,  oxcepl  some  indistinct  nuubling  on 

the  cliin. 

Althon^di  tlie  form  wiiidi  presents  this  sin^^idar  eliaraeter  is  not  typ- 
ical of  the  species,  1  do  not  consider  it  to  lie  referable  to  any  other. 

IJesides  the  original  two  specimens  of  (Ireeii,  I  have  seen  threeothers 
bearinff  cirri,  which  1  took  with  two  noncirrigerous  ones  on  the  slope  of 
tlie  IMack  Mountiiins  of  Nortli  Carolina.  These  specimens  are  otherwise 
of  typicid  ciiaracter. 

Tlie  cirrus  is  a  larval  character  retained,  which,  were  it  peinianenr, 
wouhl  be  of  ;>eneric  value;  but  it  is  not  so,  and  in  this  case  an  individ- 
ual feature  only.  The  same  peculiarity  I  have  observe<l  in  two  speci- 
men; of  S.  chirnplcrKs  sent  by  Sumichrast  from  Mexico,  and  in  speei- 
nuMis  of  S.  lotiijicnwUis  and  S.  (jiiltolinv(itiis  I'roni  the  I'nited  States. 
The  other  charai^ters  of  this  variety,  thonjih  marked,  are  nn)ddied  in 
various  intermediate  dejjrees  in  individuals  from  various,  especially 
southern,  localities.  The  form  of  the  tail  is  Just  as  in  the  typii-al  variety, 
though  Ilolbrook  has  stat«-d  them  to  diller. 

This  species  is  very  al)undant  in  Tennsylvania,  and  exteinls  its  range^ 
with  decreasing  nund)ers,  to  iMaine.  It  differs  in  its  habits  from  the 
.V.  Umgicnndus  in  being  to  a  great  extent  a  water  animal,  and  less  fre- 
quently found  under  bark  and  stones.  It  is  oidy  in  shallow,  stony 
brooks  that  it  occurs,  however,  and  ciin  not  be  called  a<piatic  in  the 
serse  in  which  the  Tritons  are.  It  is  very  active,  and  wriggles  and 
runs  from  the  jiursuer  in  thesanienninner  as,  and  generally  in  company 
with,  the  Ih'smognathm  fiisca.  It  is  one  of  those  species  whose  meta- 
morphoses arc  prolonged  and  which  remains  in  the  larval  state  until 
nearly  grown. 

This  species  appears  to  be  the  one  to  which  must  be  referred  the 


T 


i 


Ik 


II< 


^•v  t\ 


Fii;.40.  Spdi-rjicghiUinatiiiiCiTc^'n.    No.  tl.W.    (ilinicistiT,  Mit.    Twiin  natural  kIzo. 

Specimens  named  by  IIoll)rook,  S(ihiman<hali((l(l(m(iiii,\\\nrh  came  from 
Pennsylvania.  The  yellow-belly  and  distributed  dorsal  spots  resemble 
varieties  of  this  species  rather  than  an  v  other. 


*%  4 


m\ 


'^'^ 


I 


T        T 


*%  s 


TIIK    IJATRACHIA   OF    NORTH    AMKUICA. 


McatiitrvHU'HiH  of  Xo.  HD'JI,  in  invhrg. 


167 


Litn^tli,  iiiciiHiireil  aloii^jaxlHof  body  : 

Fritiii  .snout  to^api* I'i 

From  Hiioiit  to  ^iiliir  t'uld !ill 

From  Hiioiit  to  ai'iii]>it 47 

From  snout  to  unun l.W 

From  snout  to  IxOiiiMl  anus l.r)U 

From  snout  to  t-nil  of  tail :<.  ID 

Tail I.(i0 

I  lead- 

Width  olli.'ad 

Lfn<;tli  oCorliil 

Distance  bi'twot'uc.vi's  ant  fiiculy 
Distance  lu'twecii  outer  nostrils 

Hody : 

Cireuniferencu  of  belly 


'JO 
10 
1-.' 
l'.> 


IJody — Continued. 

Distance  between    armitit  and 

groin 

Tail: 

Heij;ht  of  tail  where  highest... 
Breadth  of  tail  wln-re  highest.. 
Limbs : 

Free  portion  of  longest  tiiigor.. 
From   elbow   to  tip  of  longest 

liiifier 

Free  jiortion  of  longest  too 

From  knee  to  tip  of  longest  too. 

Distance  between  outstretched 

toes 


,88 


,12 


,05 


7fi  1 


MiiiHinvmeiits  of  Xo.  47;M,  hi  iiwhen. 


Length,  measured  alongaxisof  liody : 

From  snout  to  gape Iv! 

From  snout  to  giilar  fold 'i'J 

From  snout  to  armpit '!'> 

From  snout  to  groin 1.  ttH 


From  snout  to  behind  anus  ....   1 

','7 

Fr(un  snout  to  end  of  tail 'i 

'.t7 

Tail 1 

70 

Head : 

Width  <.f  bead 

20 

Length  of  orbit 

00 

Distance  bet  ween  eves  anterior!  V 

10 

Hoily  :  Circumference!  of  belly 

Tail :  Height  of  tail  where  highest. 
Limbs : 

Free  portion  of  longest  linger.. 

Fioni  elbow  to  tip  of  longest 
linger 

Free  portion  of  longest  toe 

From  knee  to  tip  of  longest  toe. 

Distance  between  outstr«'tched 
toes 


.08 
,20 

.79 


.00 
,15 

.07 


.  25 
,11 
,27 

.87 


SpeUrjtfs  bilhieatiiii  (Jreen, 


l^iUalii^m" 
iiiMiilirr. 

Nil.  ol 

Mpt't'. 

T 

1 

7 

!: 

1! 
10 

I 

r> 
1 

10 

17 

I 

•1 

T 
1 

1 
I 

1 

17 
4 

1 

1 
! 

I.ciralil.v. 

Wli.-i. 

t'llllHUtcd. 

t'liiiii  wlioin  lecoivoil. 

Nature  of  Hpcci- 
uieii. 

37:i8 

Hs:i:i 

WcsliTII  1'fMIlS>  IViUliil. . 

( 'iiii'iiiiiati.  Oliio 

ill)     

Dr.  .1.  <irfi'ii 

.1.  X.  11.  Sc.iiliiiniiiKli  . .. 

AIi'oli(ili,i  type, 
Alcolutlio. 
Do. 

.'17  IS 
4T.M 

M.M.lvilli',  I'a 

Williaiiis    

Dr.r.  II.  Ilraii 

.1.  ll.Damll 

I'icil.  S.  1'.  Uainl 

ill)               

Do. 
Do. 

47,17 
:<74U 

lltiiiMiila 

\V(st|niil,  N.  V 

iCssc^  Cninily,  \.  V 

('uliLiiiliiis.  I'a  

Ki('rlHMoii;:li.  (la 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

3744 

<|ii  

Do. 

;i74H 

Do, 

a7i» 

Mcadvlll,,,  I'a   

Mi<aiiii|(V.  I''la 

Milli'il;;rvilln,  (ia    

Cuili^lr,  I'a 

(Nixiarlvic,  N.  V 

(,'iiHiiuiali.  Ohio    

(iaii  isoii'«,  N.  V 

Aulilll  11,  Me 

.Id    

.i"iui«'',  "info 

is,><:i 

ISn! 
IKs;i 
is-i:! 
l«s:i 

ibKl' 

Williiiiiis.  ............. 

Do. 

47;i.'i 

0(1!.! 

:<7itt 
:i7;t7 

Dr.T.  Il.n.an 

Kuiiilii'ii  \  ISraii 

I'r.il.  .S.  K.  liaiiil 

,1,1 

Do. 
D,.. 
Do, 
Do. 

1.I42."> 

.1,  X.  15.  Si'aili,ii'iiii;;li  . .. 

Do. 
D,>. 

i:>7l(i 

ti.l'.  Mfirill 

..     .  ,1,1     

Do. 
D,i. 

i:i7ii 

ilo 

,Ii> 

Do. 

I.i7i:i 

lid 

,1,1 

Do. 

i:t7i:i 

,\« 

.M.lM'vill..  S.  (• 

Waxjiiii^tiin.  I).  (; 

Ma.lii.l.  \.  V    

(  itlMK'r.^tt'r,    Mil    

,|„  

Do. 

:i70S 

IJIIJO 

:i7;i(! 

.r.  It.  Hairatt 

( tfiii  );,<  Sli,ifiiiakcr 

(.') 

(b 

(?> 

1)1.  Ua^lll^ 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

I4».'-.7 
;!T."J 

Allllrvillc.  .s. »:     

\Viliiiiii"l(.ii,  l>tl 

Do. 
Do. 

ill 


k 


r 


I : 


1:     »    'I 


!  '] 


mi 


|; 

':.t 

^ 


KIS       m'MJiTiN  :!i,  i:niti:i)  statks  national  mcsimm. 

SjuhriKx  bUiiiinliiH  (irccii— t'oiiliiim<I. 


Catitli>i:iii' 

IIIIMllll'l'. 


X.I.  of 
Itpi'V. 


Locality. 


Wliiii 

C.lll.llCll. 


l''rciiii  wlmiii  ifci'ivi'il. 


3702 

1 

3763 

1 

3751 

0 

3717 

5 

3741 

1 

3720 

lU 

3721 

uo 

3742 

1 

3726 

o 

4710 

7 

37L'H 

o 

a7l7 

o 

Ni.liolH.  X.  V 

Mrmlilli  l!ricl;;<',  N'-  H.. 

Gloncivsirr.  Va — 

Clarkr  (,'oiiiitv,  Va 

('lllllIllllllS.  dlli" 

Salriii,  N.C 

t'|i)Mi  JaiiH'S  Kivi 
Aiiilcisdii.  S.  ('  — 
Alilirvillr.  S.  C  ... 


\a 


Clivclaiiil.Oluii... 
Kaciiic,  ^Vi^^ 


I!.  TIi.wMl 

S.  V.  r.airil 

l!rv.  r.  Mann 

{'.  I!.  IJ.  Krniw'ily. 

I,.  I.ciijnricnx 

.1. '!'.  I.ini'liaik 

S.  1'.  iiaitd  

Mm.  l>ani<l 

Itr.  ,1.  P..  llanall.. 
Dr.  \V.  I,  Jcinc.s  .. 

I)r.  Kiillanil 

K.  Ki  nnicolt 


Natiiir  <it'.s|it«'i- 
nirn. 


Alroliolir. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


Var.BoREALls.— No.  tT.Tj;  nincsiK'.  •  .'ii.s  Kviii-ha^ro  Lak(',Uqii:i.ssa, 
Mo.,  185L';  Dr.  C.  (Jirard;  alcoliolic. 

Form  CiRUlflEKA.— No.  47.34;  twosiH'cinuMi.s;  Soiitlioni  States  (La.f); 
Br.  F.  Baclio;  alcoliolic. 

.Sl'KLKUrivS  LONGlCAUnrS  Grooii. 

(I'lati  ■lr;\\'^^.  l-;t;  \\\  lij;.  11.) 

Baird,  .lourn.  Ar.  I'liila.  (J)  i,  p.  '2-^7:  ('^^\,w,  I'mc.  Ac  I'liila,,  IHii'.t,  p.  107; 
StriUicli,  .Siilaiii.,  p.  ri-,>;  dray,  Cat.  Ualr.  (Irail.  Hiil.  .Mum.,  t-d.  i,  p.  i:?; 
JIallowi'll,  .Journ.  Ac.  I'liila.,  IV,  p.  :tir.;  I{i>iik'iio,.r,  Cat.  ISatr.  (iiad. 
Ihit.  MllH.,t>tl.  II,  l■^^\.^  II.  liJ. 

Salamamha  loiigiraiKht  (irccii.  Jmirii.  Ac.  I'liila..  i.  p.  ;!.'il :  li.illir.,  N.  A.  Ilcrp.,  v,  p. 

Cil,  ri.  lit:  iv  Kay,  N.  V.  Kami..  Kept..  1>.  T-.  I'l.  17,  li;;.  11. 
Spcln-jwn  liinfmjn  Kaliii.,  Atlaiit.  .I.iiini.  i.  1-:W,  p.  ti  (liile  Hainl). 
Ci/Undrosiimd  loiiijiciiii(lii  'I'scliiidi,  Mali'.,  |i.  'Xi. 
CyliiKh-osoma  hniijiiitiuhxtiim  Dmii.  iV  liilir.,  p.  7>. 

This  .species  i.s  .sU'iKlt'r  and  i'loii};ato(l;  (lie  head  llalteiied  and  iiiiudi 
depressed;  the  body  depies.sed;  the  tail  compressed  troni  the  hase,  and 
considerably  loii{;er  than  the  rest  of  the  animal. 

The  surface  of  the  skin,  thoii^di  smooth,  shows  everywhere  shallow 
pits  under  the  niicro.scope,  and  closely  a;;<;lomeratcd  granules,  the  ends 
of  glands,  which  probably  secrete  a  milky  Juice.  1  have  not  made  out 
any  satisfactory  indications  of  itatclies  of  pores  on  (op  of  the  head, 
althoiijjh  (hen^  are  .some  on  the  chin. 

The  head  is  liattened,  tlioii;;li  not  wedj;e-sliaped,  qiiile  jdaiie  above,  and 
twice  as  wide  as  dee]).  It  is  longer  (liaii  wide,  the  n|»i>er  Jaw  overlapping 
the  lower,  especially  anteriorly;  the  ninz/le  is  triangular,  broadly  trim, 
cated  anteriorly.  There  is  a  slij^ht  swellin;,^  in  the  upper  lip  on  each  .sitlo 
of  the  muzzle,  impar(iii}j^  an  eniar^finated  or  (loncavc  appear.ince  (o  the 
front  view  of  the  month,  and  a  concavity  to  (he  lateral  outline,  wliicdi 
liosteriorly  i»as.scs  into  a  conve.K  curv«'.  There  is  a  sli}.;ht  narrowing; of 
the  lower  jaw  (o  (it  into  the  eiiiar<;ination  Just  referred  (o. 

The  ton;;iie  is  elliptical,  rather  lonj;-er  (ban  wide,  inserted  on  tho  up- 
perpartof  thee.\(remity  of  a  jirotractile  pedecil;  it  has  no  other  attacli- 
meut  whatever.    The  palatine  teeth  form  a  short  arc  which  bejfins  bo- 


\ 


\        I 


Inn 
wai 
beg 
how 
T 
timt 


'0 


^-. 


INK    HATK'ACIIIA    (H'    NOUTII    AMIM.MCA. 


1  (JJ) 


T*-. 


I 


«         t 


hind  iiiid  on  a  line  with  the  innor  boitU'r  of  inner  naivs,  and  cnrxcs  in- 
WiU'ds  and  bactkwards  for  a  short  tlistanci'.  The  parasplionoid  ti'cth 
begin  ashort  distance  bohind  their  termination  (witii  a  decided  interval, 
ho\V(r\er),  and  lorni  in  patdies,  in  contact  aloii<j  the  median  line. 

The  body  is  eh)n;,'ated,  the  distance  from  snout  to  axillacontaincd  L'ij 
times  in  that  to  the  groin.  There  arc  twelve  lateral  costal  grooves;  the 
posterior  biliir(!ated  above  and  anterior  to  the  groin.  I C  the  fin  row  here 
be  counted  there  would  be  thirteen  grooves.  The  anterior  is  one  inter- 
s])aee  distant  from  the  axilla. 

The  tail  is  very  long,  generally  \\  times  longer  than  the  rest  of  the 
animal.  It  is  much  compressed  from  the  base  to  the  much-attenuated 
tip,  but  IS  nowhere  as  high  as  the  body. 

Tiie  liud)s  are  nui(;h  developed;  the  digits  lengthened,  narrow,  linear, 
cylindrical,  tlepressed,  and  swollen  slightly  into  bulbs  at  the  ends. 
There  is  no  basal  connecrting  membraiu'.  The  third  and  fourth  toes  are 
longest,  the  latter  perha|>s  longer  of  the  two;  the  second  and  lifth  are 
nearly  ecpial.  Tin?  first  linger  and  toe  arc  very  short,  though  not  rudi- 
mentary. 


tl 


4  5 

Tir..  41    f!j„irriii:i  liniiiirn'idin.     Xii,  luS.'i 


Lanoaslrr,  Oliio;  J. 


The  ground  color  of  this  species  is  of  a  clear  bright  yellow,  paler  bc- 
iH'atii,  the  ba<!k  an«l  sides  irregidarly  spiiidded  with  black  specrks  look- 
ing like  grains  of  rather  coarse  gun|)()wder.  These  are  generally  (but 
not  always)  more  lliickly  crowded  along  the  sides,  sonu'times  almost 
forming  a  distinct  spotted  band  on  the  sides  of  the  tail;  these  black 
si)ots  are  generally  aggregated  into  a  series  of  vertical  baiuls.  In 
younger  sjK'cimens,  an<l  many  older  ones,  the  sjwts  above  are  arranged 
in  three  rather  irregular  lim's,  one  me<lian  and  two  lateral  larger  ones. 
TIh'  muzzle  and  entire  under  parts  are  immactulate. 

In  old  individuals  there  is  sonu'times  a  suHuslon  of  reddish-brown 
among  tlu',  spots  on  the  sides,  obsc-nring  their  outlines.  The  shade  of 
yellow  varies  sometimes  to  a  reddish  tinge.  Sometimes  the  black  s^iots 
on  the  siib's  are  arranged  in  a  Komewhat  reticulated  manner. 

This  beautil!!!  animal  is  not  very  active  in  its  habits,  and  is  almost 
always  found  h\  rocky  ground  ami  in  lissures  and  caves  in  clitl's.  I 
have  lu'ver  seen  it  in  the  water.  It  was  di'scribed  by  Katlnesipie  from 
a  specimen  from  a  cavern  in  Kentucky.  Its  distribution  is  thnuighout 
the  middle  latitudes,  rather  rei>resenting  the  IS.  ynttoUneatus  of  the  far 
Scmthern  States. 

1  have  recorded  a  specinu'ii  of  this  speciies  from  Tennessee  (Anierican 
Naturalist,  IS71,  p.  KM),  in  which  the  b;dancers  were  persistent,  as  in 
the  cirrigera  form  of  ISi>dcrpvs  hilin(ahi.s. 


.  ;' 


170         lU'M.KTlN    :M,    UNITKI)   SI'ATKS    national    Ml/SKIIM. 


'<    4 


Lenj{tli,iiii'!iNiiii'tl  aloii};  axis  of  Ixidy : 

Fitmi  snout  t<i  ni\\»' 

Kniiii  Niioitt  to  pillar  fold 

l-'roMi  Niioiit  to  ariiijiit 

From  snout  to  ^loin 

From  NMout  to  lirhiinl  anus 

From  bnout  to  end  ol'  tail 

Tail 

Head: 

Widthofheud '•^■^ 


Width  of  tongnc 

Lcn^lli  of  ton^Mc 

Ii<'n;;th  of  orbit 

Di.sfancebetweciU'ycHiintcricrly 
Distance  ln-f  wei-n  onter  nostrils 
Distauco  liotvvucn  inner  nostrils 


MftiHiiirinoiil'i  of  \o.  :I7H'',  ("  iiirhix, 
Modv : 

(inunifcri'ncr  of  lirlly I.  10 

l)istatir(^   lii'twt'cii   arnijiit    and 
;;i(>in  !.;(.'> 

T.iil: 

j|ii;;lil  (if  tail  wlirrr  Iii;;lifst .. .  . 'J.'i 
Itiradtli  of  tail  wliiTi' lii;;lit'st  ..     .  I!» 

Linilis: 

Fret'  jiortion  of  lon<;f'st  linp'r  ..  .11 
From    elliiiw    to    li|»  of  lon^jrst 

linger W 

I'rrr  port  ion  of  loily;i'st  tof l,"t 

I'rom  kni'c  to  tip  of  loiiy;cHl  toe  .U\ 
Instance  lii'twi'cn  oiitstrt'trjn'd 

toes 1.  (iri 


V. 

:i(( 

7.") 

'> 

II.-I 

II 

;!.-. 

r.. 

(If) 

•>_ 

TO 

i:. 


i:. 

•JO 

i:> 

10 


SjuUriua  loHtjlvtiiiiliin  (irccn. 


ClllalO)!!!!' 

No.  (if 

uuiiiIkt. 

HIICC. 

2 

8«42 

:i7:ir) 

1 

8s4« 

1 

882 1 

1 

hS();i 

I 

882(i 

1 

;iMUi 

•1 

4118') 

3       1 

lHlf, 

1 

14117 

1 

:i7i() 

r. 

:i7:i() 

1 

;i7;ii 

3 

3739 

3 



Lixalitv. 


Wlicn 

Colll'ltKl. 


FmMivvlM.n.tv.nvul.       Ni't'";'' «'/ .-I'fci 


(Miuiimnli,  Oliio i .1.  N.  H  S.  nilMiii.iiyli. . 

CiiliiMiliiis.  Oliiii -- 

Mfii.lvillf.  I'a   : Williams    

»'iiiiliiiiali,()liiii !  ■!.  N    H   Siatli(pn>iif;li. . 


I'niciii  ('iiiiiitj',  Tciiii  . . 

Aii^iisla.  (tit 

l''iaiil<liii  ('iiiintv,  'i'l'lili 

I'ltlHltiiruli.  I'a  ' 

I.uni'astcr.  Uliici 

Cailisl.'.  I'a 

W.vllifvilli-,   Va 

(-'arliili',  I'a   

Ili^lilaiid  roiiiil.v,  Oliiii 


..   llo 

William  l'liill'|iH 

.1.  N.  I'l.  Si  ailMiH)ii;;li 


I'liiC'tscir  l.iMiinciciix  . 


I>h.'i      Cnl     M.  Mil) till. 

1H1!»  1  S.  I".  I'.aliil 

'   Malllii'ws    

Wi'.Mt  Noillillilil,  III  ...I K.  Krmilciill 

Sciiitlii'iii  lllimiis ! ilii     

Wanliiiintoii,  1>.  <; I Dr.  K.  K.  (iiUt 


Uroliullc. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
D.>. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Uo. 


SrF.LKKrKS  CSFTTOLINKATITS  lT(d1.rool». 

Biiird,  .Tonrn.  Ar.  Pliila.  (2),  I,  p.  l-W ;  Coiie,  I'ror.  Ac  I'liila.,  ISC,;),  p. 
107;  Straiicli,  Salani.,  j).  S-,»;  (iray,  Cat.  M.ilr.  (Jr.id.  Itril.  Mas.,  rd.  i, 
p.  45;  Hallow.,  .Fonrn.  Ac  IMiila.,  iv,  Itlli;  ll'inli  iigi  r.  Cat.  Katr. 
Orad.  Urit.  Mas.,  t-d.  ir,  1S8-J,  p.  115. 

SalamnndraijidloIiiiKita  llollir,,  N.  A.  ]l<rp.,  v,  i>.  '2!t,  1*1.  7. 
CiiliiKhonoma  iiiitloHiicaliim  Dum.  iV  liilir.,  p.  7'.i. 

This  si)ecio.s  in  its  gouoral  proportions,  sliiipc,  vlv.,  is  vriy  similar  to 
S.  lonf/icitiiihis.  It  appears  to  be  latiu'r  stout*'!',  and  tin;  licad  ii  little 
l>roatk'r.  The  eyes  tire  hirfjcr,  tiie  tocsshortei',  4'tc.  Tiic  protnbcranreH 
of  the  upper  lip  are  ratlier  hirf,'er,  whi(;h  }j;i\es  a  more  einarfiinated  out- 
line to  t  lie  Jaw  when  viewed  from  before. 

There  tire  thirteen  well-marked  costal  ;,Mooves,  a  fomteeiith  falliiifj 
just  iibove  the  insertion  of  the  arm.  The  most  posterior  falls  in  tho 
groin. 

This  species  is  of  a  brownish-yellow  above,  bejiinniii','  id  the  muzzle, 
includiiif;  the  upper  eyelids  and  e.xtendin;,'  to  the  tip  of  the  tail.  On 
the  back  it  occupies  nearly  one-third  the  circumference  of  the  body.     It 


I 


IS, 


I 


«       k 


l 


T  "^  ' 


- 


i'' 


TlIK    MATKACMIIA    OK    N(»UTII    AMKUICA. 


171 


is  (lividtMl  (H'liti'iill.v  l).v  a  loii^Mtuiliiial  ilark  lirowii  line,  b('<;iiiniti<;  as  a 
few  (luts,  oil  the  t(ii>  of  tlu>  licai],  tlit-ii  uniting;  into  a  (Mtntiiiiioiis  stripe, 
which  vxtciids  to  the  riitni>,  and  is  a  littk;  iiairower  than,  or  about  e(|iial 
to,  the  two  li}>ht  stiipos  into  wliich  it  diviihs  tliu  color  of  the  back. 
Tim  lij^ht  dorsal  stripe  is  bordered  on  each  side  by  a  continuous  dark 
stripe  well  delined  on  the  upper  ed}je.  The  under  parts  are  .vellowisli 
in  alcohol,  distinctly  mottled  or  veriiiiculated  with  brown  in  about 
e(|ual  proportions.  In  tlu^  present  specimen  there  is  no  distinct  li^ht 
line  below  the  brown  of  the  sides,  which  breaks  up  gradually  below, 
passiii}^  into  the  reticulation  described.  There  is  a  sinjjle  light  spot  in 
the  darkest  part  of  the  sides,  one  to  each  intercostal  section.  The  sides 
of  the  tail  are  dark  brown,  with  vertical  light  bars  analogous  with  the 
white  spots  just  described. 

In  other  spe«'iniens  the  dark  brown  which  bonlers  the  yellowish  of 
tli(^  back  is  sharply  defituMi  on  its  lower  margin,  also  forming  a  con- 
tinuous line  of  variable  diameter,  with  a  series  of  white  spots,  one  to 
eacth  space,  between  tli(>  costal  furrows.  ISelow  this  iigaiii  is  another 
contimious,  quite  well-delined  light  stripe,  after  which  succeeds  the 
inottling  descriiietl.  In  this  casii  then'  are  three  black  stripes,  om> 
median  dorsal,  and  two  lateral;  and  four  light  stri|u>s,  two  mtMlJan,of  a 
brownish-yellow  color,  and  two  lateral,  whitish  in  alcohol. 

The  comparison  of  form  has  already  been  made  with  «S'.  loiifiictiuthis. 
The  color  dilfers  essentially  in  tlic  vi'riiiiciilation,  with  l»rown  beneath, 
instead  of  being  p«'rfec(ly  immaculate.  If  the  varieties  ofN.  Iinii/icainhtu 
having  Ihrei^  series  <»f  (basal  dots  hail  these  united  iut«»  eonliniiouH 
stripes  there  would  W  some  resemblamu'  to  the  present  species.  Such 
is,  however,  never  the  case.  The  tail,  instead  of  being  yellow,  with 
narrow  vertical  dark  lines,  is  dark,  witli  narrow  verti«!al  light  ones. 

1  have  found  a  cirrigerous  form  of  this  species  in  North  Carolina. 


^r— - 


(^g^ 


<(  if 


e 


Fni.  I'J.  RinUiiim  iiiilli.liiiiiilni).     Ni).  :i7'j:i.     Kiilinv,  Ala. ;   } 
Mnf'ini  nil  iil.-i  lit  \o.  'M'2'.i,  in  iiirluH. 
lA'Uf^th,    nifiisiiri'il    iiliiii;;    a\iM    nf  Hody  : 


l)()(l.v : 

I'rom  snout  to  f;:!]"' 

I'loin  . snout  to  ;;nlar  I'lilil    

I'roin  snout  to  :irni|iil 

I'nnii  snout  to  •;niin   

l''i'oiu  snout  to  lit'liinil  iinus 

Ki'oiu  suoMi  lo  rnil  of  tiiil 

Tail 

lloail: 

Wnltlioriicail ;'..' 

I.cu<jtli  ofoiliil 1.') 

Itislanrclict  wcruryi'saulrrioi  l_v     .  !.' 


('iicuuifiTcncc  of  liclly 

.-1  IHstancf    lii'lvvofii    armpit    and 

.■"■•'  nfoiu 

.7.')       Tail  :   H(j;;lil  of  tail  where  lii<;lieNt. 
I.Di)      Liuilis: 

','. ','."1  free  iiortioii  of  lon;;est  liny;er.. 

Troui  eiliow  (()  tip  of    lon«{est 

''|'«<T 

I'l'ee  portion  (if  loii<;est  toe 

From  knee  to  tip  of  lon^^esl  toe.. 

Distance   lietween  oiilstreteln'il 

t  oes 


.00 

1.  |H 

."Jll 


t  (Ml 


. :«» 
.l:{ 
.  to 

l.:t.-> 


f 


:^1 


1 


172       III  LMTiN  ;ii,  rMir.i'  ^<rvTi:«  notional  mi  skum. 

>'^((7«ry/(  I  ijiiiUtintintii^  Ijtillir. 


Infill' 
niiiii' 
Im'I. 


37'j:i 

S7L'7 
S7»9 

47;i:i 
n7:i» 

f.7'.MI 

37:t:i 


N'ii.»r 

Si'\ 

H|M'('. 

:lllilll|;r. 

4 



I.ui'va. 



I.iir.ility. 


Kiilaw.  Alii 

Siil.iii.N.  <•...... 

Alilii'vill.'.S.  ('.... 

MiS'<is(ti|l|li 

AlllllT^lllM,  S.  (' 

New  Mailiiil.  M" 


■Wlirii  oo]- 

Icilnl. 


Kroiii  wliiiiincci'lvrtl. 


I'rofrMKiir  Wliiclii'll- 

I.  T.  I,iiic'liai'!i 

|)r.  ilmiiH  

Dr.  Maiialt    

CciliiiM'l  Waili'H 

Mrs.  Daiiii'U 

It.  Krllllil'litt 


Nat II IK  of 
Hpri'iliicll. 


TIlis  specii's  was  lonnd  abiindaiid.v  by  tlic  writer  in  llie  upper  valley 
oClIu'  Krench  Hioad  Hivcr,  in  North  Carolina,  at  an  elevation  orL',r)(M> 
r.'t't  al.ovc  the  sea.  Dr.  A.  K.  Tislier,  of  the  IJ.  S.  A;-iicnltnial  hniean, 
also  lonnd  this  species  in  Virginia,  only  eight  miles  soulli  of  Washing, 
ton,  1).  <'.,  a  most  lemarkalde  extension  of  its  range. 

The  specimen  reconle-,1  in  Dr.  Yarrow's  checklist  as  from  Lan- 
caster, Ohio,  belongs  to  the  S.  linKjimudns. 

SPKLKKrKS  KMIiKK  Danrlin. 
(1'1mi.h-.".i,:!0,  iijis.  1-:.:  :ii.  li.i,-^.  i-:.;  :!-',  lijix.  i-:':  ■>■'<  ^'H'*-  7-">;  '»".  "««•  '.'-';  ■'•'•■  '•«• 

ti;  4-',  li;j.  II''.  > 

Cope,  rnicrnl.  Ac,  riiil.i  ,   l-dH,  1>.  H'T  :   Slr.iiicli,  8al,iiii.,  p.  Kt ;  Hou- 
l.'iiiicr,  Cat.  IJalr.  (iiail.  Hiit.  Mils.,  «iI.  ii,  ]-'*•>,  p.tW. 

Siilamaiidm  nihni  Daiiil  ,  i:.).!.,  viii,  ii. 'J'.'T,  I'l.  Hv',  li^'. 'J  ;  llollir.,  N.  A.  llc-rii.,  v, 

1..  :tr.,  I'l.K;  ]h'  Kay,  N.  V.  I'ami.  l{i'|it.,  |'.  -'I,  I'l,  i:,  Ih^.  lit. 
Sdhimaiiilni  minntntn  (irceii,  .Imirii.  Ac.  I'liila.,  I,  j).  It.'iO. 
Sdliimaiiilni  ^iih/iixca  (Irci'ii,  /.  c,  ]•.  I!''l. 
SalmiKiiKlnt  nihriroilris  (Jifcii,  /.  c,  \>.  :!,'>;!  {iirc.  Daml.). 
l'si:i<liiliili>ii  x/i^/'dscdn  Tsclimli,  IJati.,  ]>.  'X>. 

I'miidiilritiiii  riilnr  ISainl,  .loiini.  Ac.  I'lii   i.  (v!),  i,  ]!.  'Xi ;  Hallowdl,  /.  c,  IV.,  p.  :!47. 
.s'y)(7( i/x ••<  riilini  (iiJiv,  Cat.  I'atf.  (ii.i(i.  IWil.  Mils.,  cil.  I,  \t.  |.'>. 
Udliliiijltiss.i  iiihi-a  Diiiii.  iV  Itilir.,  ]>.  -^It,  I'l.  l':t,  Ii;;.  'J. 
I'MCiiilolriloii  Jltivhximiis  Hallow.,  I'nic.  Ac,  I'liila.,  iS'ti,  ]>.  i:i(l. 

I.arva": 
Sinn  op(i(iil(i(<i  I'al.  ilc  licaiiv.,  Aiiier.  I'liil.  Trans.,  iv,  [>.  ','<;•,  I'l.  — ,  li^.  ;i. 
I'liitiim  i/(iii((.-((/C(<()nr'- (iiL'iii,  /.  c,  \t.  It.'>8. 

The  form  of  this  species  vaiies  with  its  age,  the  v<'ry  old  ones  being 
neaily  as  stont  as  Amhiistomn  itinicttiliim  ;  more  so  than  A.opacKm.  The 
more  immature,  however,  are  rather  slender. 

The  skin  is  perfe<!tly  smooth  and  lustrous.  There  are  noindicatiouH  of 
glands  .secreting  a  milky  Juice,  as  in  Amblystoma,  but  the  skin  is  every- 
wliere  beset  with  shallow  ])its,  clo.sely  set.  The  eyt^  is  »'ncir(ded  by  a 
.series  of  pores.  These  extend  anterior  to  those  on  the  side  of  the  head 
to  the  nostrils,  and  are  nuire  crowded.  The  lower  edge  of  tlio  lower 
jaw  is  encircled  by  a  single  seiie ,  <»f  j)ores,  and  there  are  two  other 
series,  nearly  straight,  which  start,  from  the  point  of  the  chin  and  diverge 
backwards. 


«  i 


J 


Th 

erall 
is  pr 
end 
low. 


yiii 


•        i 


I 


Tin:    IlATUAClllA    Ol'    NORTH    AMDIJICA. 


17;{ 


Tlio  lioatl  JH  (U'pn'ssnl,  triiuiRulur,  iiliiiost  \v«'(Ij,m' slinpcd  viewed  hit- 
orally,  ami  rather  pointed;  more  triiiieate  in  llieyoiin;;'.  The  iippi'ijaw 
is  |>r(»jeetin}(  and  overhips  th«^  h)\ver.  Tliejjape  isal»nnt  .strai;,dit.  Th*- 
end  ol' the  iipiterjaw  is  llatlened  oliliqnel.v  a  little,  visilde  oiilv  IVoni  lie- 
low.  The  nostrils  aie  very  saiall,  placed  more  laterally  than  snperioily, 
andalittlu  below  the  anterior  end  ol  the  ronnded  eanthiis  lostralis. 
Theey«'sarc  directed  antero  laterally,  so  that  the  lines  of  the  upper  eye- 
lids would  intersect  before  leachinj;  the  lip  of  the  nose. 

There  is  oidy  a  sli<>ht  constriction  at  the  neck,  the  entire  animal  from 
head  to  rump  hviu^  nearly  of  the  same  diameter,  and  the  body  passes 
insensibly  into  the  tail.  This  is  ipiadrate  or  nearly  stpiai'e  at  the  base 
(with  riMinded  corners),  but  becomes  more  and  more  compressed  to  the 
pointed  tip.  The  dorsal  surface  of  llu^  tail  rises  into  an  acute  rid;;(>  for 
the  posterior  twothiids,  the  ventral  for  one-third.  There  are  liftcen 
costal  ;;roovcs,  including  one  in  th(>.  ;4:i'(>ii>.  If  cdiitiuned  to  the  axilla 
there  would  be  sixteen,  but  theic  is  no  distinct  axillary  one.  The  verti- 
cal ;^roove.Hof  the  tail  are  distinct  at  the  base  of  the  tail,  but  so«»n  bectome 
indistinct. 

A.S  stated,  old  specimens  havu  a  prop(U'tioiially  larger  body  than 
yoiin;;c'r. 

The  lindts  are  all  very  weak  ;  the  dibits  feeble.  The  third  linj-er  is 
lou^M'st,  then  the  .second,  fourth,  and  first.  The  third  and  fourth  toes 
are  nearly  equal,  then  the  second.  The  first  dibits  an*  (piite  rudiment- 
ary, especially  the  first  toe.  The  youiijicr  spei'imeiis  appear  to  hav(* 
proportionally  lonj^er  diyits  and  more  slender  liiiib>. 

The  toii;;iu^  is  a  nearly  circular  disk,  entirely  free,  supportc'd  on  a 
slemler  pedicel  like  a  mushroom,  and  capable  of  beiiijn  <'xtended  beyond 
the  mouth.  The  palatine  teeth  are  transverse.  Just  beliiml  the  nostrils 
(by  one  diameter),  and  form  an  abrupt  rectan;;le  with  each  of  the  .series 
oil  the  parasphenoid  bone,  which  widen  behind  and  leave  a  free  chan- 
nel down  the  median  line.  This  free  space  ant«'iiorly  is  as  wide  as  the 
diameter  of  the  inner  nares,  but  like  the  patches  ol'  teeth  widens  a  lit- 
tle behind.  The  space  is  encroached  upon  by  the  plates  of  parasphe- 
noid teeth  with  aj;e. 

The  inner  nostrils  are  minute,  about  transversely  elleptical  and  con- 
tinuous, with  a  well-delined  narrow  -groove  runninjiout  to  the  maryiii 
of  the  jaw.  They  are  situated  about  opposite  the  center  of  the  trans- 
verse portion  of  the  teeth,  the  lenjj;t!i  of  which  may  be  about  three  times 
as  ;;reat  as  the  major  axis  of  the  nostrils. 

The  colors  of  the  younjjfer  specimens  of  this  species  in  alcohol  are  a 
pale  salmou-yellow,  lighter  beneath;  the  back  and  upjter  part  of  the 
sides  sprinkled  irn'fjularly  and  thickly  with  sharply-deliued  blackish 
spots,  lookinjj  like  };rains  of  c()arse  <junpowder.  These  s[>ots  vary  in 
si/e  with  the  specimen,  and  are  jiciierally  lar<;cr  towards  the  dorsal  line. 
With  aj;e,  and  sometimes  in  yoiiiincr  specimens,  the  borders  of  these 
spots  are  less  distinctly  delined,  and  the  };round  «'olor  between  them 


"  -*" 

^IP 

1 

J  1  • 

i  ^(1 


il 


i;  i 


.    ^ 


I    r 


i 


174      humj:tin  :(i,  umtku  .srATi::s  nati(»nal  mlsku.m. 

bo(!Oines  sufliisetl  with  ii  Uiri«l  of  jmiplisli-biown.  The  lu-lly  is  goner- 
ally  immacuhitc  until  tho  animal  iscniito  ohl,  whfii  it  is  lluely  sprinkled 
with  (lots  iilie  grains  of  line  powder. 

Tlie  color  of  a  fresh  specimen  is  as  follows.   It  is  fully  grown,  and  was 
taken  April  7,  184S 


I''l(i.  i;!.  Sjiilirinf  ri'l'i,:     No.  TOu:!.    ('iuli.slf,  I'a. ;  ]. 

Pupil  small,  illiptical,  major  axis  horizontal,  hrassy,  with  horizontal 
dark  line.  General  color  dark  salmon  r<'d.  Whole  upper  |»arts  marked 
with  rounded  si)ots,  largest  along  back,  about  size  of  the  eye  and  less, 
of  black  or  dark.  Iletwcen  these  spots  is  a  clouding  of  dark  red 
dish-brown,  as  if  the  black  of  ui)per  parts  had  run  after  being  tirst 
put  on.     ]''re(piently,  however,  there  is  an  obscure  areola  of  the  ground 

color  around  the  sjtofs;  on  sides  of  body  iwid  t.iil,  external   poili. f 

limbs,  less  of  the  interstitial  dark  reddish-brown.  Wliole  under  surface 
sprinkled  with  minute  black  dots,  larger  towards  the  chin.  Ivxtreme 
edge  of  snout  blackish,  as  also  of  lower  Jaw  to  a  Ii'ss  degree. 

Individuals  vary  somewhat  in  coloration;  sometimes  the  dots  on  the 
belly  are  more  aggregated  towards  the  center,  sonu'times  the  interstitial 
color  on  back  purer,  so  as  to  dcliiie  spots  better,  while  agein,  on  theot 
hand,  the  whole  upper  parts  aic  so  much  shaded  with  the  reddish-brow  u 
as  to  nearly  obscure  the  black  spots. 

The  eye  can  be  retracted  or  protiuded  as  in  the  ligures,  and  also  con- 
cealed by  the  approximation  of  the  lids.  The  transparent  lower  li*i 
can  be  brought  up  and  over  lower  half  of  the  eyeball. 

in  yoiing  individuals  the  colors  aie  much  purer;  the  whole  body 
being  of  orange,  of  ditVerent  shades  in  <!ilVerent  individuals:  darker 
above,  with  spots  of  black  on  upper  half  of  body,  larger  ahuig  back, 
irregularly  distributed,  beneath  geneially  unspotted.  Tlu^  lower  jaw 
with  a  row  of  spots  around  its  margin. 

Oh.scrnitioiis. — This  is  an  abundant  species  throughout  t!ie  Unite  .1 
States  east  of  the  Mississippi  IJiver  as  far  noith  as  Maine,  and  (!orre- 
si)on(ling  latitudes  in  Canada,  and  .south  into  Texas  and  Khu-ida.  't 
chietly  abounds  ii!  the  hilly  and  mountainous  .sections.  It  is  especially 
atpiatic  in  its  habits, and  i.-  found  on  the  ground  only  alt(  trains.  It  is 
not  unfre<iiu'ntly  found  under  b.irk  of  fallen  trees  in  damp  situafioiis, 
but  its  ciii.'f  haunts  are  cold  springs.  Here,  beneath  st(MR'S,  it  may 
be  always  found,  occupying,  if  possible,  the  tissure  from  which  the  lim- 
pid water  rises,  aiul  disi»laying  its  beautiful  hues  through  the  trau.s- 


«  » 


i 


i 


pare 
palh 
The, 
othe 
and 
thosi 
have 
to  bi 
Va 
grayi 
New 


TlIK    IJATRACIIIA    OK    NoKTU    AMKIilCA. 


175 


4  * 


,t5 


i 


imrcnt  nuMliiiin  witli  tlie  brilliiiiicy  of.i  straiifjo  i'xolic,  ratlier  tbivu  tlio 
piillor  ot  iv  ilweller  iu  the  cliill.v  (k'|)tlKs  iiiid  dark  recesses  of  ii  cavo. 
Tlioy  walk  delilu'riitcly,  ami  swim  with  snmo  activity,  moving,  as  do 
other  sahunaiiders,  with  the  limits  pr«'ssed  to  the  sides  and  the  body 
and  tail  undulating  laterally.  Their  movements  are  not  so  active  as 
tiioso  of  some  other  species.  They  arc  vei-y  harndess  and,  though  I 
have  handled  a  great  niiiidter  of  them,  have  never  seen  them  attempt 
to  bite.    Their  food  consists  of  insects. 

r«r/f7/<'.v.— Occasionally  a  spei^imen  is  found  which  is  of  a  uniform 
grayish-brown.  Dr.  IC.  K.  Gait  sent  me  snch  a  one  front  Staten  Island, 
Xew  York.  Two  forms  have  been  distin,i;nished  by  Trofessor  llaird 
which  may  rank  as  sid)species :  tlie  S.  riihcr  slirticcpH  and  the  »S'.  ruhir 
mtnitaniis.    They  are  described  below. 

The  manner  in  which  the  characters  which  »listinguish  these  sub- 
species are  found  singly  in  variojis  individuals  illustrates  wt^ll  the  con- 
dition of  a  protean  species.  Thus  of  the  si>ecimens  with  sixteen  costal 
l>lica'.  refciable  to  S.  r.  monfunus,  where  t!ie  width  of  the  head  may 
be  one-sixth  the  length  to  the  j;roiu,  two  specimens  measure  thesame, 
Oft  and  (t'i{  iu  the  same,  ami  another  (i|,  and  another  (.'{S4S)  7  times.  In 
one  the  posterior  part  of  the  par^sphenoidal  patch  is  widened,  as  in  the 
Msual  form.  Ii;  two  specimens  (.WTO-TO.'M)  tlie  sixteenth  pli(!a  falls  over 
the  femur  and  does  not  descend  before  it;  the  vomerine  series  of  both 
are  angulated.  In  Td.'ihf,  from  the  same  locality  as  TOM,  all  the  char- 
acters are  those  typical  of  S.  r.  ininitainis. 

In  two  specimens  having  the  head  and  coloration  of  var.  IJuber,  from 
Miitaw,  Ala.,  one  has  lifteen  plicie  and  angnlat«'  teeth,  the  other  sixteen 
plica'  and  curved  series  of  tet'th.  In  a  number  of  >S'.  r.  nihcr  from  Ab- 
Iteville,  S.  (!.,  one  has  sixteen  plica-.  In  this  variety  the  width  of  the 
head  enters  the,  length  to  gn»in  usually  tivv  times,  but  varies  to  i}.\,  r)!|, 
and  in  7(L'.{,  ii\  times. 

In  the  typ»'  of  I'.JhtrissimiiN,  this  relation  is  1  to  (iA,  with  but  lifteen 
plica-;  the  truncation  of  the  muzzle  is  less  than  described,  and  there 
are  no  cirri.  In  var.  Sti(!ticeps  a  trace  <d"  the  same  is  visible.  The 
peculiar  (U)arsc  and  sparst;  spotting  in  this  var.  ami  in  »S'.  r.  moiiUinus 
is  seen  in  Ruber  No.  7b7."5  (half  giown). 

The  uniform  <rolor  of  S.  r.  stirtircps  is  nearly  equaled  by  Xo,  7()L*;J.  and 
the  white  i)uni  iulation  of  the  iiits  by  7b7.'>  (large),  though  nonti  are  siuu- 
lar  in  the  puiu',tulatiou  of  the  front ;  in  IStO,  from  Eutaw,  Ala.,  the  ab- 
domen and  gular  region  are  sindlarly  punctulate. 

As  regards  the  size  of  the  eyes  in  r.j!<ti'ist<iini(s,  their  longitudinal 
diameter  measures  l.o  the  width  between  their  anterior  caiithi.  These 
sjiecimens  are  both  small.  In  several  small  var.  Ruber  the  measurement 
is  thesai.u',  and  in  the  smaller  of  the  »V.  r.  }ftlcficcp,s ;  in  the  larger  of  the 
latter  and  of  Ruber  this  measurement  is  as  1 :  Li.  NevTtheless,  iu  a  nuni' 
ber  of  var.  Ruber  which  have  just  completed  their  metau'orpliosis  the 
proportion  of  front  to  eye  is  also  li :  1  (Xo,  oSt!)). 


■'-\ 


17(j       uri/r.riN  ui,  umtkd  siaiks  nationai,  .mi-.si;ijm. 

Tliese  variclios  iin',  however,  not  dilliciilt  to  ireo^jiiize,  csiu'ciiilly  as  I 
have  observed,  the  S.  r.  viontaiius. 

I'iDlioiliiiiKil  (liiin unions  of  yo.:^f''.i7. 

Ili'iiil: 

Lcn^-tli  of  },Miic  oliiHiiitli  In  ilH  widlli alioiit  lialf. 

WiilMi  l.Miisliiii.-  Iiniii  sii.mMi.^'iiliirroia idiiliiiii.Ml  II  (iiiioH. 

Wiillli  toilisliiiicc  liimi  siioiit  to  M;ioiii alMiiit  C  tiiiu-H. 

yi.  m  snmit  to  ^'iiliir  foM  coiiliiiiH'd  in  ilmtaiico  IVom  smiiit  to  ;;ioiii 1}  ti ,s. 

Distaiicf  aiili'iiorl.v  lnl  wmi  ryts  in  I«'ii},'lli  of  oiliit 'i  orliits. 

Di.staiicf  from  cyrs  to  nostrils  in  icii;,'lli  of  orl)it 1  orliil. 

Distunci' liclwc.'ii  fxtrrniil  noslriis  in  ]cii;,'th  of  orUit abont  1  orl>it. 

Distantf  IntwiTii  internal  nostrils  in  !i-nj;lli  of  orliit ii'ss  tlian  1  orliit. 

Limits: 

Fri'c  portion  of  Ioi»<;ost  liii;;i'r  contairnMl  in  ilistanci!  from  cIIhiw  to  tip.    I  times. 

Fri'e  portion  of  loiif;ewt  toe  toiitained  in  distaiiee  from  knee  to  tip l!  times. 

Distance  lielwei  n  oiitslrel<lieil  toes  in  hni;tli  from  snoni  to  ;;roin oih'-lialf. 

Tail: 

Length  iVotn  lieliind  anns  to  rest  of  animal I  ■;  tnnes. 

I,enf;lli  from  lieliind  .inns  to  total  leii^'tli   I  wo-liftlis. 

IJod.v : 

Width  compared  with  that  of  head rather  liroader. 

Nnmlier  of  costal  furrows  (including'  inj^ninal) 1'.. 

M<(inii)'(  iiii'iit.i  of  .\<>.  I!"^!!",  ill  iiiilim, 

L('n;,'lli,  measured  alon;;:  axisof  liody  :  Itody  : 

I'roni  siioiii  to  >;ape "JH  j  ('ircnmferer.ee  td' lielly 'J.  ir» 

From  snont  to  <;nlar  fold 70  >  |)ist:ince    lietwivn     armpit    and 

From  snoiiMo  ainiiiil 1.0(1  i;roin •,'.  Ill 

From  snout  lo  j;roin If.OK  Tail: 

From  smiiil  to  Ixdiind  anns.    ...   It. .'id  llei;;lit  of  tail  where  lii;;he.st ..  .     .15 

From  .snout  to  end  of  tail -t.W  l!re;nltli  of  tail  where  |ii;;Iiesl . .      .10 

Head:  Limits: 

Width  of  he.id rt.'i  i  I'ni!  portion  of  lon;;est  linj;er..     .10 

Width  of  lonjiiu' ti'2  \  From    4'lliiiw    to   tip   of    louf^est 

Lenj;lh  of  nrliil .11  lin;;er 10 

Dislaiice     lietween     eyes    ante-  Free  port  ion  of  lon;;eHl  lot- 1.^ 

riciily 'Jt'i  From  kiu-o  to  tip  of  lon<{est  toe.     ..'if 

DistaiM'c  lielweeii  outer  nostrils.     .  l.'i  1  Distain'e    lietween  onlstreteh<'d 

IMstanee  lietween  in     rnostril.H.  .  I'i  I  toes l.I'iO 

Spilcrpcs  ruber  Jia  vinxiin  us  1 1  allow. 

I'unidotritini  lliiriKfiimiis  Hallow.,  Proceed.  Ac,  Nat.  Sci,  I'hila.,  l-'.'iO,   i:(0. 

Tlie  I'urm  and  pro[)ortioiis,  e.xeeptinfjr  about  the  head,  are  so  .simi- 
lar to  those  of  IS.  ruber,  that  it  i.s  uimeeessary  to  repeat  these  eharae- 
ters.  The  tli},'it8  are  rather  lowg,  as  usual  in  yoiinj;  .S'.  ruber.  The  outer 
ones,  hv)wever,  appear  proiMtrtionall.v  l()n<;cr  tha!i  in  the  lattei'.  The 
head,  viewed  from  above,  is  narrower  and  more  triineaie.  It  is  arched 
imt   not  wedo:e-shaped,  depre.ssed,  the  mnz/.ie  bein^  much  hiolier  than 

in  S.  ruber.     lOaeh  side  of  the  tri' »ted  snout  is  bordered  by  a  vertical 

ridof,  which  is  a  little  exterior  tt         ;  outer  nostrils,  and  descends  a 


I  '  . 


/ 


Mead: 


J'eil,:;lll, 

I'roM 

I'loiii 

iw'on: 
l''i'oni 
I'roin 
I'riirn 
'fail.. 
lie.id: 

Wi.lth 


i 


Tin:    IIATKA'.MIIA    OF    NOIJTH    AMKIMCA. 


177 


iittli!  lu'low  tlio  lovol  of  tlio J;i\v,  lookin^j;  liken  fiinj''  wIkmi  vicwetl  latt'r 


illv 


Viewed  from  in  front,  tlio  lower  outline,  of  the  muzzle  is  stron«:lv 


» oneave,  boniered  on  eaeli  side  by  the  downward  extension  of  this 
lidfic  Tlieni  is  a  slijfht  indentation  of  the  side  of  the  jaw  behind  this 
\'u\iir,  and  there  is  a  line  linear  channel  leadin;;-  down  the  back  of  this 
rid"i^  IV(»m  the  outer  maryiii  of  the  external  nostrils.     A  similar  chan- 


nel, but  no  ridi^e,  issei'u  in  J*.  / 


nbcr. 


Tiie  outline  of  the  upper  jaw,  as  viewed  from  below,  is  decidedly  an- 
fiular  anteriorly  instead  of  rounded. 

The  eyes  arc  unusually  larye  and  prominent  for  this  section  of  sala- 
mainlers,  and  are  sei)arated  anteriorly  by  little  more  than  one  oibit's 
l("ii;:fh.  The  two  parasphenoidal  ranj;«'s  of  teeth  are  in  contattt  ante- 
riculy,  as  in  S.  r.  montaniis,  without  the  interval  of  S.  r,  nilnr. 

There  are  llftei'ii  costal  furrows,  excluding'  an  axiliary  one.  The  tai| 
is  a  little  more  than  half  the  rest  of  the  body. 

in  alcohol  the  color  is  li};ht  brownish  red,  paler  beneath;  tlu'  upper 
parts  and  sides  thinly  but  (piite  uniformly  spriidiled  with  small, 
roiindcti,  well  delined,  Itlackish  dots;  very  few  of  them  on  the  head. 

As  stali'd,  this  variety  is  distini,Miished  from  >'.  rubir,  as  well  as 
N  /'.  niinttdiiiis  and  sticticrps,  by  the  shape  ot  the  head,  the  anji'ulation 
ul  tl'"  uppei'  lip,  the  much  larger  and  more  approximated  eyes.  The 
scaiilinessof  the  black  specks  is  more  as  in  S.  r.  moiituints,  from  which 
aiiain  it  is  distinL'uished  bv  lifteen  instead  of  sixteen  costal  ijtrooves. 


■!i' 


^ 


ih 


.t 


11. ail: 


rropovlionnl  iliiiu  nsinux. 


Willi li  to  ilistaiKT  fpun  snout  to  ^'loin al'oiif  (I  tiiiios, 

I'loiii  Mioiil    to  ;;iila>'   lolil  roiitaiiii'il  ill  ilistaiiri'   rroiii  snout    to 

fjiiiiii alioni  I J  tiiiU'M, 

hiMtaiiif  aiitrriorlv  lirtwci'ii  eyes  in  ii'n;;lli  of  orltit...   srarirly  more  than  onrf, 

l)i>,tanc.'  Iroin  cyi'N  to  nostrils  in  li'n;;lli  oforl)!!    a  limit  once, 

liislaiK'o  lit'twmi  cxtfrnal  nostiils  in  ii-n^lli  ol'orliil aoout  one  linir 


Pistanci' 111"! WITH  ontslri-tilu'il  tin 


II    llMl^tll    tVoiu 


snoiil  to  ^loin ralliiT  nioro  than  halt. 

IJiiilv  :  Nniiilirr  of  coital  t'linou  s  (incluiiin;;   inuninal ) 1,') 

Miii'^iin  nil  Ills,  ill  iiirli(s. 


hrn^tii,  niraHiiicil  alon;^  as  is  of  lioily 


lli'ail- Continiiril . 


I'rom  hiiont  to  jiapo 

I'l'OIII  SllOl.t  to  irlilar   I'oM . 

i'  roll:  snout  to  aniipil    . . . 


I  list  a 


nil'  hi'twi'iMi  inner  iiosiiilH     .<•.-( 


\: 


Uistanrr  iVoin  eve  to  noMtriis..      .  lU 


I 


Mini  .>n>iui  to  •'nun  .  - 


l''roin  Miiiiit  to  lichinil  aii's 

I'loin  . snout  to  mil  of  tail It.  :to     Liiiili: 


,  ti,')      Koily:    nislaiH'i'     lift  wren     ai'iii|iil 
I.S-. 
'J.  Ill      T: 


iiiil  uroin I.  n 


llri;rlil  of  tail  wlii'ii-   liiy-Jii'st 


•JO 


Ta 
ll.ail: 


Wiilthof  head 

Li>ii^;lli  III'  iiiliil 

Pi-itanri'  liftwcrii    I'M's   aiiti'ii- 


l.'Jd  ,  l''i('i' iioition  of  lon;r,.s|  (inyirr..      .(W 

1  .  ,-.  f^ 

j  I'  Idlll    I'lllOW     to     ti|i    of    liiiip'.st 

liiiniT :U) 

I'li'r  iiiirl  ion  of  loii";i-st    lOf It 


:tn 
II 


orlv 


l>islaiiri«  lii'lwriMi  until'  noNlrils     .  II 

i'.»r.i— p.uii  M — iL* 


I'luin  klirr  to  tip   of  lniii^i'.sl   tor     .  I!.") 
Ilista""!'  Iii'iwi'rii  oulstn-lchi'il 

toi'.s    1.0.') 


*i^i» 


17.S  lUILLKTIN    :;i,    rMIKl.    states    national    MlISKl'M. 

ISpclcriHS  ruber  .sticticeps  IJaii'tl. 
Proceed.  Ai'.  Fliilii.,  l-^f'''.»,  ]).  1(H.     (Name  only.) 

This  varit'fy  in  all  it.s  details  of  sliaitc,  proiMMtioiis  an<l  ;;i'iK'raI 
otriu!tino  resembles  /'.  ridxr.  Tlie  limhs,  iiowever,  are  coiisiderahly 
smaller  and  weaker,  and  (lie  external  nostrils  seem  tolte  I'lrtlier  apart. 
There  are  lifteen  costal  furrow.s,  e.\cludin«;'  the  axillary. 

The  color  in  alcohol  is  a  daik  reddi.shbrown  or  Itrownishred  above; 
lif-hter  red  beneath.  The  color  of  the  niiper  parts  is  very  uniform  and 
continuous,  thou;;h  a  careful  examination  shows  .some  very  obs'olete 
rounded  spots  ot  darker  on  the  sides.  The  sides  and  beneath  an', 
evervwhere  sprinkled  with  minute  blackish  dots.  The  head  is  uni- 
formly colored  like  the  back,  without  dark  spots,  but  its  sides  and  an- 
terior portion  are  closely  spriidiled  with  whitish  specks,  which  are  very 
distinct  and  characteristic. 

This  variety  ditfors  .somewhat  in  form  from  S.  ruber,  as  slated.  It 
can  be  separated  from  tln^  latter  by  the  small  whitish  specks  on  the 
mu/zlo  in  the  uniform  j^round  color,  typical  S.  ruber  always  havinj^' 
lar{,'er  black  sjiots,  without  any  white.  The  color  above  is  deeper  and 
more  continuous  than  in  »S'.  rubir  without  the  distinct  doisal  spots 
always  distinj,'uishable  in  it.  I'he  ground  color  appears  to  be  of  a 
much  deeper  red  than  in  .S'.  ruber. 

riiiiiorHiiitul  ilimi iixiuiin. 

llOild 

I.oiif^tli  of  K"P''  "f  """"li  to  it.s  will  111 llireci-foiirtliM. 

Width  to  distil  nee  IVoni  snout  lo  jfioin tieiiily  li  limes. 

From  snout  to  j;u!ar  I'old  eoiitained  in  distance  from  siiont  to  ;;roiii . .  . .    H  limes. 

Distance  anterioilv  liet  ween  eyes  in  lc!i;;tli  ot'oiliit t«  ice. 

Distanct!  l)etwceii  external  nostrils  in  lenjilliof  orMt I  <  times. 

Limits : 

l''rec  port  ion  of  lonj{est  lin;fer  eoniained  in  distance  from  clliow  to  tip..   ."■>  times. 

Free  portion  of  Imi^jest    toe  contained  in  dist;incc  from  knet>   to 

lip nearly  I  ti'iies. 

Distance  between  oulstretclicd  toes  in  len;;tli  from   snout  to^jroin     iieailv  t  wice. 

Distance  between   ontstictdii'il    toes   in  Icni^lli  from  snout  to 

belli  lid  anus iiiipie  tliai,  twice. 

Body  :  Number  of  costal  furrows  (inclndiii};  :iii;ninal) 15 

Mviixiin  iiK  r'n,  ill  iiiiliis. 
LeiiHtli.  measured  aloiif^  axis  of  body  :  Umly  : 


.1111 


From  snout  to  ^ape 

From  snout  to  ;jular  fold   .   . 

From  snout  to  ai nipit . . 

From  snout  to  jjroiii 

l-'roni  snout  to  behind  anus  . 
I''roiii  snout  to  end  of  tail . . . 

Tail 

Head: 

Width  of  head f.t 

licnj^th  of  orbit II 

Distance  bet  ween  eyes  anteriorly  .'-'-' 
Distance  between  ou'.er  nostrils  .  Ill 
Distance  between  inner  nostrils    ,  Itt 


'■>.  f'> 

l.lKt 
■J.  ().") 


CiliiimlerelKHl   of  belly 1   .''(O 

Dist.'iiiee   between    armpit    and 

;iroin   l.ri.'i 

'fail:   llei;;lit   of  tail  where  lii;;hest 

est M) 

I.imbs  : 

I'ree    poi'liiiu    cil'    loiij;e,st     lillj^er      .07 
From   elbow     lo    tip    ol'    lolij^est 

lin;;er Xi 

Free  port  ion  of  loii;;est  toe \\i 

l'"rom  knee  to  lip  of  lonj;est    toe     .I"! 
Distance   between    onlslretrlied 
Iocs I .  ;ii) 


T\u> 


I 


I 


-.      i 


TIIK    IJATKACHIA    01'    NOUTII    A.MKUICA 


SpcleriKs  ntlnr  ninntttinis  llainl. 


179 


r.-iiinhlriloii  moiiliiiiiis  Itainl,  .loiini.  I'liilaililpliia  Ai;a<U'iii.\ ,  (.•.'■^7-v.",»:i;  (iia.v.  I.v.,\).  \C,. 

TUo  cxtiTiial  cliiUMrtcis  of  this  subspcfit's  air  miicli  as  in  /'.  riilxr  as 
ti)  pits,  siiiootliiicss,  etc. 

Till'  ronii  of  this  aiiiinal  is  more  like  that  of  (Jipiiiojiliihis  inniiliifriticus 
ill  Ikmii;;  ('l(>ii<;at('i|,  cyliinlrit'al,  aial  with  the  tail  nearly  I'qiial  tothedis- 
Miice  IVotii  the  liea<l  to  the  ;;r(>iii, 

TIm'  head  is  rather  small  an*l  iiarri>\v.  The  proportion  of  eyes,  eU\, 
iiiiKih  as  in  S.  ruUvr.  The  snout  is,  howevei',  more  ainiiptly  truneatetl, 
sliowin^"  the  nostrils  on  eaeh  side  at  the  eorner  formed  with  the  side  «»f 
the  head,  and  with  an  indistinet  rid<{(>  riiiinin;;'  down  to  the  Jaw  as  in 
a.  in>ri>liifriti<us,  hut  less  marketl.  Tin'  top  of  the  head  is  more  convex, 
and  not  llattened  between  the  eyes.  The  toii;;ue  is  a  eiicular  pediin 
eulatetl  disk.  Tiie  teeth  curve  j;ently  fiv.ni  behind  the  inner  nares  to 
the  paraspheiioid  bone,  not  at  an  an;L;le,  and  the  two  lou;4itudind  series 
are  so  close  colli  iniUMisly  as  to  c.\liil>it  no  furrow  (»f  sepaiatiun.  and  very 
little  of  on(M)e!iiiid.  Tlie  palatine  portion  does  not  extend  outwards 
licyond  the  outer  border  of  the  inner  nostrils. 

[•idfessor  l»aird  described  this  species  in  ISI!>  from  a  siiijile  adult 
>p(-ciiueii  can^iht  in  the  South  Mountain,  near  Carlisle,  I'a.  Siiicti 
tlii'ii  several  others  iVoin  tlillerent  localities  have  been  oiitaiiied,  and 
after  the  renewed  examinali(ui  of  many  speciineiis  of  S.  nilnr  I  am 
silislied  of  its  distinction  as  a  subspecies.  The  cohMMti'Ui  is  always 
appr«'ciably  dillerent  in  the  very  .  sk  iris  without  loiiLjitudinal  bar  of 
.Moiitaims,  compared  with  the  brassy  yellow  iris  with  longitudinal  dark 
bind'  Jtulter.  The  ;iioiiiid  color  above  is  iiuiforinly  and  continuously 
Uiiiwnishsalmon,  much  as  in  (i.  jxirjiliifrilicHs,  with  a  few  well  defined 
circular  spots.  In  IJuin'r  where  the  ground  cohu"  has  become  dark  I'cmI- 
dish  brown,  it  is  alw.iys  mottled  with  Milliter,  ami  the  larger  and  more 
iiiim  -rors  dark  spots  are  iikuc  obsolete  in  their  outline. 

Tiie  Iliad  of  Moiitaiius  isnarrower  and  much  more  arched  tr.iiisv'Msely. 
The  snout  is  more  truncate.  The  two  series  of  teeth  on  each  side  the 
jtai.isphenoid  bone  come  closer,  .so  as  to  be  almost  in  contact,  without 
I  lie  interval  of  S.  ndnr. 

Till'  body  and  tail  are  more  slender  and  elon<;ated;  the  latter  propor- 
,icn.i!ly  consiih'rably  lon-'er.  Thereare  1»»  costal  tiirrows,  exdudiii:.;  an 
axillir  one,  instead  of  lo,  as  in  iS'.  riilnr. 

Tliere  are  Iti  distinct  costal  j;roo\('s,  excludin;;'  any  in  the  axilla. 
The  tail  shows  similar  furrows  at  lirst,  but  they  soiui  become  indistinct. 
It  is  (piadrate  at  the  base,  then  jjiadiially  becomes  more  and  more  com- 
press,-d,  with  a  sharp  ridj-e  towards  the  end,  as  in  S.  ndirr.  lis  len.i;th 
is  n.'aily  equal  to  the  distance  from  the  s  •    it  to  the  ;;roiii. 

Tlie  limbs  are  not  appreciably  ditVi'ient  from  what  has  been  destaibed 


ni  S. 


ntlnr 


\    \ 


^  !■ 


M 


The  color  of  the  type  specimens,  as  presorvod  iu  alcohol,  i.  a  iiiiifoi'i 


» 


1«()  ItlLMMI.N    :!l,    UN;TKU    STATKS    national    Ml'SKUM. 

roiitiimoiislnowiiisli  salmon  !il»()Vt',iiH!lii(liiijj:(lu' limbs;  tlu' iiiHU'iparts, 
iVom  the  middli'  ttf  tlii'  .sides,  latlu'r  altniptly  pale  salmon.  The  dark 
|M»itions  are  marked  with  eirenlar,  thinly  scattered,  w(  lldeliiied  ilaik 
brown  or  black  spots.     The  belly  is  immaculate. 

In  life  this  .same  .specimen  had  the  ^'roiind  c  »lor  reddish-brown;  bei- 
neath,  deep  .salmon.  The  iris  dark  reddish  brown,  almost  black,  with 
faint  mottli!ifj;s  of  bron/.e  on  the  inner  bonier,  and  without  any  hori- 
zontal dark  bar. 

The  difference  of  form  and  color  are  appreciable  in  younj,'  as  well  as 
old  specimens. 

The  distribution  of  this  toiin  is  in  the  Alle^h.ny  .Mountains  fnini 
Tennsvlvania  to  South  Carolina. 


j: 


i 


rriiiiiirlidiiiil  (liiiii  iiniinin. 

Ili'iiil: 

I,cli;;lll  (ir;;;i|H'  of  iiioiilli  to  ilH  will  III illiiillt  t  liri'i'-I'mil  I  lis. 

Width  to  (IinIjiiut  iVo.ii  .snout  to  f;iilai  lolil iiUoiii  \\  limes. 

Width  to  distance  lidiii  .snout  to  ^loin Jiliont  'i.^  I  iiiii's. 

I'l'oni  .snout  tii;:iil;ir  I'olil  eiuitained  iiidisiaine  iVoni  snout  lo^ioin.   a  I  ion  t   1 1  t  lines. 

|)ist;ill<e  .•intelioll\    liet  Ween  eyes  in   li'lli;' h  ol'  orliit I.i   limes. 

Di.stance  IVoiii  i\ves  to  nostrils  ill  jell  j;  til  of  oilii  I   I  t  inie. 

I  Mstaiiee  lietweeii  exleinal  nostrils  in  length  of  oiliil I  time. 

I  >i stance  lict  wi'e'i  internal  nostrils  in  leii^rth  of  orliit less  than  I  time. 

Liiulis: 

i'ree   poitioii  of  loii^re>|   li!i<;c|-  cotitatni;il  in  ilislaiiee  from  elliow 
to  tip nearly  I  times. 

Free  port  1(111  of  loii;reiit  toe  contained  in  ilistance  from  knee  to  tip. .   alimit  :t|  times. 

Itistance  Iielweeii  oatstretelied  toes  In  leii;;tli  from  snout  to  ;,'roin    .   .•iltiiut  i;i  t  imes. 
Tail  : 

l.('ii;;tli  from  lieliind  aniiH  to  rest  of  animal I  ^  I  imes. 

I.eii;;tli  iVom  lieliiiid  anus  to  total  !eiii;tli three  .sevenths. 

I5ody  : 

Widi  h  I'ompaied  with  III  at  of  head rather  hss. 

.Nuuiher  (d'costal  liiirows,  iiielndiiii;  axillary  and   ini;ni!ril     Id. 


r^. 


Miiixiin  imiiln.  ill  iiirluH. 


Lcii;;'tli,  ineasnrcd  alonj;  axisol  liudy  :  liody  : 

rroin  .snout  to<^.ipe I'.ii  CireMinl'erem'e  of  lielly    '..'.((I 

from  snout  to  ;;ul,'ir  fold )'i.">  histance    lielwcen    armpit    and 

I'rom  Hiioiit  to  armpit '.(I  ;;idiii !.'/."» 

I'rom  snimt  to  ;{roin ','.  K"i  Tail: 

!''roni  .snout  to  heliind  anus ;!.■,','>  ilei'^hl  of  tail  w  here  highest    .  .      .  ,:; 

I'roin  snout  to  end  of  tail .">.  7.'i  Hreadlh  of  t.iil  w  here  liii;liesi . .      .  :!J 

Of  tail 2..'i(»  Limits: 

Head  :                                                                     I  Free  pmtion  of  loni;est  tiiiuer         .  1(1 

Width  of  liejiM \Ci  !•  rom    elhow    to    tip    <d'    lon;;esl 

Lcii;,'th  (d'luliit 1.-,  Iin;r|.| \\■,^, 

Distanee    l.etween    eyes    ailteri-  I 'lee  poi  t  Ion  of  hni^esl  toe .  j.'i 

"I'l.V "Jo  l''rcmi  knee  to  tip  of  |oli;;est    toe         ..">(• 

Mistanci'lictweeii  outer  nostrils       .1'  l>isiiiice    lietweeii   ontst  retched 

JJi.stance  lift  ween  inner  iio.strilM.     .  ■".)  toe;    l.T.'i 


*    j' 


.1 

I 


TIIK    HATRArniA    OF    NORTH    AMKKICA. 

Spelii-pcH  fiihrr  fiibrr  Daiidin. 
KESEUVK  Si:UIES 


('atillnglic 

No.  or 

tiiiiiilH  r. 

mii'f. 

hKII 

, 

r.iK'j 

1 

7'HM 

III 

;i.-tri 

•_' 

Th-jii 

;i 

hSIl 

r> 

yxih 

1 

HCIII 

1 

!l  1  ill 

1 

U'lUi 

ri 

:iH;i7 

« 

UAVI 

3815 

ri 

M31 

:i 

:iai8 

1) 

vm 

•J 

0A5t 

'J 

»031 

4 

nHiKi 

•1 

40Jt 

T 

lH4n 

1 

l:i.ii:i 

1 

ami 

;i 

ItOOl 

•t 

ftOlM 

i 

IIM3 

1 

mill 

1 

aiKi? 

i 

38n:i 

4 

LiH'allty. 


Wli.ii 

rolli'ctrtl. 


l"irim  wliimi  ii'ceiM'ii. 


rilli'iiiliiili,  Oliii)   

ruililsvillf,  N.  .1    

r.iilislr,  I'a 

llrlllWlllo  CllillllV.    I'.l    ■■ 

\V:i<liiliuliiii.  h.'C 

t'lilimiliiii.  S.  ('    

Ilainilliiii  CiMiiily,  Ohio 
l!i>lilHliiiriiiii2li.  S.  V,  . ... 

TuMilnii.  N.  .1   

>\ii\  ri.iiiiH  Uivvr,  III ... 
Carlisle,  I'.i  


•1.  \.  It  SiuiliiiiitiiKli.  ■ 

N.    II      ItiMllop 

I'iKl.  S.  I'.  Ilaiid  


Dr.  v..  (N.ius.  r  S.  .\ 
Dr.  (irnmi'  ,N'.  .Moiaii. 
.1.  .v.  I!.  .Siailiiiriiii;;!!    . 

II.  W.  W.UIi.r     

Dr.  ('.  (•    Alilioll 

K.  Ki'iiiiii'iilt   

I'riil.  S.  r.  Ilaiiil 


(',iili.ili,  I'.i       I'liit.  S.  K  r.iii.l 


Aitcii'iMciii.  s.  (; 

('iiliiiiiliim.  (ill 
i'liit   llrnliiii,   Mci     . 
WaHliiiiiltMli.  I>.  (<  . 

(  illlllrCMllT,   Vi»    .... 

Millon,  Kla 

Ilcauli.rt.  N.  ('.  

liiillaii  l\i>v.  I' la    . . 
Iiirl    Tiivis.iii,   .\rU 
rr.iMic  Mrr  Ki>iii:i',  I,: 


DiT.-JO,  \HM 


Mr«.  M.  i;.  iMiii.l  . 

|)r.(;,..iirr  , 

Di.r.V.  llaMl.ii... 

(iro,    Slloi-lliaUrr  .  .. 

Ki'V.  (;.  M.mii     

S.  'l'.  \Vall,,r 

Dr.  Will.  Siinipsciii 

(') 

Dr.  Kilw.iiil.s  

.Ian.  Kail  ir  


Tyn  1' S|iriiiK«,  Tiiiii   I'ml.  K.  Owcii 


181 


1ci\1miii;1i,  I'a rrcf,  S.  K.  I'>.iliil 

Mcaihill.',  I'a   ' Williaiin    

.Milicvillr,  S.  C j Dr..l.  li  Itarialt    i 

Miii;.'iiit<i\vii,  N.  (; Dr.  (Ii'cii;;!' N.  Mman 


Nature  of  ,s|i('i' 
inii'ii 


.MlKJlolil 

Do. 

D<i. 

D.I. 

Do. 

Do 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 


(' 


i 


f, 

V 


t.i'.NKK.M.  si;i;ii;s. 


7019 

1 

:ih:a 

'J 

0;i3ri 

>> 

o.iaii 

\ 

|IIM)8 

1 

2IW3 

:i7 

:t)ct.') 

III 

i;t.5«i 

1 

:i8iti 

!l 

1170.-. 

■' 

;i8mi 

■> 

Mit 

'1 

Uf.'O 

1 

7il7:i 

:).H,-,ii 

111..-. 

UliiT 
IIITt! 

iii;h 
ll.-li 
:i.><;i7 
;iKi:. 

4711 

;is7>. 
:ts7:i 
:)s.-.i 


(') 

M.'ailvill.-.  P.i W'illlaiiis 

riiiiloi!,  N.  ,1     Dr.  C.C.  .U. lull  I 

Viiuiiiia I  I'Vli.'Jlt,  1N77      I'".  F.  Tall.ol   


I      I 


( 'arli.iU-.  I'a     I'lol.S.  K  ISainl. . 

. .  .ilo Dr.  .Sirvi'im 

Iliwloy.  Va S.'pt.,     iS:>:\  11,11    Millrr 

I'lixliiiiyli,  I'a .S.  I' .ri.iiiil     

.lo ,1 

I'l.irki' Oiiiiiil  V,  Va ('.  It.  I;.  Kiiiiii'ily  . 

l''.iiii|tiiir  Ciiiiit  V,  Va (".  \V  .Slum  nianii  . 

Wvlliivill...   V.i!    IH-,-i  Col.  M.  Ml  Diiiialil 

.MilMvill..  S.  C Cl  

C.uli.slr.  I'.l    I'lol.  S    I'.  It.lilll   . 

('i ('I 

(') (;» 

'I 


Ill 


I'l 

SiMiinii'i'villi  ,  .S   (J 

r.iili^lr.  I'a 

Cinirr  ( 'oiiiiU.  r,i 
l'illsliiiri;li.  I'a   ... 

I'olllMlllll-..  Olli'l     . . 

.Vllcli'isiiii.  S.  ('  .    . 
.Sal.iii    N.C     


Cl 


mx 


('I 

I.  W    Nair  

S.  K  Itaii.l    

S.  I!.  Itiiiu'-.r    ... 
Mr.  l''aliiii-»loik  . , 
I..  I,rs(|iii|rau\     .. 
Mr-.  M    K   Daiii.-I 
.1.  r.  I.iii.li.i.k  .... 


Uiiiliolj.' 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


SnrlrviH's  nihff  flarinsimiis  IIjillnw. 


47i:i 


^ll'l.llll■l  K II 


\.  C. 


.r  C.Ma.N.iir 


?PI 


1H2       I!i:lm:ti\  iu,  rxiT::!)  statks  national  Mrsi;ir>f. 

Sjitlrriiri  nihir  uliilirijin.      Itail'il. 


(■jliilipiiiic    Nil  'if 
niintlM-i'.      H|H-f.    ' 


Mm 


l.iicalilv. 


i:i;sKiivj':  skuik.s. 


Willi  I'  ■  I  Nil    III')'  lit  MIH'I'' 

,1.1  lliilll  ulliilli  II  irlMll. ' 

ni    iilril.  lllirll 


lUT.'i  :.'    (ii'iiiijiii... 


Dr.  W.  I..  iloiii'H .Mroliiilir. 


iV/xVccyx'i  nilnr  iiiinilniiiix  llaii'il. 


riiil'.S.  Kll.tinl   Alioliiilii  (t\|i)') 


;iHiH 

«l 

•171.'. 

;iHT(i 

MUX 

7n:il 

I'M;!! 

Siiiilli    Miiiiiilaiii.    Cat-      IH4H  .... 
li'^li'.  l-a.  I 

S.iliiii.  N.  »'     I  .r.  T.  I.iii.  liai'k   

.Mii.i'villi.  .>>.  (•    i  l»i..r,  II.  Ilaiialt 

I'Mri' .S|ii  iii;;H.  Trim   .. I'liil.  I!.  (iHi'ii 

Iliaiiroit.  .\    '!   Will  ,Siiiii|iiiiii    

IlilUliiiiiiiiiili,  N.  <: I   M.  A   CiiilH 

I'liiiin  (.'iiiiiitv,  'J'i'iiii  I  •!.  N.  It.  Siai  liiiii>ii;ili  . 


Do 
ill.. 

III! 

I  III. 
III). 


I 


AUTODAX   r.oiilciificr. 

Ami.  iiiid  Ma;;.  Na(.  Ili.st.  H>7,  p.  O*. 

.Itniitht  liainl,  Icmid^i.  Mnc.vcl.,  ii,  Hl'.l,  p.  '2''t'>;  (iiiaril,  1'.  S.  Kxpl.  F.xpiil.,  l>'ri>., 
p.  H;  Cdpf,  I'ldcud.  Ac.  I'liila.,  IM'.I,  p.  IC.I;  Sliaiu'li,  S.ilaiii..  p.  M ; 
Itiiiilciigi'i',  Cal.  lialr.  (iiatl.  ISiit.  Miih.,  (  d.  li,  Itif'M,  p.  fi'.';  iiom.  pi'a'occiip.'i- 
tiiiii. 

Toiijjue  iittaclu'd  IVoiii  ^ilo.s.soliyal  to  aiitoiior  marjiin  on  the  nu'diaii 
lino;  coiLsidt'ialily  free.  One  picinaxillai'.v  bone.  V»)MU'rin(»  tcclli  on  a 
rid^c,  wlii(;li  is  conf  iimoii.s  lii'twt'cii  the  interior  iiaics.  Maxillary  teetli* 
confined  to  (lie  anterior  part  of  the  areli,  eonipre.ssed,  knil'e  shaped,  with 
entire  enamel;  inandibniar  teeth  of  similar  Ibrm  and  Iar;;edevelo|>nieiit, 
few  in  nnml>er,  and  confined  to  the  anterior  half  of  the  ranins.     Toes  l-.'t. 

This  (Mirions  ^enns  is  fninished  with  l)v  far  the  most  powerful  den- 
tition of  any  of  e.\istin;jr  salamamh'rs,  and  lesmiivles  in  this  respect 
the  dfciieniof  theCoal  .Measures,  Ibaeh.vdeetes,  llylerpeton,  and  II.\Iono- 
mus.  In  other  points  there  is  little  difference  between  it  and  IMethodnn. 
Oin;  marked  feature  brin<;s  it  in-arer  Desmo.unathus  than  any  other 
fjenus  of  IMethodontiche.  The  e.xoccipitoinoiHics  are  each  furnished 
with  a  hij;h  lonj;iludinal  crest,  ov«'r  which  fhe  temporal  muscle  i)as.scs 
from  its  oiij^in  on  tlie  atlas.  It  has,  however,  the  usual  ori;;in  from  fhe 
nH"lian  line  of  the  jiarietrds,  which  scarcely  exists  in  Desmo^xniithus. 
This  line  is  marked  in  A.  lujiuhris  by  an  elevated  crest.  The  j-nd  of  the 
nnizzle  in  that  spccMcs  bears  evidences  |r>  ;i  habit  similar  to  that  which 
accompanies  the  sin^Milar  structures  of  l)esnn>;;natliiis,  viz,  that  of  bui' 
rowing;  or  rootinj;' ainoufj  stones  or  of  her  resist  in;;  objects.  The  derm  is 
similarly  adherent  to  the  bone ,  and  the  latter  is  exosfosed  and  ru;,M)Us. 
The  prefrontal  bones  are  well  d(^veloped. 

*  (iiiiinl,  /.  <\,  (icscrilii's  llio  ti-i'lli  a.s  not  lixixl  to  Hie  Jiiw.  and  capalilr  "  of  .'i  depres- 
sion liai'U  wards."  Tlii.s  is  only  trnt' of  .sncci'.ssion.'il  tcrfli  or  foetli  aliniil  to  lie  slicd  ; 
till'  I'linrtidnal  li'clli  ,irc.  lirniiv  anrliv'o.scd. 


l***- 


sides 
axilla 


TIIK    MATK/iCHIA    OK    NORTH    AMKRICA.  183 

No  species  liii.s  yet  beeii  roimd  east,  of  llie  I'.u'il'K!  coast  region. 

or.  Distal  liaH'ot  tuil  ioiiikIciI  or  oval. 

haij;<',  (itoiit ;  tliiiinlttlt'Vfloiii'd;  liiiy;(is  slioit ;  i>aiasiiluiioi(l  snics  tianow,  vom. 
^I  <TiiH!8  8t;oiiBly  ciirvfil  l)iukwar(ln;  widlli  of  lit-ad  l-.'i  |«>  j,Mi)in;  li;;lit  liiowii 

iil>(>vi>,  with  yellow  si»i)t.s I.  liitjnliris. 

SiiiulliT,  HlutitliM",  tliinil)  not  (liHtiiu't,  liii;;ci-s  loiii;,  Nltnili  r;  iiaiasplicnoiil  sciics 
J  wiilur;  voiiii'liiio  KiTicsNcaicfly  rccnivcil ;  wiiltli  o|' Inad  li.;i;i  iIiikh  in  lcii!;lli 

to  i^roiii ;  aliovf  lilacU,  sidi.s  ;;ia.v t.  I'lrims. 

■^^  not.  DiMtal  liair  ol   tail  stroii;;lv  lonipriNsi'd. 

Woliiisl ;  mii/zlc  Willi';  |)aras|diciioid  tooth  patch  wid" ;  difjitsMhoit,  th'- liim  r 
not  I'H'v;  width  of  head  'i-.'i  tiiiicM  in  lni;;lh  lo  i^iom:  Idack,  spiinkh'il 
with  small  liliiish  spots  aliovc I.  Uraiiun. 


I 


I 


i 


%  "^     1 


1 


AITODAX  I-rtUrHRIS  Hallow. 
(I'latoa?.  Ii>;s.  I-I;  :i."..  li;..  :i;   |H,  liu.  1.-,.) 

.Inaiilix  Uiqubr'tH  HaJid,  Icoiio;;!'.  I'.ncycl.,  II,  Hl'.t,  p.  'A'iti ;  Ihiird  Ar  fiirard,  I'loc. 
Ac.  I'hila.,  H.'.:i,  p.  :iic,>:  Maird,  V.  S.  Kxpl.  K.\pcd.,  Ilcip.,  I'l.  i,  li«s.  •>(i-:i;i,  and 
Rcpt.  U.  S.  Kxpl.  Suiv.,  .Mil,  ]).  IV,  1*1.  :ii».  li;,'.  I:  (Jopc,  I'loc.  Ac  IMiila.,  isllt, 
|i.  I<i<):  SIrancli,  S.ilani.,  ]>.  7.'> :  Itonlcn^rcr,  Cat.  Hatr.  (iiad.  Itrit.  Mils.,  cd.  ii, 
ICHJ,  p.  Wi. 

Siihimiiiiiird  liiiiiiliriH  llaliow.,  .lonni.  Ac.  IMiila.,  I'^H,  p.  I'JIi. 

Tmiiliii  .'  hiiiiihrin  (ir.iy,  (-'at.  Matr,  (irad.  Mrit.  Mas.,  cd.  I,  p.  v'(i. 

.tmliljiMliiiiKt  iiinicldliim  tiray,  ihiil..  p.  117. 

The  head  is  eh)ii;;ate(l,  vcf.v  iniieh  depressed,  liatteiied,  and  when 
viewed  IVoin  above  is  miieli  swoUeii  posterioil.v.  Tlie  stioiit  is  very 
proiiiiiieiit,  protnidin;,'  beyond  tlic  lower  Jaw.  Tlie  nostrils  are  ele 
vated,  lateral,  siibtcrininal,  and  far  apart.  The  eyes  very  prominent  ; 
their  diameter  enters  only  once  in  the  distance  between  their  anterior 
j'im  and  the  extremity  of  the  snout.  The  cleft  of  the  month  is  larj:e 
and  imdiilafinj,'.  The  maxillary  teeth  are  proi)ortionally  lar<;e,  espe- 
cially on  the  lower  jaw.  They  are  lanceolate  in  shape,  very  acute  ami 
thill.  The  palatine  teeth  are  iiicoiispieiioiis,  rather  blunt,  dispo.sed  in 
an  open  V«haped  lij;ure,  the  sninmit  of  which  is  directed  ba(!kward, 
whilst  its  branches  extend  to  the  internal  and  posterior  margin  of  the  in 
tier  nostrils.  There  are  two  elongated  patches  (»f  miiinte  teeth  on  the 
parasphenoid,  clo.seiy  appro.ximateil  anteriorly  and  diverging  slightly 
posteriorly,  where  they  are  rounder  and  broadesi.  The  cordiform  or  pel- 
tall  tongue  tills  the  whole  space  of  the  inferior  lloor  of  the  mouth.  It 
is  alt  ii'lied  along  its  meitial  line,  whilst  its  sides  are  perfectly  free,  as  is 
also  slightly  its  tapi-ring  tif)  and  its  posterior  bilobed  expansion. 

The  neck  is  elongated  and  slightly  (!ontracted;  a  distinct  ami  well- 
iiiarked  gnlar  fold  may  be  observed.  It  no  doubt  exists  during  life, 
tliongh  its|)resence  has  been  contested  by  some  writers. 

Tlie  body  is  siibfiisifoim,  diminishing  towards  both  extremities.  The 
siih's  of  the  abdomen  are  transversely  folded  thirteen  times  between 
axilla  and  groin.     Tlie  tail  is  almost  as  long  as  the  head  and  body  to- 


m 


,  1 1 


I    I 


V 


i    I 

;  1 


r 


i    il 


184  nULLKTIN   111,    I'NITKI)    RTATKS    NATIOXAL    MI'SKir.Nf. 

ijcllicr.     It  is  siilM'.vIiiKlrical,  soiiu'wliiit  coiniu-essed,  and  tiuu'iiii;,'  at 
Iho  011(1.     Il;i  iippci-  and  Imuci  eddies  art'  roiiiidcd. 

Tlic  limbs  aiv  sleiidor,  tiif  posti-rior  oiu's  a  liltk-  loiiijor  aiitl  stoiiu-r 
tliaii  the  ante  rior.  Wla'U  tlii'  loriiicrare  liroiijilit  Ibrvvanl  and  tlicl.itli  r 
backward  al(.ii;,'sid.' tlu'  body  tlio  toes  of  citber  sliKbtl.v  ovi'ilap  (lie 
(ttluT.  The  toes  tlicmsrlvcsarc  sIcikUt,  oiiliicly  froo,  niid  t«Mininalcd 
by  a  callous,  disk-like  cxpansi.m,  resembling'  in  that  respect  some  Annr.i. 
Tile  anterior  inner  toe  is  (jiiite  small;  the  third  is  the  loiifresl ;  tlie  sec- 
ond nearly  e(pial  in  si/e  to  the  lonrlh  ;  the  second  and  lourth  are  nearly 

e(|nal. 

The  skin  appears  quite  smooth;  when  examined  under  the  micro, 
scope,  however,  il  is  found  to  contain  a  net  work  of  minute  irregular 
stelliform  i)ores,  each  stella  havin;;  a  Indlow  or  clear  center  or  mouth. 

The  enlor,  as  preserved  on  specimens  in  alcohol,  is  of  n  uniform  li;;lil 
brown  aiiove  anil  li^ht  ycHow  beneath.  The  sides,  and  frei|Ueiitly  the 
upjier  surfaces,  are  markeil  with  small  irre{,ndar  yellow  spots. 

•       '  *  lA      r^      KS        1  '3 

5 
Kill.  1 1.  Aiil'^liir  hfiiihrls-.     No.  |ii|7.     I'rlaliliiiil,  Cll. ;   |. 

Miiltlircilli  lllx,  ill  ilirliis. 

llH'llll. 

I,fii;;tli,  axi.'i!,  rioiii  snout  tn  oiliit 'J 

IjrMj,'tli,  ii\ial,  I'll  nil  Hill  111  (  In  1  ictus  oris ."> 

I.fiij;l!i,  axial,  Cioiii  hikmi;  to  axilla 1.  IS 

I.rli;,'tll,  axial.  IVhiii  mioiiI   In  ;;r(iiii •,'  Ci'.\ 

iiiM^lli,  axial,  iVoiii  siimit  to  riid  of  vent '. )i.  la 

L(Mi;;tli,  axiiil,  from  snout  to  niil  of  tail 'J.  (11! 

Li'li;;tll  of  foil'- li Mill -Ti 

I. I'll;; til  of  III  ml  liiiili i 

I.i'll;;tli  of  foic-fool    'JM 

I.i'ii;;fli  of  liiiiil  foot   I 

Will  ill  o(  iiiiiii-foot  soli"  :i:i 

Willi  li  of  licail  at  liiliis  oris 1 

Wiiltli  of  liody  at  iniddlt' .V.I 

Width  of  lioily  at  s.icnini .  II 

The  raii^'e  of  this  species  is  limited.  embra(Mii;;(>nly  middle  California, 
It  is,  however,  not  rare  in  that  rej^ion. 


1 


I 


TIIK    HArHACHIA    4)1'    NOinil    AMKUICA. 

.iiiliiilii.r  liiijiihris  Kiilliiw. 

i:i:si;i!Vi-:  skimks. 


185 


('iilalii;^!!!'    No.  Ill' 
iiiiiiiIm'I'.      n|M'V. 


I.CM'illilV. 


Willi, 
rollocti'il. 


K.uM,  «l„.m  ivniv.'.l.       N'»""«' '"■  "l-'l 

iiii'ii. 


4017 

in 

4ii:io 

.1 

iiiJi 

H 

lii:i(i 

I 

lii:in 

•  I 

•lli'.M 

:i 

ii:.7ii 

I'l 

tiinl 

1! 

miit; 

1 

imn 

1 

i:i!ii7 

:i 

i:itii:i 

1 

irHii 

1 

HIT.-. 

li 

rcliiliima, Tftl K.  SrtimifN Al.nli.ili.-. 

raiiilloiiis,  Cal l.ii'iil      \V.     1'.    'liiiw  1»M. 

I  I        liliiljir,  I'.S.  A. 

Ciilil'iiniiii  (?) lUi. 

Sail  l''nuiri.'<i'<), C'lil , ,  Mnil.     \V.    I*.    Triiw-  llii. 

I  liriiluK,  I'.S.  A. 

<1ii    I ill) III). 

Mniili'ii'y.Ciil.  I  A.S. 'I'a.Uiir I»ii. 

Shi   l'"iaiifl<rii,  Cal '. Do. 

ri'iiiltiiiiii,  ('ill     K.  Siimiiii'Ik I><>. 

r.i;l   r.juii.Cal         Auk.— ,  iHT.'i     H.  \Vlliii»lia«     |ti>. 

San   I'raiiiUc  II.  < 'al I,ii'iit<'ii:iiil  Waiicii  . ..  Itii. 

r.cikcli'V.C.'al     ...  I'-MI      |{.  i:.  ('.SiiaiiiH Ito. 

ilo' IK^I     ilii    ..    .    I»ll. 

Mniii.ii-v.t'al Hi.  r.iiii|illi'lil I  Mi. 

f'aliliiiiiia     (') 1)11. 


^    '■ 


■■I 


i 


This  is  one  of  tin'  inost  iiiaiUcd  siu'cics  ul  Norili  Aiiit'iiciiii  salainati 
lU'i's.  Tlio  lai';;:t'  tciiiporiil  iiiiisclcs  <x\\t'  tin*  litMtl  a  sudlli-ii  oiitliii«>  be- 
liiiid,  ami  s(>|tarat(>  tin*  ilt'iiiia  IVoiii  tli*'  craiiiiiiii.  Tiii'  latt<-r  adlicrcs  to 
tiu' top  of  tli<>  proiiiinctit  iiiii/./.lc.  'IMic  tissint' ol°  llit'  iiioiitli  is  siiiiialt', 
iiiosi  stroii;;ly  so  in  adult  spt'ciincns.  On  the  wlntlt'.  the  |>li,vsio;,'noin.v 
is  not  nnlik(4  that  of  the  siiappini:  toitoisf.  1  have  little  tlonhl  that  it 
is  Mioi'<>  capaldi- ot'  inllictin;;  a  liitc  than  anv  other  of  the  Aineriean 
I'lodela.  Its  t'ood  does  not  appt  ar  to  dilVer  nnieli  IVoni  that  of  other 
salainainlers;  in  the  stomaeli  of  one  I  I'onnd  ants,  in  anithet*  three  tn 
fonr  species  of  lieetles,  annni;.;  them  an  entire  Coeeinella. 

.MIuD.W   l'KI{ICi;f.S   <.'(.|.c. 

. I »i(ii/ci /(•)•; r/M  ('ii|ii'.  I'niri'cil.  /,(•.  Pliil.i..  l-.;.t.  p.  lii'.it    IJoiilrii;;!'!',  Cat.    Italr.  (iiatl. 
liiit.  Mii-^.,  «•.!.  II,  1<-.',  |..  .■,:;. 

This  is  a  smaller  and  more  slender  spei'ies  than  the  last,  not  hein^' 
very  iiill'eieiit  in  proit  trlions  froMi  I'Ullnnliui  Inlrniir  Hits,  \n\\  with  a 
inoatler  and  more  llatteiied  head. 

The  head  is  an  elon;;ate  oval,  sli;;litly  trniieat''  in  front.  The  nostiils 
an'  antero  lateral,  and  with  a  delicate  ;;roove  coiiiiectinn'  with  the  com- 
misstire  of  the  month.  ( 'anthiis  lostralis  not  marked.  The  mn//.le  is 
as  lon.ii  as  the  iissnre  of  the  eye,  while  the  len;;tii  t»f  the  c:)minissiire  of 
liie  month  (diagonal  line)  is  ei|nal  to  the  width  of  the  head  at  the 
rictus.  The  tonjj;iie  is  largely  free,  the  posterioi'  pcntitm  rather 
narrowly.  The  inner  nari's  are  nearer  lo;;('ther  than  the  outer.  The 
vomerine  teeth  commence  heliind  the  nares,  and  form  a  siiifi'le  series  of 
einht  on  a  rid^e,  which  is  ;;;ently  arilied  hackwa  ds  on  the  median  line. 
Tlie  parasphenoid  patch  does  not  extend  »|iiile  foiward  to  tlie  mid- 
tile  of  the  orbits;  it  is  minh  Hatter  and  wider  anteriorly  than  in 
.1.  httiithris,  and  con  tains  opposite  the  posterior  margin  of  the  orbits  ten 
ion^itudinal  series  of  teeth,  those  oj'  adjaceiil  rows  aiternatin;^'. 


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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


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WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MSSO 

(716)872-4503 


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186  DIILLKTIN   :U,    UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 


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Giilar  fold  well  niarkcd;  costal  folds  foiirfecii,  not  contiiinod  on  back 
or  abdomen.  The  limbs,  and  especially  the  digits,  are  .slender;  appressed 
to  the  side,  they  fail  to  meet  by  the  length  of  the  lin«ers.  The  form  of 
the  body  is  .slender  and  cylindric,  and  the  width  of  the  head  enters  the 
total  length  to  the  groin  seven  times.  The  tail  is,  as  in  .1.  liifjuhns, 
eqnal  to  the  head  and  body  in  length,  cylindrical,  slender,  and  .slightly 
compres.scd  at  tip. 

The  thnmb  po.ssesses  a  short  phalange,  but  no  part  of  it  is  free,  as  in 
A.  iKfjiihris;  on  the  other  liand,  all  the  phalanges  of  the  other  toes  of 
both  feet  are  more  slender  than  the  .1.  luguhris,  and  the  distal  ones 
distinctly  truncate  and  .slightly  emarginate,  with  dermal  thickening 
below  tip.  All  are  qnite  free.  Number  o''  phalanges,  1-2-3-2,  l-2-;}-3-2. 

Coloration.— Hides  and  nape  greenish-gray;  toj)  of  hea<I  and  dors;i| 
region  behind  in  the  form  of  a  serrate  band,  with  the  tail,  black;  below 
yellowi.shbrown;  limbs  black  above,  brown  below;  inferior  regions  un- 
spotted. 


1  4  3  5 

Fid.  45.  Aiitoilaxferrciin.    Xo.  (JTOJ.     Kort  riupi|ii,i,   1,  j. 

Miaxitivmctils,  in  inches. 

Iiiolu ... 

Loiifjtli,  .axial,  from  .snout  to  rictus  oris ;-J 

Leiigtli.  iixial,  IVoiii  sii;)iit  to  axilla TO 

l.cn^rtli,  axial,  from  snout  to  <rroin l.T.'> 

L(Mi};tli,  axial,  I'rom  snout  to  end  of  vent ',*. 

Lenf^tli,  axiiil,  from  .snout  to  end  of  tail :i.  (i.") 

Lt'iifrtli  of  forc-limh i") 

Length  of  fore-foot 'J 

Li'iigth  of  liiud  liml) 'i.'i 

Lt'i);;tli  of  111  ml  foot *J<i 

Widtli  of  hind-foot  sole 11 

Width  of  head  at  rictus  oris 'JH 

Width  ofhodyat  middle )>\ 

Width  of  body  at  sacrum 2 

The  maxillary  bone  displays  the  same  sudden  deeurvatnre  anterior  to 
and  below  the  orbit  which  the  A.  hif/uhris  does,  but  it  is  less  marked; 
in  consecpience,  the  commissure  of  the  mouth  is  less  sinuate.  The  long 
mandibidar  and  maxillary  teeth,  while  of  similar  structure,  are  le.ss  de- 
veloj^ed.  IVf]iai».s  larger  specimens  of  this  spi  cies  may  be  fuiiinl  where 
they  may  be  larger,  as  in  small  specimens  of  .1.  Iiif/iihri.s  they  are  nearly 
sinn'lar  in  proportions. 

Thoiigli  nearly  allied  to  the  A.  Iminhrh,  the  presefit  species  will  never 
be  confounded  with  it.  It  is  a  much  weaker  Ibrin.an  i  does  not  disp|:i.\ 
the  characters  of  llic  g(Miiis  in  .so  .striking  a  degre'.     The  form   of  the 


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THK    HATRACIIIA    OK    NORTH    AMERICA. 


187 


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tail  is  that  of  A.  luffuhris,  ami  not   tliat  of  ^l.  iivdnus.    lUit  one  speci- 
nu'ii  has  come  under  my  oUservalion,  as  follows: 
No.  071>4i  1  si»ecimen  ;  Fort  IJmpiiUii,  Orcfjon  ;  Dr.  Vollen. 

AUTODAX  liiCANL'.S  C.ipc. 

I'h'hodini  ii'caiiHs  Copo,  Proccod.  Ac.  Pliila.  188!},  p.  21. 

.Iiniidct  ii'ii'iiis  Cit\K',  I'rocciMl.  Aiiicr.  I'liilosoph.  Sdc,  188!),  p.  ^viC). 

A  I'liily  f^rown  imlividtial  of  tins  speeics  i)resents  the  followiuf;' char- 
acters: The  form  is  ratlier  robust,  and  the  head  is  distiii<;nished  from 
the  neck  by  tiie  swollen  temporal  mnscles.  The  muzzle  is  short  and 
wiile,  with  roiiuded  border,  and  is  not  so  contracted  as  in  the.l.  liiiia- 
/>//v.  The  len<;th  from  the  end  of  the  muzzle  to  the  axilla  enters  that 
IVom  the  latter  to  the  t-ioin  one  and  a  half  times.  The  tail  isof  moderate 
Icnjith,  equiilin,n'  tlmt  of  the  body  (includinf?  vent)  nearly  to  the  thora(!ic 
fbhl.  TIh!  width  of  the  head  enters  the  lenj>th  from  end  of  muzzh?  to 
j;ioin  live  and  one  half  times— a  proportion  intermediate  between  tho.se 
exhibited  by  the  two  other  species  of  the  fi'enus.  The  limbs  are  rather 
robust,  and  when  ai)pressed  to  t!,.;  .sides  leave  an  interval  of  three 
iMler<;ostal  spa(;es. 

The  top  of  the  head  is  flat,  and  the  least  interorbital  width  is  ecpial 
to  the  lenj^tii  from  the  eye  to  th(^  end  of  the  muzzle  and  to  the  space 
inclo.si'd  between  the  external  borders  of  the  external  nares.  The 
commissure  of  the  mouth  rises  behiml  the  line  of  the  orbit  as  in  the.l. 
Iii(/iihri^.  The  muzzle  does  not  project  lieyond  the  mouth,  as  it  does  in 
.1.  luiftthris.  The  internal  nares  are  very  small.  The  tongue  is  lar<>e 
and  antero  posteriorly  oval,  and  is  t'xtensively  free  at  the  sides.  The 
vomero  palatine  teeth  are  in  two  short  rows  of  three  or  four  teeth  each, 
which  (M)mnK'nce  behind  the  internal  nares,  ou  a  liiu'  with  their  inter- 
nal borders,  and  converge,  with  slij;hi  posterior  inclination,  without 
meetinfj.  The  patch  of  parasphenoid  teeth  is  wide  and  subtruneate  in 
front,  and  is  undivided  except  towards  the  i)osterior  ])ortion.  The 
larjxe  teeth  of  the  Jaws  are  not  so  well  developed  as  in  the  .1.  int/Kbris^ 
ar(^  nH)re  sleinler  in  form,  and  not  so  numerous.  They  <!onstitut«',  the 
entire  arnniture  of  the  dentary  bone,  occupying;  only  the  anteri(U'  half. 
1  <!ount  only  four  of  then),  and  they  are  movable;  that  is,  iiunniture. 
1  find  no  fixed  oiu>s  of  the  larji'cr  size  in  the  uppi'i- jaw.  Three  or  four 
of  the  posterior  imixillary  teeth  are  like  those  (»f  the  dentary  bone,  but 
Ihey  ;4iadiiate  anteriorly  into  teeth  of  the  usual  type.  An  examina- 
tion of  otherspeciuuinswill  be necessai'y  toascertain  whether  these  teeth 
i»econu5  permanent  or  not,  or  whether  they  are  developments  of  the 
lireedin<>' season.  The  larj;e  temi)oral  muscles,  curved  coi:  nissure  of 
the  Mn)Uth,  etc.,  so  re.send)l(^  the  correspondiiiii'  parts  in  the  .1.  liiijiihriii, 
that  I  suppose  their  i)ermanentdtMital  characters  to  be  alike.  Thennix- 
ill-ry  bone  projects  abruptly  downwards  behind  th(^  last  nmxillary 
lOoth,  formiuff  a  snn)(>th  eil;i'e.  as  in  A.  hifiKhris. 


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188  BULLETIN    :!l,    UMTEI)    STATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

The  skill  ol"  the  A.  iiranm  is  smootli.  Tliere  are  tliirteeii  hiteral 
IbUls  between  axilla  aiid  yroiii,  and  a  stroiij;  pectoro  jiiilartbld.  The  hit- 
ter rises  on  each  side  in  front  of  the  shoulder,  and  then  turns  upwards 
and  forwards.  It  is  soon  changed  into  a  narrow  dermal  ridge  or  rib, 
whieh  is  (Irst  eonvex  iii)wards  and  then  eonvex  downwards,  and  then 
terminates  in  line  with  the  e.ve  a  diameter  of  the  latter  behind  it. 

The  feet  are  short,  i.nd  the  diyits  are  tlattened  and  are  obtuse  at  the 
tips.  The  pollex  is  only  free  by  a  slight  notch,  and  the  hallux  by  a 
rather  deei>er  one.  The  phalanges  are:  Anterior,  l-2-.'5-2;  jmsleiior, 
l-L'-:5-3-2.  The  third  and  (iflli  anterior  digits  ar<'  equal,  while  the 
l)osteriors  run  l-2-i"i-;i-l,  beginning  with  the  shortest.  The  third  and 
fourth  are  nearly  equal. 

The  tail  is  somewhat  depress(>d  at  the  base,  and  beeonics  round  in  see- 
tion  to  the  end  of  the  jtroxima]  two -fifths.  It  then  becomes  giadually 
more  compressed,  until  ic  is  quite  Hat  for  the  distal  third. 


2         V /     ^^afi/    III    m    \\\  ^       7 

1  3  4  6 

T\r..W).  AiitmJax  iVcaniin.    No.  U'lOC.     Slmst.i  County,  ('alifuniiii ;  \. 

The  color  is  black,  relieved  by  a  yellowish-brown  shade  of  the  ehin. 
and  of  the  i)alms  and  soles,  and  half  the  inferior  side  of  tiie  fore  aim- 
A  line  of  the  same  (!olor  passes  from  the  nostril  to  the  upper  lip,  and  lln' 
lower  eyelid  has  the  same  color.  The  sui)erior  surfaces  and  sides  ot 
the  hea  I,  body,  and  tail  are  dusted  rather  thickly  with  small  suiH'(pial 
bluish-white  spots,  much  as  are  seen  in  Plethodon  (jlKtinosus. 

M(<isiii('ni(  Ills  III'  Xo.  1  l,r)l)(i. 

M 

r,('ii{i;lli  from  end  of  iiin/zlc  to  ciul  of  tail I'.'vJ 

Li'iif^tli  from  (Mid  of  inii/./.lc  to  end  of  vont (IT  I 

l,('iij;lli  from  (Mid  of  muzzle  to  jfroin (l.V.t 

li(Mi;;tli  from  end  of  innzzle  to  axilla (I'.M 

licnj^tli  from  end  of  inuzzli^  to  cantlins  oris dlt) 

I-iMiji;|]i  of  for(!  11  ml) diri 

l>enj;tli  of  hind  limb (117 

lieiiniii  of  Iiind  foot (t(W 

Width  between  orbitH  (least) niKti; 

Width  of  head  (;j;reat(>Ht) Oil 

The  typical  adidt  specimen  displays  the  anomaly  of  the  suppression 
of  the  fourth  posterior  digit  of  the  left  side. 

This  salamander  resembles  tiie  rkthmhn  glntinosus  in  various  re- 
spects, especially  in  coloration.  It  lias,  however,  a  compresscMl  tail,  like 
tiie  /'.  intarmeiliiin,  and  short  series  of  vomerine  teeth.  The  reeurviMl 
commissure  of  the  mouth  gives  it  the  smiling  expression  ehjiraeteristie 


I 


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THE    ISATKACIIIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  181) 

of  the  other  species  of  Autoilox,  which  is  quite  (litlereiit  from  that  seen 
ill  ricthodoii. 

TUii  Aiitodnx  ii'canns  was  originally  established  on  a  half  grown  speci- 
men found  by  myself  in  Shasta  County,  Cal.  A  second  specimen  of 
the  same  size  was  sent  to  the  National  i\[useu.n  by  Mr.  Charles  Town- 
send  from  the  same  locality.  The  young  specimens  do  not  display  the 
physiognomy  of  the  genus,  but  have  the  usual  want  of  character  as 
coMipared  with  the  adult.  The  vomerine  series  of  teeth  are,  however, 
rather  better  developed.  The  typical  specimen  has  the  following  char- 
acters : 

The  vomerine  series  are  straight,  and  do  not  quite  meet  on  ihe  mid- 
dle line.  They  are  entirely  behind  the  nares,  and  do  not  extend  exteri,)r 
to  them.  Tiie  paras[>henoid  patches  are  united  into  one,  and  are  well 
separated  from  the  vomerines. 

Form  rather  stout,  and  the  tail  short,  etpiiding  (from  vent)  the  length 
of  the  body  (with  vent)  to  the  gular  fold.  Costal  folds,  1'}.  IIea<l  a 
longitudinal  oval,  with  rather  narro\.ed  and  not  truncate  niuzzK' ;  its 
length  (to  occii)nt)  contained  o'-J  times  in  length  from  muzzle  to  groin. 

Limbs  short;  wlu-n  pressed  along  the  side  they  aresei)arate(l  hy  three 
intercostal  spaces.  The  digits  are  short  and  the  internal  ones  are  rudi- 
mental. 

The  color  is  black  everywhere,  and  the  superior  surfaces  are  dusted 
over  with  minute  light  specks. 

Mc.tmirciiii  Ills. 

3T. 

Tt)tal  U'li^th OK? 

Li'i)i;(h  IVoiii  iiHi/.y.lo  (o  axilla (iIOo 

Lciii^tli  fnnii  n\\i/./.U',  to  {;r()ii> O'JTf) 

Willi li  of  Lead  at  e-aiitlms  oris 0(Hi 

l.i'iinlli  of  anterior  limb , ()();l 

Lciifitli  of  anterior  f.)ot  (102 

Len<;tli  of  ))(i.s(erior  limb OOV.") 

l.fn;;th  of  jKLsterior  foot OUlVi 

This  species  is  to  be  compared  with  the  Vkthcdon  inteniwilinn  of 
western  Oregon.  It  is  shorter  ami  more  robust  in  form,  having  only 
thirteen  costal  plica*  instead  of  fifteen.    The  color  is  very  diBerent. 


I'al.  Nil.      Xo.  spcr. 


I:i71ll 
I  I.V.Ki 


I.ociilily.  (;()llrcliir. 

Mil i III,  Sli;isl:i  Cuuiil.v,  Ciil <!.  U.  Towiiscml. 

lid r.ivin^filim  Slmii'. 


'  't! 


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Tliis  species  is  named  from  the  aboriginal  name  li'ka,  of  the  grand 
peak  of  northern  ('alif(>i'nia,  .Mn:int  Sliasta.  From  the  same  name  the 
town  of  Yrekii  d<'riv«'s  its  name.  So  I  am  inlbi'med  by  Judge  liose- 
bor(Uigh,  of  that  place,  to  wlioin  I  am  under  great  ol>!igations  I'or  many 
facilities  and  much  inl'ormation. 


190  liULLKTIN    HI,    L'MTKI)    STATES    NATIONAL    Ml'SlOUM. 

i)i<:sM(XJNATinj)Ji;. 

Copt',  Joiiiii.  Ac.  Nat.  Sim.  IMiihi.,  ISCUi,  107. 

Ptor.vgoids  wantiiij;-.  Oibitospliciioid  sc'i)iiiiite<l  by  inemluane  Croiii 
I-iootic!.  Vestibiik',  iiitt'inal  wall  o.sscumis.  Jh'iitij-i'roii.s  plates  on  tlio 
paraspbt'iioid.  Ceratoliyal  articulatiiij;-  with  (niailratc.  ('ar])iis  and 
iar.siis  cartilaginous.  Vortebiin  opistliocd'loii.s.  Jlyoid  apparatus  an 
ill  the  IMethodoiitida". 

The  peculiarity  of  the  vertebne  distiiij>uishes  this  laiiiily  eliielly  from 
the  last.  Ill  the  only  genus  wliicli  represents  it,  there  are  iiiiiiientus 
peculiarities,  which  are  not  found  elsewhere.  Should  other  j,'eiiera  b(^ 
found  which  do  not  possess  tliciii,  the  above  diaj-nosis  would  probably 
be  the  proi)er  test  of  their  family  allinities. 

The  distribution  is  continod  to  the  eastern  district  of  the  nearctic 
realm  so  far  as  yet  known. 

The  Thoriida'  only  dill'er  lioiii  the  DesnioKiiathida'  in  the  o.sseons 
carpus  and  tarsus.  The  single  genus  Thorius  Cope  is  included  by 
iJoulenger  in  the  Desmognathida'.  Thorius  has  a  boletoid  tongue  like 
Spelerpes,  and  the  parietal  region  mostly  membranoiis.  Toes,  1-5.  One 
species,  T.pcitnatulus  Cope,  of  small  size,  from  E.  Mexico. 


DES:\IO(JNATnUS  Baird. 

.JoiiMi.  Ac.  .Nut.  Sci.,  I.  •JSj.-J-jr. :  Gray,  Cut.  I?rit.  Mas.,  isr.ii,  iii ;  (.'ope, 
I'loccfd.  Ac.  Pliila.,  l-^Oll  ll'i  :  Straiicli,  Salam.,    j).  72 :  15(iiilcnj,'cr. 
Cat.Hatr.  Sal.  IJiit.  Miis.  -(Lii,   \^S>,  p.  77. 

Premaxillaries  united,  embracing  a  fontanelle ;  parii'tal  bones  o.ssi- 
lied.  rretVontsil  bones  wanting.  ()ccii»ital  condyles  on  cylindric  i>ed- 
estals.  Temporal  muscle  arising  only  from  the  atlas,  with  ii  tendinous 
external  margin  and  insertion,  i)assing  freely  over  the  parietal  and 
I)rootic  bones.  Tonguti  attached,  except  by  its  lateral  and  posterior 
margins.     V^oinerine  and  sphenoidal  teeth  present.     J)igits  distinct,  l-"*. 

The  absence  of  o.  prefrontale  does  not  ai)iiear  to  be  the  result  of  its 
confluence  at  any  late  [)eriod  with  thenasale;  its  ordinary  position  is 
traversed  by  the  frontal  suture.  Tiie  frontal  bone  is  decurVed,  and 
closes  the  preorbital  aspect  of  the  super[)alatal  vacuity,  usually  opsii. 

This  marked  genus,  so  aliundantly  represented  by  individuals  in  the 
eaMtern  district  of  Xorth  America,  is  not  admitted  by  either  Diimeiil 
(u- Ilallowell,  probably  becaii.se  it  dojs  not  dill'er  in  external  characters 
from  riethodon.  It  is  anexcellent  illustration  of  the  error  of  adhering  to 
external  characters  only,  iii  tlieexitlanatioii  of  the  relations  and  allinities 
of  organized  beings,  except  for  a  liiniteil  range.  Tlie  examination  of 
the  .skeleton  of  six'cies  of  this  genus  utterly  changes  tho  imi)ressions 
produced  by  a  consideration  of  tlie  extcrnil  cliara(!ters.  It  may  bo 
stated  aschar.icteristic  of  the  Ijatr.uihia  in  general  that  their  iiflinities 
can  not  be  determined  without  study  of  the  skeleton. 


i:  if'^^fi 


J 


Till-:    IIATUACIIIA    OF    NORTH    AMlUilCA. 


191 


There  arc  no  (loriniil  appeiulages  developed  in  tbis  genus  at  tbe 
hreedin}^"  season. 

1.  Mali^s  witli  posterior  liii'f  of  the  mandible  coiiciivo  and  edentnlons. 

Infciior  liiteriil  scries  of  poros  iniperfoct  or  wanting,  HnjH'riar  nono ;  no  luln'iclc 
ill  cantiiiis  ocnii ;    tail  mostly  roundi-d  ;   fourtiu'ii  costal  plica';  a  jiillowisli 

(lorsiil  band  ;  belly  immacnlato  ;  size  small If.  ocliroiilidK, 

II.  Males  with  mandibnlar  alveolar  mari^in  continnons  and  completely  tootb(!d. 

Iiil'crior  lateral  series  of  pores  well  dc^vcloptid,  snpciioi'  irregular  or  wantiii,^;  a 
tubercle  in  caiitluis  ocnli ;  tail  compressed,  keeled,  and  linned;  fourtetiii  costal 
plica';  above  dark  spotted,  below  niarbb^d  ;  size  medium 1).  fnncd. 

I'w  o  well-develo|)ed  lateral  seric  s  of  pores  ;  a  marked  tubercle  in  the  cantliiis  of 
the  eye;  tail  llattened,  linned  above,  attcMiuate;  twelve  costal  folds.;  black 
above  and  below  ;  sizi!  larjft; I),  nigra. 

DIvSMOGXATHUS  OCIIROPILKA  Cope. 
I'roceed.  Ac.  N'at.  Sci.  I'liila.,  ISV.t,  l','-2. 

This  small  species  bears  a  strong  reseniblaniie  to  the  Spclerjx.s  hi- 
line(ttu.s  Vtvaaw,  and,  apart  from  generic  characters,  may  be  known  from 
it  by  the  rounded  tail,  the  paler-colored  abd()men,  and  the  light  bar 
iVom  the  eye  to  the  angle  of  tiie  mouth.  Its  proportions  are  stouter 
tiian  in  Plethodon  cincrciis  crijtliyonotnH,  to  which  it  also  bears  some  re- 
.send)lanee. 

Tiie  costal  folds  are  thirteen,  but  fourteen  if  that  which  is  immedi- 
ately above  the  groin  be  counted.  The  hrst  falls  immediately  into  the 
axilla.  This  is  the  chaia(!teristic  an-angement  in  I>.fnsc<i  also,  while  in 
/>.  itiiiru  the  fold  above  the  groin  usually  extends  to  it,  and  is  the  twelfth, 
vviiilc;  that  which  corresponds  to  the  first  of  the  species  before  named 
I aiisjust  in  ailvaiuie  of  the  axilla.  Though  this  is  typical  of  />.  ni(;i<i 
occasionally  another  i)!ica  appears  above  the  groin,  and  the  twelfth  is 
.-lightly  in  front  of  it. 

The  pores  in  I>.  ochroi>h(va  are  very  difUcult  to  observe.  In  a  few 
specimens  I  have  seen  a  few  of  those  of  the  lov.er  .series  ;  the  upper  I  bc- 
lii've  to  be  wanting.  The  gnlar  fold  is  distinct,  and  another  vertical  fold 
coiiiinences  behind  its  extremity,  and  turning  longitudinally,  extends 
more  or  less  distin(!tly  to  the  orbit.  As  in  other  species,  the  derm  a<l- 
lieres  closely  to  the  frontal  bones  and  is  more  or  less  rugulo.se.  The 
head  is  oval,  with  rounded  depressed  muzzle;  its  greatest  width  en- 
ters the  length  to  the  groin  .~»'rj  times.  The  commissure  of  the  mouth  is 
.--lightly  llexuose. 

The  appressed  limbs  fail  to  nu-et  by  four  intercostal  spaces.  The 
inner  «ligits  of  both  feet  are  short  but  free,  longer  than  in  IMethodon 
species  of  similar  size;  the  othei-  digits  are  also  longer  and  more  dis- 
tinct;  proi)orfions,  l-l-2-.'5,  l-r»-L*-l-;i;  only  three  phalanges  in  longest 
t.:es.  The  tail  is  quite  slender,  and  oidy  compressed  at  tip;  in  sonu^ 
there  is  a  keel  above  on  the  distal  third,  but  never  any  dermal  lln. 

The  vomerine  teeth  are  very  few  and  small  when  present ;  they  are 
often  wanting.     Their  basal  line  is  on  a  ridge,  which  is  convex  back- 


■ 


ih 


r 


M 


%\\ 


'    r 


II); 


lUJLLKTlN    ;{l,    IJNITlil)    STATK-S    NATIONAL    MIJ.SKIJM 


wards,  nearly  coiitiimous  medially.    Tlie  panisplieiioid  (eetli  staml  on 

two  narrow  plates,  wbicli  arc  well  separated,  especialjy  behind,  and  are 

shortened;  anteriorly  they  only  reach  to  near  the  niiTldlc  oftlic  orbits. 

Tiie  mandibular  teeth  present  pecularitics  in  the  male,  by  which  it  may 

l)e  readily  distinguished  from  the  female.     In  a  large  number  of  speei- 

mens  the  oral  commissure  is  but  little  undulate,  and  the  mandibular 

teeth  though  longer  medially,  arc  continued  to  near  the  basis  of  the 

coronoid  i)rocess.     The  nuilcs  exhibit  a  strongly  flexuous  commissure, 

and  the  alveolar  margin  of  the  mandible  is  dee])Iy  concave  below  the 

front  of  the  (ubit,  an<l  is  edentulous.    The  distal  portion  is  abruptly 

convex  and  is  armed  with  long  teeth.    The  margin  is  slightly  concave, 

anterior  to  this  point,  ami  finally  rises  again  at  the  symphysis,  Miiicli  is 

l»roiiiin('iit  and  protected  externally  by  a  pad  of  crypts  as  in  />.  /kscun. 

The  structure  of  the  males  is  in  the  luaudibular  dentition  (juite  that 

of  the  genus  Autodax  ;  the  A.  fcrrcits  presenting  the  characters  but 

little  more  stiongly.    No  such  sexual  dil!ereiu;e  can  be  found  in  the 

I),  /'itsrd,  though  the  commissure  only  may  be  sometimes  more  (Icxu- 

ous  in  uuiles.     The  Jaws  antl  dentition  in  the  7>.  iiifjra  do  not  dilfer  in 

t!i(!  two  sexes.     I  have  observed  that  two  of  the  many  males  of  />.  ovhro- 

^>//fm  possess  the  female  denition.     The  tongue  in   I).  ochviq)hnt(  is  an 

elongate  oval,  cousideiably  free  behind. 

The  color  of  females  is  a  bright  brownish  yellow,  fading  to  dirty  white 
below,  with  a  dark  brown  shade  on  each  side  from  the  eye  to  liie  end 
»)f  the  tail,  which  is  daikest  above  ami  gives  the  dorsal  space  the  char- 
acter of  a  band.  There  is  an  irregular  scries  of  brown  dots  along  the 
vertebral  line.  .Males  are  rather  larger  and  usually  darker  in  color ; 
thus  the  dorsal  baml  is  brownish,  the  lateral  band  blackish,  and  tlu^ 
dorsal  spots  more  distinct.  In  most  speciuu'us  of  both  sexes  there  is  a 
light  band  from  the  eye  to  the  rictus  oris,  and  the  belly  is  idways  im 
maculate  ;  the gular  region  nearly  always.  The  testes  and  v  is  deferens 
are  covere<l  with  black  i»igment  ;  no  i)igment  on  the  peritonu'um  ol  the 
female. 


'^^?^ 


143  5 

I''|ii.  47.  D('Siiiiiijiiathiiii<irliriipI((r(t,    No.  (i,«Ul.     .Miailvillr,  Ta. ;  .],  ;.     Ki;;. -,  c/ ;  2(1,  9 . 

This  species  attains  scarcely  half  the  size  of  the  D./iisni,  as  indi(;ated 
by  the  numerous  females  with  develo))ed  eggs  in  our  colli  ctions.  As 
the  eggs  are  ((puil  in  size  to  those  of  />.  fitscn  when  roady  to  be  dis- 
charged, and  as  the  species  is  only  half  the  size  of  the  same,  the  eggs 
in  the  oviduct  of  a  gravid  fenuUe  atone  tinu',  are  oidy  half  as  nnnu-rous. 
I  have  oidy  found  from  (5  to  10  in  />.  ovhrophmt,  in  each  oviduct,  while 
from  18  to  30  may  be  counli  d  on  one  side  in  D.  fifscd. 


('aljl(, 
iiiiimImI 


"n 


I 


THE    IJATRAcnilA    OF   NOUTIf    AMERICA  193 

MiaiiivniuHls  of  Xo.  (WJl,  iii  hiihiH. 

ItlcllI'M 

Li'iigtli,  iixial,  from  Niioiit  to  rictus  oris j 

Li'ii;;tli,  fixiiil,  from  snout  to  iixiliii 4(; 

I,('i);;tii,  axial,  from  snout  to  j^roiii l.«2;) 

Li'ii;;tii,  iixijil,  from  snout  to  end  of  vent l.f)! 

I,('ii;;tli,  axial,  from  snout  to  end  of  tail ;i.  (II 

l,rn.i;tli  of  fori!  liuil) ;{ 

1 -I'll:; til  of  for(!  foot  (W 

hi'nj;tli  of  hind  linil> ;{(j 

Li'n;;tli  of  Iiind  foot 17 

W'idtll  of  liind-foot  sole ^ 

Will  III  of  head  at  lictns  oris <j 

Width  of  liody  at  miildlc •'•^ 

Habitat,  ('t(!.  This  suliiinaiHlcr  is  chlt'Hy  iibmidiiiit  in  flic  chain  of 
llio  Alli'shiiiiios  and  thoir  ontlyiiiy  spurs.  I  liave  never  sci'ii  it  in  th(^ 
liill  <u)iiiitry  (if  Pennsylvania  or  tiio  lower  ])hiins  of  New  Jersey  ami 
.Maryland,  nnr  have  I  observed  it  in  the  Alle^lianies  of  sonthwesterii 
Vir,i;inia.  1  have  taken  it  abundantly  in  the  IJIack  Moiitains  of  North 
Carolina.  The  riiiladelphia  Academy  possesses  nninerou.s  speeimeiis 
IVotn  the  IJroad-Top  iMonntain,  in  southern  Pennsylvania,  from  Dr. 
I.i'idy,  It  has  others  from  Warren  County,  Pa.,  from  Dr.  Mainlall.  In 
northern  Peiin.sylvania  and  the  Adirondacks  it  is  very  abundant. 

The  habits  of  this  iiniinal  tire  terrestrial.  It  occurs  under  the  bark 
of  every  fallen  lo^  of  headock  [Abiefi  canadensis)  and  in  the  debris  of 
tiie  dark  divmp  forests  of  the  North.  I  never  saw  one  in  the  water  of 
.streams  and  river  baidvs,  the  habitat  of  the  other  species  of  the  ;,'enus. 

Professor  Baird  was  familiar  with  this  si>ecies  befor.',  I  described  it. 
I  published  his  su^'^festion,  expressed  in  ii  letter,  tlnit.  it  was  tiie  S. 
Iialdnnani  of  Ilolbrook.  Ilolbrook's  fiojure  does  not  represent  tlii.s 
species  in  any  deoree,  nor  is  his  description  more  conclusive  as  to  the 
reference  of  this  species  to  it  rather  than  some  others.  JJe  says  it  is 
marked  with  spots  on  the  upper  surfaces,  which  are  "disposed  without 
much  regularity,"  but  the  largest  arc  on  the  iiaidvs.  There  are  but  few 
sjjots  above  in  this  animal,  and  they  are  in  a  regular  mediiin  series. 
The  sides  iire  banded.  He  also  describes  and  ligures  the  belly  as  yel- 
low, which  it  is  not  in  JJcHmof/nathns  oohropluva.  The  ISalamandra  hat- 
dvman'i  ai)pears  to  me  to  have  been  proposed  on  an  unusually  s[)otted 
Spclcrpes  bilineafus. 

PvsmofjiKtthHn  ochrophwu  Cope. 


(!atiiln(jiii' 

Xo.  of 

IIUIlllllT. 

.SJIOC. 

3017 

10 

4U11 

;i 

■-'0 

4530 

5 

Locality. 


Alli'Kiiiiv  (!i)iuitv,  X.  Y 
liiaiUiinl  Cipinil'v,  I'a... 
.Mciiilvillc,  l>a 


Wlu'iii'ii   anil   liipw 
ubtaiuL'il. 


Or.  Stevens. 
C.C  Martin. 
l'r()re.s,sor  Wllliani.s. 


Siis(iiieliaiuia  Comity,  I'a j  I'rofew.sor  Coiic. 


u 


I  M 


I     "h> 


J 


11)51— Bull  31- 


■13 


, 


194 


nULLKTlN    'M,    lJXI'"-'i:0    STATlvS    NATIONAL    MirSKUM. 


„ 


!    * 


'i: 


If 


.' 


Varictji.  A  spi-ciiiK'n  with  Hii'  ik'iitition,  colonitioii,  aiid  pioporiicMis 
of  body  iiiid  tail  of  this  spi'dos  wa.s  sent  to  the  Sinitlisoiiiiin  Institiilioii 
Worn  iiortlieni  (Iforgia  by  Dr.  .loius.  It  iipinoaclics  tUv.  IK  fnsca  in 
having  a  snnill  tuhvrvuUm  cunthuK  oaiU,  and  a  woll-devt'loiied  infericM' 
series  of  niucoi  s  pores. 

DliSMOGNATIIUS  FU.SCA  Kill. 

(riati's:it,lij;s. ."),(;;  :i(l,  lif?.  1  ;   ir>,  li^'.7.) 
(var.  fiinva.) 

Baird,  Jonni.  Ac.  riiila.  (■.'),  i.  i>.'^-.'>;  Cope,  I'loccil.  Ac.  riiilii,,  i.  lf^(V.», 
p.  11.');  Sfraiicli,  Saliiin.,  p.  T»;  (irav.  Cat.  Hatr.  (iiail.  IJrit.  Miis., 
c(l    I, p.  10:  nonlci),>;cr,  Cat.  ISatr.  (iiail.  Hiit.  Mii.s.,c(l.  ii,  \S-*'2,  p. 77. 

Triliirut  fiiariiH  Raliii,,  Annals  of  Nature,  \&i\>  (jUh  IJainl). 

SaUimandra  iiitirmi.rta('<vvot\,  Coiit.  Macl.  Lye.  i,  p.  H-J", 

SaliimaiKlrctpidd  Harlan,  .Tdiumi.  Ac.  IMiila.,  v,  p.  llix. 

Salttmaiidra  qnadrhnaciildla  llollir.,  X.  A.  Ilerp.  v,  p.  ID,  IN.  I",'. 

riilhoduiifiiscii))!  Duin.  &  IJibr.,  p.  85,  IM.  101,  li^.  :«. 

rietliodoit  nUjcr  Hallow.,  pi.,  .lonrii.  Ac.  Pliila.  (li),  IS.")^^,  p.  liJJ.et  var.  (tiiriciilnid, 

Saidiiiaiidraaiiniiildlii  HoUir.,  N.  A.  Hcrp.,  v.  p.  17,  IM.  Vi. 

Dcamognathns  aiiricitlatns  Mainl,  Joiirii.  .\c.  IMiila.  ('2),  i,  p.  'iH'r,  Strancli,  .Salam.,  p. 

71;  Gray,  Cat.  IJatr.  fJrail.  Brit.  Miis.,  cd.  i,  p.  U. 
CjlHudroHomd  (iiii'uiildliiiii  D'liii.  &  ]5il)r.,  l>.  HI. 
J)esinogiiathH8  J'nsvd  var.  aiiricitlata  Cope  Proc.  Ac.  Pliila.,  lHi;i»  ,)).  lltl;    l{oulen>;er, 

Cat.  Hatr.  Grad.  Hrit.  Mns.,  ed.  in,  l-^Si,  p.  7H. 

This,  perhaps  the  most  abundant  salamander  in  North  America,  is 
(luito  variable  in  coloration,  but  not  in  proportions  and  struettiral  jte 
culiarities.  Tiio.so  of  the  latter  which  characterize  it  are  the  presence  oi' 
fourteen  costal  plicae;  one  well,  and  one  little  developed  lateral  se- 
ries of  mucous  pores;  the  equal  and  regular  distribution  of  teeth  on 
the  mandible  of  males  ;  the  compressed  tail  keeled  above  and  tinned 
distally  ;  the  presence  of  a  tubercle  in  the  anterior  canthus  of  the  e.ve  ; 
the  marbled  color  of  the  belly.  In  many  quarts  of  specimens  I  lind 
four  specimens  from  southern  localities;  two  in  tlie  I'hiladelpliia  AiMd 
eniy  from  Charleston,  two  in  the  Smithsonian  from  IJiloxi,  .Miss.,  whicli 
have  fifteen  plica',  but  one  of  the  latter  has  fourteen  on  one  side.  In 
specimens  which  have  been  preserved  in  too  strong  spirit  th(5  pores 
are  rendered  invisible;  the  same  occurs  when  the  spirit  is  impure  or 
weak.  In  soft  specimens,  the  canthal  tubercle  sometimes  disappears, 
and  in  many  young  si)ecimens  and  some  sidult  females  it  does  not  ap- 
peal' to  exist. 

The  head  is  more  depressed  and  the  muzzle  prolonged  than  in  species 
of  other  genera.  The  eyes  arc  piominent;  llic  plica'  behind  them 
strongly  marked.  These  consist  of  one  on  each  sitle  the  head  and  nape, 
which  convei'ge  posteriorly  and  then  turn  abruptly  outwai'd,  to  be 
continued  into  the  gular  plica.  A  secLMid  plica  extends  from  the  man- 
dible across  the  rictus  oris  to  the  upper  plica.    A  second  longitudinal 


-i         A 


A I 

Tf 
of  \\ 
<leV( 
is,  11 


THE    BATIIACIIIA    OF    NOUTll    AMERICA. 


lOf) 


pliiM  t'xleiuls  from  this  to  tlio  guhir,  iiiclosiii{(  an  ovate  tMilargcd  area, 
Mini  a  sln)rt  one  to  the  orbit  incloses  a  postorbital  siibroiind  and  smaller 
ai'iM. 

'riiciMnnniissureof  the  mouth  is  more  undulate  in  males  than  in  lemales, 
liiit  both  present  a  slight  elongation  of  the  symphysis,  produced  exter- 
II  illy  by  a  pad  of  crypts.  The  M'idth  of  the  head  enters  the  length 
.").(>(!  times.  The  vomerine  teeth  are  often  wanting,  and  when  present 
iiie  minute  and  few.  Their  basis  is  a  ridge,  whi(!h  extends  from  behind 
(lie  middle  of  the  posterior  nares  Jicross  the  palate  with  a  posterior  con- 
vexity. The  parasplienoid  patches  are  small  and  not  in  contact;  they 
do  not  extend  to  opposite  the  middle  of  the  orbits. 

The  median  toes  are  elongate,  and  as  in  I).  orliroplKva ;  they  fail  to 
meet  by  four  interspaces  when  pressed  to  the  side.  The  tail  has  a  char- 
acteristic form,  which  is  invariable  at  all  periods;  near  the  base  the  sec- 
tion is  trigonal ;  the  dorsal  keel  increases  in  elevation  and  becomes  a 
narrow  tin  i»osteriorly  ;  the  extremity  is  attenuated.  Its  length  is  just 
ecpial  to  that  of  the  remainder  of  the  animal. 


^/ 


^ 


f 


I' 


^ii|!; 


i 


I 


■  A 


a.i 

'A 

tf 

;  1 

11 

''! 

'1 

VVi.ix.  Demiwfjnathtis /iinyjt  fituca.    No.  40.    (^arli.sle,  Pa. -,  f. 


i     i 


There  are  two  color  varieties,  which  blend  together  so  as  to  indicate 
that  no  higher  value  can  be  attached  to  them  ;  one  of  these  is  the  Sala- 
iiKtniIra  aKricidata  of  llolbrook. 

AImim-  Itiown,  Willi  ^r.iy  an<l  iiinksliiuh'S  ;  widcs  iiiid  belly  iiiiirblcd,  the  pale  predoiii- 
iiiatinjf ;  no  red  .sjiots  on  sides xur.fnsca. 

Aliove  and  Hides  black;  llit^  latter  with  a  .series  of  .small  fed  wpoLs;  a  red  spot  IVoin 
eye  to  eantliiis  of  mouth,  present  or  absent ;  belly  marbled,  the  dark  itredominat- 
iu'^ var.  aiiriciilata. 

The  latter  variety  occurs  only  in  the  Southern  States;  the  tubercle 
of  the  angle  of  the  eye  and  the  upper  lateral  i)ores  are  often  better 
developed  in  it  than  in  var.  Fiisca,  therefore  api»roachiiig  I),  nigra.  It 
is,  however,  easily  distinguished  from  the  latter.    Sundry  si)ecimeus 


ti 


r 


V'\ 


:  xaaux^assuzra 


19G 


lUII.LKTlN    ;il,    IINH'KU    STATKS    NA'lloNAL    MTSKIM. 


1 


M  '?, 


lack  the  red  si»(»ts,  aixl  ollieis  liavo  palor  hi'Ilies,  itvsoniUliiig  tiius  tlio 
darker  Fiusciu.    Tlii'  si/e  is  the  siune. 


Fill.  -to.  Pcuviiipniithiin/iifCti  (firiculdta.     Xo. — . ;  J. 

Ill  tlie  youii^'  of  IK/Ksca  tlicie  is  ii  .sciies  of  piiikisli  iiKioiiiplelt  I.v 
sejiiinited  alternating  spots,  in  two  series,  eoverin;,'  ilie  wliole,  dorsal 
re>;i()n;  tliey  are  rarely  so  well  distinjjiiislied  or  so  brijjjlit  as  in  tlic 
specimen  of  the  same  which  furnished  the  type  of  IFollirook's  S.  (juatl- 
rimaviildtd.  The  pink  fades  to oraiif^e  brown  or  oclii  r,  and  to  pale  lirowii, 
with  a^'e,  and  at  the  fnllest  maturity  all  are  lost  in  a  uniform  blackisli 

Mvasiinminln  of  Xo.  (W.)2,  in  incites. 

IllCllt'H. 

Lciiji,'(li  axial,  from  siioiit  to  rictus  oris :i 

Leiij,'!!!,  axial,  tVoiii  snout  ti>  axilla 71 

Lt'iij,'tli,  axial,  I'loin  Niiont  to  ^roiii l.;t:, 

Lciijjtli,  axial,  from  snout  to  end  of  vent '2.'.i 

Lcn!^;li.  axial,  from  snout  to  end  of  tail 4.(i 

Len<;t!i  of  fore  limli Iv! 

Length  of  fore  foot I"> 

Lengtli  of  hind  limb (i-J 

l,eiij,'th  of  hind  foot "Jii 

Width  of  sole  foot 1(1 

AVidtli  of  head  at  rictus  oris. :i7.") 

Width  of  body  at  miildle .'if) 

Habitat,  etc. — This  si)ecies  lives  chiefly  JUiionj;  the  stones  in  the  many 
shallow  rivulets  iind  springs  of  the  hilly  and  monntainons  regions 
of  the  country.  It  is  not  so  partial  to  deeper  iind  stiller  waters  as  tlie 
Spclcriirs  ruber,  hut  prefers  the  rapid  and  shallow  streamlets;  here  it 
may  be  found  under  every  stone,  or  its  delicate  larva  may  be  ob.served 
darting  rapidly  from  jdacy  to  place,  seeking  concealment  among  mud 
and  leaves.  The  />.  fusat  is  one  of  the  most  active  and  vigorous  of  our 
species.  The  i)eciiliiir  structure  of  tlu^  temporal  muscle  and  its  ten- 
dons, and  of  the  occipital  condyles,  with  the  siriiigth  of  the  bones  of 
the  front,  enable  it  to  bnri'ow  among  stones  and  in  earth  more  readily 
than  the  species  of  other  genera.  When  pursued,  it  runs  ami  wriggles 
out  of  sight  with  the  gretitest  rapidity,  and  is  (piickly  concealed  by  as- 
sistance of  its  dusky  c(dors. 

Professor  Baird  originally  noticed  the  enritais  disi)osition  of  the  eggs 
iu  this  species,  which  I  have  verified  on  a  lew   occasions.    As  in  the 


J 


M 
17 

47 
fi8 
OH 


rw^ 


THE   nATRACiriA   OV   NOUTlI    AMKRICA. 


197 


) 


I 


iiiiiii'ou.s  genua  Alytes,  tlni  psK'^j  '^"  I'lnissioii,  uro  comu'C'ted  by  an  iilbu- 

iiiiiioiis  tlirt'iul,  which   soon  coiitr.Kst.s  iiiul  hanliMis.     One  of  the  soxes 

protects  this  rosary  by  wr.ippiii;;  it  sevenil  times  roiiiul  the  body  iiiiil 

reiiiiiiiiiii}f  cuuceiiled    in   a  (ionipiiratively   dry   spot.     How   \ou{i   this 

;;niird  continnes  is  not  known. 

Tiie  most  lOastern  specimen  I  luiveseen  is  from  Kssex  (!onnty,  Mass. 

ISesiiU's  a  {^reat  nnmber  of  spe<!imens  in  tiie  Mnsenm  of  the  PhihuU'l- 

pliia  Ac''':Mny,  the  foHowin;;'  form  llie  Smithsonian  basis  of  the  exanii- 

niition  : 

DeamoijiuitliiiH fiiura  J'liMca  Kalincs«iue. 

KKSKUVE  SKUnCS. 


('litil1ii;:ili' 
iiiiiiiIm'I'. 


7!H)I 
hf74 

h:i:iJ 
riiiHi 

:i!iii4  , 
;mi:.  I 

IIH'.Hi 


Ni>.  of 

Npt'L'. 

21! 


[^(loiilily. 


:iU(i!) 
:i!iu 

hMIJ 
(iSM 
KS.'H 
li:il7 
«>(i:t 
7s:in 

:i!tl!t 

:iMhO 

(;h:i(i 
sk:ii 
:i7K4 
llttii 

7!llM 
;i!)ll! 

:i7ii:t 

KKi:. 
:is7ii 
;iii7H 

.'I'.Ki:. 

171H 
4717 

08:1(1 
«is:ij 


I 


I 

K 

10 

ID 

.'i 

2 

III 

ir. 
1 
1 

u 

(j 


diirlisli'.  I'll   

M:iliilfvilli>,  I.:i 

Kinsldii,  N.  i; 

.Mrailvillr,  IM 

(^'iiiliilc,  Vii 

Siilcm,  \.(;  

N;ishvillc,  da   

Alilicvilli',  S.  C 

Wc.sl|i(irl,  N.  V 

'I'l   IlllfSSt'i'  

CI  kImiiiiii  Ciiillit  v.    I'oilli 


WllCIl 

(MiUi'cled. 


From  whom  icceivod. 


N..V.-,  IS78 


Aiij:.  5,  IKSU 


Vin{.  S.  V.  Iliiinl 

N.  ().  Ai'aclnniv   

W.'lshtM' A  MiliiiT 

I'ldl'i'MHcir  WillianiK  . ., 

I'lof.  S.  K  Itairil  

.1    T.  Miwliack , 

\V.  .1.  Tavliir  

Pn.l.  S.  [■:  ltair.1  

j      . .  <1(>      

lK7fl  .r.  N.  It.  SiarlMMKiiKh... 
.  lid 


:-8  :i 

.'■. 

:iii|4 

:i 

:i»(i8 

3 

:i8!)l 

& 

:i7i;o 

:i 

11. -.la 

1 

4K4:i 

1 

aui2 

4 

u:iot 

•1   ' 

1*477 

>l 

:iii25 

:! 

UIIUI 

10 

(wai 

- 

1«51 


r.iliiniliiis,  Uliiii '   I'ldl.  I,.  I.i's(|iii'HMix. 

itiaiii;!'.  N.  .1     Dr  .J.  (i()<in|)i  r  . 

ritl>liiiii;li,  I'a 

Ilii;lilaiiil  Ciiiiiity,  Oliiii 

Km  aw,  Ml 

Mi'<Hissi|i|ii    

I'liil.iili'i|ilii  I.  I'lV 

U.ick  Cii'.k.  D.C   

lliiiiiU\  i:li',  Iml 

All  n.mlai  k,  N.  Y  

N'lii  I'll  k.  (.'oiiii  

(ilouii'slrr,  Mil 

(ilip'ircslur,  Vii 

Kii  rlM>ri>iiL:li,  (ia    

H.I„\i,  Mis.H 


NiitillK  of 
H|irrimi  ii. 


A! 


1H7 


(:,<].  IJ   I..  ('.  Wiiili^s I 

J.  Itlcliaril  I 

I'.  I,.  JdUV I  I. 

III.  K.  Ilaviiiiiiiil { 

K.CIaikii' ! 

A.  V.  Wiioslor j 

(!) ! 

lir  w.'i.'.JiVnVH "!!!;.'.'.'! 

(;.  Itilliuau ! 


riiliiilic. 
Oil. 
Do. 
Dii. 
Do. 
I>i>. 
I  o. 
l)i>. 
Oil. 
1)11. 
1)11. 
I  III. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


Do. 
niva. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


UKNEUAI.  SKUlIiS. 


I 


•JO 
1 


1 

Hi 

*J7 
.'I 
I 

I! 
2 

•I 

\ 

I 

I 'JO 


Sali«m,N.(; 

Illj.'lilaii(l  CoHiily.Oliio    J  

Mivicl  villi',  I 'a ,  Williams 

Aujjiisla,  (!.i     ;   Win.  I'liil  i|n 

(•> I   (.') 

Kraiiklio  Coiiiitv,  Ti  nil 1  .1.  N.  Ii.  S  iiiltoinoKli 

WiisliiiiL'loi,  D.  (;    '   (.'» 

<'oliipil)ia,.s.  C I   Dr.  (i>o.  A.  Moraii,!'.  S.  A 

U'a-ililii;;lOM,  D  (!  I   Dr.  10.  (!oUrs 

fliuki'Coiihlv,  Va ' [  (".  It.  K.  Kciinrrly 

Sal.iii  N.(;    ; ' .1.  T.  Liiiiliaik  .: 


Amli'iMiiii.  S.  C 


(^iiiriiinati,  Oliio. 
(Iliiiilnrtloii.  S  C 
Wvlhi'villr,  Vii  . 

fa'rlisli",  I'll 

.il<i 


Miss  I'ailK^ 

(f) 

.1.  N.  It.  Sraibormijjii. 

..        '   (.') 

1HK.'>      Col.  M.  Mi'Domilil  ... 
I  Prof.  .S.  K  liain; 

.III! 


MI.H.sis<l|i|ii Dr.  .Sliiiiiiiiaril 

Dayton,  Ala i  Kil^ffwortli 

I'"aii(iiiii'r  (Joniity,  Va [  (;.  \V.  Sliciirinanii 

SnimiiiMv.llc^,  N.  (,' I  .1.  McN'air 


1  > 
2 


.ilo 

Knoxvillo,  TiMin 

Columlila  (^iiiiiity,  I'li 

(ioorjiiu 1 

ilo 

ilo 

...  ilo 

ilo 


■  !  (.'1 

.1  I'lolM.  It.  Mililii-ll 

Dr.  Ilinclc'isoii 

I  Di .  W.  L  .1   m:n  .... 

.;    ....    ilo 

llll 


Ilo 
ilo 


Aliviliolir. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Ilo. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
D.i. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


IfU 


I---! 


198  BULLETIN   ;il,    UNITKD   STATES   NATIONAL    MUSEITM. 

DcsmoijiialhuH  fimca  tiiiricnlala  IloHtrook. 
KESKUVK  SEKIliS. 


Ontnlii'iiic 

No.  of 

iiiiij 

spec. 

Rno« 

8 

HHII) 

Id 

:in(ii 

1  ; 

(m:io 

5 

»8C0 

3 

Locnlily 


Oakloy,  S.  (' 

('iiiciiiiiiiti,  Oliio  ... 
1  ■  Itiifbinoii^li,  (jii  . . . 

(.'» 

Knoxvillc,  Ti'iiM  — 


When 

I'olU'l'tcll. 


Apiil  ."i,  IH77 


Kioiii  whom  iTi'i'ivi'd, 


K.  \V.  Hay  ward 

.1.  N.  1!.  Sr:iiI)i>ioii};li. 
Dr.  \V.  L.  .lolifs 

(.') 

I'rof.J.Jl.  Milcli.ll  .. 


Nature  of 

!4|IVI'illlrII. 


A!(  iiliolic 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


I 


DESMOCiNATHUS  NIGRA  (irc.n.* 

Baird,  .Iimrii.  Acad,  riiila.  (•,')  i,  \^.'2di> ;  Copo,  rroecc.l.  Ac,  Pliilji.,  IHd'.t, 
J).  117;  .Straiuli,  Salam.,  p.  "li ;  (iray,  Cat.  liatr.  (irail.  Brit.  Miis., 
0(1. 1,  p.  -10;  Boiilengcr,  Cat.  liatr.  (iia<l.  Brit.  iMiis.,  «m1.  ii,  I*,--.',  j..  7'.». 

Salamaitilra  nigra  Grcoii,  Jouni.  Ac.  I'liila,  i,  p.  Ii.")'.'. 

TiiloH  nii/ff  Ilolbr.,  N.  A.  Hcrp.,  ami  )>.  HI,  I'l.'i?. 

AmhUjHioma  n'Kjnim  Diiiii.A;  Bibr.,  ]>.  10.'>. 

J'hthodon  n'Kjvr  IIalli)\v..  Jour.  Ac.  Pliila.  (2),  in,  p.  :M4,  partim. 

Tliis  i.s  the  most  robust  SiilaiiiaiHlor  of  tlie  oastorn  ro;;i(>n.s  oC  our 
zoological  roalin;  it  i.s  not  so  sIimkUm'  as  the  (ii/rinophilusporphi/riticns, 
and  isainudi  stronger  animal.  AscompanMl  with  the  P./usca  it  isiinnli 
larger,  tlie  tail  ismoreconii)rosse(l  and  extensively  finned,  and  the  color 
is  uniibrmly  different.  Mesides  the  ciiaracters  already  pointed  out  in 
the  table,  it  differs  from  ]>.fuscii  as  follows:  The  parasfdienoid  i)atcli(s 
of  teeth  are  prolonged  more  anteriorly,  and  approach  very  near  the 
vomerines  in  most  instances;  tliey  are  always  i)rol(niged  beyond  tlie 
middle  of  the  orbits  ;  their  prolongation  is  at  the  same  time  nsirrowed, 
and  in  most  the  patches  are  not  distinguished  at  this  point.  Tlie  v(»m- 
erine  series  are  better  distinguished  (though  not  always),  being  obli<ine, 
sepiirate,  and  not  extending  beyond  nares.  Tlie  tongue  is  in  (  ight  sped 
mens  examined  nearly  round,  while  it  is  always  a  long  oval  in  the  two 
other  Desmognathi ;  tinally,  tlie  only  male  does  not  po:-.sess  the  black 
pigment  coat  of  the  testes  always  present  in  the  others,  though,  as  in 
them,  the  vas  deferens  is  black.  The  body  is  stouter,  and  the  width  of 
the  head  enters  the  length  to  the  groin  les.s  than  five  times — in  the 
others  always  more;  this  is  also  expressed  by  the  existence  of  only 
twelve  costal  plica',  and  the  fact  that  the  appressed  limbs  are  only  s"p- 
aratt'd  by  2}r  intercostal  s])accs. 

Tlie  postorbilal  plicae  are  not  strongly  marked.  The  mucous  pores 
are  well  de\eloped,  and  the  two  lateral  series  are  often  distinct  in  alco- 
holic specimens  by  their  white  color;  when  they  become  dry  they  ar.' 
(liflicnlt  to  observe.  There  are  two  rather  distant  gularseiies  within 
the  mandibular  rami  on  each  side,  and  one  on  eacdi  side  exlending  in 
wards  and  forwards  from  the  gular  jdica.  The  superior  lateral  series 
extends  from  the  orbit  to  near  the  end  of  tlie  tail ;  the  inferior  round 
the  humeri  to  each  side  the  pectoral  region. 

•  IMatc  ID,  lig.  1. 


l.r 


I  .CM 


I, 
I. 

\Vi 
\Vi 
Wi 
\Vi 
Wi 


/i(.s 
coi 
W;l 

spr 
am 
wit 
to  I 
n'tic 
spri 
it  fi 
fan  I 

:l  ni( 


Jl 


r 


iiii:  iJATRAcir.v  or  north  amurica. 


199 


TIjo  idopoitioiis  oftlie  fingers  are  as  in  iKJ'usea;  they  are  entirely  free. 
Tiie  eyes  are  prominent,  witli  tliieli  oi>a(iiie  paljtebrue.  A  tubercle  oeeu- 
pies  tlie  iinterior  angle,  wliicli,  after  an  exiuninatioti  of  tliat  in  D./usca, 
is  i)roven  to  be  a  disMienibernient  of  the  superior  eyelid. 

The  coloration  is  uniform  in  about  twenty  specimens  examined.  It 
is  simple,  viz:  Uniform  blaclc  above  and  below,  except  the  muzzle  from 
between  the  eyes,  the  lower  Jaw,  the  end  of  the  tail,  and  the  soles  of 
the  feet,  which  are  brown. 


Fi<i 


4  3 

.Irt.   DfHinoijnrithiii'  iii'i/rn 


Ni».  39'.':i.     Ahbovill.',  S.  O.;  },  f. 


MiiiaiiirmciilH  (»/ No.  '.V,^>'.\,  in  inches. 

Indies. 

I,i'n;;tli,  ;ixi,il,  from  ciul  of  iiiii/zlc  to  oiliit 2'.) 

I,('ii«;tli,  axial,  from  t'lid  of  iiiii/./'i^  to  cuntliiis  oris !'>rt 

l,('ii,;;lli,  ;i\i.ii,  from  cud  of  iiiiiz/l(>  to  ax II In l.'J'J 

l.i'M;;lii,  iixial,  fiom  ciui  ol   iiiii/zU^  to  }iroiii ;t.  i»;$ 

1/iijilli,  axial,  fioiM  I'lul  of  muzzle  to  cml  (.f  voiit, I?.  7() 

l.c'ii^lli,  axial,  from  t'lid  of  mtizzlt>  to  cud  of  tail  (i.  i)G 

I, CM  Hill  ol'  fore  liiiili (i!> 

l.eili;tll  of  fore  foot i!(5 

l.cii^lli  of  liiiid  liml) l.O'i 

I.eiiu'lli  of  liiiid  fool 47 

Willi  li  of  hind -fool  sole 27 

Willi li  lici  wccii  cyc.s  ill  front :iO 

Width  at  can  111  us  oris Cm 

Will  111  of  hoily 7't 

Will  111  of  liody  ;il  sacriiiu ,')4 

ll(ihil>!,  cIc.—TUis  creature  is  aquatic;  but  iifter  the  fashion  of  the  7). 
fiisca  it  occurs  only  in  slmllow  stony  brooks.  It  is,  so  far  its  known, 
conrincd  to  the  AUeohiiny  mountain  ranges  from  Pennsylvania  south- 
w;»rds.  It  is  abundant  in  the  streams  of  the  rocky  ravines  and  cold 
springs  in  the  remotest  depths  of  the  forest,  where  its  retreat  is  cool 
and  dark.  It  seeks  .'.onceaime.it  uiuler  loose  stones  and  sliibs  of  slate 
with  great  activity,  and  is  not  easily  caught.  Its  habitat  does  not  seem 
to  be  shared  by  any  species  but  the  D./tiRcn;  the  fijirinophilKH  porpliji- 
riticiis,  the  other  characteristic  Alleghany  species,  haunting  standing 
springs  and  bogs,  where  stones  are  not  so  numerous.  Green  described 
it  from  Pennsylvania,  but  IJaird,  who  i.s  familiar  with  the  Alleghany 
fauuiiof  our  State,  says  he  has  not  observed  it  near  Carlisle;  nor  have 
:\  met  with  it  north  of  Virginin,  where  it  is  common.    Besides  Green's 


I .' 


1 1 

4 


■ui 


!    'i 


?' 


'I'      ' 


ii 


20;)  lillLLETIN    ;VI,    CKITKD   STATKS    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

{yim  and  .specimuiis  iVoiii  near  tlie  Kanawha  River,  in  soiitliwcstoni 
Virginia,  in  the  iMiihi(U'l|>hia  Academy  Museum,  the  Smithsonhm  con- 
tains tlie  following: 

Di'smtii/iialliiiH  iiiyni  Green. 


eiit..l()^iio  NiuiiIh'v 

lllllllllUI'.     j  of  M|IUC. 


Locality. 


WluMico  aiiil  liow 
olilaiijril. 


3880 
392:1 

14U0 


0  I  (;i.(>i"ia  ,  Dr.  W.  Ii.  "'iiiirs. 

4      AhlM'villi'.S.  (• ■  1>1-.''-  r-.  liaiiiilt. 

•>     (iilcs  Cimiitv,  Vi\   K.  D.Odiii'. 

1  I   Wyllio  (.'oiiiitv,  V;i <"'>1.  M..Mil)(Piialcl. 


SALA.MANDKIJJ.K.* 

Oiiiy  PioccL'd.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  18.")H,  p.  142.     Cope,  Jouni.  Ac.  Phil., 

iscr),  p.  107. 

Noethinoid  bone.  Palatine.s  with  i)o.sterior  separate  processes  e\. 
tending  over  tlie  parasphenoid,  bearinjj;  teeth  on  their  inner  margins. 
Prel'rontals  and  pterygoids  present.  Parietal  entirely  separated  from 
jtrefroiitals  by  broad  frontals.  Orbitosphenoid  continent  with  prootie. 
No  d(Mitigeroiis  plates  on  the  paraspheuoid.  No  postfronto  s(piamosal 
ar:'.h.  The  ceratohyal  free,  connected  with  the  (piadrate  by  liganienf. 
Carpus  and  tarsus  osseous.  Vertebne  opisthoctelous.  No  otoglossal 
cartilage. 

The  hyoid  apparatus  in  this  family  is  like  that  of  the  IMethodontidie. 
There  is  a  hyi)ohyal  on  each  side,  of  the  anterior  extremity  of  the  basi 
branchial  which  does  not  irticul.itc!  with  the  ceratohyal.  In  Triturus, 
Salainandra,  and  IlemisalamaiidiM,  it  is  short  'Mate  30,  (ig.  S) :  while 
in  Chioglossa  it  is  recurved  posteriorly,  passing  under  the  ceratohyal 
of  each  side,  and  almost  reaching  tlu  basibranchial  again  near  the  point 
of  origin  of  the  ceratol)ranchi;il  (Plate 30,  fig.  9).  It  thus  forms  a  nearly 
complete  ci'ch',  suj)i)orting  the  circumference  of  the  tongue.  This 
circle  has  the  same  function  as  that  in  Amblystoma,  but  is  of  diiVerciil 
homologicjal  value.  Api)ropriately  to  this  functional  resemblance  to 
the  American  forms,  the  proximate  extremity  of  the  ceratohyal  is  at 
tached  to  the  distal  extremity  of  the  suspeihsoriiim,  but  by  ligament. 
In  ITemisalamandra,  on  the  other  hand,  it  is  attached  to  the  pwri  nal 
l)artof  the  same  by  ligament,  thus  furnishing  a  condition  intermediatei 
between  the  types  of  (Miioglossa  and  of  Dieinyctylus. 

This  family  is  condned  to  tlie  Old  World.     It  embraces  the  following 
genera: 

L  Miixillary  and  pti'rv},'()id  Ijones  .scpaiiite,  the  fornier  not  rearliinj;  iiiiadratc. 
<f.    No  liKUUientoiiH  postfronto  Hiiuaniosal  areli. 


Tonj;U(^  Im^jc,  fii'c.  except  011  tlic  .anterior  lialf  of  Hie  nit'dijin  line;  fcclli  in 
two  loniritiidinal  t  iirved  Hcrii-H <'htoiihni>«i, 

Ton^iU!  lari^e,  scarcely  free,  at  edfre.s  ;  (cetli  in  two  ionj{iti»dinal  cnrveiU;e- 
ries Saldiiiaiitlni. 

Ton^^ue .small,  not  fr(!e;  teetli  in  two  stiaij^lit,  p  trallel  Heries..  Iliminalanuiiidva. 


r 


II. 


IK 


Joi 


1 


I 


*^  f 


TITK    HATRACniA    OF   NORTH    AMI'^RICA.  201 

(\(X.  A  lij;;iiii('ii(()ns  iiostfroiito-siiUiUiiosiil  arch. 

Toiij^iit' siiiiill ;  voiiicnipiiliitinc.  Iciali  in  loiii^iliiiliiiiil  Mcrii;s,  wliiuli  convoi'j^u 

and  join  anteriorly,  fDnniii^^  a  /^ TrilitniH. 

II.  IMi'ryyoid  united  broadly  with  nia::illary  bon?. 

I'oHt('lonto-.s(|naniosal    arch   partly  lif^atiiontons ;  tongue  littlo   fri'c ;    teeth 
rorniinj;  a  A Piichyliilon 

The  si)(>(;ies  of  this  family  let'onled  in  IJonleiigor'.s  CatiUogue  of  the 
l)iitish  >[usouiii  an'  the  following: 

Chio(jhtsf<a  hmitaniea  IJoeago,  Portugal,  and  northwest  Sjtain  ;  Sala- 
niaiithti  uiacnlosd  L., central  andsouthern  Europe,  Algiers, Syria;  IS.dtt'a, 
Laur.,  the  Alps,  2,r)(>()  to  12,000feet;  »S'.  caucnsica  Waga,  Caucasus;  Hon- 
isdlanntndm  cr'tstata  Laur.,  Europe;  Trifunis  blunii  De  I'lsle,  north- 
west France;  T.  marmoratun  Latr.,  France,  Spain,  Portugal;  T.  alpcs- 
/;/.v  Liitir.,  central  Europe;  T.  ntlfjaris  Linn.,  Europe,  except  southern 
France,  Spain,  ami  Poitiigal;  temperate  Asia;  T.  vrocntm  ('oi)e,  Syria  ; 
7'.  7)innt(inus  Savi,  CorsicM ;  I'lfchytriton  hrccipes  Sauvage,  South  Kiansi, 
China. 

PLEUIJODELID.E. 

('ope,  .Jonrii.  Acad.  I'hila.,  18-*li.  p.  lUS. 
J'lnir<i(kU(Iir  and  SinntoliiJir  <lray,  I'loeeed.  Zool.  ,Soe.  Lonilon,  l.rri"*,  p.  M".'. 

No  ethmoid  bone.  Vomeropalatine  bones,  witli  posterior  separate 
processes,  «'xtending  over  the  i»arasphenoid,  and  having  teeth  on  their 
inner  margins.  Prefrontals  and  pterygoids  present.  Parietals  not 
entbraiting  the  broad  frontals.  No  dentigerous  plates  on  the  parasphe- 
noid  bone.  An  osseous  pcstfrontosquamosal  arch.  Ceratohyal  iree, 
(M)nne<!ted  with  quadrate  by  ligament.  Carpus  and  tarsas  osseous.  Ver- 
tebra', opisthoccelous.     No  otoglossal  caitilage.     (Plate  34,  ligs.  2-7). 

This  family  differs  from  the  Salamandrida)  oJily  in  its  post  fronto- 
squamosal  arch.  Kiuliments  of  it  already  appear  in  some  members  of 
the  latter. 

The  geneni  of  this  family  are  all  found  in  the  Old  World.  One  of 
them  is  represented  by  two  species  in  North  America.  They  are  dis- 
tinguished as  follows  : 

I.  Maxillary  bone  not  reachinjj;  quadrate. 
(X,  Ribs  not  pertoratinj;  the  skin. 

Toe.s,  ■! SalainniiilriiKi.* 

Toes,  .") Itii'mjiiiiihiii. 

iY(X.  Rib.s  perforating  the  skin;  vonicropalatiiK^  teeth  in  a  /\. 

'i'oe.s  r> I'leiiroih'lin. 

II.  Maxillary  bono  reaching  quadrate. 

Toes  .') (1  lossoIcgaA 

The  species  of  the  above  genera  arc  as  follows  :  SalamandriHa  pcr- 
)itillata  Savi,  Ftalv;  Dioniirtiilus  vittatua  Gray,  Asia  Minor,  Syria; 


fipt 


/>.  pxbuafus  St'hneid.,  central  an.d  western  Euroi)e;  ]>.   ^nontanihniii 
IJoul.,  aMohlavia;   />.  hnsrw  Latasti',  Spain,  Portugal;  J). 2>!l>'rho(faslcr 


!? 


Scirniiold  ltarM<-s. 


t  Tyhlrilon  Anders. 


^02  niTLLETIX    :M,    TTNITKU    STATKS    national    MUSKUJi. 


IJoio,  Japan,  Cliiiia;  P.  sinensis  Gray,  Cliiiiii ,  !>.  lorosus  Escli.,  Cali- 
Ibriiia,  Orej,'oii  ;  />.  riridcsccns  Hal",  Nortli  Ainciica,  oastcni  and  aus- 
trofipariau  rt'-iitns  ;  />.  r«.sxY>«// (l(''ii(',  Saidiiiia  ;  />.  asper  Dngvs,  I'.vr- 
oiiee:-*,  Spain  ;  PIrnrotlclcs  irallli  Miclia'.i.,  Spain  and  Portugal,  Tan- 
{"•iers;  aioss()lc!/(t  itnircli  V,i^vvii\>i,  Al.-^icis;  GJidf/cnmnellcri  hutiista,  Al- 


ff' 


ors;  W.  .'YVTHtusvr  Anderson,  Eastern  Himalayas,  Yunuan. 


DIKMVCTVLUS  Kaf. 

Annals  of  Xiit lire,  Marcli,  l-'-JO,  X...  '22,  p.  ">:  jrallowcll  Jonrn.  A-\  Pliiln. 
(\.  s.).iM,|>.  :!i'>;i:  ('|>1H>,  rroiM'cd.  Ac.  IMiila.,  Irt.V.t,  p.  V>il 

Xoloplillmhinis  ]:ni\\\r:<iint\  I.  (;.[>.:>:   M.iinl,  Jonrn.  Ai'.  I'liila.,  (.v.  .s.)  i.p.'iHI. 
.V»/.v<;  Mcin:::,Tcntaincn,  Syst.  Ain|iliiliiarnni,  l-^Jit.  p.  K> ;   Honlcnjii-r,  Cat.Malr. 

(iiad.  lirit.  Mns.,  ii,  C,  H-i-J,  jciik. 
/•;»;)w/H.v  (MMi<^,.^.vn.  l{.'plil..SMnIinia,  p.'-'S:   Itonap.,  I'anna  Ilalit-M  ;  Ciipf. /.  c, 

)..  1','7. 
('liuojix  'I'sclindi,  I'.afr.,  |s:!>,  p.  '.H. 
Tiiyirlid  (li;iy,  Cat.  li.itr.  (irad.  IJrit.  Mns,,  ISJ,",,  p. ',>,"), 

The  liyoid  api>aratns  in  this  fjenns  is  inn(^li  as  in  thi-  IMcthoilontidai 
and  tii(!  Salaniandrida'.     Tiiere  is  a  small  liypoliyal,  which  does  not 
aiticnlate  with  the  ceratoliyal.     In  Dil'itii/riiilHs  forosiis  there  is  a  .second 
lirocess  on  earh  side  posterior  to  tiie  hyoohyal,*  which  nniy  he  honinln 
jions  with  tlie  sinular  second  lateral  cartilajje  in  Jjin(iii(il(ii>siis  ttniiii 
hitns,  or  even  with  the  oto^^lossal  cartdajic.     The  ceratoliyal  is  divided. 
lliei)roximal  half  o.ssoons.     Tlie  first  ceratol)rancliial  ami  epibianehi.il 
are  osseons.     The  second  ceratobranchiais  ori<"inatc  from  a  hi{j;li  nic 
median  longitn<linal  crest  of  the  hasibranchial.     The  free  extremity  o! 
the  ceratoliyal  i.s  elongate,  and  in  7>.  vitiiU'scciis  it  extends  all  the  way 
to  tlie  inferior  .snrfaee  of  the  exterior  jmocc^s  of  tin;  oxocciptal  l»one.+ 
with  which  it  is  in  close  contact.     In  the  />.  toyoNns  it  <loe,s  not  extend 
so  far.    In  both  species  the  extremity  carries  with  it  the  hyosnspeiisorial 
ligament  which  (ionnects  it  with  the  (piadrate  bone,  which  thus  becomes 
much  longer  than  in  other  genera.     (Plate  4(!,  figs.  .'5,  I.) 

What  name  should  be  applied  to  this  genus  is  nnceitain,  and  may 
jterhaps  ever  remain  so.  The  circumstances  are  a.s  follows:  In  1SI!>,  in 
the  Journal  de  Pliysi(pu', |  Lxxxvill,  p.  IIS,  KafiiM'scpu'  proposed  to 
rei>lace  the  name  Triton  of  Lanrenti  by  his  own  name,  Triturns.  In 
18.-0,  in  the  Annals  of  Xatiire^  for  March,  p.  i,  he  says:  "My  genus 
Triturns  is  the  same  as  the  Triton  of  Dumeril,  there  being  already 
another  genus  of  animals  called  Triton.     It  differs  from  the  Salamandra 


*  I'-ir.st  indicated  tiy  Wicdcrslicini  in  Dcr  KopCslitdct  dcr  ITniddcn,  I'l.  vi,  i\'^.  HI. 

tTliis  was  (irst  shown  inc  liy  Dr.  I'"..  IL  (ialt  in  one  ol'Iicr  disscclioM.s. 

t  I'rodromo  do  soixantc-dix  nonvcanx  jrcnn'.H  d'aninianx  dcco;! verts  dans  I'intc^rieiir 
desfilats  Unis  d'Anu'ri(|tn',  dnrant  I'aniUMi  H18. 

(iiAiinals  of  Xatnn;  or  Annual  Synopsis  of  n<'\v  Genera  of  Animals,  I'lanls,  etc.,  Dis- 
covered in  Xortli  America,  by  C.  .S.  lialhie.stiuc,  Transylvania  University,  Le.\iiijj;ton,. 
Ky.,  Id-JO. 


*       f 


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1 


THE    llATRACIIFA    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


203 


iiiliaviiigacomprt'ssed  tiiil."  UiMk'rtlu.sgoiiii.slieiiiclu(k'<l  fivcsiiocit'.s: 
T.  Iiijpoxanthits,  T  fnnch  ,  7'  rlndcNcciiN,  T.  ncbnlosici,  am]  T.  minidtiis. 
The  T.fnsciiti  is  the  Iksimxjn'itlmn  fuscn  of  IJaiid  ;  the  T.  riritlcticcns  aiul 
T.  miniatUH  are  iiiehuled  under  tlie  present  j^eniis,  while  the  application 
of  the  other  two  names  is  unknown.  Under  the  head  of  the  T.  riri- 
ihsi'cnx  (p.  5),  he  reniarks:  "  it  must  form  a  peculiar  subgenus  Diemyc- 
tjlus,  distinguished  by  the  forefeet  semipalmate,  with  four  ecpial  toes, 
the  i)osterior  with  only  tliree  toes  and  two  lateral  knobs;  Jaws  nearly 
ecpial,  eyes  elliptic,"  etc.  Immediiitely  following  on  the  same  page  the 
author  proposes  tiie  subgeneric  name  Notophthalmus  for  the  T.  miniatiis, 
in  the  following  language:  "It  has  almost  tli(^  chariu-tors  of  tlic^  sub- 
genus J)iemyctylus,  but  differs  yet  iVom  it  by  having  the  toes  of  the 
fore  leet  free  and  unecpial,  the  lateral  ones  much  shorter,  whence  it  may 
form  another  subgenus  Notoi»hthaImus." 

The  lirst  jtublication  of  the  name  Triturns  makes  it  synonymous 
with  the  Triton  of  Laurenti,  and  all  subse(iuent  uses  of  the  name,  even 
l>y  tiie  same  author,  nnist  yield  to  this  one.  Now  Ijaurenti  does  not  in- 
cludi^  a  single  species  of  J)iemyctylu8  in  his  Triton,  so  that  the  name 
is  not  applicable  to  the  i)resent  genus.  It  must  be  applied  to  a  genus 
of  Salamandrida;  whose  sjjecies  are  i>laced  by  Uoulenger  in  the  section 
i'  '  /  of  his  genus  Molge,  which  is  without  i»ostfronto  scpiamosid  arch. 

One  year  later  than  IJallnesqne,  IMerrem  (ISiMi)  proposed  the  name 
Molge  for  a  series  of  species  wnich  euibraced,  with  tliose  of  Triturus, 
one  species  of  Dii'myctylus,  iKpalnidtits  {MoJ<ir  pdlnxtld  Sclnicid.).  The 
Trituri  being  abstracted  by  (he  jtrior  name,  Molge  should  remain  for 
(lie  last-named  species.  Hut  it  was  in  tiie  same  year  that  Kaliiiesipie 
proposed  Dii-myctylus  for  the  same  g<Mins,  and  it  now  liecomcs  a  »]ues- 
tion  as  to  the  day  of  the  year  on  which  the  works  of  these  two  authors 
were  respectively  issued.  As  IJaiini'sipie's  bears  the  early  date  of 
March,  I  retain  it  un(il  it  is  shown  (hat  Merrem's  Tentaujcn  was  pub- 
lished i)reviously.  On  this  point  1  Inae  not  as  yet  obtained  delinite 
infoimation. 

The  two  North  American  species  of  this  genus  ditferas  follows: 

llciid  wider,  lint,  witlioiit  keels;  middle  rm;iers  :ind  toes  sliorler  ;  ('(dois  nnifdi'in,  nn- 
s|ti)tted  ;  liiiyi^r I>,  Ioi'h.^k.i. 

I  lend  narrow,  more,  eluviiteil,  ami  with  two  lon^itiidiiial  keels;  middle"  (iiij;eis  and 
toes  lon^rer  ;  spotted  more  or  less  tliiikly  :  smaller If.  riridrficciin. 

r.otli  of  these  sjtecies  are  aquatic  iJi  their  habits,  and  they  are  the 
only  si)e(;ies  found  in  North  America  which  are  truly  so;  that  is,  they 
do  not  live  on  the  bottom  or  under  stones,  but  swim  or  suspend  tliem- 
selves  in  comparatively  deep  water. 


I'l 

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¥ 


201      miLi.KTix  :ii,  unitkd  stati;s  natioxai.  MUsiarM. 

1)IKMV(  TVMJS  TOKOSUS  Escli. 

(I'latis  :i<i,  liy.  '2;  :W,  lijis.  1-4 ;  ■{->,  fi{j.  d  ;  4y,  lig.  3.) 

Copp,  Cb(>ck-Li.st  Hatr.,  Kept.  N.  Amcr.,  15iill.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mils.,  i,  p. 
2,-1,  187"). 
Tiiloii  loro^iiH  Escli.,  Zool.  Atlas,  p.  12,  PI.  21,  (if,'.  T) ;  Straucli,  Salain.,  p.  f!(). 
S(i lama  11(1  ra  heechcyi  Oray,  in  fJrill'.  A.  K.,  i.,  p.  107,  and  Zool.  BcccIh'.v'.s  Voy.,  PI.  :!l, 

Triton  crmani  Wioyin.,iii  Erman'M  Kois('  niii  dio  E.df,  p. 21. 

Salamatidra  (Triton)  tjranuUmi  Skilton,  Amcr.  .Toiini.  (2).  vii,  p.  2(»2. 

yotoplhalmiii^  torosiiH  Uaird.  .loiirii.  Ac.  Pliila.  (2),  i,  p.  2^4. 

Tariilia  torosa  (Jray.  Cat.,  p.2.">:  (i Irani,  T.  S.  Kxpl.  Expcd.,  Hcrp.,  p..".,  PI.  1,  (i.  l-H. 

Tmivhu  hn-ix  IJuird  &  (Jirard,  Proc.  Ac.  Pliila.,  18.'):i,  p.  mi. 

Triton  Iivrin  Straiu'li,  I.e. 

Moli/c  lorom  Hoiilciijrcr,  Cat.  13atr.  Grad.  Brit.  Miis.,  second  cd.,  1882,  p.  20. 

TIlis  fine  species  i.s  of  mtlier  robust  proportions.  Tiio  hoail  is  wiiU' 
iiiid  distinct  from  the  neck,  tlirough  tiie  protuberance  of  a  postcrini' 
superior  angle  on  eacli  side.  It  is  also  perfectly  tlat  and  smooth  above, 
e.\ce|)ting  a  f>entle  slope  from  a  line  connecting  the  orbits  '  )  the  end 
of  the  muzzle.  The  body  is  .slightly  compressed,  atid  its  length  from 
a.xilhi  to  groin  is  just  equal  to  the  length  from  the  axilla  to  the  end  of 
th(^  muzzle.  The  tail  is  long,  exceeding  the  length  of  the  head  and 
body  by  the  depth  of  the  latter.  It  is  very  much  compressed,  and  has 
a  wide  dermal  border  both  on  the  inferior  and  the  superior  edges. 

Viewed  from  abo>  e,  the  head  is  contracted  t(twar<ls  tlie  muzzle  with 
curved  lateral  outlines,  and  the  end  of  the  muzzle  is  truncate.  It  al.so 
juojects  considerably  beyond  the  lower  Jaw.  The  iu)strils  appear  to  be 
terminal,  but  directed  laterally,  and  tiie  spacte  between  them  equals 
two  thirds  that  between  the  bases  of  the  eyelids,  and  exceeds  by  one- 
qmu  ter  the  space  between  the  internal  nares.  It  also  equals  the  h'ligth 
from  tlioeye  to  the  nostril,  and  exceeds  by  a  very  little  the  length  of 
the  eye-lissure. 

The  upper  lip  begins  to  descend  posteriorly  at  a  point  halfway  be- 
tween the  nostril  and  the  e.\e,  and  does  not  ri".e  again,  but  conceals  the 
lower  Jaw.  Tlui  rictus  is  Just  behind  the  jiosterior  angle  of  the  eye. 
Anterior  to  this  point  it  is  Joined  on  its  internal  side  by  a  short  lamina, 
which  represents  the  lower  lip  of  the  perennil)ranchiate  species  of 
lialrachia.  This  lip  is  entire)  concealed,  and  there  is  iu)  fold  in  front 
of  it,  on  the  lower  Jaw. 

The  tongue  is  oval,  and  very  small.  It  is  only  free  at  the  sides,  and 
that  but  slightly.  The  vomeropalatine  teeth  are  in  two  straight  series, 
which  converge  forwards  and  Join  directly  between  the  choana'. 

The  limbs  are  robust,  the  posteriiu-  ones  the  nu)reso.  Applied  to  the 
side,  tiiey  overlap  by  the  lengtli  of  the  postericu'  foot  with  tarsus.  The 
digits  ditfer  much  Irom  each  other  in  length,  but  not  so  much  so  as  in 
the  1>.  riridcsccus.  The  second  (first)  finger  is  very  short,  and  the  fifth 
is  a  little  longer,  while  the  third  and  fourth  are  of  usual  length,  the 
third  the  shorter.  1  iie  phalanges  are  l-L'-;{-'-'.  The  toes  are  arranged 
iniicli  as  the  tlnger.s,  the  hmger  ones  of  m.'dinm  length,  and  the  lirst 


# 


Tot 
/-(■ 

l-cn 

Lcn 

Lcnj 
Lcn 

tiitc 
Grcji 
Dcpi 


TIIK    HATKACniA    OF   NOKTII    AMKKICA. 


20;") 


\\ 


11 
h 

st 


very  short.  Tlie  lengths  are,  bogimiiiiy  witli  the  shortest,  l-.i-L*-!-."}. 
The  imiiiber  of  i»hahiiige.s  (aken  in  order  is:  l-U-JJ-.i-L'.  Thi' epider- 
mis oil  the  extreinitii's  of  all  the  digits  is  horny.  Tiiere  are  no  distinet 
palmar  or  phinlar  tnbereles.  1  iiave  not  diseovered  any  horny  phites 
on  the  inner  sides  of  tlio  posteiior  legs,  sueh  as  occur  in  the  1).  rifitJcs- 
cvns  (hiring  the  breeding  season. 

The  cliaraeter  of  the  surface  of  the  skin  varies  aceording  to  the  sea- 
son and  h)eaiity.  In  a  majority  of  specimens  the  upper  siiifaces  are 
sinootli,  but  wrinkled  more  or  less  closely.  In  si)eeimeiis  which  have 
been  exposed  to  drought,  the  surface  becomes  rough,  with  small  liaid 
pnijections.  The  lower  surfaces  are  always  studded  with  minute  lioniy 
points  so  as  to  behisi)id.  These  become  more  numerousand  prominent 
in  specimens  where  the  dorsal  integument  is  roughened.  Lateral  folds 
are  very  obscure  in  this  species,  and  can  only  be  traced  on  the  superior 
part  of  the  sides.  Twelve  such  grooves  may  be  (tounted,  the  first  and  last 
being  opposite  the  humerus  and  femur  respectively.  There  is  a  dis- 
tin(;t  transverse  postgular  fold.  The  digits  have  thin  dermal  margins 
towards  the  base.  The  genitalia  are  very  prominent  during  the  breed- 
ing season,  and  the  orifice  is  longitudinal,  and  its  edges  are  marked 
with  transverse  wrinkles.  Internally  there  is  a  large  promiiient  papilla, 
simulating  an  intromittent  organ,  which  rests  in  a  fossa,  whose  jmste- 
lior  wall  is  comjtosed  of  a  series  of  columnar  papilhe,  which  radiate 
backwards  and  downwards.  The  free  membrane  of  the  edges  of  the 
tail  is  much  reduced,  or  is  even  wanting,  in  the  specimens  with  rough- 
ened skin. 

2 


6  ■'  '  f  4 

Via.  51 .  Dii'mv'''.'/'""  '  irDKim 


No.  11407.    S;iii  Francisco;  J,  f. 
McanKremcnts  of  Xo.  llf)"?. 


M. 


Tdliil  length 170 

Li'iiglli  ol'  liL'ail  iiiid  Itmly 078 

Li'iigth  to  groin OCtl 

Lnigdi  to  axilla O^C. 

Length  to  can  thus  oris Ol'i 

L(!ngth  to  anterior  cantluiH  oeuli 005 

Length  of  Core-leg 027 

Length  of  eiibitiis Oil 

I.iengtii  of  niiinuH 0115 

Length  of  hind  leg (KW 

Length  of  tibia 0085 

Length  of  pes Oi;!(i 

Interorhital  width 075 

Greatest  width  of  head 0175 

Depth  of  tail  at  iniddlu,  with  flu 014 


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i 

1' 


20(J       KiJLLirnx  lii,   i;mti;i»  statks  national  muskum. 

The  iimcoiis  poivs  oC  tliis  species  liavi'.  tlio  tullowiiij;' »listiiliiilioii: 
Tht'.v  Ibniiii  band  on  ciu-Ii  sido  of  \\w  inn/zlc,  nliicii  passes  witliin  the 
c.Vflul  to  Just  behind  tlie  eve,  where  it  divi(h's.  One  line  extends  back- 
wards and  turns  lowaids  tlie  nii(hlle  line  without  joininj;-  its  fellow  of 
I  he  opi)osite  side.  The  other  branch  iiasses  behind  aiul  below  the  e.ve, 
and  Ibrnis  a  patch  on  the  Io:eal  rej;i()M.  On  the  body  the  system  con 
sistf     *■  a  series  of  pores  alonj?  the  lower  part  of  each  side. 

The  coloration  of  this  species  is  simple.  The  sides  and  superior  sur- 
faces of  the  head,  body,  and  limbs  are  brown,  and  the  inferior  surfaces 
are  yellow.  In  rouj;h  sjiecimens  the  brown  becomes  almost  black,  and 
the  yellow  is  correspondin;;ly  deep,  in  smooth  specimens  the  brown  is 
])ale,  and  has  an  olive  tinj-'e.  The  upper  membrane  of  tbo  tail  is  yel- 
lokvi.sh-brown  ;  the  lower  yellow. 

This  species  has  the  widest  I'anjie  ol'  any  Pacific  salamander,  since  it 
extends  from  San  Die^o  on  the  south  to  southern  Alaska  on  the  iiorth. 
It  is  very  abundant  in  some  parts  of  California,  and  may  be  seen  swim- 
ming in  the  streams  and  [)onds  in  numbers. 

l)iciinicl!jliiH  Idiosiih  Kscli. 
UKSKIiVK  SKKIKS. 


(JMtaliiiriic    No.  of 

llllllllii'l'.         nlMT. 


Lociililv. 


uo."i; 

47 
1070 
■lO-Jri 
4tJt(i 
ilL'M 
O-'ir. 
1111)7 

1 1  r)77 

11701 

405J 

!);">■(! 

uri>i."i 

lll'idO 
14107 

i:iit4o 
i:i!i4ii 
i:t!i,')2 

llCifl 
14170 
1 I4MI 
ItlOU 

i:i02s 
n.Mi; 

11704 
4U14 


Wlicn  (ril- 
loiU'tl. 


Fkiim  wIkoi)  received. 


U.  S   Kxpl.  Kxpcil. 


IMmi't  Sound,  Otufjoii   . 

Call  lorn  hi 

i'oit  Stcilacooni,  Wasli Dr.  liro,  Smklcy.  t'.  S.  A 

Kii^foo  (,'it.v,  On  iicin Di.  (,'.(i,  Ncwln'iiy 

Foil  Vanroiivcr,  \\anli..     l)i.  J.  (i.Coiipir 

Koit  Sttilarooii],  Wash 


San  Kianci.tco,  ("al I'.  S.  lOxpl.  K\|i<il 

.do   I  1H79     (iiistav  ICUiii  (;> 

Fresno,  Cal |  \>il'J     liiistav  I'.iscn    

Asto:ia,  Oregon  ' liii  lit.  W.  I'.  Tio«  bridge, 

U.S.A. 

(Jalirornia Dr.  Win  Stiiiii>.-Miii    

Monterey,  Cal   ' Dr.  (  aiilield 


lIuHsler's  Ilailior.  Ala.sUa 
Lako  Coiiiitv,  Cal 

lierkelev,  Cal , 

do: 

Jlinvcdl  Mountains,  Cal.. I 

San  Diejio.  ('al .. 

I'cirl,  (,'lirslcr,  Alaska 

Ni.'<(iiially.  ( IrcLioii 

ltevillajii;i(l')  liar.,  .Mas. 

r.aird,  i'al 

niiniliijlill  Coiiiily,  Cal  .. 

Ficsno,  (;al 

San  Kianeiseu.  C.il  


U.K.  Nieiioks 

18K-)      U.  W.Turner 

1K«I     U.K.C.  Stearn.s 

18*1  I do 

1«K4  .  do 

I.hk:!     Clias.  It.Oieiilt 

188J  1,1.  II.  !•;.  NielKds,  U.  S.  \  . 
Kxpl.  Kxped  

\)<k:>      Dr.  T.  U.Stieets.  C.S.  N.. 

KS.-5     Clias.  ll.TiJWnsend 

ilo i 

(liiHtav  Ki.-ien : 

Dr.  J.  L.  Leeontii* 


Nature  (d' 
Hiieeinieii. 


Aleidiirlie 
Do. 
Ho. 
Do. 
Ho. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Ho. 
Do. 
Ho. 

Do. 
Ho. 
Do. 
Ho. 
Do. 
Do. 
Ho. 
Di. 
Do. 
Ho. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
J)o. 


ilKNKItAr,  SKKMCS. 


40J7 
40  LI 
4011 

Uh.V.' 
11701 

rj7:ii 
i-.;i.''p;i 

40.-,l 
11471 
lliOlO 

401).') 
144.">0 
14401 
144i;.'i 
14400 


1  :  Kl  Dorado  County,  Cal       Dr.C.C.  I!o\le 

1  San  I'lani  iseo,  C  il II.  D   (iitts .. 

1  do Hr.  .1,  I,.  I.eecHiti'  . .. 

•J  Sin  (,iiieiiliii,  Cal April  -  ,  lh71  Capt.  Win.  Hidden  .. 

10  l''ri'.sno,  Cal ..  U;7'.)     liii.slav  Kisen 

:!  liallina^  l'.av.  C,il Il.nipliill 

1  Oakland,  C.il 1'.  L.  .)ouy 

1  I'etalinna.  Cal K.  Sainueis 

1  l'ii;jet,  Sound,  Orejion  . .    I (.') 

4  Fori  I'lnpipia,  Ori'^on..  .1 I.ieutenant  MielikM'. 


(.'). 


(?) 

1     Oregon I (') 

1  ;  KeLseyville,  Cal.  " 


187:!      I<.  Stone 


1  '  Orei^ou 1  1  K.xpl.  lixped. 


Aleoliolie 
Do. 
Do. 
Ho. 
H(i. 
Ho. 
Ho. 
Ho. 
Ho. 
Do. 
Du. 
Do. 
Ho. 
Ho. 
J)o. 


Typo  ol'  T.  Ui-vU. 


mil 
sIk 
^lli 
!lic 
ji'w 

Cl-.i 

l.'lill 

'I 

era 
Til, 
an(| 


■nil';    IIA'I  KAI'lll  A    <M'    Noii'li    AMlinCA. 


207 


1? 


V 


1)1i:my(;tvm  s  viimdksckns  n.it: 

(I'liilcs  ;!(•,,  li,ns.:i-l;  :i'.i;   tit,  li'is.  .VJ ;    n,  li-s.  :i-J;  CJ,  li,^'.  :i ;  •».'.,  li^;.  ;> ;    l.»,  lij;.  1) 

lliillow.,  Jimrii.  Ai'.  riiila.  (N.s.)  ill,  ji.  :M:{  ;  Co\n;  I'ldtcfd  y\i'.  I'liila., 
lrr>i»,  i>,  1-J(1. 

Iriliini^  (IHemjutiiliiK)  ririilcKcciix  Waliii.,  Annals  of  Naturr,  l-'^O,  Xo. 'J'J. 

irdiinis  {Xoti)jililltiiliiiii><)  iiiiiiiithin  Kalin.,  I.e.,  Xii.  'JI, 

SiiliUiiiiiKlni  xtvlliii  Say,  Anicr,  .lonrn.,  i,  j).  '.'(ll. 

S((liiiii(tiitlrti  (loiHnlix  Harlan,  Juiirn.  Ac.   I'liila.,  v,  |>.  I'Jl ;  Wit'd.,  Xova  Ada  Leop., 

(•ami  ,  xxxil,  i>.  l:!l. 
Siildiniiiidnt  niimmrlrlcn  Harlan,  l.r..\K  laT;  Hollir.,  X.  A.   Hfrp.,  v,  p.   fiT,  1'!.  x\ii; 

Dc  Kay,  N.  Y.  Tann  ,  l.'rptil.,  p.  7:?,  I'l.  xv,  ti-;.  X! :  Winl.,  /.  c,  p.  l",'.'.. 
S<il(iiiii>ii<lr<t  mill('ini'i(t(tlii  Slorcr  Host.  .lonrn.  X.  H.,  ii,  jt.  (id. 
Siil(tmini(tm  t/nciiii  (ii'ay,  (JrKV.  A.  K.,  ix,  Syn.,  p.  1((7. 
Trillin  ((()r.s((/is  Holltr.,  I.e.,  )>.  77,  I  i.  xx\';   i'mn.  iV  IJilir.,  p.  1.").'). 
Trillin  niiUcpiiiirliiliis  I)c  Kay,  /.<■,,  ji.  -'I,  I'l,  x\',  liy;.  ISI. 
\iiiojililliiitmii>i  miiiidliiH  liaird,  .lonrn.  Ac.  I'liila  ('J),  i,  p.  'i"'! ;  Gray,  Cat,  Hatr.  Grad. 

IJrit.  Mns.,  cd.  i,  p. •,»•,'. 
yotoiihtlialiHHH  riri(h'8rciiH  liaird,  /.  c.  ;  Gray,  /.  c.  y.  iilJ. 
Trilini  piiiictulinHimiit  Dnm.  iV-  Bilir.,  i».  1,")  I, 
Tritini  Kunnittlririin  Dnm.  A-  Hihr.,  p.  l.')l  ;  IM.  107,  fig.  2. 
l)ii mjivtijltiH  mhualiin  Hallow.,  /.  c, 
Tiiloii  ririthnrriix  Strancli,  Salani,,  p,  .'>(). 
.!/(////(■  riridaiciiH  liinilcn.!;(<r,  ('at.l5atr.  (Jrad,  Mrit.  Mu.s.,  od.  ii,  188-J,  p.  til. 

Tlii.s  vuriiiblt'  .species  is  the  aquatic  salainander  of  the  ea.steni  legioii 
;)!  Xortli  America.  Its  (li.stiiictive  characters  iiave  licen  ah'ea«ly  re- 
Ii  nt(l  1')  (pa  {;e  20.')),  and  will  hemoie  fully  detailed  under  its  api)r()[>riato 
siilispe(Mes.     These  are  two,  as  foUow.s: 

]]\iiriial  linjicr  half  as  long  as  fonrtli  or  .shorter ;  ha-.k  with  small  hlack-cdged  red 
spots I),  r.  riridimriiH. 

K\tcrnal  linger  more  than  half  as  long  as  I'onrth  ;  no  red  spots  on  hack,  hut  largo 
black  ones,  wliicli  are  present  also  on  the  tail D.  r.  iinri<lioiiali)i, 

DicDil/cii/lKN  riridesccnN  virUlesccm  Kaf. 

There  are  two  forms  of  this  subspecies,  which  htive  received  the 
names  of  viride.scens  and  niiniatus  respectively.  These  havinj"'  been 
shown  to  be  st  aj^cs  of  one  <ind  the  same  Jininial,  they  are  not  dislin- 
l^nishi'd  otlierwise  than  as  .seasonal  forms,  which  may  be  by  reason  of 
!iu' i'livironment  lendered  iternninent  for  a  longer  or  shorter  time.  I 
l^ive,  however,  the  ciiaracters  that  distinj^uish  them. 

Cr.ini.il  carin.i'  more  iirominent,  and   longer;    tongue  freer  laterally;    skin  rough; 

cheek-pits  inoro  freiiuently  wanting;  color  red form  ininiiiliin. 

Cranial  carina'  le.s.s  prominent,  especially  at  the  ends;  tongue  less  fiee ;  skin  smooth; 

check  [>it.s  rarely  wanting  ;  ground  color  olivaceous form  ririihxiriin- 

Tlie  form  niiniatus  never  has  a  caudal  fin-membraiie,  while  it  is  }>eu- 
craliy  present  in  the  form  Viride.scens;  but  this  is  a  seasonal  character. 
Tiie  characiters  ab()vc  mentioned  are  not  always  combined  as  described, 
atid  one   (ir  another   may  be   wanting  while  the  others  are  present. 


)     !i 


20S  miLLKTIN    :U,    ITNITKI»    HTATKS    NATIONAI.    Ml'SKl'M. 


Tiny  will  1»L!  rcforml  to  latiT  in  lliis  iiiticU'.     Mfuiiwliili^  I  (U'scillij  ;., 
typii'al  sin'ciineii  of  the  form  Viiidi'.sccii.s. 


/ 


2  \  I  4 

3  5 

rill.  5'J.   Dininietllliin  nriili'KCi'ii:i  rlriilcg'rnii.     No.  I«lfi3.     Aiki'll,  S.  ('.;  jj. 

TlK'oiitliru'  of  till!  Iiciul  si'oii  from  above  is  an  oval,  wliirli  conliiutts 
anteriorly  and  posteriorly,  and  is  not  distinj;iiislied  from  tlic  neck  liy 
tlie  abrnpt  contraction  of  the  latter.  The  back  is  r(»ol'sha[»ed,  and  I  lie 
section  of  the  body  a  vertical  oval.  The  leiijjth  from  the  axilla  to  llie 
end  of  tho  muzzle  is  Just  a  little  less  than  the  di.staii(!e  between  the  ax- 
ila  and  the  "roin.  The  tail  is  niiich  compresseil  tliroii<;h(int,  and  is  as 
Ion;;  as  the  head  and  body  (vent  iiududed). 

The  muzzle,  viewed  from  above,  is  triii.cateromided,  and  it  projeitts 
a  little  beyond  tho  month.  The  two  ridj^es  o»'  the  top  of  tl.i^  head  in- 
close a  long  lenticular  open  {jroove  which  is  closed  in  front  on  the  muz- 
zle, bur  open  behind  on  the  occiput.  (Jii  their  external  sides  is  a 
shallow  jjroove.  There  is  a  distinct  but  obtuse  eant'nis  lostralis,  and 
the  lorea'  region  is  slightly  concave.  Thi^  protlle  i-i  slightly  dt'c  rved 
at  the  muzzle.  The  eye  is  rather  large;  is  length  exceeds  a  litlle  the 
length  from  its  anterior  canthns  to  tlii'  end  of  the  muzzle,  and  is  a. 
little  less  than  the  interorbit  1  'vidth.  The  nostrils  are  close  together, 
and  look  upwards  as  well  as  outwards.  The  distance  between  them 
enters  the  interorbital  space  two  and  a  half  times.  The  eyes  do  not. 
project  ujiwards,  so  that  the  eyelids  avi'  nearly  plane  with  the  front. 
The  lower  Jaw  is  only  partly  overlapped  by  the  posterior  paitof  the 
upper  lip,  and  there  is  no  distinct  lower  lip  or  groove.  On  the  side  of 
the  head  posterior  to  the  eye  is  a  straight  row  of  four  jiits,  the  tiist  of 
which  is  near  the  eye  and  the  last  is  in  the  position  of  the  first  branchial 
lissnre.  Those  pits  are  shojtly  linear  and  curved,  as  tlmugh  made  by 
the  pressure  of  an  instrument  with  a  short  curved  edge.  The  tlistancis 
between  them  are  equal  to  each  other  and  to  half  the  diameter  of  tin's 
eye.  At  the  position  of  the  posterior  iiit  are  traces  of  three  branchial 
lissiires  in  three  vertical  short  rows  of  minute  pits;  but  these  are  not 
always  present.  The  (theek-pits,  moreover,  are  fre(iiiently  wanting.  I 
give  the  results  of  the  examination  of  seventy  individuals  of  the  forms 
\'iiidescous  and  Miniatus: 


riyidvbceiis.  I 

fossil'  prt'st'iit y8  '  Fosnic  pri'HCMit 


M'uiialiiK, 


10 


l-'oSSill  WiUltillLC 


1 


dssM'  waiitini; 


The  pits  are  g<'iierally  syninietri(!al,  but  in  :;  Miniatus  there  is  but  one 
pore  on  one  side,  and  in  a  Virid(!scens  there  are  no  pores  on  one  side 
and  three  on  the  other. 


4 


^1 


11) 


* 


TIM':    IJATUACIIIA    OF    NOUTII    AMKUICA.  "JUD 

Tlu'  t(Hi;;iU'  ofdipii's  hut  little  ,s|)ii(;e  <»ii  tlio  lloor  (»!'  the  iiioiilli.  It  ia 
Mli;;litl,v  I'l'cc.  at  tlic. sides,  hut  not,  at  the  anterior  or  posteiioi' cutis,  wliicli 
pais.s  insensihly  into  the  a(l.ja(;ent  tissue,  lis  t'onu  is  oval  auleroposte- 
I'iorl.v.  Tiie  voineropahitiue  teeth  aie  in  t\v()lou;>'itu(liiuil  series,  wliieh 
converj-e  anteriorly,  and  J(»in  after  iiinMiu;^-  <*Iose  toj;ethei'  hetween  the 
internal  nai'es.     The  latter  are  ahout  as  t'arajtart  as  the  external  nares. 

When  applied  to  Wus  side  the  tore  lindioverliips  the  hind  lind)  by  the 
len^'th  of  the  hiiul  loot.  While  of  nearly  tln^  same  leii<;th,  the  foro 
limbs  are  not  more  that  hall'  as  thick  as  the  hin<l  lind)s.  Their  len^'th 
is  just  e<|ual  to  tint  distance  I'roiu  the  axilla  to  the  end  of  the  mu//,le. 
The  scitond  (first)  lin;ier  is  very  small,  with  but  a  rudiment  free.  The 
third  lin};('r  is  Ion*;',  ainl  the  fouitli  still  longer,  while  the  iifth  is  lon;;er 
than  the  second  (lirst),  but  <;('ncrally  less  than  half  as  lonj-as  the  fourth. 
The  phalanges  ar<'  I -!,'-."•-'_'. 

The  lirst  and  tilth  Iocs  are  mere  obtuse  rudiments  and  of  e(|ual  length. 
The  other  toes  ai'c  not  iclalivcly  so  Ion;;'  as  the  tiuji'crs,  standin,n  2-\-'.i 
in  order  of  lenj;th,  bejiinninj;'  with  the  shoitest.  The  phalaujues  are 
1 -'_'-,'>-; i-1.  In  nudes  in  the  breedin;^-season  the  hindlejusare  thickened, 
especially  the  inte;;iiment  of  the  inner  side.  It  is  then  divided  by  tiaiis- 
verse  folds,  and  the  portions  between  them  become  corneous  oi'  chit- 
inous.  There  are  thus  Irom  ten  to  twelve  transv»^rse  jdales  on  the  in- 
side of  the  thij^lis,  and  an  irregular  nuinbi'r  on  the  inside  of  the  tibiii 
and  tarsus.  The  iiidimcntal  external  and  internal  toes  have  a  (!ap  of 
the  same  substance.  These  bodies  aid  the  male  in  maintaining- his  hold 
on  the  female  during  copulation. 

The  skin  in  the  form  Viridcscens  is  smooth  on  all  the  surfa(;es,  but 
ralln-r  closely  wriidilcd.  The  tail  has  a  free  dermal  margin  or  tin  (of 
about  etpial  width  and  length)  on  both  the  superior  and  the  inferior 
edges.  The  genitalia  arc  very  prominent  at  the  breeding  season,  and 
in  the  male  t  orilicu'  is  oval.  It  is  very  papillose,  especially  within 
till'  anterior  liorder.  (See  Plates  '6\i  and  11,  tig.  .'{.)  There  is  i.o  trans- 
verse postgular  fold,  and  there  arc  no  transverse  lateral  grooves. 

Miiisiin  mi'iil-i  of  So.  liTiri. 

M. 

Tot  ill    Icilf^tll dlKI 

l.cii;;tli  (iriioad  aii<l  IxHly , (IK) 

I, I'll  Hill    1(1    lil'oiii     ().{() 

I. fill;! 'i  to  axilla OKi 

l,('iiif|li  1(1  taiitliiisoiis ()(l(Ki 

LciiHlli  iirCiiic-lc;,' (»M5 

L('li;;lli  ol'cilliitiis (JOf) 

Lclij;lli  (if  I'lHi'-ltKit OOd,") 

Lcii.u;lli  of  111  11(1  l<'.i!; 017."i 

Lcn^tli  of  liliia (I0.">:{ 

Lcnirtli  of  111  11(1  foot ()0H« 

Widlliof  licad 008 

Width  lictwocii  orliits 004() 

Depth  of  tail  at  niiddlo 0075 

I!).")!  iJuii  ;m — u 


'■'.  I 


r  I  i 


i^i 


:  i 


I 


i 


m 


i 


210  lUJLLKTIN    :tl,    IINIIKK    STATKS    NATIONAL    MTSKIIM. 

Tlie  ct>l(M' of  Mic  roriii  Niiitli'sct'iis  is  ii  lii^li*  iHowiiisliolivo  aliovc, 
Nvliicli  is  or  is  not  iiiiukcd  olVtlistiiicH.v  IVoiii  tlir  piiici' troloi- of  the  lower 
siiiliKH'S  iiioiiji:  IJK^  sitlc.  TIm'  iiil'ciior  smfiuu's  avo  stiaw  rolor  or  ilirt.v 
while.  On  I'iM-h  sidoollhc  .crlt'liriil  lint'  is  a  row  of  IVoin  three  to  six 
small  ronnd  reil  spols,  each  with  a  hiaelv  border.  The  rest  of  the  snr- 
liK^e  is  marked  with  small  lila<;k  points,  whiehare  smaller  Init  more  dis- 
tinet  on  the  lower  sintiuu's.  On  the  Ie;;s  they  are  huf^cr  and  more  <lis- 
tini't,  and  on  the  tiiil  tiie.v  appear  to  have!  run  like  iidv  spots  on  paper 
placed  in  water.  In  specinn-ns  wilhonl  tins  they  sometimes  form  two 
rows  on  each  sid(^  of  the  tail  and  a  liiu'  alon;;  the  side  from  the  axilla  t<» 
the  ;j;roin.  There  is  a  faint  daik  line  from  the  »'ye  to  the  last  ciMH'kpil. 
Chin  and  throat  j,'enerally  nnspott«'d. 

In  the  form  IMiniatus  the  tail  is  narrow,  Iwiw^  without  deitnal  borders, 
The  color  <d"  the  su|>erior  surfaces  is  vernnliou  red  and  the  lowt'r  sur- 
faiH'S  eitron-yellow.  The  red  spots  an-  present  as  in  the  other  foi'iu,  but 
the  small  black  sp()ts  are  rart'ly  pr.'sent  on  the  back.  They  are  present 
on  the  sides,  belly,  lindts,  ami  tail,  and  lU'ver  run  to^'etlier  into  liiu's. 
In  this  form  the  skin  of  all  the  upper  surfaces  is  rou^h,  with  numei'ous 
minute,  semitrausparent  horny  points  of  the  skin.  These  are  not  chn'el- 
oped  on  the  ird'erior  surfaces. 

These  characters  would  be  likely  to  follow  the  exposure  of  an  aquat  it; 


1.   I>ii  iiiili'lillii"  iiiiiiliiliiK  iiiiiiiiitiin  Kill'.     :iKOL'.     Tttirc  iLitiiial  Hi/i«.     Itmit  Kivrr,  Wis. 


animal  with  soft  skin  to  the  coin|>arativ<^  drou^^lit  of  the  atmosphere. 
The  f^reatei' a<!Uteiiess  and  prominence  of  the  (rrauial  <aests  displayed 
by  tlu^  Miiiiatus  fcn-m  is  proliably  caused  by  the  closer  atlhenuiceof  the 
thinner  inte;^unuMits  under  these  ciriuimstauces.  Direct  observations 
as  to  these  points,  however,  exist.  Dr.  llalhnvell  was  the  first  to  express 
his  belief  that  the  so  called  distimtt  species  were  the  same.  I  afterwards 
remarked,  "  the  nominal  />.  miniatus  is  a  state  of  />.  r/r/V/cvcf/fv,'' and  that 
1  have  had  itchan^'e  to  the  latter  in  confinement.  Dr.  Howard  A.  Kelly, 
in  an  article  in  the  American  Naturalist,  states,  he  "  broii^'ht  home  a 
number  of  />.  iniiiidtu.s  (Kaf.),  or  little  red  li/ard,  or  red  eft,  and  after 
keeping  them  in  a  daik  box  filled  with  saturatiMl  moss,  they  (diaufjed 
their  color  from  a  brijfht  vermilion  to  the  olive  state  characteristic  of  the 
/>.  I'iridrstxn.s,''''  and  he  keiit  them  all  winter.  (3oi.  Nicholas  I'ike  says  in 
tliesamejourual  (.January,  188(5):  "I  have  j^radually  come  to  the  conclu- 
sion that  the  two  are  identical.  Some  years  aj^o  I  captured  (piite  a  nam- 
berof  red  ones  in  theCatskill  Moiintair.s,  brou^^htthemhonu'!,  and  kept 
them  in  a  box  with  other  salaiiuuiders,  where  they  could  resort  to  water 


}■ 


r 


i 


rilK    ISATKACIIIA    Ol"    NORTH    AMKlilCA. 


211 


if  tlu'.v  ••liosi'.  Koi-  sitiiMi  jlays  tlii-y  rciiiiiiiit'd  liidiiij,'  iiiHlcr  llu-.  wt-t 
moss  iiiid  stones,  hut  liiially  crept  out  at  iii;'lit  and  wi^nt  into  the  water. 
I  iinxi',  lliein  some  inseets  and  worms,  widcli  tlit'.v  I'eadil.v  devonied.  In 
.ilxMit  three  moid  lis  rliey  lost  their  lii'i;>ht  red,  and  in  less  than  a  year 
tlie.v  weieof  the  usual  oliv«:  of  the  N'irideseens.  Another  laet,  still  more 
decidedly  iteariii;,' on  the,  case,  is,  tiiat  some  two-y<'ar-old  N'iridescens 
taken  Irom  the  ponds  and  (uit  in  earth  and  dead  wet  leaves  in  a  tub  in 
my  {garden,  wiilniut  water,  in  a  month  or  so  beyan  to  lose  their  ;;reen 
tint  and  assume  a  din<;y,  hrownish  hue.*' 

I'rolessor  IJaird  thus  descrrihcs  the  breeding;  habits  of  this  sahi- 
iiiander  :* 

"In  the  spriii;;  of  the  year  a  broad  tin  be(;«)mes  developed  alon^i'  the 
tail  and  back  of  tiie  male,  and  the  feet  (^iilar;;'e,  with  the  addition  ol'  a 
Idaek  «Mrtila<;iiious  mass  on  the  toes  and  inside  of  the  thighs,  for  the 
|iurpose  of  enabling'  it  to  hold  on  to  the  female.  This  it  does  by  elasp- 
\u<i  her  around  the  throat  with  the  hind  W'^s  and  retaining'  the  hohl  for 
some  hours  or  loiij^'cr,  jerkin.!;' her  around  in  the  water  most  unmerci- 
fully  diiriii;;'  the  whole  time.  A  i|uantity  of  seminal  matter  is  linally 
(liscliarj;ed,  whicii  becomes  ditViised  in  the  water,  and  lecuudates  the  ovji 
whiUi  still  in  the  lower  part  of  the  oviduct.  Tln^  ej;us  ;i\v  laid  siiifjly, 
of  an  ellipsoidal  shape,  and  invested  by  a  very  glutinous  coat,  by  whicli 
it  is  attached  to  the  middle  of  an  immersed  leaf,  wliiith  is  then  donbUul 
over  it  Ity  the  exertions  of  the  female.  The  ejiji's,  after  remainiiij;'  for 
soii>e  time  in  this  way,  linally  j;ive  birth  to  small  larva',  the  };«'neral 
cluuaeter  of  wlmse  metaiiiorphosis  is  inneli  the  same  as  that  of  the 
species  already  desi  lihed."  1  have  found  the  habits  of  specimens  of 
this  si)e(riea  in  conlinemciit  <piit«^  as  tlescribed  by  Hair.l.  1  found  the 
axils  of  the  leaves  of  I'Iriciihnia  to  be  used  as  plaeeH  for  the  de|>osit 
of  e.i!:f;s  i)y  the  lemalc.    (See  .loiiriial  Philadelphia  Ac^ademy,  lS(i(>,  p.  (JS.) 

/>/('m//(7///((.v  rin'ilesccns  )nei'i(lioit(ili>i  Cope. 

Itiillctin  f.  S.  N;it  .Miis.,  No.  •Jii,  lH-(i,  i>,  :!(i.     Mohji:  iiivridioiKiliH  Vi>[>i'; 
I'xiuliimcr,  Ann.  Mm^m/.  Nut.  Hist.,  iSriH,  Junnary. 

This  subspecies  has  tiie  lon,i;er  di{>itsof  the  form  Miiiiatus,  and  low 
«aanial  crests  of  the  Viride.scens,  with  which  it  also  ayrees  in  color, 
{'rom  both  Ibrms  it  ililVers  in  the  absence  of  red  spots  from  the  dorsal 
rej^ioii,  which  is  instead  covered  with  rather  large  bhudi  spots,  which 
(joiitinue  on  the  tail.  The  j;roiiud  above  is  olive;  below  it  is  yellow, 
which  is  marlvcd  with  numerous  small  l»lack  spots.  A  characttr  wliicli 
appears  to  be  of  importance  is  seen  in  the  tore  foot.  The  outer  toe  is 
more  than  half  as  lonj^  as  the  penultimate,  while  in  the  varieties  Viri- 
des(;ens  and  Miniatus  it  is  less  than  half  as  loiij;. 

The  lirst  specimen  of  this  form  whi(;h  1  met  with  was  sent  to  the 
Smithsonian  Institution  froai  .Mataiuoros,  Mexico.      G.  W.  Marnock 

"Jcoiidj;!'.  l^inyil.,  vol.  ii,  j).  5>ri4,  ISfil. 


*—     •;  ';^r 

\  1     '  'l\ 

:    , 

i 

\ 

I 


■'•! 

iil 

! 

HI 

»i| 

(■ 

d 

I     :  i 


I 


if 
i 


I 


!  'i 


''U^. 


-    f. 
i. 

I 


212         lUILLETIN    ^1,    UNITED    STATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

finds  it  in  tiic  tributaries  of  the  Medina  River  and  southward,  and  Will- 
iam Taylor  has  obtained  a  good  many  specimens  from  San  Diego,  in 
soutliwestern  Texas,  it  lias  not  been  found  east  of  that  region.  I  did 
not  see  it  in  the  plateau  country. 

Dr.  lioulenger  thinks  that  this  form  should  be  regarded  as  a  distinct 
species.  Uesides  the  (-haracteis  I  have  cited  he  says  the  head  is  more 
depressed  and  the  lores  less  vertical  and  the  gular  fold  more  distinct, 
than  in  the  J).  I'iridenccus. 


3     '  2 

Fii;.  51.  Oieiiiiiclijliiii  riridixcciiii  iin'riilioiiiilif:.     Sun  I>ii'i;o,  Tux.; 
Diimyctyhis  rirulcsann  miiiiiiliis  li'ul'. 
KESEUVE  SEKIES. 


Ciit;il(>j;no 

Xo. 

ot 

iiiitnlii'i'. 

spe 

<■. 

;!8()2 

:i 

:i«l!) 

li 

;iMii 

(i 

wiriK 

1 

hX'J4 

1 

7SJ!) 

1' 

!i:!i',i 

1 

•M'M 

r, 

!i;i'):! 

:) 

!t;«i.'. 

1 

•Ur.'ii 

1 

i)lh9 

(! 

!IJ7I» 

1 

11411.') 

;i 

•XM 

a 

i;)-,«i 

1 

.")!lii!) 

1 

\;m:, 

2 

Loi'iilitv. 


Wlicii  <'i)l- 
hitcil. 


I'liiiii  wlioiii  icciivid. 


Nimiic  ol' 

spi'cilllCII. 


]!(ii)l  Uivpr.  Wis I I'ldt.  S.  I',  liaiii'   

(Iiiolc  ('iiniitv,  111 U  Kcniiicdlt 

Mi;i(lvillr.  I'ii rKilr-siii-  Williams   .. 

Kinstoii,  N.  C I.  W.  Miliin    

( 'i  lie  ill  Tint  i,  I  lliii) I.  N.  r..  Seal  I'liinnyli.. 

Wasliiiiytoii,  |).  C 1)1'.  10.  ('iMii>    r.  S.  A 

Xdi  tiilk,  Coiiii Si)it. 'Jli,  l.'^77     A.  1'.  Wddslci    

Wc.^t  rtiiiit.  N.  V i  .-■■.  S.  K.  liainl  

I'lipi'f  Mi.Hs.  Vallrv 


A1 


Urazds  Uivor,  Te.\ Mr.  H.  I'.  Shiiniaid. 

(;) (0 

(0 ''>      

t!)  (')  . 

Aiix  I'laiii.-i  KiviT,  III ('.  I'..  K.  Ki'iiiiicott 

\Vnsliiii;rti'li.  I>  «' (let.,        IH8i  10   II.  Haw  ley    .... 

Hinlscm  Hay (^  linxlrr    

Itawli'V.  Va lien.  Mi  Hit 


'(iliiilic 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

ixi. 

Do 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Ho. 

Ho. 

Ho. 

Do. 

l>o. 


iJii'inyfljihtu  ririihwrns  rirhUsa  iis  Kat'. 

lUOSIOKVK  SlOlillOS. 


(I.ilaloyiU' 

No 

of 

niiinli  'I'. 

spi 

i;. 

3402 

7 

;i.-i(iK 

4 

7!UI'J 

10 

,'11142 

2 

,'>4II> 

li 

;)8i7 

10 

:)H2ii 

:i 

KH4'J 

10 

!f.i!)0 

4 

]2U5:t 

4 

:i8ii:i 

(i 

95,-i7 

li 

TU.W 

1 

Locality. 


Wlii'ii  col- 
kHtfil. 


KloMi  wlioiii  irci'ivr'l. 


N.iIiih'  of 

Npl'CilllCII. 


Aiix  I'laiim  UiviT,  Ml \l  Ktiiiiicott Alroliolir. 


TioL'a  Count  v,  N.  Y 10.  10.  Uow.ll 

Carlisle,  I'a  '. I'lof.S.  [■'.  i'.ainl. 

...  ilo ilo 

(ii'iHKia i Dr.  W.  I,. . I  ones., 

Illinois  (.') 11.  Kcnniiolt 

Aliliovillc,  S.  (• Ui..l.  II.  Itaiiatt 

New  Voik I'rot.  S.  F.  liainl 

I,rNiiij;toii,  Va : ..      I'iril.  .Matlirr 

Moiilloii,  Ala 

Mount  Oaiincl,  111 Nov.  — ,  1.<8I     I..  M.  Tiiinpr  .... 

.Iirs.v  City,  N..T  . 

I  If.  I>.  W.  lloa.llo  ... 
SI.  Cliiuk's  CoUefjo. 


St.  Calliariiif's,  ('anada. 
tiiaud  Coloau,  La 


Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Ilo. 
ho. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Di>. 


F| 


■ 


ill- 
ill 
lid 

\vX 

)1C 

ct, 


? 


THE    liATRACHIA    OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

Diviiiycljiliia  riridenccim  riridvHceiin  Raf. 
CENEKAL  SKItlES. 


213 


('iit:»lo;;ii(*     No.  of 
iimiiiIh'I-.       spec. 


TilOJ 
.•)7!).'. 
nilK 

!i:i:u 
:isii 
;t7!i:t 

111)21 

i;m-j4  I 

HHUI 

i44n.'i  I 

1440.1  I 


I      Froiii  wlioni  ifccivcil. 


(Jiiilislr,  I I'lcl.  S.  r.  llainl. 

.Ill ' ili> 

Siiiilli  Cipiintv,  Viv I   A.I,.  Kiiiiilicii  .. 

Viisiiiiiii  --.'- I  Miiv  •-•«.  li'Tf! 

■liiiiifs  IJivci,  Vii^iiiiia.    .'  Krli.  1!0,  IH" 

Wi.m  oiisiii 

Ni.iri)lli,  Ciimi fiil.v,        \Hr.i 

<iarii»iin  s,  N.  V Nov.        IS)<4 

<;o(ik  <:()iiiilv.  Ill      lH7(i 

Cl      

.\ikcn,  S.V.   


Kiid.  1'.  Tallxil 

S.  K.  ISainl 

.     ilo 

Or.  Will.  II.  .Iipiu's 

'I'.  I!iiiisi'v(ililt 

U  Kciiiilrott 

(?) 

V) 


Nature  of 

H|MM'illl('ll. 


Ui'oIkiI 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


Calalo^iii'      No.  of 
iiiinilirr.       .sprc. 


I)ii  iiiiiiljiliis  ririthxiiiis  inrri<litniiilis 

Wlirll  ('111- 


Locality. 


llXtlll. 


riiiiii  whom  It  idiviil. 


Xatiiii'  of 
.-tlii'i'inii'n. 


2      Miitaiiioia.H, 'raiiiaulipsis    I.iciilcnaiit  Coin  li Alcoimlic. 

;i      San  Dii';;o,  Tin \V.  lavlor Do. 


AMriurMiDj:, 

i-itliinoid  bono  proscnt ;  vi'stibiilc  os.si'ons  intoriiiilly.  No  iiialiir  or 
(|ii;i(liatoJiif:;iii  bones.  Vertebra'  ampliicteloii.s,  witii  two  aiitoriorl.v  di- 
reeted  li.vpapopli.vses  at  the  anterior  extremity.  Se.apidar  and  i)elvi(! 
aielies  and  limbs  jtresent.  N'tnnerine  teeth  on  anterior  mv  external 
l»oi'der  of  vomer,  which  does  not  bound  tlie  clioame  p(>sterlt)rly.  No 
paiasphenoid  teeth.  Liver  not  linely  divided.  Cloaca  withont  pro- 
jet;!  ile  nuisdes.  Tail  tleveloped.  No  external  frills.  There  is  but  one 
eciatobiainthial  bone,  antl  but  one  basibranchial.  There  are  three 
epibranchials.  I'.esiiles  liypohyals  there  are  basihyals.  No  ott)j>lossal. 
The  stapes  is  tliiectly  connccteil  with  the  tpiadrate  by  c.artilajje. 

r.y  all  antliors  the  j;-enns  Amphinma  liatl  been  incliuletl  in  the  same 
family  ilivision  with  I'rottintipsis  aiitl  iMefialobatrachns  until  18(5(5.  At 
that  time  the  writer  pi'opt).setl  to  separate  it  fnun  the  latter  genera  as 
the  type  of  a  family  .Vmpliiniiiiihe,  wiiilc  the  ttther  .uenera  were  platsed 
in  ant)ther  family  with  the  iiamt^  I'rotoiiopsithe.  This  course  has  not 
been  followed  by  later  writers;  in  the  catalogue  of  the  Uritish  Museum 
by  Dr.  i'>oulenjii'r  (ISSL*),  for  instance,  the  three  j-enera  are  intihitled  in 
one  family,  the  Ampliiumida'. 

The  reasons  for  keepin,n  the  Amphiumiila' tlistinet  from  the  Protonop- 
sida'  were  statetl  to  be  the  Ibllowing:* 

AMiMliiMin.i; :  "An  axial  t^ranial  bone  (?  vtymer)  in  front  of  orbito 
sphenoitls,  anil  one  lormiiifi'  palatal  surface  in  front  of  ]>arasphenoitl. 
*    *    *    rarietals  jM'tylonjietl  laterally,  not  reaching  P>'t'f»'ontals.     Vesti- 

'.I.iiini.  Ac,  I'liila.,  HCC.  p.  IDI. 


t 


IH 


I 


:im 


\y 


<  9 


\   I 


) 


I 

I 


214    BULLETIN  :fl,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

bale,  wall  osseous  internally.    Preniaxillaries  consolidated.    Occipital 
condyles  on  cylindrical  pedestals." 

ruoTONOPSiD.i;:  ">"o  anterior  axial  cranial  bone.  *  *  *  Parietals 
and  pref'ontals  prolonjjed,  meeting  aiid  enibraciniLj  IVontals.  Wall  of 
vestibule  membranous  internally,  rremaxillaries  separated.  Occipital 
condyles  sessile." 

The  following  observations  were  made  on  tlu^  Ampliiumid:e:  "Tlie 
(>ccipital  condyles  and  temporocervical  tendon  are  quite  i>s  in  Desmojjfua 
thus;  they  have  not  been  previously  described.*  In  Amphlnnut  iiiians 
there  is  a  minute  non-articulated  bone  on  the  suture  between  the  o.  o. 
froutalia  and  piefontalia  in  the  situation  of  tlie  lachrymal.  There  are 
some  a])proximations  to  Ca-cilia  in  Amphiumida-.  It  does  not  appear 
to  have  been  noti(!ed  that  the  *  *  *  free  nuuf'in  of  the  frontal  seems 
to  foreshadow  the  overroolinj^  of  the  oibit  and  temporal  fossa  seen  in 
Ca'cilia.  Theic  is  also  a  v»'ry  iar,i;e  foramen  or  canal  i)assinjf  throii.uh 
the  o.  maxillare  from  lu'ai'  its  middle  to  the  orbit,  foreshadowiii};-  the 
(■(DKilis  trntdciili/crus  of  C.vv.lVux :  a  narrow  one  occurs  in  (he  same  situa- 
tion in  Protonopsis.  rurther,  the  jjrominent  horizontal  anterior  inle 
lior  pro(^esses  of  the  vertebral  centra  are  the  same  in  Ami»hiuma  and 
Ca'cilia." 

The  characters  assigned  as  above  to  the  two  families  Amidiiumida- 
and  Cryptobraiu'liida- are  abundantly  suHifient  for  retaininj;' them  as  dis- 
tinct, t  The  form  of  the  occi[>ital  <H)ndyles  mij;ht  I»e  ('xcepted  from  this 
estimate,  and  the  axial  bone  in  front  of  tiu'  parasphenoid  proves  to  be 
abnormally  cut  otf  in  the  sj)ecimen  then  examined.  The  Protonopsida- 
a^ree  with  other  I'rodela  in  all  of  the  characters  p:iven,  ex(!ept  in  the 
exclusion  of  the  fnudals  from  the  supraorbital  border,  and  in  the  mem- 
branous characteristic  of  the  internal  wall  of  the  vestibule.  The  Am 
phiumida'  ditfer  from  other  I'rodela  in  the  presence  of  a  huj^'e  ethmoid 
bone  (the  one  referred  to  .is  ?  vomer  in  the  diajjuosis  above  (jiioted),  in 
the  presence  of  temjtoral  ridjj^es,  and  of  two  anteriorly  directeil  liypapo- 
j)liyses  of  the  precaudal  vertebra-. 

It  is  interestinj;'  to  notice  that  three  of  the  four  eharaeters Just  cited 
are  shared  by  the  Ca'ciliidie.  The  jiresence  of  the  ethmoid  is  ofi'special 
importaiu;e,  as  it  is  an  element  constantly  wanting  in  the  I'rodela.  I 
have  not  found  it  in  Desmoifuathus,  Anaides,  Spelerpes,  Aiiiblystonia, 
H;damandra,  nor  Cryptobranchus,  nor  is  it  present  in  Xecturus  or  in 
Siren.  It  is,  on  tlMi  contraiy,  always  present  in  rjeciliida't  (see  Plate 
IX,  .'5).  The  double  anterior  hyi)apophyses  ar«'  otherwise  conlined  to  the 
same  family. 

The  characrters  of  the  hyoid  an^hes  also  distinj^uish  this  family  from 
the  Cryptobranchida',  and  they  ditler  from  thos(M)f  the  Pseiidosauria 

" 'I'licy  wcni  (Icscrilicd  liy  l>r.  .1,   (i.   I'isclii'r,   Aiiiiloiiiiscli.  Ahliiintll.  iil>.   I'ciciiiii- 
lir.incli.  II.  Dcrotrt'iii.,  lirslcs  Ilcfr,  p.  fit,  ixil. 
t  I'rocct'd.  AliiiT.  I'liilosopli.  Sdc,  IS.-ii;,  p.   |  |-J. 
IWu'dcrslicini,  Aiiiilniiiii' ilcr  (iyiiiiMipliidiirn.  .Fcnii.  I"'7'.l. 


,K^ 


'M, 


THE    BATRACIIIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


215 


as  well.  Tlioy  arc  unique  in  the  i)resen<;e  of  only  one  ceratobranchial, 
Necturus  only  a[)i)roa(niin};'  it  in  this  respect.  In  the  absence  of  the 
second  basibranchial  it  aj;rees  with  Cryptobrauchus,  aiul  approaches 
the  rsemlosiiuria,  wliere  a  part  of  it  <MiIy  remains.  It  also  agrees  with 
( 'ryptobranchus  in  the  absence  or  confluence  of  the  first  epibranchial 
and  in  the  i)resence  of  the  three  succeeding  epibranchials. 

This  family  is  only  known  from  Is'oith  AnuMica. 

There  is  but  one  genus  of  this  family,  which  is  defined  :..?  follows: 


A  itli!ir,vii;;t'iil  slit  on  the  sidcof  tlio  iii'dv  ;  voiiu'viiio  tcclli  in  aiitcro-iiostrrior series  ; 
IK)  scalt's;  limits  iinicli  reduced;  di<;its,  f  wo  or  tliree  on  eaidi  tool  ;  prefrontal  and 
nasal  liones  present;  a  t<-niporal  erest ;  palatine  hone  not  inelosin^  choana-  pos- 
teriorly; preniaxillary  hones  eoi'Msilied 'mpliiitma. 

AMPIIIUMA  (larden. 

Smith's  Corres)>nndenee  ol"  Unna-ns,  i.  )>.  fill'.* ;  Waf^ler,  Systenia  Am- 
phih.,  IKin,  p.  •j:i;t;  Tschndi,  Itutr..  )-^>'.K  p.  tlT  ;  (Jray,  Cat.  Hatr. 
Grail.  I?rit.  Mns.,  .V.;  Diim.,  Mihr.,  ix,  p  )>0\  ;  Honlenjjer,  Cat. 
IJatr.  (Jrad.  IJril.  Mus.,  ed.  II,  p.  "^J ;  h'yder,  I'roeeeds.  Aead. 
I'hila.,  187'.),  p.  II;  (.'ope,  I'roeeeds.  Anier.  I'hilo.soph.  >Soc. 
ISSC),  p.  Wi. 

Chnjtiodnnia  Milchill,  Medical  Keeorder,  l^JH-J,  p.  :>2d. 
Siriiioiih^  Kit/.  ,  Syst.  K'eittil.  18','(!,  ]).  M. 
^fll|■|lH0|lxi1  l'"ilz.,  /.  c. ;  Gray,  /.  r. 

The  only  portion  of  the  shoidder  girdle  of  this  genus  which  is  o.ssified 
is  the  scapula.  The  <'ora<'oid  (iartilages  of  oi)i)osite  sides  are  distinct 
fnun  each  othei-,  and  there  is  a  produ(!tion  of  the  precoracoid  region 
The  hunuMiis  i.s  truncate  at  both  extremities,  making  its  articulations 
with  cartilage  only.  The  carpus  is  cartilaginous.  The  osscus  ilium 
is  quite  short  and  slendei';  it  has  a  long  supcricu"  cartilaginous  portion, 
which  is  attached  to  an  cipially  long  cartilaginous  sacral  rib.  The 
iid'erior  element  is  an  undivided  plale,  which  is  wider  than  long,  and 
pn'sents  an  obtuse  angle  anteriorly.  The  posterior  portion  of  eacih 
is  occupied  by  a  rouml  <liscoid  ctssificalion.  which  forms  the  posteri(»r 
border,  but  docs  not  reach  either  the  acetabulum  or  its  fellow.  The 
femur  is  rather  long  and  has  a  distinc;!  trochanti-r,  but  no  head  or  con- 
<lyles.  The  arti(Mdations  are  (tarlilaginous,  as  is  the  tarsus,  whi(th  is 
also  undivided.  The  tiliia  and  fibula  are  about  one-sixth  the  length  of 
the  femur,  and  the  fibula  is  a  little  shorter  and  more  slender  than  the 
tibia.     The  i>lialanges  in  both  feet  are  well  ossified. 

The  general  character  of  these  parts  are  desi^rilu'd  in  Stannius'  [Tand- 
bu(rh  (h'r  Zoiilogie,  but  only  as  included  in  ihed<>linitions  of  the  (uder 
to  which  Amphiuma  is  ref'erre<l. 

I'rofessor  li'yder  demonslrat<'d  the  identity  of  this  genus  and  Munrn- 
njniis. 

The  range  of  this  genus  is  the  Austnuiparian  region.  It  has  not  been 
found  west  of  Louisiana,  nor  in  the  Mississippi  valley  north  of  Ar- 
kansas.    It  oc(!urs  in  the  Floridau  district. 


I    ' 


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li 


216  lUIl.l-KTIN    :!l,    UNITED    STATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

AMI'lIIUiMA  MEANS  Gank-n. 

■•lat'isO,  tig.  7;  10;  11,  li«.s.  1-!';  Ui;  lii,  li;;-.  •'..) 

llolb.,  N.  A.  Ilcip.,  V.  i>.  ^'.K  ri., :!() ;  Dmn.  A  Uiln.,  )>.  -M'r,  (iray,  Cat.  IJatr. 
Grad.  Hiit.  Miis.,  cil.  i,  ii.  .">.'.:  I!(.iil(;i,ii<T,  Cut.  Matr.  (irad.  Miit.Miis., 
0(1. II,  IS'-i-i,  i>.  ■"<:!;  ('"1"'.  Ulic'ck  List  liatr.  lii'itt.  N.  Am..  1^7;"),  \t.  2:>; 
rrocccd.H.  Aiiicr.  I'liilns.  Soc,  l.SSti,  p.  ;V,'il. 

ChrijKOthnln  ]<iinr/ormis  Mitcli,,  /.  <: 

Amvhtuma  mcaihi  h.  (VuUutiila  Cm  .,  Mom.  .Mils.,  xi  v,  p.  t,  I'l.  1,  li;,'.  1-;t. 

Amphtiima  (liiliirliila  W.i^l.,  Sysl.  Aiiipli.,  p.  viOK. 

Sirciiiiidtn  diihr  liiliiiii  Fit/.,  /.  <■■ 

AmphhniKi  tiUhuliOii  Ciiv.,  Mt'iii.  Miis.,  \n  ,  ji.  7,  PI.  1,  li;;.  I-C;  Ilollir.,  N.  A.  llcrp.,  V,  p. 
•»:!,  ri.:!l;  Tsclmdl,  liatr.,  p.  ;I7  :  Dmn.  iV  liiln..  p. 'JIKi;  K'yiliT  Pnic.  Ac.  I'liila., 
Irt71»,ii.  II;  lioiilciniiT.  fat.  liatr.  (iiad.  lirit.  Miis..»'<l.ii.lS->>,p.H-i. 

Miirwiwpxin  Inihiclijld  Fit/..  Sy.st.  IJrptil.  p.  :{l  ;  (iiay,  Cat.  liat.  (ir.id.  lirit.  Mns.,  cd. 
I,  p.r..")  :  C(ip(",Cln'(k-Eist  Hair.  K'cplil.  Ncarclic  Hc.alm,  l,-^7.'>,  p.  'J.', 


'^i': 


1        ! 


fl 


fl 


Kic.  ri").  Ami'liiiifihi  iiuiitis.     Nil.  Iiififl.").    ('iihiintiiis,  Mi^<H  ;   ]. 


Ill  this  spocit'.s  (he  liciiciiil  form  i.s  j'loiijfiUo,  and  iiiucli  like  (liat  of 
an  0(.-l.  or  this  h'ii<;th  tlic  tail  occiiitics  a  piopoftion  which  varies  I'lom 
u  little  loss  than  oni't'onith  to  a  little  less  than  one-lifth.  This  proijor- 
tioii  (lepeiMls  on  aye,  the  lai:L;(>  adtilts  havinfjf  shorter  tails  than  the, 
Hiiiall  and  yotiiijjf  ones.  'I'lie  Ixxly  is  depicsscd  e\  lindrie.  in  t'orm.  Tiie 
I'oriii  ol' the  tail  ditlers  in  dilTerent  individuals  Croin  a  verticral  ovalin 
section,  to  a  triaiiijle  in  section,  with  theanjile  upwards.  Its  extremity 
is  always  strongly  compressed,  and  is  slender,  and  th(^  superior  snrfacie 
maybe  rounded  or  anj^nlate.  There  is  no  distiiuit  contraction  repre- 
senting a  nock.     The  head   is  an  oval,   and  is  narrowed  verv  j^rad- 


^^m 


THE    HATKACIIIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


217 


■ 


I 


imlly  to  the  extremity  of  the  roninled  muzzle.  It  is  much  depressed 
iilso,  so  liiat  ■ha  ranfje  of  vision  is  verticsil.  The  end  of  the  muzzle  pro- 
jects beyond  the  mouth,  but  the  sides  do  not  project.  The  number  of 
lateral  dermal  {jrooves  is  about  sixty. 

The  eyes  are  quite  small,  and  are  separated  by  an  interspace  of  five 
times  their  transverse  diameter.  They  have  no  lids,  so  that  the  cornea 
is  continuous  with  the  cephalic  epidermis.  The  external  nostrils  are 
minute,  and  are  separated  by  an  interval  a  little  less  than  half  the  in- 
terorbital  space.  The  lips  are  larjje  and  full,  th(Kse  of  the  upper  jaw 
()verhan<jinjj,  and  concealing  those  of  the  lower  except  at  the  end  of  the 
muzzle.  The  lower  lips  commence  on  each  side  of  the  symphysis,  and 
are  decurved  over  the  integument  of  the  ramus,  from  which  they  are 
separated  by  a  deep  longitudinal  groove. 

In  the  premaxillo -maxillary  series  there  are  thirty-one  teeth.  The 
series  terminates  below  a  point  posterior  to  the  eye,  and  a  little  in  front 
of  the  rictus  oris.  The  vomerine  series  form  a  /\  with  the  apex  forwards. 
Tiieir  posterior  end  is  nearly  but  not  Jiuite  so  far  jmsterior  as  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  maxillary  row.  All  the  teeth  are  comi)ressed,  and  their 
anterior  edge  is  abruptly  recurved  towards  the  apex,  so  that  the  apex 
looks  partly  posterioily.  The  posterior  nares  have  a  valvular  ojjening, 
which  looks  ba<!k wards  and  outwards  a  little  in  advance  of  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  vomerine  series,  and  nearer  to  them  than  to  the  maxil- 
laries.  The  tongue  is  represented  by  a  muscular  mass,  which  occupies 
the  floor  of  the  mouth.  It  is  only  free  laterally,  being  separated  by  a 
deep  groove  from  the  mandil)ular  ramus.  This  groove  is  vertically 
divided  by  a  membranous  lamina  for  its  entire  length. 

The  skin  is  everywhere  smooth.  The  segmental  grooves  are  onlj'  dis- 
tinct on  the  sides;  on  the  belly  they  are  indistinct,  and  on  the  dorsal 
region  they  are  entirely  wanting.  There  are  numerous  nuicous  pores 
on  the  head.  There  are  three  rows  on  the  maxillary  region,  the  superior 
of  which  ceases  below  the  eye,  in  front  of  a  line  falling  perpendicularly 
(Vom  it.  Tiie  median  row  terminates  in  one  or  two  large  pores  a  little 
behind  below  the  eye.  The  inferior  row  extends  farther  and  then  be- 
i'omes  transverse,  and  joins  (he  superior  branch  of  the  sui>ercili;  -y  row 
three  diameters  of  the  eye  behind  an<l  within  it.  There  is  a  row  on  each 
side  of  (he  muzzle,  which  terminates  in  front  of  a  line  co;inecting  the 
fronts  of  the  eyes.  Its  place  is  taken  by  a  superciliary  row,  which  forks 
behind  (he  eye.  The  inferior  half  ceases  behind  the  eye  two  diameters, 
while  thei  superior  one  joins  the  transverse  continuation  from  theinf(!rior 
maxillary,  and  is  continued  a  short  distance  over  each  temporal  muscle. 
There  are  no  distinct  rows  of  pores  on  the  body.  The  head  pores  may 
dilfer  somewhat  from  those  described  above  from  a  large  specimen 
(No,  0.'J(>0).  Thus  there  may  be  only  two  maxillary  series,  and  the 
su])erciliary  row  may  not  be  distinctly  divided.  There  are  two  rows 
along  the  superior  part  and  two  rows  along  the  inferior  part  of  the 
lower  jaw. 


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'      VI 


218  mjLLETTN   :?l,    UNITKD   STATES    NATIONAL   MUSKUM. 

Tlie  bnuicliial  fissiuv.  is  sitiiatiMl  iieiiily  as  far  posteiior  to  the  caii- 
tliius  oris  as  the  latter  is  posterior  to  tlie  end  of  the  lower  jaw.  It  is  in 
the  anterior  part  of  a  fossa,  and  is  bordered  anteriorly  and  posteriorly 
hy  a  narrow  free  nienibranons  lamina.  A  short  distanec  beiiind  and  be- 
low this  is  situated  the  anterior  limb.  The  len«ilh  of  the  linib  is  eqnal 
to  the  intero(!nlar  space;  in  some  spetinensa  little  less.  The  hnnierns 
nuikes  an  anj^ie  with  tiio  rest  of  the  Imib,  but  the  foot  is  eontinnons 
witli  the  cubitns;  it  is  divided  into  either  two  or  three  toes.  The  jjos- 
terior  limb  is  huj^er  than  the  anterior,  nieasnrinj;-  nearly  half  as  lonjj 
aijitin.  Its  jjosterior  bonier  orijfinates  a  very  short  distancj';  in  front  of 
the  anterioi'extremity  of  the  vent.  It  is  compressed,  and  }?ently  enrved 
inwards  at  the  knee  Joint.  It  is  <lirecte«l  posteriorly,  not  quite  reach- 
in};  the  i)()steri()r  extremity  of  the  vent.  It  is  divided  into  two  or  tliret^ 
di}>its.  The  vent  is  a  lon.uitudinal  slit,  with  a  jirominent  margin.  Its 
internal  face  is  densely  i)appilloso  within  the  marj-inal  border. 

Measiirrmnils  nf  So.  (>;!()(>. 

31. 

'l"(.(iil  Iciifith f^Hi 

L(Mi<;tli(il'tiiil l-'-.i 

J^i'iij^tli  to  ciintliiis  oris 017 

Lei)<;tli  to  ln'ainlii;il  lissiire 077 

Lcnjjth  to  I'oriOiiiiU OHi) 

Li'iifitli  of  torn  limit 0175 

Leii<;tli  ot'liind  liiiil) (»'-»l 

Wiillh  l.ct\V(!(Mi  nostrils ()(H 

Width  hc.twccii  cy.'s OlS 

Width  ofh(';id  at  can  thus  oris til.') 

In  specimens  in  alcohol  the  color  is  a  dark  slaty  brown  above  ami 
slate  colored  below.  Its  (tolors  in  life  are  said  by  Dr.  Ilolbrook  to  be 
the  same. 

I  have  united  int(>  a  sin<>le  sj»ecies  the  Amphhtmu  mcnnn  and  A.  iriilac- 
ti/la  ill  the  above  account.  The  dest^iption  was  made  from  a  specimen 
(No.  (I.'KIO)  in  which  there,  are  two  toes  on  the  anterior  and  three  toes 
on  the  pD-teiior  limb.  In  two  specimens  of  the  National  collvction  on 
the  toes  are  .'5-1  ami  2-1  in  front.  In  the  niimeron.i  spe<!iiin'iis  (No. 
70i;>)  from  Mississippi  the  toes  are  variable  also.  Mr.  ifyder*  has 
l>ointed  out  that  one  specimen  displays  the  di<;its  H  ij ;  a  second  H  il ;  ii 
third  I  in  front ;  others  have  the  characters  of  the  .Means  type,  H  r;,  and 
others  the  Tridactyle  <;haracler,  ij  ji.  All  areyonii;;'  and  from  the  same 
locality.  ]\Ir.  Ilyder  concludes  from  these  facts  that  the  two  sii|»itos<'d 
jjenera  must  be  united.  In  this  1  aj;roe  with  him  ;  and  after  a  study  of 
the  specimens  in  tln^  National  Miiseiiin  and  in  my  own  collection,  I  be- 
lieve that  the  two  species  on  which  these  supposed  j^enera  rest  are  not 
distiiijjiiisiiabl(\    I  find  no  characters  ])e(;uliar  to  any  set  of  individuals. 

Development. — I'rof.  O.  P.  Hay  has  observed  the  habit    of  this  spe- 

*  I'lmced.  I'liiia.  Ac!.  187!»,  i,.  14. 


I 


THK    BATRACIIIA    OF    NOUTH    AMERICA. 


210 


cies  at  the  porioil  of  «leveloi)mtMit  of  the  yoiinjj;  iiiul  describes  them  in 
the  following  hinjjnaye  :* 

"  At  the  close  of  Angust,  18(S7, 1  spent  a  few  days  in  Little  Kock, 
Ark.,  in  theeinploy  of  Dr.  IJranner,  of  the  Arkansas  {jeologicial  snrvey. 
On  September  1  1  visited  a  cypress  swunip  in  the  vicinity  of  the  city 
Cor  the  purpose  of  colectiiig  some  reptiles.  During  the  severe  summer 
drought  this  swamp  had  been  almost  completely  dried  up,  and  there 
was  little  chance  to  get  anything  except  by  turn'.ig  over  pieces  of  fallen 
tiiiil)er.  IJeneath  a  log  of  i;onsiderabIe  size  I  found  to  my  surprise  a 
I, irge  animal  (ioiled  up,  which  b^-  its  smooth  glistening  skin  I  immedi- 
ately  saw  could  not  be  a  snake:  but,  having  never  before  seen  a  living 
Aiiiphiuma,  it  took  me  some  tinu^  to  realize  that  I  had  before  me  one  of 
these  animals.  After  making  due  preparation  to  prevent  its  escai»e  T 
gave  the  animal  a  i)ush  with  a  stout  stick,  aiul  then,  no  attempt  at  re- 
treat being  made,  I  lifted  it  out  of  the  slight  depression  in  which  it  was 
lying  and  let  it  straighten  itself  out.  Meanwhile  I  ha«l  observed,  lying- 
in  the  midst  of  the  coils,  a  mass  of  moist-looking  matter,  nearly  as  large 
as  one's  fist.  Picking  this  up,  1  disirovered  it  to  be  a  nniss  of  eggs. 
This  was  put  into  a  Jar  of  alcohol,  and  innnediately  the  young  within 
(lie  egg  «',onld  be  seen  writhing  about,  thus  showing  that  they  were  in 
ail  advanced  stage  of  di^velopment.  The  mother  offered  no  resistance 
on  l)cing  handled,  and  was  put  into  a  small  school  satchel  and  car- 
ried to  the  State  geologist's  oflice,  a  mile  away,  with  two  em|»ty  fruit- 
jars  lying  on  her.  That  night  she  was  kept  in  an  empty  boat  box. 
This  wass(Miie  eighteen  inches  in  height,  and  from  it  she  made  efforts  to 
es<!a[»e.  Slie  would  er<'(!t  herself  in  oru'  corner  until  her  head  was  on  a. 
level  with  the  edge  of  the  box,  but  she  could  get  no  farther.  Once  in 
falling  down  she  uttered  a  shrill  sound  somewhat  like  a  whistle  or  the 
peeping  of  a  .\onng  chicken.  A  cry  like  that  of  a  young  duck  has  been 
attributed  l.y  some  observer  to  the  Siren,  but  IJarton  in  some  of  his 
writings  denies  the  stat<'ment  that  such  a  sound  is  made. 

"The  limbs  of  theses  animals  are  very  small.  For  instance,  of  this 
one,  havinga  length  of  ;>1  inches,  tlu^  hinder  limbs  are  oidy  tlireefbuidis 
of  an  iiKih  long,  tln^  anterior  only  one  half  an  inch.  Yet,  when  it  was 
moving  over  the  ground  or  the  floor,  it  was  amusing  to  observe  that  its 
feet  were  put  forward  and  drawn  back,  as  if  they  really  could  l)e  of  some 
use 

"On  initating  this  Ampiiiuuje  by  pushing  herwitha  stick  she  would 
snap  at  it  viciously,  and  on  further  irritation  would  seize  it  in  her  Jaws 
and,  springing  from  tin?  Www  in  the  form  of  a  spiral,  would  turn  rapidly 
round  and  round,  thus  twisting  the  stick  in  one's  hand.  Any  enemy 
thus  attacked  would  certainly  find  his  interest  in  the  affair  fully 
aroused. 

"There  an^  two  points  in  the  structure  of  tlie  adult  to  which  I  wish 
fo  call  attention  ;  although  no  doubt  they  have  already  been  observed 

*Amfric;iii  N:it  nnili.st,  April,  1888. 


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220  miM.ETIN    :il,    VNITKI)    STATKS    NATIOKAL   Ml'SKITM. 

by  anatoiiiisrs.  The  first  is  tliiit  tlii'ie  is  ii  little  lobe  of  skin  forming 
tlic  anterior  bonn(bir.v  of  the  gill  opening  and  ajiother  forming  the  pos- 
terior bonier.  Tliese  can  be  very  eh)sel.v  a|>plie(l  to  eaeli  otlier,  and  seem 
to  form  a  very  etlicient  valvnlarappariitiis,  b.v  means  of  whicli  tiiisnse- 
less  relic  of  its  larval  life  may  be  (•lose<l  np.  The  other  striKitnre  is  con- 
ne<!ted  with  the  month.  The  lower  lip  is  foiined  of  a  fold  of  skin  that 
is  separated  from  the  skin  of  the  throat  by  a  deep  groove  that  rnns 
from  the  corner  of  the  month  to  near  the  symidiysis.  This  fold  has  a 
thin  sharp  edge,  ami  is  directed  downward  anil  ontward.  The  upper 
lip  also  has  a  sharp  edge,  which,  when  the  month  is  (closed,  widely  and 
closely  overlaps  the  lower  lip.  Tliis  arrangement  of  the  lips  and  that 
of  the  gill  opening  seems  to  me  to  have  relation  to  the  burrowing  habits 
of  these  animals,  and  are  designated  to  pre\ent  the  mouth  andidiarynx 
from  being  filled  with  mud. 

The  eggs  of  the  Amphinme  an^  the  most  remarkable  that  I  know  of 
as  occurring  anu)ng  the  Amphibians.  'I'ln^  young,  which  now  constitute 
the  whole  contents  of  the  eggs,  are  sui  rounded  by  a  transparent  <'ai)sule 
about  as  thic^k  as  writing  paper,  and  these  capsules  are  coniu'cfed  by  a 
slender  cord  of  similar  substance.  It  is  as  if  the  gelatinous  mass  sur- 
rounding the  «!ggs  of  tlie  toad  simuld  become  ('ondensed  into  a  solid 
covering  and  a  connecting  cord.  Mow  many  strings  there  are  of  these 
eggs  1  <!an  not  determine  with  certainty,  on  account  of  their  being  in- 
extricably intertwined  ;  l>nt,  since  there  are  four  ends  visible,  there  are 
probably  two  strings,  one  for  each  oviduct.  For  the  same  reason  \  have 
not  been  able  to  count  the  <'ggs.  A  careful  estimate  makes  at  fewest 
]')()  of  them. 

"The  eggs  in  their  present  state  an^  near'  globular,  and  average 
about  0"""  in  diameter.  Their  distance  ai)art  .wi  the  string  varies  from 
.'itol-'"'";  fourteen  of  them  vere  counted  on  a  i»ie<H>  of  the  string  1> 
inches  long.  At  this  rate  the  whole  mass  would  lorm  a  string  altout  S 
feet  long.  The  connecting  (uird  varies  from  1..")"""  to  one-half  that  di- 
ameter.   The  eggs  greatly  resemble  a  string  of  large  beads. 

"The  young  are  coiled  within  the  ca]»sMlcs  in  a  spiral  form.  On  re- 
moving tiiem  and  straightening  them  they  measure  about  45"""  in  length. 
The  (iolor  is  dusky  above,  with  indicationsof  a  darker  dorj^al  stripe,  and 
on  each  side  a  similar  darker  band.  I'.clow  the  color  is  ))ale.  The  body 
is  proj)ortionaIly  stouter  than  in  the  adult  and  tiie  head  broader.  The 
fore  and  the  hind  feet  have  <'acli  three  toes. 

"The  young  possess  conspicuous  gills  ;  and,  since  they  are  evidently 
near  the  period  <»f  hatching,  it  is  l)ut  fair  to  suppose  that  they  would 
continue  to  retain  these  gills  for  some  time  after  exclusion.  The  gills 
are  three  in  nundx'r  on  ea(!li  side,  and  are  simply  pinnate  in  form.  The 
median  gill  is  longest,  measuring  some  (("'"'  in  length.  I'rom  its  maiii 
axis  theie  arise  about  ten  delicate  twigs.  Tiie  other  gills  aic  somewhat 
shorter,  and  give  origin  to  about  eiglit  lateral  twigs  each.  In  all  these 
filaments  may  be  seen  thebloodvesscis  lilled  with  the  large  blood-cor- 


1 


Nalin 


-'W':r._. 


^1\ 


i 


THK    IJATKACIIIA    OF    NORTH    AMKUICA. 


221 


l>iis(!l('.s  for  wliicli  AMii>liiiimii  is  iioted.  Tlireo  {;illslitH  are  open,  of 
wliicli  tim  two  posterior  UocoriH^  closed  in  thu  adult.  The  eyes  appear 
to  belter  advantage  tliaii  later  in  lii'e. 

"The  liiidiiifi'of  these,  yuiiii;;  nearly  ready  for  active  life  in  siieli  nn 
iinex|»ected  situation  suj-f^ests  some  interestinjj;  proltlenis.  At  what 
l»eriod  of  their  development  are  thee  ejjj^s  deposited!?  If  at  an  early 
period,  the  mother  must  inenltate  tnem  for  a  considerable  time.  If  at 
a  late  period,  why  sIkmiIcI  they  be  placed  in  such  a  situation  '!  In  either 
case  it  appears  to  be  quite  i)robable  that  they  are  fertilized  before  they 
are  deposited.  Aji'ain,  how  aie  the  ejijjs  in  su(!li  a  dry  situation  saved 
from  beinji'  thoroujjhiy  desiccated  '!  They  are,  I  think,  kept  moist  by 
the  body  of  the  mother  as  she  lies  (M)iled  around  tliem.  My  remem- 
brance of  her  as  she  lay  when  first  exposed  is  that  she  was  much 
plumper  than  she  now  appears  in  alcohol;  and  when  she  was  laid  down 
on  the  olliire  tlocu-  (>very  spot  she  toiu^lied  was  made  wet.  The  source  of 
(his  water  I  <b»  not  know;  but  it  appears  probable  that  it  came  from  the 
numerous  ;>-|ands  that  till  the  skin,  and  that  the  mother  makes  nucturnal 
visits  to  the  water  to  lay  in  supplies." 


I'li;.  .Mi.  A  III  nil  ill  mil  iihiiiit^. 
NaliniilisI,  IHSS. 


Till 


l;s,  Willi  ciiiliiio.s  ill  tlid'on'iit  po.titioii.t.     Froiii  Iliiy,  Ainoiicau 


i_  ,    t  ^ 


'l.   I 


1;    I 


t.i 


^^1 


^y 


m 


The  Amphiiima  presents  towards  the  salamanders  the  nearest  atlinity 
to  the  Desmo^natliida'.  The  i)edunculate  ()ccii)ital  condyle  and  atlan- 
tal  insertion  of  the  temporal  muscle  are  the  same  in  both,  and  are  re- 
lated to  a  similar  form  and  probably  similar  use  of  the  muzzle.  IJy 
this  arranycmeut  the  temporal  muscle  lifts  the  entire  head  bj-  its  inser- 
tion in  the  lower  jaw,  thus  takiu}^  the  place  of  cervical  muscles.  It  can 
thus  use  the  muz/leas  alever  to  burrow  in  mud  and  stones.  Amphiuma 
incaiiN  i'.lso  resend)les  the  species  of  Desmojjnathus  in  the  possession  of 
a  chirrui)  or  whistle.  I  do  not  know  of  another  American  sahunander 
whicl.  possesses  a  voice.  The  ej-jus  in  both  genera  arc  laid  in  a  rosary. 
I  suspect  that  Amphiuma  is  a  type  which  has  de,<,'enerated  from  a  sala- 
mander like  J)csnu)gnathus,  but  which  possessed  an  ethmoid  bone. 


M 


I  ; 


5  i; 


IS:!'  i 
Sil    t 


r      I 


if22  UULLKTIN   :U,    IJNITKI)    MTATKS    NATIONAL    MUSIUJM. 

.tllipliiilniit  iiiiiiiiH  <iiiril. 


Calalo'^tir 

No.  0 

lilllillirl'. 

Hjll't' 

07t»7 

1 

1(101! 

1 

HWtl 

1 

lliMI!) 

1 

OllliU 

1 

4.VI;) 

1 

((till 

III 

"IHi.'i 

'1 

7(KiJ 

T 

"Ills 

'J 

11. 'lit,' 

1 

I4r>iu 

I 

4:1:11 

'1 

KIHIm 

i 

I4l4rt 

4 

l.iicalit.v. 


Wli.ii 

(iillirtnl. 


I-'niiii  wlioiii  i'i-(',uivu(l. 


Natiin<  ol 

HllUVilUCII. 


AriiiiKtiiB.  •'"'"• 


IhTH     (i.  liiowii  Onotlii Ale 


■  o'lili  loves'.  C I I   II.  I'.  llaiU<i- 


ImhI  .Irssiiii,   AiK 
'l\ii-lmrMiii;li,  N.  (^ 
Hil(i\i,  MisH    ...... 

i:i('i'liiirciii;:li.  I>a. 
Cliailcsloii,  S  (I    .. 


XiLshvillr,  (ill 

I'raiiic  Mcr  Uoii^ir,  La 

l'()liiiiiliii.-<,  MinA 

Now  OrluaiLH,  Im 


7004 


Cliarluattiii,  iS.  0  ■ 


Jill.V  — IKWI 


,1.  \.    l!ii.lK<'r 

(;.  Ilclliiiaii   

111.  \V.  L.  .loiic.H 

Dr.  S.  r>.  ISaikin   

(".  11.  \t\MU>i 

1)1.  Wilili  

\V.  .1.  'ra.vlni 

.laiiirs  I'jiiiii' 

S|iilliiiaii  

Dr.    U.    \V.  SInilVIill 

S.  A 

l)v.  .Sliuiiiai'il 


■Iiiilii' 

Do. 

Do. 

n> 

Iht. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 


c.kciliidj:. 

Jpoda  0]i\n'} ;  I'uriiilnpliid'Ki  DriJI, 

N'c'itt'bra'i  iimpliicji^loii.s,  with  iinterior  doiiblc  li.vpopopliy.se.s.  Vo.sti- 
biilo  with  iiitcnial  wall  o  koou.s.  lOtliinoid  well  (Icvcloitcd.  !S(|iiain()- 
salami  parietal  more  or  les.s  c.xteiKlcd  over  tcmporaMb.s.sa.  8<!apiilar 
and  polvii!  arclit'.s  waiitiii}^.  ()rl)it  smrouiuU'd  by  tlu>  ina.\  Ilar.y  bone. 
Liver  iiiii(!ii  .subdivided.  Teste.s,  several  01  eaeli  side.  Two  protractile 
niiisides  of  llic  male  rectum,  wliieli  project  a  port  on  of  it  as  an  iiitroiiiil- 
teiit  or^aii. 

This  family  lias  been  usually  rejjarded  as  rei>reseutiiiy  a  distinct  order 
of  l>atra(;liia.  I  have  di.scus.sed  this  ques'. ion  under  the  head  of  tli*^  or 
der  Urodehi,  within  which  I  have  placed  it  as  a  suborder,  which  should 
bear  JJe  iJlainville's  name  Pseudophidia.  Hesides  the  structural  pecu- 
liarities already  pointed  out,  I'eters  and  Sarasin  have  shown  the 
brauciiial  apparatus  of  (he  larva  to  be  peculiar.  Inst  ad  of  form  in  jj 
loops  ill  fibrilhe  of  jir.  cesses  of  the  branchial  arches,  the  branchial  vein 
and  artery  ramify  on  t lie  surface  of  membianous  bladder-like  expan- 
sions of  the  arches. 

The  numerous  species  of  this  family  are  distributed  throu<;h(Uit  all 
tropical  rej;ious  except  those  of  the  Australian  realm.  They  are  most 
abundant  in  tropical  America.  Their  liabits  ai-e  subterranean,  their 
lives  beinji"  mostly  spent  in  the  nests  (»f  ants,  wliicii  they  eat.  Al  tiie 
proper  .season  tliey  repair  to  thc^  water  and  dejtosit  their  ejJTfjs.  The 
larva;  pass  thronj;h  their  metamorphosis  early  in  life.  All  of  the  spe- 
cies are  nearly  blind. 

This  family  appears  to  me  to  have  been  derived  from  the  ley-bearinj^- 
Urodela  throuji'li  the  Amphiimida',  by  a  jiroeess  of  de<feneration.  Addi- 
tional evidence  in  favor  of  this  view  is  found  in  the  discovery  by  Stras- 
ser,  of  small  cartilages  in  the  position  of  the  inferior  elements  by  the 
scapular  arch.    This  degeneration  may  be  regarded  as  the  result  of  the 


TIIK    IJATUACIIIA    OF    NORTM    AMEllICA. 


22;j 


inactive  lite  (MHisoqiicnt  on  imriiNili(!  liabitH.  Tim  waine  result  lias  l)o- 
rallcn  till;  Ijace'itiliaii  lainily  Aiiipliisbiciiiila':  and  the,  Opiiidian  t'atiiily 
ol  T.vpliIopiUa!.  Iloth  of  tlK'.so  art',  like  the  Ca'ciliida',  paiaisltlc  in  ants' 
nests,  and  holli  have  become  nearly  blind  and  have  lost  their  or}j;ans  of 
l>ro;>ression,  whether  limbs  or  abdominal  scales.  To  aid  them  in  \\\i\'n 
darlv  habitat  ;i  pecidiar  tentacle  has  been  developed  in  tiiis  tamily, 
which  issues  from  ii  canal  of  the  maxillary  bone.  This  canal  passes 
from  the  orbit,  and  the  tt>ntacle  which  oe(ri)pi<>s  it  is  fnrnishe<l  with  a 
iniisclu  and  nerve  (Weidersheiin).  It  is  ])robably  homologous  with  the 
"  l)aiancer"  of  the  urodelous  larva,  which  sometinu'S  j)ersists  as  a  non- 
retractile  tentacle  in  s»'veral  «»f  the  species  of  the  salamandiine  yenns 
Speleipes. 

The  t'a'ciliida^  have  been  divided  into  a  nnnd)er  of  jjenera  by  IVters. 
The  presence  or  absence  of  minute  scales  defines  some  of  these,  and 
tlie  form  and  position  of  the  tenta(!ular  openinj,'  others,  8onu!  of  the 
latter  do  not  appt'ar  to  the  writ<?r  to  be  well  founded. 

No  species  of  the  Ca'ciliida*  enters  the  ycof^iaphical  boundaries  of  the 
nearctic  realm. 

(Mate*  11  represents  the  skull  and  sonu>  vertebne  of  the  Clitlnnurpcton 
iiiidstinctnm,  11.  »>V^  L.,  si  representative  of  the  family  from  IJrazil. 


TIIA(  IIVSroM.VTA. 

Vomeropalatiiu^  bones  wantin;;.  Supraoccipitals,  intercalaria,  ami 
liasioc(tipitals  wantinjf.  Maxillary  ijones  wantin,i,^  I'ropodial  bones  not 
foiissilied;  cau<lal  vertebra' distinct. 

This  order,  which  was  projiosed  by  Miiller,  has  but  few  liviny;  repre- 
sentatives, nor  has  paleontolo^'y  disclosed  with  certainty  any  extinct 
ones.  The  liinf^e  of  its  variation  beinjif  thus  unknown,  I  conline  my- 
self chieliy  to  a  discussion  of  the  characters  of  the  only  family  which 
it  contains,  the  Sirenida'.  The  order  is  distinjiuislied,  as  above  indi- 
(Mted,  by  the  absence  of  many  bones  of  tins  skull  usual  in  veitebrata 
ami  IJatrachia — a  result  which  is  apparently  dui!  to  a.  lon{,' process  of 
dejieneracy. 

SIKKIs'in.K. 


I 


4 


I 


If 


Vertebrae  amphiccelous;  pteryj;<)idea  wanting:;  premaxillary  and  den- 
tary  boiu's  toothless:  patches  on  the  parasphenoid :  two  pairs  of  cera- 
tobrauchials;  a  secoiul  basibranchial  continuous  with  the  first ;  several 
epibrauchials;  no  otoj^lossal ;  the  stapes  not  directly  (!onnecti'«l  with 
the  (puulrate;  mandibular  articulation  by  a  baIlandso(^ket  joint,  the 
ball  on  the  inaudible,  the  cotylus  in  the  quadrate. 

In  the  known  j^enera  of  tlie  family  the  nasal  bones  are  embraced  by 
the  spines  of  the  premaxillary  bone;  the  vomeropalato-i)terygoid  sirch 


I  i 


224  IJULLETIN   :«l,    UNITED   STATES    NATIONAL   MIKSEKM. 

is  pii'st'iit  as  ii  ciirtiliij,'! HOIKS  baiul ;  the  prefrontal  boiios  arc  waiitiiifr; 
tlu'orbitosplu'iioids  are  lar^'e  ami  e.\i»aii(li'<l  laterally  in  front,  iso  as  to 
form  iiart  of  tiie  palatal  surface.  The  earpns  is  eartila;;inons,  anil  tlieie 
are  no  hind  le^s  or  pelvic  arch.  There  are  external  branchia',  which 
consist  of  branchinjr  processes  of  the  inte^ninient  of  the  epibranchial 
elements.  The  latter  are  separated  by  branchial  lissnres  of  the  walls 
of  the  j)harynx. 

In  the  jjenns  Siren  the  cranial  extremity  of  thoceratohyal  is  free  from 
the  cranium,  but  is  connected  with  the  stapes  by  a  stronj^  lijiament.  In 
this  resi)ect  this  };enus  resembles  the  adults  of  the  true  salamanders,  oi' 
rsendosauria,  rather  th  an  the  other  perennibranchiate  forms,  <»i-  the  Tre 
motodera  and  Amphiumoidea.  In  its  four  epibranchial  ('intilaj^es,  how- 
ever, if  resembles  the  larva*  of  the  Psendosauria,  as  also  in  the  presence 
of  a  second  basibranchial,  connected  with  i\n',  first  anteriorly,  and  ex- 
pandiiif;  posteriorly  Tins  mixture  of  charatiters  of  the  adults  and  (»f 
the  larva'  of  pseiulo'aurian  urodela  has  asi^nilicance  which  I  will  fur- 
ther illustrate. 

1  have  already  pointed  out  (American  Naturalist,  188,1,  p.  215)  that 
l»ala'oiitolo}jfy  shows  that  the  order  of  Trachystomata  is  a  de;;i'iicrate 
type,  if  the  structure  of  its  skull,  limb-arches,  and  limbs  be  I'onsidcrcd. 
1  have  also  reason  to  believe  that  there  are  indications  of  a  retrojiiade 
metainorphosis  to  be  found  in  the  history  of  its  branchial  apparatus.  I 
was  for  a  long  time  at  a  loss  to  account  for  the  i'lirioiis  condition  which 
1  had  observed  in  the  branchia'  of  the  sirens.  The  fringes  are  freipiently 
in  a  state  of  apparent  partial  atrophy  and  inclosed  in  a  common  dermal 
investment  of  the  branchial  ramus,  or  all  the  rami  are  covered  l»y  a 
common  investment,  so  as  to  be  absolutely  functionless  and  immovabU^ 
This  character  observed  in  the  Pucudohnnnltus  striutiis,  iiiiva  orifjin  to 
its  separation  from  the  {jeniis  Siren.  The  character  is,  however,  comnioii 
to  the  Siren  lacertina  at  a  certain  age,  and  the  real  diH'erence  betwt'cn 
the  genera  depeinls  on  thedilferent  number  of  the  digits  and  pharyn- 
geal tissnres  in  the  two. 

1  have  also  observed  that  the  liinctionless  condition  of  the  branchia' 
is  universal  in  young  individuals  of  the  tSiren  lacertina  of  live  ami  six 
inches  in  length,  and  that  in  a  specimen  of  a  little  over  three  inches 
they  are  entirely  rudimentary  and  subepidermal.  1  have,  in  fact,  no- 
ticed  that  it  is  only  in  large  adult  specimens  that  the  branchia'  are  fiiby 
developed  in  structure  and  function.  The  inference  from  the  specimens 
certainly  is  that  the  branchia'  are  in  the  sirens  not  a  larval  character, 
as  in  other  perennibranchiate  Batrachia,  but  a  character  of  maturity. 
Of  ct)urse  only  direct  observation  can  show  whether  sirens  have 
branchia'  on  exclusion  from  the  egg;  but  it  is  not  probable  that  they 
dili'er  so  much  from  other  members  of  their  (ilass  as  to  be  without  them. 
Nevertheless,  it  is  evident  that  the  branchia' soon  become  functionless, 
so  that  the  animal  is  almost  if  not  exclusively  an  air  breather,  and  that 
functional  activity  is  not  resumed  till  a  more  advance<l  age.    That  Sirens 


1 


TIIK    MATUAOIItA    fH'   NOltTIf   AMKHIf'A. 


225 


may  lu' «'X('lii.siv('I.v  air  ln'ciitluTs  I  have  sIkiwii  l»y  tibsei'vations  on  a 
spcciiiKMi  in  an  aqnatinni  wliicli,  I'oi'  two  nioiilis,  prohalily  from  tlui  at- 
taclvH  of  n«hes,  had  no  lirancliia'  at  all.  (Sco  .lourn.  Ac,  I'liila.,  180(}, 
p.  OS). 

In  explanation  of  tliis  tact,  it  may  ho  romarkoil  that  this  atrophy  can 
not  bu  a<;roiinto*l  lor  on  th(>  .snp|)osition  that  it  is  S(>as(nial  anil  due  to 
the  drying;  np  ol  the  a(|nati('.  habitat  of  the  sir(>ns.  The  tionntiies  thoy 
inliabit  arehnmid,  rec«'ivin<;,Mhe  heaviest  rain-fall  of  oni'  ICastern  States, 
and  there  is  no  dron<;ht.  The  only  explanation  appears  to  me  to  be  that 
the  present  Sirens  iuv  t\w  descendants  of  a  terrestrial  type  of  Hatraehia, 
which  passed  thron^h  a  metamorphosis  lik(>.  other  nu>mbers  of  their 
class,  lint  that  more  recently  tlu-y  have  ailopted  i  permanently  aqnatic 
life,  and  have  resnmed  their  branchia-  by  reveision. 

This  hypothesis  is  (^onlirmed  by  the  relations  of  the  stapes  to  the 
suspensor  of  the  lower  jaw.  It  is  not  coniu'cted  with  the  quadrate 
cartilafje,  as  is  the  case  with  the  I'rotiida',  Cryptobranchida',  Amiddn- 
mida',  and  the  larva-  (»f  salamanders,  bat  is  distinct  and  is  connected 
posteriorly  v/ith  a  stapedius  muscle  as  in  adult  salamandeis.*  (See 
I'l.  1(5,  ti-.  .-..) 

There  are  but  two  known  {jenera  of  this  family,  whicdi  dilVer  as  fol- 
lows : 

i>ij;ils  run  I  ;  Itriiiii'liiiil  I'lMsiircs  nininally  lliii'c Siren. 

Dijiils  (liicr  ;  liiuiiilii:il  lissiiit'soiii' I'stnilohraiichiin. 

SlIvl'iN  liinna'us. 

Anin'iiiliiti'M  A<'!i(U'iiiic;c,  \ii,  ITCi.'i,  p.  lUl  (tcsli'  lldlliiook) :  Systoma 
NatiiiM' !•,',  cd.  I,  p.  :i71,  I7(;(i:  (»iM'it.  l:!,  cd.  i,  Addenda,  17<i7;  iliid., 
'riuton's  I'd.,  l-^ti-.*,  I,  p.  (iTl  ;  'i'scliiidi.  Italiai  liia,  p.  its  ;  (iray  Cat. 
Itril.  Mns.,  p.  (i-*;  Dnni.  A  I'liUr.  I",rp.  (icii..  ix,  p.  lit!  ;  HoiiltMij^or, 
Cat.  (irad.  Ilrit.   Miis.,  cd.  ii.  p.  Mi,  l-i+J. 

I'liaiKnihraiicliiis,  pt.  l,i'ii(d<ail  Isis  von  Okcn,  If^Jl,  p. 'Jiid. 

Difiits  four;  Jaws  with  horny  sheath;  tnnyiu^  larj;e,  free  in  front; 
eyes  distinct;  external  branchia'  three.  A  patch  of  teeth  on  eac^h  side 
of  the  palate  standinj;  on  tlii'cc^  plati's,  wliicii  an^  attached  to  the  para- 
sphenoid  bone.     Three  branchial  lissures  on  each  side  in  the  adult. 

In  this  ficnns  tiiere  are  narrow  (!artila,t;es  on  the  ai>proximated  ex- 
tremities of  the  tiist  basibranchial  and  the  ceratohyals,  in  the  i)osition 
of  a  basihyal  and  hypohyals  respectively. 

The  transverse  jjroces.ses  of  the  vertebral  are  very  much  expanded 
horizontally  at  the  ba.se,  but  they  terminate  in  a  i)ointed  ajiex. 


I  ,! 


^  ;-l' 


) 

i 

If 


1951— Bull  :\i- 


'  AnuM-ican  Xatnralist,  l88-<,  p.  Jtll. 
-1.J 


22(1  I'.ULLKTIN    :il,    r.MTKl)    STATKS    NATIONAL    MI'SFJM. 


,;<  I; 


1! 


Sll.'KN   l,A('i:i>riNA    I. inn.' 

AiiKi'niliiU's  Ac'inU'iiiic'ii',  vii,p.;!ll,  ltd..:  Svslciiiii  Natiiiii',  cd.  1:5,1  Ail- 
(Iciidji;  C:iiv.  ill  llmnl).  ()l>s.  Z<mi.,  i,  p. -J-^,  I'l.  !l-ll;  DaiKl.,  Kt'iitil., 
VIII,  ])/i:L>,  ri.l'.t,  li.ii.-i:  lli'll).,  N.A.Hcrp.,  v.  p.  HH,  I'1.:M:  TsdiMtli, 
/.(■.:  Diiin.iV  liilir.,  p.  UKHlnii  t) :  linnlciincr,  Cat.  lialr.  (irad.  Hrit. 
Mils.,  vt\.  ii,  ISS-J,  p. -7. 
riiancrohraiKJiiifi  (?/^)»,v  Li'iickarl,  I.e. 

Siren  intermedia  Lcconti",  Aim.  Lvc  N.  Y..  isjs,  p.  l:!:!,  I'l.  1;  llollir.  /.  c,  )).  107,  PI. 
:i.");  id,  ibid,  p.C.il. 


•)7i 


Flfl.  .IT.  fiimi  lacirlinn.     No.  \"y\\.     WiliniiiLitnn,  X.  (\  [.     Xn.  7,  .yi'iiin;  with  nlmvtivc  litniirliiiv. 


"  J'lad'M  l>,  liyK.  l-:{ ;  l:i,  11«.  (i;  4:J;  41;  4(i,  11^'.  r. ;  111,  ll.r.  u. 


I 


TlIF,    IIATHACIIIA    OP    NORTH    AMKRIC'A. 


227 


PI. 


In  ijonenil  form  llils  iiniiniil  is  quite,  I'loiif^uti',  ;iii(l  tlic  t.iii  is  coiisid- 
enibly  shorter  tliiin  tlic  body,  inoasiiriii};-  one  half  of  the  h.-ngth  of  the 
head  and  body  together.  The  head  is  a  h)nger  or  shorter  oval  in  out- 
line, and  the  end  of  the  ninzzle  is  rounded,  truncate,  and  projects  be- 
yond the  lower  Jaw  to  a  moderate  degree.  In  prolile  it  is  depressed,  and 
the  line  of  the  front  gradually  descends  from  behind.  The  fore  limb  is 
short,  measuring  Just  half  the  distance  between  its  anterior  base  and 
the  end  of  the  muzzle. 

The  eyes  are  very  small,  ami  are  covered  by  a  thin  epidermis  or 
cornea.  They  are  situated  just  one-third  the  distance  between  the  end 
of  the  muzzle  and  the  base  of  the  anterior  external  branchin.  The 
ui>per  lip  is  pcndidous  at  the  sides  of  thi;  mouth,  overlap])ing  the  lower 
lip.  The  latter  is  free  and  pendulous  at  the  sides,  and  is  bounded  be- 
low at  the  base  by  a  deep  groove,  which  mayor  may  not  be  continuous 
round  the  entire  chin.  Thus  it  is  comi)lete  in  seven  specimens  and  in- 
complete in  eighteen.  liotii  conditions  are  seen  in  specimens  from  the 
same  locality,  as,  for  instance,  those  from  Kiceborongh,  (ra.,  and  ^lata- 
moros,  in  Tamanlipas,  The  external  nares  are  well  separated  from 
each  other,  and  are  short  transverse  slits. 

The  superior  horny  sheath  is  quite  short,  covering  only  the  prcmax- 
illarybone.  It  has  a  sharp  edge,  and  is  black  in  <!olor.  The  lower 
sheath  is  much  longer,  covering  the  entire  edge  of  the  dentary  bone. 
It  is  also  sliari)  edged  and  black.  The  tooth  patches  vary  in  propor- 
tions in  dilferent  individuals.  Tiiey  are  distinct  from  each  other,  but 
are  in  contact  anterioi  ly  ami  diverge  i)osteriorly.  The  teeth  are  small 
and  acute,  ami  are  arranged  in  numerous  transverse  rows  in  each  patch. 
In  adult  individuals  the  patehes  have  an  oval  outline,  but  their  width 
varies,  and  in  some  others  and  in  immature  examples  they  are  more  or 
It  ss  linear.  Thus  in  one  specimen  from  Matamoros  the  vomerine  teeth 
arc  reduced  t(.  a  line  on  each  side,  the  two  forming  a  A.  In  one  from 
(Icorgia  the  same  arrangement  occurs,  but  in  a  second  from  the  same 
locality,  and  in  every  other  respect  similar  to  it,  the  teeth  are  in  a  wide 
patch.  In  two  others  the  patch  is  intermediate  in  characters.  The 
surface  of  the  tongue  is  smooth,  not  displaying  plica' or  large  pappilhe. 
It  occui)ies  nearly  the  entire  tloor  of  the  mouth.  The  interrial  nostrils 
are  eaitha  hole  at  the  exterior  side  of  the  parasphenoid  patches  of  teeth, 
at  tiie  point  marking  the  posterior  third  of  their  length. 

The  fingers  are  moderately  elongate,  and  are  perfectly  free  from 
dermal  web  or  border.  Tiieir  lengths  are  in  order,  commencing  with 
the  sliortest,  5-l*-4-.'{.  The  third  and  fourth  are  sometimes  of  equal 
length. 

The  brancliia',  when  fully  developed,  form  a  bipinnate  frame-work, 
to  which  tlie  ultimate  librilla' are  attached  :  timt  is,  the  primary  stem 
sends  a  row  of  secondary  branches  downwards  on  each  side,  and  these 
again  ternary  braiuihes  on  each  side.  To  the  under  side  of  these  the 
fibrillar  are  attached.  Tiiey  are  (juite  short.  Tiie  entire  brantdiia  is 
short  and  not  produced  at   the  extremity,  as  is  the  case  with  Nccfiwiis 


:V. 


In 


.1 


"la 
I 


.iV'A 


1^1 


228       mii.LiyriN  :!i,  unitki)  stater  national  mtseum. 

punctaiiis  iiiul  larva'  ol'  Aiiibl.vst(Hiia,  In  I'lotuiis  the  sccoiidiiry 
branches  are  also  present.  The  librilla"  in  Siren  present  dillerent  con- 
ditions, perhaps  dependent  on  the  character  of  their  environment  as  to 
the  abundance  of  water,  etc.,  and  indicating  dillerent  dejjrees  of  func- 
tional elBciency.  I  have  discussed  this  question  under  the  head  of  the 
family  Sirenida*. 

The  body  is  rounded,  snbquadrate  in  section,  and  disi)lays  an  indis- 
tinct median  <lorsal  groove.  The  transverse  j>'rooves  are  distinct  on  the 
sides  and  nearly  meet  on  the  belly,  but  are  not  distinct  on  the  back. 
They  vary  from  thirty-one  to  thirty-seven  in  number.  The  larfjer  speci- 
mens generally  have  thirty-six  and  thirty-seven  grooves,  while  smaller 
ones  fre(iuently  have  only  thirty-one  and  thirty-two.  The  specimens 
with  thirty-three,  thirty-four,  and  thirty-live  arc  of  medium  size  ;  but  a 
full  sized  one  IVom  (Je()rfiia(No.4r);{5)  has  t]iirty-tw(),and  a  small  one  from 
South  Carolina  (No.  lO.")!!)  has  thirtv-four.  It  was  on  specimens  jjresent- 
iufj-  the  eharactersof  the  sujaller  indivichmls  above  mentioned  that  the.V. 
iiifeniicdid  of  Leconte  was  proposed.  I  can  not  distin<:;uish  it  from  the 
ordinary  form.  The  skin  is  everywhere  i)erfeetly  smooth.  The  tail  is 
comi)ressed  from  the  base  to  the  extremity,  and  for  its  distal  half  is 
(juite  thin.  It  has  a  stron,n'  dermal  liii  above  and  below.  It  commences 
above  opposite  to  the  anterior  extremity  of  the  vent,  and  below  about 
0!ie-fourth  the  length  of  the  tail  posterior  to  the  vent. 

The  branchial  fissures, .as  remarked  in  the  discussion  of  the  supposed 
retrograde  metamori)liosis  of  Siren,  may  be  one,  two,  or  three,  on  one  or 
both  sides.  In  a  series  of  small  specimens  from  South  Carolina  (No. 
Mill)  the  fissures  are  as  follows:  L»-l,  .'5-2,  L»-2,  2-2.  In  a  similar 
series  from  CJeorgia  (No.  b"*,'},"))  they  are  2-2,  3-3,  2-2  larger  than  last; 
2-3  same  size  as  last,  and  .'5-3  fully  grown. 

Measiircmcnls  of  No.  KVll). 

jr. 

Total  l.ii-tli 7U 

l,('ii}itli  (if  licad  and  lidily 170 

Lcii^'lli  to  axilla 082 

Liiiiiffli  to  first  l)iaiicliia 0'C> 

\ivun\h  to  liiu>  of  caiitlius  of  nioiilli ()li> 

IiClij;lli  to  liiu;  of  cyi' 01 1 

L(!iij»lli  of  fore-lcfj;  from  axilla O'Ari'i 

L('iii;tli  of  ImiiKM'iis  from  axilla _ 01'.) 

li  •iifitli  of  ciiliitiis  (IK) 

Will  til  hctwcoii  nostrils OKi't 

Width  lictwt'cii  eyes ,  i}-2:\ 

Width  of  head ()4ri 

ICxpanso  of  fore  limh.s  cxtondnd  Ill 

Dt'ptli  of  tail  at  middhi (Km 

The  general  (tolor  is  a  dark  lead-color,  usually  darker  above  than  be- 
low. There  is  in  sonu'  sj)ecimens  a  yellow  band,  with  irregular  or  badly 
delined  outline,  extending  around  tln^  miizzh^aiid  upper  lip  lo  Ihe  base 
of  the  antei  i(M'  braiushia.    In  some  specimens  t  his  band  includes  tlii'  chin ; 


! 


Till-:    IJATKACIIIA    OF    NOUTll    AMERICA. 


22\) 


ill  others  it  is  present  on  the  cheeks  only.  In  ii  fully  grown  specimen 
from  iMatanioros,  Taniiiulipiis,  this  band  is  continued  along  the  side  for 
one-half  the  length,  beyond  which  point  it  is  represented  by  scattered 
yellow  dots.  A  second  similar  badly  delined  band  originates  at  the 
lower  edge  of  the  axilla,  and  extends  along  the  inferior  part  of  the  side 
for  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  superior  band.  These  bands  have  the 
position  of  those  seen  in  the  PsciidobraHchus  Hfriatiis.  In  a,  second 
ocpially  large  si)eeimen  from  Matainoros  these  bands  are  wanting. 

The  geographical  range  of  the  Siren  laccrtiiia  is  the  best  measure  of 
the  extent  of  the  austroriparian  region  of  North  America.  It  appears 
in  the  middle  of  eastern  North  Carolina,  and  extends  thence  throughout 
the  southern  Atlantic  and  CJulf  States  tiirough  Texas  to  the  west  side 
of  the  Kio  CJrande,  where  it  ceases.  Northwards  it  ascends  the  ^Missis- 
sii>pi  N'alley  proper  as  high  as  Alton,  11!.,  and  eastward  in  the  AVabash 
basin,  in  Indiana,  to  Lafayette  (Coulter),  and  the  White  lliver  (Jordan). 

Sinn  lidirliiiK  Liiiii. 
UKSHUVK  SKltlKS. 


('il;ilci;;in'     Xo.  Ill 
imiiibri'.      s]i('C. 


Locality. 


Whrii 
t'olKic'tiil. 


Fioiii  wliDiii  received. 


Xiit  live  ol' 
speciineii. 


Ha4!) 
M5»7 
OIO'J 

»;ii7 

01U3 
10514 
10H53 
1085:i 

7007 

m\n 
4.'>:i.-. 

.V.'Ol 
4048 

lo:ii:i 

5000 
125(13 
7048 


I 


1      Xeiise  Kiver,  X.C ' !I.  W.  Wclsliet Alcoliolii 


1  Cciluiiiliiii.S.  ('   Mill'.  — ,  IKTii     !•;.  i;.  .racksMii 

1  Miiiiiil  Caiiiicl,  ni i  J uli   '.':',  1877  I  Unlicrt  liiili^wav 

1  ! ;....■ ' 

1  Oalde.v.S.c; Ma.v     1,1,-77     K.  W.  Ilayward 

1  Ciiliiiiiliiii.  S.  (; I  1S7."<    !•;.  l';..Jack8(iii 

1  I'lLSoM,   ■l"c\as ISSU     Allicit  Tuipe 

1  do !  18^0    ilo 

1  Cliaili'stoii,  S.  (J Cliaili'stoii  Aeadeinv 

•J  (icoi;;ia Keli.     1,  IHiil      Dr.  W.  L.  .limes  . ..' 

(  Uicclii>i(>ii;;li.  (ia do i 

1  Craiid  Ciitcaii,  l.a Keli.     4,  I.Mil     SI.  Cliailes  (jolle;.'!! 

I  .Malaiiioios,  .Mexico I.ieiit.  1!.  Couch,  t'.  S.  A. .. 

1  OaKley.S.C MayIl,l,S7i)     K.  W.llaywaid  

1  Matamnids,  Mexico I  Lieuteiiiiiit  Couch 

1  Wihiiiiiy:toii,  N.  (' Donald  .MiiKaii 

!  (iiiir  Stale ' C.  li.  .\daiiis 

-  Sail  Dii'Ko,  Te.i. Juno — ,  lSt>.-<     W.  Taylor 


Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


.1 


I 


) 


GENKKAI,  SKUIi;.S. 


7(101 

45;t5  ! 

IIIIK 

70 1. s 

7iHi!t  I 

7142 

1087.'V  I 

10855  i 

10858  I 

10850 

IDHOC 

i0!<57  I 

10860 

108111 

108.H 

I08,5tl 

108112 

10874 

I0H71  ] 

1080U 

10872 

10873 

mwn  I 

10313 
108TII 
10428  j 
0500 
10808 


1  (?) 

2  }  Kice\ioriiiii:h,  (ill | Dr.  W.  I.,  .loiie.s. 

2  i  MataiiioroM,   .Mex 


(?l. 


<  leor^etown,  S.  (' 

I'raii  ie  .Mei-  Itou^o,  I.a  , 
(l.iUlev.S.  (' 

1      {')■■■'■ 

1      (') 

I      (.') 

1     O.iklev,  S.  t; 

I      (.'» 

1      {!) 


Lieut.  15. Couch,  I'  S.  A  .. 
Chestoii 


'  Mai'.  11!,  l,-7s     K  W.llaywaid.. 


1 


1 


V). 


1      Oakley,  S.C 


-do. 

.do 

.do  ' 

.do 

■  In M.'ii'.  I'.l. 'HTH     K  W.  llavwaid. 

.do   Mav       ,18,1)     do.! 

.ilo  '. 

■  do .Mav  -.1.-811     1''.  W.  llavwaid. 

.do   Mai.  -.1878     do 

.do  .Mai.  l;i,  1878    do 


Aleolinlic. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


2'6i)  lUJLLEllN    ;JI,    UiNlTKD    STATKS    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

i'Si:ui)onnAN'ciirs  (imy. 

All"   I'liilos.,  l-i'J."),  l>.  •■iW;  Cut.  Hatr.  Uiad.  liiit.  Miis.,()l»;  Boulcnj,'er, 
(  at.  Miitr.  ISrit.  Mus.,  cil.  ii,  H--,',  p.  W/. 

Digits  rliive.  Jaws  wi  Ii  Iioni.v  slu'iitli.  Tongue  froo  in  fnuit;  eyes 
distinct.  Hxternal  Inanciiiii'  tlncc  Parasi>!RMioi(l  teeth  in  two  rows, 
united  in  fiont,  forming  a  iongitndinid  A-  <^)"e  brancliial  llssuro  on 
each  side. 

The  reduced  number  of  digits  and  of  l>raiu;liial  fissures  are  tlie  char- 
acters which  sei»arate  this  genus  from  Siren.  The  jK'culiarities  found 
in  the  branchia'  arc  shared  by  tlie  hitter  genus,  liiit  one  species  of 
Pseudobrauchus  is  luiowu. 


,  .: 


PSIUJDOHKANCIIUS   STRIATUS  L.coiit.-. 

eiray,  Aiii'-  I'liilos.,  I-,'.'),  i>.-Jli; ;  (1  ray,  Cat.  15a tr,  (irail.  IJril.Miis.,  ud.  i,  p. 
(i'.t;  Ji()iilonj;cr,  Cat.  I!:itr.  (irail.  Hiit.  Mus.,  cd.  ii,  l^-^l,  y.  S7. 

Siirii  Kliiiitd    licconto  Ann.    l.yi.,  N.   V.,   l&i\,   \>.   ;')•.',   I'l.    I;    Tscliiidi,   IWitr.,  i>.   IW. 
llolbi'.,  X.  A.  lliii>.,  V.  1),  Mil,  ri.  iiii;  1)11111.  iV  r.iln-.,  IM.  W,  W'^.  1. 

Tliis  s[)ccies  is  iiuicli  smaller  than  the  >Sircn  hurrl'uw,  and  dilfers  from 
it  in  a  good  many  characters.  The  body  iscylindric,  and  the  tail  meas- 
ures two-thirds  the  lengtli  of  the  head  and  body  and  a  little  more.  The 
liead  viewed  from  above  has  a  rather  narrow  oval  outline,  and  its  ex- 
tremity is  rounded  without  truncation,  or  sometimes  acuminate.  In 
profile  the  front  descends  regularly  to  the  end  of  the  muzzle,  which 
overhangs  the  mouth  ly  a  little.  The  ey«'s  are  <|uite  (listin(!t,  though 
small,  and  are  on  the  border  of  the  head  when  \  ieweil  from  above,  but 
have  moreui)ward  than  lateral  <lir»'ction.  Tlie  mouth  is  veiy  small  and 
does  not  extend  so  far  posteriorly  as  the  anterior  border  of  the  eye. 
The  upi»er  lip  is  pendulous,  <»verlappiiig  the  lower,  so  as  to  reduce  the 
mouth  when  closed  to  a  small  aperture  on  the  middle  line  in  front. 
The  !ip  of  the  lower  Jaw  is  not  recurved,  and  there  is  no  groovt^  pass- 
ing around  the  chin.  The  external  iio.^trils  aie  in  the  upper  lip,  not 
very  near  its  edge,  but  they  are  not  visible  from  above.  The  distance 
between  them  is  three  <|iiarters  the  length  of  that  between  the  eyes. 

The  parasphenoid  series  of  teeth  ai'c  but  little  in  contact  in  front,  and 
each  one  consists  of  two  or  thre(^  row.s.  They  extend  anteriorly  near 
to  the  i)remaxillary  and  jiostericuly  to  oi)posite  the  rictus  oris.  The 
choanal  are  round,  and  are  at  the  external  side  of  the  parasphenoid 
series,  one-fifth  the  distance  anterior  to  their  posterior  extremity.  The 
tongue  is  narrowed  and  acuminate  in  front,  and  its  free  portion  is  rela- 
tively longer  than  in  the  Siren  Idccrtind. 

The  branchia'  have  not  the  .same  character  as  those  of  the  Hhrn  laccr- 
tina,  being  trii>innate  on  the  external  side  only.  The  first  is  much 
shorter  than  the  seconil,  which  is  shorter  than  the  third.  The  single 
lissure  is  below  the  ba.se  of  the  second.  I  have  not  found  a  second 
fissure  in  this  species,  nor  have  I  found  this  one  closed  in  individuals  with 


I'l 


} 


Tin;    liATKAClllA    OF    .\ OK  I'll    AMEltlCA. 


231 


aborted  brancliiii;,  as  (xjciirs  in  the  case  oF  the  other  two  in  Siren  laver- 
thia.  The  limbs  are  short  and  weak,  and  their  length  enters  that  from 
their  base  to  the  end  of  the  nuiz/!e  two  and  a  half  times.  The  hiteral 
toes  are  st'iierally  of  e(iiial  lenj;th,  and  the  median  one  is  a  little  longer. 
All  areacnte  at  the  extremity. 

The  skin  is  entirely  smooth,  and  there  are  thirty -fonr  transverse  grooves 
betwe^'n  the  axilhe  and  the  vent.  The  crosi^-grooves  are  continued  on 
the  tail,  so  as  to  be  distinct  for  two-thirds  of  its  length.  The  tail  is  but 
little  compressed  for  the  proximal  three  fonrths  of  its  length,  the  ver- 
tical section  being  vertically  oval  or  lenticular  posteriorly.  A  narrow 
dermal  free  border  commenc^es  at  the  end  of  the  proximal  tilth  of  its 
length  and  increases  in  width  to  the  til),  but  is  never  as  wide  as  in  the 
Siren  laccrtiiui  and  in  the  Xei;tniiis  and  Ciyptobianchns.  The  inferior 
deinial  bonier  is  less  extensive,  existing  only  on  the  terminal  fifth  of 
tiie  tail.  The  tail  is  relatively  longer  th.'n  in  the  ISi-ren  laccrtiiui.  The 
Ibllittles  of  the  skin  are  large,  and  so  close  together  as  to  give  the  sur- 
face a  reticulated  a[)pearanee.  There  are  no  distinct  mucou«  pores  of 
a  dee[)er  character. 

a      ^-^ 0  /  6 

I'l'..  .'iS    I',,  iiiliiliiinirhiiy  .■'lriiif<'!< :  No  7010:  twii'c  iiatiirnl  Ni/.o  ;  (ij:.  5,  xix. 

Miusiirrwviift  ol'  ."id.")!. 

M. 

Total  icnjilii 152 

l.r :|;,'lli  lo  .•:i(t  ul'  vclll    087 

I. .11^ 111  lo  axilhi oi:{ 

l.cii^itli  to  liiM  liiiiiicliia 010 

I.iiijrii,  to  eye 00'^') 

Lcllfrlll    to    lilt  us  Oli-i 002 

I.niKlli  of  rou-l.';;  ...      004 

I, flint !i  of  lor,'  loot 0015 

Width  of  head  ij;rcalc.st  ) 006 

Willi h  bclwccii  i\cs OO:? 

Will  111  ol'  ('xtfiiiicil  fore  liiiilis 01;') 

The  general  cofor  is  (thocolate  brown,  more  or  le.ss  tinged  with  lead- 
(!olor.  especially  when  the  epidermis  is  fn  sli.  A  rather  wide  yellow 
band  commeiuies  at  the  last  branehia  and  extends  along  the  side  to 
lU'ar  the  end  ()f  the  tail.  It  is  continued,  but  less  distinctly,  from  the 
branehia'  forwards  to  the  end  of  the  muz/.le.     A  narrower  band  com- 


i 


1 1 

i 

i 

f  "I 

y 

■i^ 


I 


I-.  I 

11 


232         HULLETIN    :il,    UNITKD    STATICS    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

iiieiices  jiist  below  tlie  braiicliitc  and  extends  aloii^j  the  side  of  the  ab- 
domen parallel  with  the  superior  band,  to  nearly  opposite  the  vent.  In 
some  specimens  a  similar  band  extends  from  the  viuit  alonj;  the  me- 
dian line  below  to  the  end  of  the  tail,  but  this  is  frequently  wanting- 
More  frecpiently  the  dermal  keel  and  border  on  the  superior  edge  of  the 
tall  is  .yellow,  and  this  color  is  sometimes  prolonged  on  the  median  lino 
of  the  back  for  the  posterior  half  or  more  of  its  length.  The  belly  lias 
rather  large,  more  or  less  longitudinal  yellow  spots;  and  the  ground 
color  between  the  lateral  bands  is  similarly  but  less  coarsely  spotted, 
except  oil  the  tail,  where  the  spots  are  dense.  The  fore  limbs  are  yel- 
low, wilh  a  brown  tinge. 

The  braiieliia' of  this  species  display  partial  or  entire  abortion  in  a 
larger  i)r()port ion  of  individuals  than  in  the  ISlrcn  laccrtina.  An  ei»i- 
dermal  sheath  may  inclose  the  tibrilla'  on  the  external  side  only,  or  on 
the  external  and  internal  sides.  In  ten  specimens  live  have  the  epi- 
dermal covering  on  both  sides,  three  have  the  tibrilhe  free  at  the  lower 
edge  of  thebranchia,  and  iii  two  the  fimbria'  are  free  on  the  entire  pos 
tcrior  face.  Sometimes  the  first  brancliia  is  ihclo.sed  in  a  distinct  sheath 
from  the  other  two,  and  sometimes  all  are  distinct.  The  insheatliing 
mend)rane  may  l»e  (continuous  at  the  inferior  edge  of  the  branchia  with 
the  epidermis  of  the  throat.  In  this  ca.se  a  small  fissure  remains,  cor- 
responding with  the  one  on  the  pharyngeal  wall. 

This  sitecies  is  .so  far  only  known  from  Georgia  ami  Florida.     From 
the  latter  State  1  have  received  it  from  Volusia. 

rsciidohrintchus   fhialiis  Lccoiitt'. 
]!K.SE1!VI';  SKKIKS. 


*«' 


Ililllllii'l.        ^<]>t■l•. 


7010 
rid.jl 
7o:o 


10 


L.i.jlity. 


t     li('iii)4hi  . 


Wli..|i 
oll.'i'tnl. 


Kidiii  hImhii  n  ii'ivtil. 


Natiirr  111' 
spiiiiiirll. 


I 


ISV.    Mcoliiili.' 

Iili.     1,  li-r.1      Dr.  W.  L.  .IdiK.s l)(i. 

I Do. 

I 


.tiunit  Dmn(!^ril,  IfcOI. 


salii:ntia. 

I.iiiirciili,  17(1"'. 

.  osTKoi.oav. 


Supraoccipital,  basioccipital,  intercalary,  supratemporal,  and  post- 
frontal  bones  wanting.  Fiontals  and  parietals  connate;  prefrontals 
present;  nasals  wanting  or  rudiniental.  \'omers  and  palatines  pres- 
ent, distinct  from  each  other,  the  latter  inclosing  the  internal  nares  and 
joining  the  pterygoids.  IMaxillaries,  ])r(Mnaxillaries,  and  ethmoid  pres- 
ent. 


^ 


f[ 


TIIK    HATUACllIA    Ol'    NOlii'H    AMKUICA. 


23;j 


Vertebral  bodies  mulividod,  separate  proatlas  wantiii};.  Vertubne 
very  lew,  on  account  of  the  anterior  attaclnnent  of  the  pelvis  and  the 
disappearance  of  some  and  fusion  into  a  sin^^le  styloid  bone  (the  uro- 
style)  of  others  of  the  vertebne  posterior  to  the  point  of  iittachment. 
Ribs  very  short  or  ^vantiIl{,^ 

Coracoid,  clavicle,  and  scupula  osseous,  well  developed ;  procoracoid, 
epicoracoid,  and  suprascapula  cartilaginous.  Sternum  present,  entirely 
posterior  to  the  coracoids.  No  iMiesternuni  nor  interclavicle,  but  fro- 
(luently  a  median  element  anterior  to  the  clavicles  called  the  omoster 
num. 

I'elvis  consisting' of  the  usual  three  elements,  the  inferior  pairs  closely 
united,  forminjjf  a  compressed  body  witliout  obturator  foramina.  Ilium 
subcylindric,  very  elonj^ate. 

Humerus  without  distinct  head  proxinuilly,  but  with  an  epipbysis. 
Distally  a  globular  condyle.  Other  long  bones  with  epiphyses  at  both 
extremities.  Astragalus  and  calcanenm  elongate,  forming  a  limb  seg- 
ment. Carpal  bones  well  developed,  some  of  them,  es[>ecially  of  the 
distal  series,  contiuent.  Tarsals  of  tlie  distal  series  much  reduced  in 
size  and  numl)ers.     (I'hites  47,  aK,  etc.) 

Tlie  auditory  appendnges  dill'er  from  those  of  the  Urodela,  Proteida, 
and  Trachystomata  in  tiieir  greater  (-omplexity.  There  is  a  cavum 
tymi)ani  or  external  ear  and  a  series  of  ossicles  and  cartihiges  extend- 
ing througli  it,  structures  all  wanting  to  tlie  orders  nu^ntioned.  The 
stapes  is,  lilie  tliat  of  thos(^  orders,  an  oval  disk,  which  has  no  continu 
ous  process,  but  gives  origin  at  its  middle  to  the  stapedius  muscle. 
Immediately  in  front  of  it  tliere  arises  an  osseous  rod,  the  interstapedial 
bone.  Its  base  is  cartilaginous,  and  is  expanded  with  concave  surface 
lilting  the  convex  surface  of  the  skull.  This  rod  terminates  at  tiie  su- 
perior interrujition  of  a  Hat  annular  carlilage  {Annidus  tijmptoiicus), 
which  lies  on  the  (piadrate  cai'lilage  and  over  the  comjavity  formed  by 
its  forwards  tiexure.  The  mesostapedial  cartilage  is  attached  by  a  point 
on  its  interior  face  to  the  apex  of  the  interstapedial,  somewhat  as  an 
anther  of  a  llower  is  attached  to  its  tilament.  Its  superior  portion  is 
shorter,  and  is  c(Minected  with  the  «iiiadrate  above  by  the  mesostapedial 
liganu'iit.  Its  inferior  portion  is  more  or  less  ex[)anded  distally.  Its 
external  face  is  Hat,  and  is  applied  to  the  inner  side  of  the  disciform 
e[tistai>edial.  The  latter  is  api»lied  like  a  lid  to  the  annular  cartilage 
already  mentioned.  The  mesostapedial  then  occupies  a  i)lace  between 
the  annular  and  (he  epistapedial  cartilages.  The  niembranum  tympani 
tits  closely  over  the  latter.    ( Plates  49-50.) 

The  hyoid  apparatus  dilfers  materially  from  that  of  the  orders  men- 
tioned. It  can  only  be  understood  by  reference  to  its  developnu'iit 
from  the  larval  stages.  There  are  jiresent  in  the  larva  a  ceratohyal 
on  each  side  and  a  first  basibranchi  il,  as  in  Urodela.  The  hypohyal  is 
connate  with  the  former.  Posterior  to  the  basibrancbial,  two  lateral 
eartilagiuous  plates,  the  "  hyobranchials,"  meet  on  the  middle  line. 


:  i 


'!  ij 


H 


rf: 


m 


2.')4  'ULLliTIN    ^1,    UNITKU    STATICS    NATIONAL    MTSEl'M. 

Kioiii  the  cxtcniiil  (m1,!;o  oI'  eacli  of  tlicso  lour  (,'iirtiIii};os  tlui  (rnito- 
biaiK'liiiils  nuliiito.  The  foiirtli  or  postrriur  is  fmiuently  coiilliiciit 
with  its  h.vobranchial.  (I'liite  r.l,  li->'.  1.)  Witii  tiie  coiiiplolioii  of  the 
iiietanioiphosis  tlie  basi-  and  hyobraiu-hials  fuse  into  a  siii<;Io  i>it'C(', 
and  tho  ('('latobraucliials  iiniti'  with  tho  same  phite,  ex(;ei)tiii.i;-  the 
fourth,  wliieli,  be(!oiniu,s,'  ossilied,  forms  the  only  true  bone  of  tiie  le- 
li'iou.  In  some  tyix'S  the  ossilicalion  becomes  more  extensive,  as  in 
Cychtrliamphus;  (Plate  7(1,  li,ir.  l'>.)  Sometimes  the  third  eeratobran- 
chial  is  ossilied,  as  in  Alytes  {I.  c,  lij;'.  2)  and  Ileniisns  (/.  c,  liy.  IS;. 

Tiie  dij;its  of  the  Salientia  are  apparently  four  anteriorly  and  live  pos- 
teriorly ;  there  is  <;enerally  a  rudimental  diji'it,  in  adilition,  on  the  inner 
side  of  each  foot.  Tlu^  thundt  is  especially  well  developed  in  tlie  llylid 
frenus,  Ilyi)siboas  ^Va^l.;  (Plate  72, 11  f>'.  I'd.)  The  inner  di^it  of  the  pos- 
terior foot,  or  the  internal  hallux,  as  it  is  called,  lias  three  elements  in 
.some  of  the  lianas  (see  Plate  (»">,  li((ii((  ntlchcmuKt),  while  in  other  forms 
the  diyit  is  principally  represented  by  a  lar<>e  Hat  i)halan,;;e.  This  is 
called  the  spur  or  metatarsal  tubercle  in  works  on  the  subject,  and  it  is 
sometimes  incorrectly  referred  to  the  tarsus. 

The  carpus  of  the  Salientii  has  but  two  i)roximal  elements,  the  inter- 
medium not  bcinji'  distii^-t.  There  is  alar}.-!!  centrale,  which  forms  part 
of  the  inner  border  (»f  the  i)alm.  Tin;  order  is  further  characteri/ed  (ex- 
cept in  the  I)iscoi;lossida'  ami  the  Aj^iossa,  7,  v.)  by  the  fusici  of  tiie 
iburth  and  (ifth  (tarpalia  into  a  single  element,  the  unciforme.  The 
other  three  earpalia  are  distinct,  and  the  tiist  is  frecpiently  displaced 
to  form  the  base  for  the  metacarpus  of  the  thumb.  The  larj^c  si/eof  the 
astraj^alus  and  calcaneum  have  been  already  referred  to.  The  tarsus  is 
further  peculiar  in  the  absence  of  iiiterniedium  and  centrale  and  the 
absence  of  tarsalia,  except  a  rudiment  or  two  near  the  inner  part  of 
their  usual  position.     (Plate  7.'5.)* 

INTECUMENT. 

Th(^  slij^ht  attaiihment  of  the  intej^umeiit  to  the  nius(des  is  a  well- 
known  feature  of  the  IJatradiia  Salientia.  The  manner  of  their  attach- 
ment presenis  many  varieties  in  the  ditferent  {(roups.  It  is  as  follows  : 
A  transverse  partition  of  connective  tissue  holds  the  inte^iument  alonji' 
the  a(;romials  and  another  aloiij;'  the  coracoids;  a  lon<;itudinal  band  on 
each  side  of  the  back  (IVecjucntly  marked  externally  by  a  glandular  fold) 
and  one  below  it  on  each  side  of  the  abdomen;  a  band  or  line  aloiiiLrthe 
hinder  inferior  face  of  the  thij^hs,  extending;'  nearly  to  the  popliteal  re- 
{•ion,  i'ud  a  delicate  one  aloiij;'  the  upiier  hinder  face  of  the  same,  from 
the  groove  between  the  superior  and  posterior  muscles. 


'Tlm«o  result. swore  sent  in  totlioSocretiiry  of  tlioSiiiitliHoui.'ni  Institution  Feln-iiiiiy, 
IHf^T.  Tliroiij^h  till' (Itday  ill  publication  tlnn- have  been  auliciiiati'il  by  an  a<lniiral)li; 
l)iil)i>i'  on  tlic  carpus  and  tur.sus  of  Salieutia  l)y  Mr.  (i.  B.  Howes,  Proceeds.  Zool.  Soc. 
London,  IS-'-',  p.  HI  (Muicb). 


I 


THE    iJATKACIIIA    OF    NORTH    AMKKICA. 


235 


The  Jittachineuts  aiv  similar  to  the  last  in  the  Dciulrobatida',  in  I'iU- 
peiiipliix,  and  in  IJracliyccplialns.  In  h'liffi/sOnnti  nnilo  tlio  laterovrntral 
lino  is  broad,  orconiposod  of  several  series  of  fibers  and  lamina^,  and  in 
IJ.  mroUncnse  it  is  eoinposed  of  two  sept.i.  In  P.seiulo]»lirvn(!  (lie  dor- 
solateral septum,  as  well  as  tlie  last  mentioned,  is  wideiu'd  ;  IMirynis- 
ens  is  similar,  exeei>t  that  the  dorsolateral  is  narr.)wer  posteriorly,  but, 
rapidly  wiilening,  meets  its  mate  on  the  nape,  foiinin,i>a  broad  transverse 
attachment.  In  Atdoptin  hvris  the  inti',i;nment  between  tin;  dorso-  and 
ventndateral  septa  is  ivttaehed,  forminj;'  a  broad  lateral  aillierent  band. 
In  lihinoiihrjiniis  dorsali.s  this  lateral  attaidiment  is  carried  so  far  as  to 
leave  only  narrow  free  dorsal  and  ventral  regions,  while  it  is  further 
peculiar  in  wantin<jr  the  eoracoid  sei)tum,  as  in  l)is(!o,i;iossus  and  Xeiio- 
pus.  lOpidalea,  I>ufo,  and  LVlta[>hryue,  in  their  numerous  species,  add 
to  the  raniform  structure  the  attachment  of  the  whole  dorsal  integu- 
ment.    The  following  table  exhibits  the  other  attachments. 

IJi'lly  liroailly  tVi'L",  very  iiariDw  liitL'nivi'iiti'iil  attiieliiiiciit:   Hafo  liamdlilidi^,  Utihc- 

luinUii. 
IJclIy  liroiiilly  fri-c,  broad  latiTovciilral  atljii-liiiiciit  :   />.  (vnir'mnins,  It  iiliijiuoniin.  i'0(j- 

iKiliis,  cliilciisis^  ri)l II nihil  iiKtx.  riih/iirix,  iiiirinix,  nilliiiji.i, 
Hi'lly  liKiadly  fret",  post urioi'  I'oiirtli  or  lifili  altdoiiicii  aKat'liud:  <iriivili'i,ciimjiintili'< 

paiillii  riiiiix. 
Latcidvciitial  attacliiiicnt  very  liroail,  Icavinj;  liiit  narrow  iVi'i'  iiljdoiiiiiial  spar'e:  I!. 

iituifiriiK,  iiiun'uHK,  iiilrnnidiii-i,  iiiDirtiiliix,  iiiviiriiiK,  dijitiirliiin, 
Voiitral  inti'^mnuiit  atttatdu'd :  J!,  viircifir,  iimiiliin-,  viridix,  l.tliiarlii  (posU'i'ior  Iialf 
attaclii'd). 

A  considerable  variety  is  exhibited  by  the  families  of  the  Arcifera. 
In  the  genera  of  Discoglossida'  examined  (Discoglossus  and  IJombiiui- 
tor)  the  attachments  are  as  in  Itanida',  except  the  absence  of  the  eora- 
coid septum,  as  in  Xenopus.  On  the  contrary,  in  the  Seaphioi)odida', 
the  integument  is  more  or  less  entirely  adherent  above  ami  below. 
The  greater  luimber,  including  the  typical  tbrms  of  llylida',  add  to 
the  ranid  arrangement  a  close  areolar  attachment  of  the  abdominal 
skill,  while  it  is  characteristic  of  many  species  of  Cystignathidic  to 
possess  one.  or  two  transverse  simple  posterior  abdominal  septa.  For 
tile  many  variations  and  exceptions,  see  under  the  respective  families. 

Of  the  Aglossa,  Xenopus  lacks  the  coratioid  and  inferior  femoral 
atlacliments;  there  is  a  «loublo  or  treble,  but  not  wide,  lateral  adhesion 
low  down,  which  nniy  be  a  combined  dorsolateral  and  dorsoveutral,  or 
broad  dorsoveutral  only.  In  IMi)a  all  the  attachments  are  wanting,  ex- 
cejit  two  closely  api>roxnnated  lateral  lines  and  a  sui)erior  posterior 
aud  anterior  inferior  femoral. 

VISCERA. 

With  regard  to  the  dilferenccs  in  the  arrangement  and  structure  of 
the  internal  organs  a  great  ileal  remains  to  l»e  oliserved.  Ilenle  (Ana- 
tomic des   Kehlkopfes)  i>oiiits  out  some  in(u)nsiderable  dilferences  in 


!      'I 


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m 


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:i 


yi 


'« 


23')  lU'l.I.KTlN   :tl,    UNITED    STATES    NATIONAL    Ml'SElM. 

the  form  of  tlio  cnrlilagos  of  tlio  larjiix.  Tlie  size  iiiid  niiiiilHT  of  (lie 
pulmonary  cells  vuiy  coiisidoraltly.  Amoiif;  Ilylida',  o.siK-cially  tiioso 
speck's  with  a  loiiil  voicf,  tlicy  are  fewer  and  larger  than  in  Discogloa.si- 
die  and  Scaphiopida'.  The  forms  of  the  sinus,  auricles,  venlricile,  and 
bulbus  arteriosus,  the  throe  aorta  bows,  of  which  the  median  foruj  the 
aorta  roots,  etc.,  appear  (piite  identical  externally  in  the  Discoglossus, 
Scapliioi)us,  and  rhyllomediisa.  Internally  the  two  former  present  the 
known  characters  of  the  Annra,  /.  e.,  the  union  of  the  distinct  ducts  of 
the  first  (i)nlmonary)  and  second  (aortic)  aorta  bows  thro'ighont  much 
of  their  length,  the  separate  union  of  the  two  former  and  (tontinuance 
on  the  left  side  of  a  high  free  septum  of  tlu»  bulbus,  till  they  are  finally 
turned  over  the  riglit  division  toward  the  right,  and  have  a  common 
issue  from  the  ventricle.  A  conic  pocket  valve  is  at  the  origin  of  the 
bifurcation  of  the  ductus  communis  of  tlie  second  and  third  aorta  bows, 
but  none  in  any  part  of  the  course  of  the  pulmonary. 

The  general  characters  of  the  venous  system  have  iteen  (b'scribed  on 
page  10.  The  researches  of  Ifochstetter  *  and  HowesI  Inive  shown  that 
the  cardinal  veins  do  not  disapi)ear  in  all  of  the  Salientia.  Ilochstet- 
ter  in  fact  believes  "that  the  vena  cava  inferior,  instead  of  being 
throughout  its  whole  extent  a  i>rimarily  independent  vessel,  is  a  com- 
pound structure,  the  product  of  a  fusion  between  a  late-formed  hepatic 
vessel  and  one  or  both  of  the  posterior  cardinal  veins"  (Howes).  In 
IJatrachia  the  postrenal  portions  only  of  the  (iardinals  go  to  form  the 
vena  cava  i)osterior,  and  the  prerenal  p(»rtions  disappear  or  remain  I's 
azygos  or  hemiazygos  veins.  Their  persistence  is  shown  to  hi'  fre 
quent  in  theDiscoglossida',  in  l>ombinator  (llochstetter  Howes),  Alytes 
(Howes),  and  Discog'ossus  (Howes).  It  is  wanting  in  other  Salientia, 
incbuUng  the  Aglossa,  L'ehtdytida',  and  IVlobatidai  (Howes). 

The  general  character  of  the  brain  in  the  Salientia  may  be  gathered 
from  Plate  o(!.  As  I  omitted,  by  an  oversight,  to  refer  to  the  charac- 
ters of  this  region  in  my  anatomical  introduction  (pp.  1-12),  I  introduce 
here  some  rennirksoii  its  peculiarities  in  the  I'roteida,  IJrodela,  etcr.,  as 
well.  In  the  Proteida  (Necturus,  (Ig.  1)  the  tlialamencephalon  is  ex- 
posed by  the  nonprodiuition  posteriorly  of  the  prosencephalon.  In 
Urodela  generally  (Plate  U))  and  in  Salientia  it  is  moderately  exposed  : 
in  Ca'ciliida-  (Plate  5(»,  tig.  ;j)  it  is  generally  concealed.  In  all  the  tailed 
forms  there  is  a  large  vascular  "supraplexus"  protiuding  from  between 
the  hemispheres.  Posterior  to  this  the  ei)iphysis  appears;  it  is  small 
in  all  the  orders.  The  hypoi»hysis  is  on  the  other  hand  large.  The  cere- 
bellum (epencephalon)  is  a  mere  commissure  in  the  entire  class.  The 
diaccelia,  niesoco'lia,  and  metaccelia  are  only  .sei)arated  by  slight  con- 
.strictions  of  their  walls.  The  metac(elia  is  covered  in  the  Salientia  by 
a  triangular  choroid  plexus  (Plate  '>{>  p.  c).  In  Protei<la,  Urodela,  and 
Trachystomata  the  olfactory  lobes   (rliiniMicephala)  are  distinct;  but 

*Mori)li:)liiv;isoIiCH  Jahrbiicli,  IH^r,  p,  1l'.>;  AiiiitDiiiiselicr  Aiizoiger,  IHd*,  517. 
tProceel.  Zoiil.  .Soe.  London,  ISS-*,  p.  l>>. 


( 


.# 


I 


*  *  ' 


TlIK    r.ATKACHIA    OF    NOKTII    AMKIilCA. 


-2;]7 


ill  tlie  Siiliciitiii  tlu'y  an^  coiilliu'iil  witli  oarli  otiicr.  In  Xoiioims  (IMiUo 
r»l,  (ij;.  IS)  tli(.>  tliiiljiiiii'ii(!C'i>liiili)n  is  more  entonsively  exposed  tliaii  in 
other  Saiieiitia.* 

Tlio  f'oiin  of  tlie  livoi-  docs  not  (lillcr  from  tlic  usnal  typo  in  any 
of  the  various  spoeies  examined,  exeept  in  th«  Finnisteniia.  Whihi 
most  Salieiitiii  have  this  or^an  divided  into  three  lobes,  tlierc  are  but 
two  ill  tiio  J>i'evicii)itidie,  l']ii;;ystomida',  and  some  of  the  Pliryniscid;e, 
III  tlie  aliinentaiy  canal  there  appears  to  be  little  variety  in  important 
points.  Tlie  stomach  has  <feneraily  a  more  loii;;;itiidiiial  position  than 
amoiijL;'  Uiifoiiiforinia,  excei)t  ainoii;^  Scapliiopidie  and  in  Ceratophrys, 
where  it  is  e.pially  transverse,  Xo  intestinal  valves  were  observed  in 
I'elobates,  llyla,  riiyllomediisa.  Ceialophrys,  but  a  stronj;'  pyloric  mns- 
cnlar  coiistri(!tion  in  IMeiirodeina,  and  oik^  at  the  extremity  of  the  small 
intestine  in  Cifsti(in(itliit>; parlii/inis.     (IMates  n,")-.")/;.) 

The  testes  are  sin;;le  in  e\'iiin|)les  of  all  tli  >  types  evamincd,  and  not 
stri(!tly  symmetrical  ;  they  are  variously  situated  with  rel'ereiic*'  to  the 
kidneys.  Thus  in  h'tiiioiilni  aiircii,  and  Tntclii/crplKilii.s  licliciiiitii.s  they 
are  eloii;;ate  and  at  tin'  middle  of  the  leiijuth  of  the  kidneys,  while  in 
Ili/jiishixts  hofdis  and  tSci/lojtis  romlosiis  they  are  oval,  and  one  or  both  at 
the  aiitcri(n'  extremity  of  the  latter.  In  rin/llitmcdiisa  srlrnnlcrma  they 
are  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  broad  kidneys,  the  rij^lit  ori;;iiiatinj; 
at  the  anterior  extremity  of  the  latter,  tlu^  left  but  little  behind  it.  JJotU 
have  their  jnysterior  a[)ices  in  close  contacit  at  lie  posteri(U' fourth  of 
the  leiifilh  of  the  kidneys,  which  are  in  close  connection  for  their  poste- 
ri(n' third.  In  lMsco_!;lossns  the  testes  i\n>  oviform,  well  separated,  and 
anterior,  and  diiriiiij;  the  breodiii.i,'  season  attain  a  remarkaltly  lar{>e 
size.  Dnriiij-'  the  same  in  Vi/stiffntitlitts lutchi/pitsthoy  are  not  materially 
eiilarjjed,  are  elon;;ate,  and  only  in  contact  with  the  kidneys  for  a 
small  postcrioi'  part  of  their  lenjith. 

The  ovaries  and  oviducts  do  not  essentially  vary  among  the  Salientia 
When  the  latter  are  fnlly  occn[)ied  l)y  eggs  in  an  advanced  stag(^  they 
arc  folded,  but  ditVerentlv  in  the  same  species.  The  ovidnctts  are  I'e- 
inarkably  slender  in  Ili/hi  iiKsuta  (Litoria  (liinther),  and  in  Scj/ 1 njti.s  tha 
foiitanclle  is  on  ca(;!i  side  behind  the  partial  diaphragm,  at  the  superior 
anterior  outer  angles  of  the  liver.  In  several  young  female  si>ccimens 
of  linnoulva  aurcn  of  the  size  of  Hana  Nilrd^'iat,  in  which  the  frontop- 
arietal Ibntanelle  is  not  closed,  the  oviducts  do  not  extend  farther  an- 
terior than  the  ovaries;  in  adults,  with  the  cranium  complete,  they 
have  the  usual  extent.  In  ('iistifinntlius  ocellatus  the  ''uterine"  sacs  at 
the  exit  of  th(M)viducts  are  of  greiit  size,  and  at  oertain  seasons  dis 
tended  with  an  albuniiiious  gelatine,  when  they  present  several  coiivo 
liUions.  In  spirits  they  occasion  the  ])resence  of  a  large  convoluted 
mass  of  coagnlnm. 

•  For  (It'scriiit ions  iiml  li^inri's  oC  ln-.iiiis  oC  IJrodcIa,  I'roteiilii,  ami  Tracrliysloiiiaiii, 
sii'  (Islioni ;  (Aiii|iliiiiuia),  rrocci'ds.  i'liila.  Acad.,  1S8:?,  p.  177;  (Cryptobraiicliiis  and 
l>:iiia),  '.  ''.,  IH.-^I,  |).  'Jil-J;  ('orjiii^  ciilloxiiiii,  Mi)r|ili()I(iL!;is(;lu'n  .lahrltiicli,  IS-^li,  pp.  'JJll, 
•  I'.'iO;  ais  )  W'indrr.slii'iiii.  .\ii:ilii!nic  dcr  ( I  vm:ii)|iliiii;ii'ii.  .Icii.'t.  1>'7'.I. 


I! 


,fi 


f-  i 


ri: 


i 


!  i 


i 


2;'.s       iin.i.r.riN  :;i.  imikk  siaiks  nai'ionai,  muskim. 

lan'KoiuM  "HON. 

Till' Siilii'utiiiliiive',  ill  tomiKTiiti' rliiiialos  at  k'a.st,iiii  animal  pcruxl  of 
ropiddiu'liitii,  wliifli  occurs  ill  (lie  spiiiij;'.  Tlic  iiialo  is  without  iiitro- 
mitti'iit  or^faii,  and  rcrtili/ifioii  is  accoiiiplisJH'd  I»y  the  discliarj,'!^  ol'tlu' 
sponiiii.ic  lliiiil  of  tilt'  male  on  liic  c^'^'s  as  tlicy  ioavc  the  hod.v  of  tlic 
foinalo.  Ill  oi'dor  to  accoiiiplisli  lliis  I'llccliially  tlic  iiialo  attaclit's  Iiiiii- 
self  to  tilt'  fi'iiialc  by  sci/iii;;  Iicr  with  his  aiitiM'ior  limbs.  In  (li(> 
•iiralcriiuiiibcr  of  the  .Salicntia  llio  ciiibracc  is  round  the  axilla',  but  in 
tlu'  J)is('o;ilossi(lii',  whifli  ai)pi'oac'h  nearest  the  salamanders  in  their 
anatomy,  the  embrace  is,  as  in  those  animals,  round  the  loins.  In  the 
salaiiianders  it  is,  however,  the  hinder  feet  that  sei/t*  the  female,  and 
not  the  arms.  Amoiiu' other  families  the  {,'enera  Ciiltripes,  I'eloliates, 
and  Pelodytes  also  sei/.e  the  female  around  the  waist.  It  is  jirobable 
that  this  will  be  found  to  be  the  ease  in  some  other  jjencra  not  yet 
observed.* 

The  sjxM'ies  of  Arcifera  exhibit  i>eeuliar  structures  durin.^'  the  breed- 
ing- season;  either  an  exiension  of  the  natatory  membrane,  or  tiie 
developnii'iit  of  cornioiis  plates  or  spujs,  as  aids  1(»  prehension.  Tlu'ie 
is  much  variety  and  ellieiency  displayed  in  this  jjoiiit  (except  in  IJiifo- 
nida'),  in  es[)eeia]  contrast  to  the  a])i)arent  absence  of  all  but  the  weakest 
modifications  amoii^'  the  iJanida'.  This  is  in  eompeiisatioii  lor  the 
structure  of  the  sternum,  whose  lateral  halves,  beiii^'  movable  on  each 
other,  olVer  a  sli;.!;liter  basis  of  resistance  for  the  llcxor  and  extensor 
muscles  of  the  fore  limbs. 

Ill  the  I)isco,<i!ossi(lii-,  r>ombiiiator  extends  the  natatory  membrane 
in  the  male,  but  does  not  develoj)  horny  plates.  In  Diseoglossiis  two 
lilelike  oval  plates  cover  the  superior  surface  of  the  short  second  diyit 
and  tile  tiiberelelike  lirst  or  thumb,  which  is  here  developed  as  in  no 
other  anurous  ])atiacliiaii.  Dermal  ruf-osities  on  the  upper  and  under 
surfaces,  iiiclii'linj;-  the  j;ular  ref,Mon,  are  armed  with  corneous  tips,  as  in 
Teiiuatoliiits.  Xo  peculiarity  has  been  noticed  in  Alyt'.'S.  The  Aste- 
I'ophrydida'  are  unknown  as  to  this  point. 

In  I'elodytes  file-like  jilates  are  developed  one  on  the  se(!ond  and  one 
on  the  third  dij;it,  one  much  lar<;eron  the  fort^arm,  one  sli<;htly  smaller 
oil  tlie  inside  of  t  lie  humerus,  and  a  small  one  on  each  side  of  the  breast. 

Aiiioiif''  S('aphioi)ida'  the  Anierieaii  speiaes  dexelop  eloii.i;at(!  lamina' 
on  I  lie  superior  inner  face  of  the  inner  (second),  third,  and  even  fourth 
dibits.  No  peculiarities  are  recorded  as  appearinii'  in  the  IOnroi>eaii 
species.  Many  Ilylida- — Aj:alyehnis,  Traehyeephalus — develop  a  cor- 
neous shield  on  the  inner  sui)erior  aspect  of  the  inner  metacarpal,  which 
is  proloii^cd  on  the  dij^it. 

While  no  appendaj^es  of  the  season  have  been  observed  in  some 
Oysli^natliida',  in  several  {genera  two  acute  spurs  appear  on  the  suiierior 


MM.  'riidiiiiis  and   Dcli.sic  Ii.im'  pioiiosi'd  to  dividt' 
till'  Aiiiiia  into  Iwo  .uroii|is.  iiiiiiiiiii;  llii'iii  llic  AlamidfXi'.s  and  Iiijj;iiiiiiiiii|ik'.\OH.     Sen 


On  aci-iiiiiit  of  Iliis  dillcii 
Ai 


« 


,1. 


II. 


.Toiiinal   dc  Zocilduio,  \i.  Is77,  ]>.  4T',*. 


Ii!: 

II : 

Ml. 


rilK    MArifACIlIA    ol'    NOIM'II     AMI'.ltK'A. 


iisiKTl  »>r  the  tliuiiilt  :iiitl  iiion'  r.iicl.N  .s|)iii' lilu*  till>t'r«'l<'i  on  llic  hit-asl ; 
tlui  IkmI.v  is  .sHiiu'tiiiii'ssliicldcl  with  Iiartlciicd  points  nii  liic  i'ii,nosili('s,  or 
till)  lip  smi'oiiii(k'(l  liy  iiii  iii.-licd  scrii's  ol'  coiiicoiis  nij;;i'.  in  tin'  l.cp- 
foddcli/hts  pniUolttcfiilKs  L;iur.  ii  lui^f  acute  processor  tlie  in.  t  icarpiil 
of  llie  timnil),  Plate  7.')  (lij;'.  .'{L!),  jtrojecls  inwards,  its  apex  is  cov- 
ered l>y  a  lioiM.v  cap?  '""^  '^  is  a  lorniidahle  j;rapplins'liaok  to  aid  llio 
male  ill  retainiii;?  liis  hold.  There  is  added  to  this  in  the  smiie  specties 
a  honi.v  plate  on  each  side  of  the  thorax  of  the  male,  from  wliiiih  project 
three  acute  p(»iiits.  With  these  lixed  in  her  back  and  thethnml)  spiUe.s 
ill  her  breast  the  leiiiali's  cm  not  escape.  Structures  like  this  do  not 
appear  in  the  l^irmisternia.  Here  the  inferior  cleineiits  of  the  scapular 
arch  abut  a;;ainst  each  other,  so  that  the  thoracic  cavity  does  not  (^oii- 
tract  on  pressure,  and  the  possibility  of  the  male  retainiii}::  a  (inn  jiiip 
on  the  female  is  thereby  j^reatly  increased.  In  tiie  Cj/slitpiallnis  ixtrln/ 
/<».stiie  males  exhibit  a  permaiient  eiilar^cineiit  of  the  brachiiim,  depend- 
ent on  lar/i'ely  developed  antciioi'  and  iiosterlor  ahe  of  the  humerus. 
(  l'/f/c(Jiinther,  Ann.  Ma^'.  X.  II.,  lS.-)!».) 

The  various  ways  in  which  the  ef;'j;s  arc  deposited  by  the  female  are 
expressed  in  the  followiii;^  table  from  IJouleiificr.  I  add  the  iieciilliar 
habit  of  the  ;;ciins  Dciidrobates,  as  observed  l»y  II.  II.  Smith  in  Ibazil. 

I.  'I'lii'  ovum  in  Miiiili  ami  tlic  I.irva  leaves  it  in  a  cdiniiarati  vdy  curly  I'mliiymiic  cini- 

(iil  ion. 
.\.  'flic  DVii  arc  laid  in  the  water. 

I'mliaMy  ilic  majnriiy  (  f  jialracliiaiis  ;  all  Kiiroiiean  forms  cxci'])!  .(/(//c;. 
U.  'I'iie  ova  are  ili'posileil  mil  of  the  water. 

((.   In   lioles  on    the   liaiiks  of   pools,  which  ltc<'omc  filled  with  water  after 
heavy  rain,  thus  liheratin;i  the  l.irva'. 
I.rplodKftyliin   occllaliis    K. ;     A.   musliniiim    ISiirm.;     Pdliidicola 
(jrncUi^  I>lfir •' 
/'.  On  leaves  aliovc  the  water,  the  larva'  droppinif  down  when  leaving  the 

Chivdiitnnlix  ri(J\>cciis  (ithr,  ;t   I'htilhtmviliii^a  ilirriiign  Itljjr. 

II.  The  yolk-sac  i.s  very  lar^e,  and    the  yonn;;-  iindcrjjoc.s  the  whole  or  part  of  the 

metamorphosis  within  the.  c<;e; ;  al  any  rate  the  larva  does 
not  assume  an  independent  existence  until  after  tlii^  loss  (d' 
the  external  '^UU. 
A.  The  ov.T  are  deposited  in  damp  situations  nv  on  leaves,  and  the  embryo  leaves 
thi>  {■>i<x  in  the  jxMl'cct  airhrcathinj;  form. 
h'liiiii  i)iiixlli(i(tiiii  l$ljj;r.  ;  t   UiihiJct  iiKirliiiicciisin  Dnm.  iV  liihi'.isS 
H.  The  ova  .are  carried  liy  the  parent. 
((.  l$y  the  male. 

((.   K'onnd  the  lce;s  ;  the  youiij;  leaves  thecnu.-  in  tlu-  tadpole  slate. 
■  I '.'/''>■!! 


'  llcnstd,  .Vrch.  f.  Xatiirj,'.  l-i'T,  pp.  V2i,  V-i'J.  i:!s. 

t  nucUlnd/,,  Mon.  Ilerl.  Ac  1,'7.'>,  ii.'.2ei,  and  IHTtl,  p.  Til,  I'l.ii. 

I  ISonleiifier,  Trans,  /no!.  Soc.,  xii,  HSii.  p.  ,'j1. 

iji  liclloy  Ksjiinosa,  Zooi.  (iart.,  l-'TI,  (i.  :!.'il  :  I5avay,  Ann.  .Sc.  Nat.  (.">),  xvii,  187:?,  .irt. 
1(1 :   retcrs  \-  (i'.iiullach,  Mon.  I'lcrl.  Ac.  l,--7(i,  p.  7(lit. 

IIDcnionrs,  .Mem.  Ac.  Sc.  Paris,  1711,  p.  Ki :  I)c  I'lslc  dii  Drenenf,  Ann.  .Sc.  Nat. ((J), 
III,  IH7t!.  art.7. 


I   • 


.8 


I.  i 

11 


\ 


(I ' 
>  f 

■f  t 


240 


lUILLETJN'    :'.l,    r.MTKI)    STATKS    NATIONAL    MUSKUM. 


il  In  ii  yuliir  (till'  votal)  .sac  ;  tlio  youiix  if  exiielletl  in  the  jiori'ect 
stiilo. 
L'liiiwdiniKi." 
b.  Uy  tlio  ioiiialf, 
u.  Attai'lifil  to  Iho  lu-lly. 

llhticophonts  irtiniliitits  (illir.t 
ji.   Attached  to  tho  back;    tho  youny  coinpletos  its  inetamorphosiH  within 
Ihooj?','. 
riim.t 
y.  In  a  dorsal  ponch. 

an.  Theyounj^  loavos  tlip  jionch  in  (he  tadpole  sfato. 

Xotolfdiiti  iiKirKiipiitliiiii  Diini.  A:  r>il)r.\\ 
lib.  Tiio    yoniij;   leave  the   poneli   in   the  iierl'ect   state.     XnlDlrcmn 
l(ntii<U)Hiim  Ksp.  :||   OjuxthiiihlphjiK  iirifi'ia  Weinl.lt 

The  specios  oC  Deiidrohatos  liiivc  tlio  pi'ciiliiir  liabit  of  carry i iif>:  tlu' 
young  from  place  to  plaee  in  search  of  water.  The  tadiioles  reseiiihle 
those  of  liana  or  IJiU'o,  and  attacli  tlieniselves  by  the  month  lo  tlie  back 
of  the  parent.  Whether  the  ejJti's  are  car.ieil  in  this  position  is  not 
known.ll 

The  huvie  of  Salientiaiiave  been  (livided  into  two  {ironps  by  liataste, 
(he  .Mediogyrini  and  tlie  Laevogyrini.**  In  (he  former  (he  external 
branchial  orifice  is  on  the  median  line  of  tlie  inferior  surface;  in  the 
otlier  it  is  on  (he  left  side.  To  the  former  division  belong  the  Disco- 
giossida';  (o  (he  latter  all  remaining  Salienda,  except  Aglossa,  wheie 
there  are  two  spiracida,  one  on  each  sid«'  (Amphigyrini  Heronlfoyer). 

In  the  stage  which  immediately  follows  (he  separa(ion  from  the  o\;{!; 
the  tadpoles  of  Salientia  possess  one  or  two  pecidiar  siu,.»lng  disks  on 
the  under  side  of  the  head  behind  the  i)osition  of  (he  moudi.  Their 
form  differs  (Plate  78)  widely  in  dilferent  g«'nera  of  Annra,  and  will 
alford  a  valuable  means  of  identifying  the  larvic.  I  n  />/.vcf*///r».v.\».v  pirtiis, 
the  adhesive  organ  behind  (he  moulh,  is  hemispherical,  wi(h  a  V-shaped 
groove  on  its  surfatie,  the  V  opening  forward.  In  Prlohufca  J'uscus  the 
adhesive  organ  is  V-shaped,  with  a  V-shajx'd  giomt'  on  i(s  surface,  and 
the  limbs  of  the  whole  organ  extending  furwaid  (o  eiiilirace  (he  angles 
of  the  mouth.  In  lUifo  vnUjark  the  organ  is  V-shapt-d,  wi(h  a  V  shaped 
groove,  and  the  limbs  of  the  V  come  into  «'on(act  wi(li  (he  angles  of  tlu^ 
mouth.  In  Bufo  riridis  (he  organ  iNcrescentshaped,  nut  in  contact  wi(h 
the  mouth,  but  a  li(tle  behind  i(,  as  in  Dis'-cglossus,  and  wi(h  a  widely 
open  V-shaped  groove.    In  I>ombina(or,  l{ana,and  Ilyla  (here  are  (wo  dis- 

'.Jimenez  do  l.i  Kspada,  Anii.Soe.  lisp.  Ilisl.Xat.,  i,  l-^r-J,  p.  I'VJ:  Spen;,'el, /.eilseiir. 
wiss.  Zool.  X  X 1 X ,  H77,  p.  lit.") ;    Howes  l'ii)(<'e(ls.  Zuol.  Sue.  London,  l-iS-',  p.  •>:!!. 

t  Glintlier,  Ann.  iVr  Ma>;.  Nat.  Ili.st.(l).  xvii,  1H7(!,  p.  ;tT'.>;  IVrjinsnn,  «»/».  cil.,  xviii, 
187(!,  p.  :r.7. 

t  I'enniii,  l)('velo[)peinent  ii.iifait  <ln  niyslire  de  la  <;<<n('r,ilion  <1n  faineux  Craiiand 
deSnvinani  ;  Maestriclil,  I't'.,". 

j:  Honlen^rer,  Cat.  llatr.  Keand.,  \t-&>,  p.  117. 

II  Weiiiland,  Areh.  f.  Anat.  Physiol.,  IS.Vl,  p.  U'.». 

•i  Kajipler,  Das  Ansland,  I"'-'.'),  p.  ,<."><;  .Sniilli,  Ani.  ric.iu  Nalnralist,  IHS-',  p.  l-^-i. 

"  The  faniily  li'rniinations  ''i(he'"  j;iven  lo  tlii-<e  divisions  l>y  jiiitasle  an-  innv,- 
propriate,  (,s  they  do  not  lepre.sent  t'aniilies. 


r 


TllF-    HATRACIMA    OF    N'OUTIF    AMKItlCA. 


241 


II, 

ml 


tinct  oval  iuUiL'sivi'  oij^aiis  on  citluT  .side  of  tlic  iiKuli.iii  line,  with  traces 
of  a  Vsliaped  >;roove  eounectinji'  lliciii,  and  both  are  behind  the  month. 
In  Ix'diKi  <ujilis  tlu'ii!  are  two  separate  adhesive  orj;iins,  one  on  eaeh  side, 
behind  the  month,  and  eaeh  has  a  slij^ht  depression  on  its  posterioi'  bor- 
der. In  Jlyld  arluntii  th«'re  an'  two  eircudar  adhesive  organs  close  to 
the  angles  of  the  month  at  either  side.  In  liomhiaator  if/ncus  there  are 
two  oval  adhesive  organs  behind  the  month,  whicn  are  in  close (iontact, 
and  latei'on  fuse  into  a  single  organ,  both  having  an  oval  dei)ression  in 
the  center.  The  follow  ing  oliscrvations  have  been  made  on  them  by 
Professor  H.vder  (American  Natnralist,  ISSS,  p.  2(»;j).     (See  Plate  7(».) 

These  organs  are  clearly  for  the  purpose  of  enabling  the  yonng  larvae 
to  attach  themselves  to  varions  hxed   bodi(>s  in  the  water,  snch  as 
weeds,  the  gelatinous  egg  strings  and  masses  from  which  they  have 
been  hatcluMl,  etc.     They  are  thns  allbrded  snpport  and  [»revented  from 
sinking  into  the  ooze  to  smother,  and  their  enemies  thus  also  donbtless 
find  them  a  less  icady  prey.     Th(>se  disks  are  also  shown  ItyThiele  not 
to  l)e  of  the  natnre  of . factorial  organs,  bat  are  glandnlar,  being  formed 
wholly   of  thickened  cpideiiiiis,  which  is  elevated,  its  cells  be<'oming 
lengtlicned  or  colnmnar.     Tiu'ic  is  no  mascidar  sectorial  apparatus  de- 
veloped in  c((nnecti«»n  with  them,  and  they  are  secretory,  secreting  a 
sticky  mniMis  or  slime,  wiiidi  serves  to  fasten  the  young  tadpole  to  its 
restingjilace.     That  an  aclaal  sccietion  is  formed  is  proved  by  the  fact 
that  a  slimy  thread  of  secreted  matter  is  drawn  out  from  the  disk  if  the 
ytaing  tadpole  lie  forcilily  withdrawn  fr»»m  its  support.     They  aie  spe- 
cihcally  larval  organs,  and  persist  only  foi'onc!  to  two  weeks  after  hatch- 
ing.    They  may   be  compari'd  to  the  "  balancers"  found  behiml  the 
month  in  the  larva  of  Andif^  stoma.     In  Tritons  stalked  suckers  are  said 
to  be  present,  which  l'>aIfonr  comiuircs  to  the  sessile''  suckers"  of  larval 
toads  and  frogs.     Itydcr  observes  that  he  cannot  see  how  it  is  ]iossible 
to  liomologize  the  sucking  «lisk  of  larval  gar-pikes  with  the  adhesive 
organs  in  larval  Uatrachians,  because  in  the  fornu'r  the  disk  is  in  front 
of  the  mouth  and  in  the  latter  it  is  usually  <|uite  beidiid  the  mouth; 
only  in  one  ease  (llyla)  are  the  suckers  found  near  the  angle  of  the 
mouth.     The  larva  of  Xcnopus  has  two  hmg  barbels  at  the  side  of  the 
head  from  tlu'  sides  of  the  uppi'r  lip.     J»ut  in  this  last  case  even  it  is 
doubtful  if  thcr*',  is  .my  homology  with  the  "  suckers"  of  other  larval 
Anura.     There  certaiidy  «Mn  not  be  any  homology  between  the  organ 
of  the  gar  pike's  larva  and  that  of  young  toads  and  frogs,  though  it  is 
proltabie  that  these  organs  in  thelatttr  ar.' truly  homohtgons  with  the 
'•  iialancers"  ol'  the  larva'  of  salamanders  of  the  type  of  Andtlystoma 
and  Triturus. 

Thit'h'  Inrtlier  shows  that,  inasmuch  as  these  structures  are  glatulu- 
lar,  with  no  muscidar  apparatus,  tlu'  terms  "sucker"  or  "sucking- 
disk"  are  misnomers  as  applied  to  these  organs.  A  belter  term  nnght 
he  proposed  for  these  sliuelurcs  in  young  tadpoles,  and  llyder  suggests 
that  lluy  be  called  ciiiilcnnal  (I'lltisiiT  orfjaHs. 
11»*)1  Hull  ;m 10 


h 
\ii 


h 


L 


m 


»    If 


li  I 


?f 


I  m 


I    ■! 


242        iMiLLirriN  ;u,   umtki)  stati:s  national  muskim. 

In  later  st!i;,fo.s  tlu'  stnictiiir  of  tlu'  jmrts  about  tlie  iiioutli  of  tlie  tatl- 
poles  of  tlui  iSalieiitia  furiiislR's  otlu'i-  cliaiactoiistic  lu'ciiliaritics.  I'liil 
little  has  been  done  towanls  llie  (lesciiption  of  tlie.se  parts,  tlie  Norfli 
American*  anil  European  t  species  bein,n  thus  far  tlie  only  ones  studied. 
These  stinlies  have  shown  that  the  ll.vlidic,  liufonida',  and  Uaiiida'  have 
certain  characters  in  tin'  re.uions  mentioned.  Uelow  the  horny  jaws 
there  is  a  detlexed  lower  lip,  which  displays  a  wide  surface  anteriorly. 
This  surface  is  traversed  l>y  transverse  seiies  of  short  more  or  less  hctoU 
like  bristles.  Similar  series  may  or  may  not  extend  across  above  tiie 
upper  Jaw,  or  on  the  dro()|>in>;-  upper  lip  at  each  side  of  lln-  Jaw.  Tlie 
lower  lii)and  part  of  tlie  uppei'  lip  is  surrounded  by  short  obtuse  papiihe 
in  one  or  more  series. 

Now  in  the  Ilylida',  in  the  rej^ions  mentioueil,  no  seri«'s  ol'  bristles 
extend  across  above  the  uiper  Jaw  except  a  very  sliort  one  whi<th 
hangs  over  the  Jaw  itself;  and  the  upper  lip  Ibid  on  tacli  sidi^  of  it 
bears  a  row  of  pai)illai.  The  papiihe  form  a  complete  boi(U'r  ritund 
the  lips,  except  the  interruption  at  the  ninldle  above.  In  tiie  Mufonida' 
there  is  a  row  of  bristles  entirely  across  the  up[)er  Jaw,  and  another 
below  the  lirst,  interrupted  at  the  middle  re;;ion  i»y  the  horny  jaw. 
The  papiihe  do  not  extend  on  the  upper  lip-border,  and  art^  uninter- 
rupted at  the  middle  of  the  inar;;in  of  the  lower  lip.  The  papillary 
border  presents  an  anj'le  iuwaids  at  the  line  of  jun(;tion  of  the  iippci' 
and  lower  lips.  The  K'anida'  resemble  the  liufonidii-,  with  one  excep 
tion  in  the  airangement  oi  the  papillary  border.  The  latter  is  continu 
ous  all  aroiiinl  below.     'J'he  upiier Jaw  is  imrrower  than  in  tiic  liufonida'. 

JJoulenf>er  describes  the  larva  of  the  h'tnio  alficola  of  northeast  India 
as  possessing  three  |)ar:)toid  glands,  two  on  the  .scapular  and  one  on  the 
coccygeal  region,  which  are  not  ret.iined  in  the  ailult.  Also  a  larva  ol 
u  tree  frog  from  -lava,  probably  a  Jtliac(H»h(»rus,  which  pos.sesses  a  ven- 
tral suct'W'ial  <lisk  in  the  position  of  that  of  a  tish  of  the  Cobii'soeida'. 

The  external  gills  are  suppressed  on  the  right  side  before  they  are  on 
the  left.  In  th  *  liana  rIaiiKita  this  suppression  takes  place  on  tlu;  third 
day  after  leaving  the  egg,  while  tln^  left  gill  renniins  until  the  eighth 
day.  When  the  internal  gills  arc  in  functional  use  the  water  of  respi- 
ration issjies,  in  most  of  tlie  families,  from  a  single  lountled  orilice  on 
the  left  side,  the  siibcMitaiu'inis  branchial  chamber  (tf  the  right  .side 
communicating  with  that  of  the  left  side  by  way  ol  the  gular  region,  be- 
neath the  sublingual  and  geiii(»hvoid  muscles  and  the  integument.     (S 


>ee 


(' 
Plate  r)I,(igs.  L'-J-T-S.)     The  fore  legs  deveh»p  within  these  siiIk  ufane- 

ous  spaces  behind  the  internal  gills,  and  iciiiain  conce;iled  up  toa  consid- 
erable relative  si;«e,  and  alter  the  hind  legs  ha\i'  ae(|iiiied  si/e  enough 
for  some  funcitional  elliciency.  Tln^  left  fore-leg  then  issues  through  the 
branchial  orifice,  and  the  right  leg  forces  a  pas.sage  thi-ough  the  integ- 
ument at  a  corresponding  position  on  the  light  side.     For  a  time  alter 


r 


4-. 


I 


'.StMiMiss.M.  Iliiiikirv.  I'r 


il.  liiisliMi  Sdi'.  Xiil,  |li>t.,  {•'•'•2,  \>.  :I07 


t  IIiToii  lio.vtTct  Villi  I5,iiiil)i'kc,  Hull.  .Siir,  Zoi'il.  Vr 


inci',  A|iiil,  issl. 


e\(l 

ai  ti( 

fn 

e\tl( 

iiig 

larv; 

toiiu 
repi( 
two  < 
fonii 
The 
earti 
wan 
<|iiail 
entir 
lage 
slapt 
Jii' 


rill-:    ISATRACFUA    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


243 


^ 


w 


,\\ 


t 


the  lorc'-K'j;.s  arc  thus  external  the  hraiiehial  chainbers  reniiiiii  iii  free 
eoiniiiuiiii'atioii  witli  the  external  niediinn  by  tlie  .slit  around  the  base 
ol"  eacli  loK'-U'j;-.  Tlicse  soon  elo.sc,  however,  and  (lu^  skin  of  the  fore- 
h><i,  is  cut  oir  from  that  of  the  body  adjacent  by  a  distinct  .scam,  whicli 
disai)|)ears  hiter.  This  part  of  tlie  (k'velopment  of  tiie  iSalienlia  is  one 
of  the  most  remarliabk'i  histories  in  the  zooh)<iy  of  the  vertebrata. 

The  skin  wliicli  covers  the  fore  limb  of  the  advanced  tadpole  is  not 
a  part  of  the  true  skin  wliitih  invests  the  body,  sincte  the  branchial  cav- 
ity is  inclosed  lonj;  bcfon^  the  le;;'  apjtears;  but  it  ari.ses  beneath  the 
mucous  nuMnbrane  which  lint's  the  branchial  chainbers.  This  anomaly 
is  perliai)s  a  case  of  rcvi-rsion.  The.  fore-lcj;s  of  primitive  llatraehia 
wen'  no  doubt  external,  as  in  salamanders,  and  they  became  iniilo.sed 
by  the  growth  of  the  opcrculuni  like  intej-unient  in  the  larval  Salientia. 
A  prolonjiation  of  tin;  tadpole  staj^e  would  result  in  a  retardation  of  the 
•jfrowth  of  the  foreleg  an<l  an  acceleration  of  that  of  the  opereulum. 
The  urowtli  of  the  trueskin  of  the  inclosed  rej>ion  would  bethus  retarded 
in  the  Ie;4' and  atrophied  in  the  wall  of  the  chamber.     (IMate  51,  tij^s.  4-(»,) 

The  shoulder  yii'dle  appears  .separated  from  other  parts  of  the  skele- 
ton, bctwei-n  tlu'  muscU's.  The  coraeoid  and  procoraeoid  form  a  loop, 
directe«l  downwards  and  inwards,  farremoved  from  that  of  the  opposite 
side,  and  present  at  this  time  an  arciferous  type  in  all  forms  of  the  order 
.Salientia,     (See  (i;;.  ."i!>.) 

The  characu'is  of  the  eartilajiinous  skull  of  the  larva'  of  the  Salien- 
tia are  peculiar  and  veiy  dillV-rent  from  those  of  the  adult.  The  sus- 
liensurium  of  the  lower  jaw  is  excee<linj;ly  elongated  forwards,  so  that 
lor  the  purpose  »»f  securinj;'  a  lixed  point  for  the  lower  jaw  (represented 
now  by  Meckt-rs  carlilaf-e)  it  scuds  upwards  a  proci'.ss  near  its  anterior 
extremity  t(»  tl.  external  an>;lesol  the cartilaj^inous ethmoid,  formingaii 
;u  licnlation.  It  lli«  ;i  descends  aj,'ain,  and  Meckel's  cartilaj^e  anicidates 
freely  with  its  extremity.  Ti>ere  is  a  curved  (larlila^ic  attache<l  to  the 
extremity  of  each  .Meckel's  cartila.u:e  (the  t  wti  formin;;a  half  circle,  oi>en- 
inji  foi  wards),  which  t'orni  the  support  of  the  lunctional  lower  lip  in  the 
lar\a.  These  are  the  lower  labial  »ii  sympli_\seid  cai  tilaj;es,  ai>d  are  rep- 
resented in  the  adult  l»y  a  paii'  of  short  bones  of  the  same  nanu'  (men- 
loiMcckcii.ins  of  Parker).  Tlu'  premaxillaiy  bones  are  in  like  manner 
rei»reM'nted  by  two  carlila;:«'s,  which  are  loosely  uttached  above  to  the 
two  ciurcspondin.ii'  processes  or  i'oiinni  of  the  trabecular  cartilajjje,  which 
form  the  roof  of  the  mu/zle  in  front  (»f  the  etlnnoid.  (Plate  "»(►,  fij>-.  2.) 
The  eeratoliyai  is  a  robust  bone,  which  articulates  with  the  quailrate 
cartila^ic  Itclow  tiu'  orbit,  contractinji'  in  diameter  as  it  extends  down- 
wards and  forwards.  In  the  jtroce.ss  of  ji'rowth  its  articulation  with  the 
•  luadratc  be«!omes  more  and  more  posterior,  until  it  leaves  that  element 
entirely,  and  comes  in  contaci.  and  in  sonu'  cases  fuses,  with  the  carti- 
lai;e  <»f  the  b;ise  of  the  skull  in  front  of  the  stapes  and  near  the  inter- 
stapedial.     (Plate  .~»(l,  fiLf.  .i.) 

Jiesidcs  the  structuics  (tf  the  larval   hyoid  apparatus  already  do- 


^li 


k 


ip. 


r 


I 


1     1 


244  lULLKTIN    :!l,    rMTKI)    STATKS    NATIONAL    MISKIIM. 

sciilu'd  (<(iilcti)  tlicni  aro  four  (!iiililaf;in(»iis  iirclics  hclow  the  cerato- 
bniiicliials,  wliicli  beloii-;  to  the  tleniial  system,  and  wiiich  are  ealU-d  ex 
trahram-hials,  IMoxiinally  tlic  lirst  of  these  is  artieiihded  witli  the  an- 
terior exterior  aiiyle  of  till'  livohraneliial  pli'.te.  Dislally  the  four  are 
nnited  to<,H'lher.  Tliese  arclies  snpjMtrt  a  system  of  branchial  frinj^es, 
wlneh  are  internal  in  position,  and  are  eontradistinjiiiished  from  the  ex- 
ternal braneliia'  which  the  Salient ia  exhibit  when  lirst  hateiieil,  and 
which  are  the<»nly  branchi;e  of  the  I'rodele  and  oth«'i'  tailed  types.  They 
are  thought  by  llnxley  and  Tarker  to  lu^  hom(>h»^'<»ns  with  the  branchial 
strnctnres  of  the  Marsipobranchii  or  lampreys.     ([Mat(^  r»l,  ti^-.  1.) 

The  di've!(»pment  of  the  anditory  ossicles  and  c;ii  tila.i;es  exhibits  the 
followinj;'  facts.  Tiie  epistapedial  disk  appears  in  its  noiinal  posititm, 
eoverinj--  the  tiexure  of  the  (pmdiate  cartiiajne,  'I'lie  inlcrstapedial  ap- 
l»ears  as  a  bad  in  lioid  of  and  distinct  trctin  the  stapes,  and  the  nii  so- 
Hta]>edial  appears  as  a  small  menduane  on  its  apex.  At  a  period  «d'  its 
growth  the  intcrstapcdial  caitilage  c(»iiiiccts  the  stapes  with  the  (piad- 
rate  cartilajut',  as  in  Tiematodcra  and  larval  i'scinlosanrian  I'rodela.  At 
the  same  time  th(^  ceratt)hyal  aiticnlates  with  the  quadrate  more  dis- 
tally,  so  that  at  this  stage  a  liana  presents  the  characters  of  a  transi- 
tional stage  seen  in  (he  salamandrine  gt-nera  Hiieleipcs  and  I'lethotlon. 
The  inteistapedial  then  elongates  nntil  it  reaches  theannnlns  tympani- 
cus.  These  liuts  go  (o  show  that  the  intcrslapt'dial  and  iiu  sustajiedial 
are  not  segmerited  t'rom  the  ceiatohyal  (>i'  meckelian  ar<;hes,  and  are 
therefore  not  homologons  with  the  <>ssi<'iil(i  'f»'//7*rs  of  mammalia,  unless, 
imUrd,  Mie  end)ryonic  lei^trd  has  iiccn  greatly  falsilied  i»y  ca'iiogeny. 
(Plates  1J», .".().) 

oiiKJiN  AM)  i:v(>i.i'i'i<).\  OF  'I'lii;  sm,ii;ntia. 

The  oldest  Salientia  of  which  we  ha\e  any  knowb'dge  were  obtained 
from  the  .hirassic  iieds  ot'  the  iiottky  .Mountains  by  i*M)fcss(»r  Marsh.* 
Tliey  occur  in  lower  iM>cene  beds  in  North  America  ((Ireen  lJi\er 
shales)!  and  in  Middle  .Miocene  (»f  Switzerland  ( l'lppel.'«hc;m)|  and  (ler- 
maiiy  (Ibaiinkohle  of  the  Kliinc).^  They  are  not  rare  in  the  (pper  Mio- 
cene of  North  America  (liOup  l'oik,of  Kansas). ||  Fitrms  which  by  their 
8tru(!ture  would  c(  unect  this  onb'i'  directly  with  the  extinct  onb-rs 
are  uidaiown.  It  is,  Ihtwevei',  entirely  probable  that,  as  already  |»ointed 
out  (p.  II),  the  Salientia  were  derived  from  the  K'lnK^hilomi,  but  whether 
the  Stegocephali  enter  the  hue  or  not  is  uncertain.  The  compacted  in 
lerior  j)'.  Ivicelenu'nts  without(d)turator  foramen  otthe  Salientia  is  much 
like  the  sanu'  condition  in  the  IMiachitomi,  and  to  produ(!(^  an  almost 

*  I'rofcf,!.  liiiti^li  Ac.  Sci.,  1"-T,  MhiiIi'ch  ;  dm  llic  cn  iiliiici'  riinii.-ilMMl  liy  l>|-.  Olio 
M.-ycr. 

t('oi>t',  l\'i'i»l.  i;.  S.  (ii'ol.  Siirv.  'rcns.,  Ml,  l--:.,  \).  100. 
tTNuliiiili,  (Miissil.  <l.  iSiiiiiiilii.T,  1^;;h. 
^  \im  MryiT,  l';il;i'iiiiliiirniiilii(ii,  IHiid,  )>.  I\>;{. 
l|{'oi»f,  .Viiici'iiiiii  .Naliiralist,  issd,  p,  i|l. 


t- 


ca.* 
siii 

K'ii 

is 
lira 

OS 
full  I 

lion 
bh- 
dis 
resti 
T 

to  11 

bac 
war 
cart 

•A 
",  I- 


u 


,~  t 


ll 

l(> 


TIIH    HATRACIIIA    OF    NORTH    AMIUIICA. 


245 


identity  between  tlie  two  types  it  would  only  bo  necessary  to  elongate 
the  ilia  of  the  latter.  The  developed  sternal  apparatus  and  sliouhba' 
fiirdle  of  th»',  Salieutia  is  only  found  anionj;  IJatrachian  orders  in  the 
JJhachitoMii  anil  Ste,uo(rei)ha!i.  Thus  in  I'.ryops  of  the  former  there  aic 
clavicles,  coraeoids,  and  episternuni  (the  last  icdueed  as  in  Trodela), 
and  iu  Ai-tinodou  there  is  also  an  epicdavicle  ((iaudry).  The  ]>osterior 
direction  of  the  suspensoriuni  of  the  lower  Jaw  of  the  Salieutia  is  also 
oidy  found  in  tiu'  extinct  orders  named,  pointinji-  aj;ain  to  this  origin. 
In  other  recent  orders  these  bones  are  directed  forwards. 

Tlu^  in(»ditications  ellected  iu  the  Ilhaciiitonioiis  skeleton  to  produce 
the  Saiientian,  have  been  jiartly  llu'  same  as  those  which  have  produced 
the  other  existing  orders,  Tlius  the  triuMcrtebral  centra  have  been  re- 
l)Iaced  by  complete  iutercentra,  and  several  ])osterior  cranial  bones  have 
been  lost.  The  ilia  have  been  greatly  elongated,  and  in  so  doing  have 
embraced  vertebra'  siu-cessively  niori^  and  mor«'  anteriorly,  so  that  tlM^ 
luinibcr  bet  w(-eu  tiu  ilia  and  the  cranium  has  been  greatly  redutted,  and 
tlif  vertebra'  posterior  to  the  i)oiid  of  attachment  become  atrophied  iu 
part  and  coiicrcsccnt  iu  i»ait.  This  jtro{!ess  has  been  carried  to  the 
greatest  degree  iu  the  extinct  family  of  the  raheobatraehida-.  Here 
thi^  ilia  extend  to  two  verrebra-  in  advance  of  the  ninth  or  usual  sacral, 
tiiiis  inclosing  three  vertebra'  in  the  sacrum,  and  leaving  only  .s/.i' for 
the  remainder  of  the  column.  The  coracoid  is  probably  that  of  the 
Stegoceplialons  order,  as  it  is  better  developed  than  iu  the  Uhachitomi. 
The  second  row  of  the  tarsus  has  also  become  icd need  from  these  primi- 
tiv«'  types  i»y  atrophy,  while  the  lirst  low  has  been  I'educcd  to  two  boues. 
as  iu  the  M  ammalia,  w  lii<'h  have  been  greatly  elongated.  A  jtarallel 
caseoccuis  in  the  Mammalia  in  somn  lemurs,  particularly  in  tiie  Tar- 
siida-. 

I  have  discovered  that  th«^  (lanocephala  (Trimerorhachis),  ami  the 
IMiachitoiiii  (Tatrachys)  possessed  an  <'Ioiigate  coluau'lla  auris,  wiii(;h 
is  directed  outwaids.  backwards,  and  upwards  to  a-  possible  iiieiii- 
Imniitin  tjimpaiii,  which  may  have  occ.u|tied  the  notch  external  to  the 
OS  inh  rniliin  .*   (  Plate  ,")(»,  tigs.  1-7.) 

The  subdivision  of  this  rod  may  have  given  origin  to  three  of  the 
f.iur  distiiu't  cl«'iiiciitsexliil»ited  by  tin' Salieutia.  (I'lates  P.KoO.)  The 
homologies  of  these  with  the  thr«'e  j>rincipal  osxicKht  ^nitliliis  \t^  \)nH>,\- 
ble.  Tile  history  of  these  parts  shows  tliat  tlie  biek  of  auditory  <»ssieles 
displayeil  l»y  some  Salieutia  and  by  all  Urodela  (IMates  4.S,  1!>)  is  the 
residt  of  deg<'Ueracy. 

The  cause  of  some  of  the  modifications  of  the  skeleton  can  Ite  traced 
tcMise.  'J'hus  the  coustaiil  muscular  stress  on  liie  ilia  iu  humping  the 
back  previous  to  leaping  must  have  had  a  tenden(ry  to  draw  it  for- 
wards not  only  on  itself,  but  on  its  verteiiral  atfaciinu'Uts,  whi(!h  are 
(iartilaginons  and  yielding.     'I'he  elongation  of  the  lirst  row  of  taisal 

•AiMcric.'iti  Niitiinilist,  l-'>s,  !>.  lCi."> :  AiiictIchi  .limriiiif  of  Moriiliolojry.  Vnl.  ii,  I't. 
11,  l—s. 


!i 

•1 


ill 


!l 


]  I 


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if 


I 


r 


m 


nil 
[f 


246       miLLKTiN  :ri,  united  states  national  museim. 

bonos  may  be  tracod  to  a  similar  causo,  t'spccially  the  stixvssupoii  tlioni 
at  tlie  moiiuMit  of  starting  a  leap  and  alij;iitiiiy  from  it.  The  .survival 
of  tlie  elonf^ate  eoracoid  bone  may  be  trat'ed  to  use  b,\  pressure  alonj; 
its  lonftitudiual  axis  in  the  a<'t  of  seizinj;'  tlie  female,  and  possibly  by 
stress  in  tlie  opposite  direction  wlien  en{ia{;ed  in  pusliin,v:  objj'cts  out- 
wards with  the  fore-feet,  iirodncinfi'  the  etVeet  of  elon<iati(»n.  It  is  not 
easy  to  assij^u  a  cause  for  the  loss  of  the  ])ra'sternuni  and  of  vai  ions 
cranial  bones.  It  has  been,  i)eihaps,  in  these  comparatively  uniistd 
parts  that  one  etfect  of  the  jicnoral  leduction  in  size  and  vioor  which 
has  occurred  during;  -geological  time  since  the  Carboniferous  and  Trias- 
sic  periods,  is  to  be  seen.  The  loss  of  auditory  organs  is  probably  du(^ 
to  disuse,  the  i<'sult  <»f  subterranean  life.* 

The  larval  life  of  tlie  Salientia  has  probably  undergone  iniportanf 
modifications  during  the  couise  of  geologic  lime.  The  characters  as- 
sum«'(l  by  tad|)oles  at  dilfereiit  stages  of  their  growth  are  not  parallels 
with  known  or  piobably  to  be  discovered  lower  forms  of  life,  luit  indi 
<'ate  that  tlu'  larva,  likt^  that  (»f  the  Insecta,  and  like  the  mammalian 
fo'tus,  has  had  a  developmental  history  of  its  own.  In  support  of  this 
view  I  cite  the  anterior  jtrodu  tioii  of  the  quadrate  cartilage,  which 
carries  with  it  the  eeratohyal  arcth  from  its  piimitive  attachment,  and 
the  idfimate  shortening  of  the  same,  and  the  return  of  (he  cerat(»Iiyal 
to  nearly  its  piimitive  connection  with  the  skull.  I-'uiiher,  ilie  grad 
md  iiurlosure  ol  the  (ore  leg  in  the  external  branchial  ehainber  is  to  be 
cited,  the  original  position  of  the  limb  having  been  external.  To  these 
maybe  added  the  development  of  the  epidermal  stickers,  of  the  labi;d 
dermal  comb,  ami  of  ])eculiar  dermal  glands  in  some  tadpoh's.  None 
of  these  peculiarities  of  larval  life  are  found  in  the  Trodelii,  and  (hey 
have  been  gradually  assumed  by  the  lirva- of  the  Salientia  in  the  comse 
of  their  existence,  as  though  (lie\  were  adult  animals,  and  ]>i(»i>ably 
in  obedience  to  the  same  kinil  of  laws.  These  aie  (he  interaction  of 
the  animal  and  its  environment. 

CLASSII'IGATION. 
The  natural  divisions  of  the  ISalieiitia  are  the  following: 

I.  N(i  toii^iK' :  ont'  |)liar,\  ii;;<';il  opi'iihi;;  ol'  tin'  lliisl.'ii'liiaii  tulic 

|>ti.|  VMoiii  lioiit's  inc'io.sjriv;  IjinIiicIiIiiIi  t  iiIm's  Itdciw  ;  rmaiuiils  and  iii'Dcdracoids 
(livcifiriif,  ('"iilirclrd    liy  a  (  ai  I  ila;;c  wlii<li  does  md   ovi'ilap  I  lial    uC  llii' t>|i- 

piLsili'  side \iihinxii. 

IF.  'I'diijjiic  |i?f.sciil  ;   (WMdstia  ]di,ir\  iiL:i'a. 

('Ia\  i(df  and  t'liraciiid  <>!' cacli  ^idi' ruiiiirrlrd  l>y  a  loii^il  iidlii.il  anlicd  carti- 
lage, wliicli  (iMTlaps  lliat  oC  tlic  i>p|ii>-itf  sidf  :  sciimla  (Vic  iVom  llit^  ^l^llll. 
//■(■(/(  /((. 

(Ilaviidi'S  and  coracoids  id'  ln>tli  sidi's  ciiiniiTtril  I'V  a  .sin;;li'  nairow  rnidiaii  lai- 
1  ilagt' ;  si'a|)nli)  artinilatrd  with  a  siicci.ii  londvli'  id'  -  xnrciiiil.il    ilnsirrilniiin. 

{'Ia\  iidi's  and  inraroids  id"  Iml  li  sidi's  rimnrctid  liy  ;i  MMLfio  ini'diaii  r;irlil.ii;('  ; 
sraiml.i  ilistinrt  from  nUwW I'iniiisi,  nihi. 

•Seo  Farts  and  OpiniidiM  ndatin^  (i>  tlir  Ural,  Uv  .\!-  \.  (J.  I!.  II,  (.nndiiii.  I — .  p.  >',•. 


u 


>.'^ 


da 
pii 

S( 
ass 

i:u 

tin 


u 


TIIK    nATUACHIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


247 


^iT' 


The  presence  or  absciutc  of  maxillary  teeth  was  formerly  regarded  by 
the  author,  after  Diimeril  and  l>il»roii,  as  of  primary  value  in  the  defini- 
tion of  the  suborders.  On  aeeount  of  tiie  absence  of  teeth,  a  division 
Ibilbniformia  was  distin<;nishe<l  from  tiie  Ai'eifera;  and  the  tooth-bear- 
injij  Fermisternia  weri^  called  Uaniformia.  I,  however,  now  follow  Bou- 
lenger  in  droppinjj  thes(^  divisions,  since  the  absen<;e  of  teeth  is  some 
times  of  little  systematica  sijiiiilicance. 

In  the  ar(!ilerous  type  (»f  scapidai'  arch  the  opjiosite  halves  are  capable 
of  movements  wliiiili  contract  or  expand  the  capacity  of  tin'  thorax;  in 
the  Firmisternia  the  opposite  halves  abut  afj;ainst  ea<;h  other  soas  to  be 
incapable:  ot  movement,  thus  preservinj;  the  siz(^  of  the  thora(!ic  cavity. 
This  arran<j;enu-nt  has  an  important  bearin<:°on  the  comtbrt,  and  perha|is 
health,  of  the  female  wiiile  in  connection  witli  the  male.  The  embrj'.i;eof 
the  foreleji'sof  the  lattt'r  behind  t  be  axilla*  of  tiM^fbrtner  is  very  energetic, 
and  is  maintained  by  various  structural  aids.  Thus  in  man.v  spc-.;ies  the 
inaU's  develop  rough  and  even  spinous  horny  plates  on  the  inm?r  sujte- 
ricu'  side  of  the  tiiumb,  which  presses  against  the  thorax  of  the  female. 

Th(t  iirmisternial  stru<-ture  is  a  mo<iilication  of  the  arciferous,  which 
comes  later  in  the  iiistoiy  of  growth,  and  probably  in  geological  time. 
During  the  eaily  stages  the  Firinistcinia  have  the  movabl(>  shoidder 
girdhi  which  cliaracteri/es  those  of  tiie  arcilerous  di\  isicui,  the  consoli- 
dation constituting  a  niodiliciition  superadded  in  attaining  maturity. 
Furthermore,  young  Salientia  are  toothless,  :ind  (uie  section  of  the  spe- 
cies (»f  Arcifera  never  ac(|iiire  t«'elli.  In  these  (the  Ibitonida-)  we  have 
a  group  which  is  imperfect  in  two  points  instead  of  one. 


!i 


i    •,' 


m 


} 


iicili-iniis  I.\1M'  {Si-iiiihidiiiiK  li"lhi'ii''ki\.     V\)l.  h.   Uniiit  li'Oi, 
.  ilii  ,  iiili.ll.  Iiiiiiist<ini:il  l.vpi  .    I'"ii;s.  h  iiiiil  c  1111111  I'liiUi  r. 


SliMiililir  ,i;irilli-i  nl'  Aiiiir.i,      I'i:;,  a  iilllii 
liiiiiiriii,  lailpuli'  "illi  liiiililini;  liiiilih.    I'ij;. 

As  primitive  I'latiachia  aic  toothed,  it  is  evident  that  the  toothless 
condition  of  the  Ibilonida'  aiitl  s(»m«'  other  fandlies  is  due  to  retar- 
dation or  degeneracy.  The  aiciterous  st«'rnum  is,  on  the  other  hand,  a 
primitive  coiulilion,  siiu'c  it  prevails  in  the  Trodcla,  and  also  in  the 
S|»'gocephali  and  Kachitond  uf  tln^  ('ai  Iwuiifcroiis  Age,  in  the  latter 
associated  with  mt'diau  sternal  t'lcnu'uts.  The  roofing  in  of  the 
Fustachian  Inites  seen  in  the  Aglossa  is  also  a  character  sup»'radded  to 


tl 


le  primitive  coi 


idilion,  as  the  loss  of  tongnt;  is  a  case  of  subtraction. 


I  i 


'i 


i  ? 


I  i 


m 


L'-'    >-\ 


248       Hri.LirriN  :!i,  iimtmi)  statks  national  mi'skiim. 

The  Discoylossiilii'  must  be  ivfiiudcd  as  tlio  most  inimitivc  fiimil.v  of  the, 
Amira,  as  it  shows  none  of  Ihcso  peculiar  modilicatioiis,  and  presents 
tlio  greatest  resemhhinee  to  the  sahiinaiiders  in  its  riUs  and  opistlioe(el 
vertebiii',  and  to  other  itriniitive  tyix's  in  its  split  steninni.  In  the 
aceompan.vinj,'  diajirism  these  allinities  are  expressed,  and  a  possilde 
ph.vlogeny  is  indieati'd.  That  tlie  hitter  will  prove  lar;;el.v  correct  is 
shown  by  the  presence  of  I)isc(.-;h)ssidie  in  tiie  Miocene  beds  of  I'rnssia, 
]>articnhirly  lu'ar  P.onn.  The  paU'ontoh»},'y  of  the  Salientia  is,  however, 
very  imperlectly  known. 


i;;iiiiil:i'.  CysliytiMlliiil.i'.  S(  :ii>liio|ii(l;i'. 

/ 
KiiK,v«t<>niiil:i',         ('ciiiliiUMiiMcliiil.i'.  Il.vlid.i'.  '  IWifoiiitlii-, 

\  •  ! 

riir.viiiNciil,!'.  I 


I     /    / 
IVliMlvli.lii'. 


AstcropliryiliilM'. 


Disco"  l()ssi(l:i', 


XtMioiiidii'.  Pipidiiv 


The  Arciferaand  I>'irniisternia  each  exhil)it  parallel  inodili<',ations  of 
structure,  wiiich  may  Ite  represented  as  follows  in  tabular  foi  in  : 

AiHii  r.ii\.  I'liiAiisn  i!\i.\. 

I.  \\  ith.iiit  ticili. 

(1.   Willi  >:i(r;il  <liiipii|ili,\  sis  dilatt'd. 

t   lirf\  ii'ipitidM-. 

lillfDIlid.'i' •?  I'-llK.V-'<t'>lllid:i'. 

'  l'Iir.viiiscid:i'. 
fill.   Siiii:il  ili;ipn|dl,\  MS  ex  liiidlic. 
iJfiidniplir.v  nisrid.r Itciidndtiitidii'. 

II.    Willi  piriii:i\ill:ir.v  and  lii:iNiil:il',v  tci'tll  only. 
(i.    W'itii  s:i(  lal  diapiipliysi's  dilaUd. 
IVdodytidj'  » 

P.dnl,atid.f M'>'"'«M'l'i'l="- 

llylida....  S  M'ophylida.. 

(1(1.   Willi  sacral  diapopli.ssrs  cn  liiidiir. 

Cysti^nalliida' 

(  Kanula  . 
III.  Tt'clli  ill  Imtli  jaws. 

(V.   Sacral  diapii|diyscs  iiiit>  dilated. 

Aiiip1ii''riatli(id(iiiti(1a'   }  ti  .    t   \    i       t  ■  ^ 

,,    '     "  , Cerafol)atraeIiula\ 

IltMiiipuractidir' ) 


'^  ,1  ' 


V 


THK    MATUACHIA    OF    NOKTH    AMERICA. 


249 


The  fjunilies  of  Arcifera  with  opi.sthoc^i'louK  vt'itebitB  are  omitted 
from  tiie  table  as  having  no  eounterpart  amonj;  tlie  Firmisternin. 

Tiiese  two  series  are  what  I  liave  (^iiMed  "  homoloj^ous  };'i'onp8,"  and 
the  eoirespondiiiy  genera  "  heteroh){j;ons  terms.  1  have  also  supposed 
that  one  sucii  series  may  have  been  derived  from  the  other,  in  evohi- 
tion,  by  a  ehange  in  the  one  eharaeter  which  <listinguish<'s  the  two 
series.  In  the  ease  <tf  some  homoh)gous  series  it  is  not  iinliJiely  tliat 
this  may  have  taken  phuie,  but  it  is  neeessary,  in  order  to  be  snre  tliat 
sueh  has  been  tlie  i)rocess  of  evohition,  to  distinguish  between  two  dif- 
ferent kinds  of  homohigoiis  gronjjs.  In  one  kind  the  parallel  eharac- 
teraof  theone  group  may  have  been  derived  from  those  of  the  other  by 
descent,  according  to  the  priiH'iple  called  by  Laidcester  "  homogeny." 
In  the  other  case,  like  modifications  of  structure  have  arisen  in  differ- 
ent series  of  animals  as  a  result  of  the  operation  of  similar  energies,  as 
that  <>f  the  animal  an«l  itsenvironnaMit.  This  is  the  principle  of  "homo- 
l)lassy."  To  the  latter  kind  belong  the  imitations  fonn«l  to  exist  be- 
twtuMi  tlu^  placental  and  didelphian  mammalia.  The  relation  between 
the  aiciferous  and  lirmisternial  Amira  may  be  one  of  homogeny.  We 
may  then  parallelize  tht^  families  which  may  exhibit  true  cases  of  de- 
scent as  follows : 


FlIiMISTKKNIA. 

I'liryiiiscid;!'. 

])('iHli'(>li:itiilii\ 

])y)-<-<>|i)ii<l;r. 

RaiiiiiM'. 

CiT.idiliatracliidio. 


Ahcikkra. 

Hiif(ini<l:i>. 

DiMnlropIiiyiiisiidif. 

lVl<nl,vti(lii'. 

(\VStifr|lUtllill!l'. 

]|<'ini|ilir:i(;ti<l;c. 


It  is,  however,  |)robal)le  that  the  I'elodytida'  is  the  generalized  form 
from  wlii<'h  most  of  the  arciferons  families  have  been  deiive<l ;  and  it  was 
itself  probably  a  descendant  of  the  families  with  opisthoco'lous  verte- 
bra', as  already  indi<'ated. 

The  Kaiiida'  embracu's  many  genera  which  imitate  in  details  many 
genera  of  Arcifera.  The  metropolis  of  the  former,  as  of  the  LacvrtUia 
acrodontHy  is  the  rifi'n*  VnUcotropiva,  while  tin'  latter  liav*'  but  tew 
representatives  out  of  tin'  A*.  /»'.  Svolrophut  and  Aiistralis,  where  but  one 
or  two  spi'cies  of  the  foi'mer  o(;enr.  In  both  \\v  can  trace  a  series  in 
which  the  outer  metatarsal  is  gradually  liberated  from  thi^  penultimate, 
to  afl'onl  greater  extension  for  the  web  in  the  most  a<piatic  tyjx's,  and 
among  those  where  these  boiu's  are  bound,  from  wi'bless  to  webbed 
types.     In  both  we  have  burrowing  and  arboreal  genera. 


''liFt 


!  , 


I 


'  I 


nil 


■lail 


r 

mi 

i 


E! 


;ii 


1 1 

r 


2.0O       15ULli:ti.n  :!i,  united  «tati:s  national  musiujm. 

In  .strict  ivlLMviice  to  the  extension  of  the  webs  the  following  parallels 
may  be  drawn  : 

AltCIIKItl. 


liana. 
ll(>[iloliah!icliiiH. 


I'.vxi<!<'i>lialuH. 
Lo|)li)|i(>lis. 
llyperoliMN. 
Hrtt'ri);;lo8.sa. 

CasHina. 
Ilciiiiiiiantis. 


Psciidis. 

MjM>l>ll.V('M. 


Ci'iatoiilir.vN. 
Il.vla. 
Ilyli^lla. 
A<!ri«. 

C.VHti!;naflms. 
I'aliiilii'ola. 


IvANIH.i;. 

External  motatarsal  free: 

A(|iiati('. 

."^iilitossoiial. 
Extdiiial  iiii'talarsal  attuclicil : 
I'Vct  \vt'l>lit'(l — 

niiirowiiifj. 

Arliorral  (voin.  tfctli). 

Arl»)it'al  (ill)  voiii.  Ii'ctli) 

Ai|iiatif. 
I'''"('f  not  \v('ltl)('(l — 

'I'ciTi'.stri.'il. 

TciTL'Htiial,  spmrcd. 

It  i.s,  however,  remarkable  that  the  ranirorni  treefio^s  nearly  always 
have  the  external  metatarsal  bone  free;  the  ai'ciferoiis  always  bound. 
The  terminal  i)halanfies  ot  the  latter  are  eonslrn<'ted  on  a  ball  and  daw 
type.  In  the  former  they  are  X  shaped  or  biliii(!ate,  except  in  (he  single 
West  AlViean  {{enns  Leptopelis.  where  the  Sonth  Ameiiean  tyi»e  is  re- 
l»eated. 

I  have  also  diseovered  another  series  of  parallels  wliieh  the  {ji-nera 
of  most  of  the  families  of  the  Salientia  present,  in  (he  de;,'ree  of  ossi(i-~ 
(nation  of  the  sn|>eiior  (iranial  walls,*  In  the  least-ossilicd  crania  wc 
llnd  the  snperior  pari  of  the  ethmoid  still  cartilaginous,  (he  snperior 
wall  of  the  brain-ca.se  meml)ranons,  and  the  prefrontals  represented  by 
narrow  lateral  splints  of  bone.  In  jj^encra  of  slijihtly  advanced  type 
the  roof  of  the  eihmoid  is  ossified,  and  the  prefronta's  aie  witter.  In 
better  developed  ^eneia  the  frontoparit-tal  bones  ossify  and  close  tln^ 
Ibutanelle.  Tlu>  lii;;lier  ossilication  shows  itself  in  an  exostosis  of  the 
snperior  cranial  walls,  which,  in  further  sfajics,  involves  the  sUin,  so 
that  it  is  no  lonf;er  free  fiom  the  craninm.  The  next  stafje  roofs  over 
the  temporal  mn.scht  with  bone,  and  the  hi<;hest  stajje,  known  only  in 
a  ^icnusof  Unfonida'  (Otaspis  ('<»pe),  inclo.ses  the  membrannm  (ympani 
l)eliind.    TIh^  following;"  table  expresses  tln'se  facts. 

These  series  };ive  an  excellent  illnstiation  of  the  developmeiM  of  a 
single  chara(;ter  independently  of  othei-  characters,  and  show  how  the 
generic  eharactt'rs  ori;;inat»^  (piile  inilependently  of  all  others. 

'.S'eNal.  Ilisf.  h'fv.,  l-li:.;  I'niiictl,  Ac  riiiia.,  l-ilW  (on  llio  <>iiM;in  of  Cciiciii); 
Orij^in  of  tin;  I'itlest,  IS-^r,  p.  •Jl^',  I'lati^j  iv  ami  v. 


11 


it 


u 


§ 


Tin;  !!AriiA(;iiiA  or  north  amkrica. 


ChiHsitliMliiiii, 


A .   Mlliiuiiitl  mil  nsHilii-il  . . . 

A  A.    Klllllliiiil  (issilli'il  illliivi': 
I.    A    riiiiitii{i:ii  ii'tal     Inn 
liiniiUr — 
(1.   I'rcfioiiliils  iiiimnv. 


nit.    I'l'i'li'iiiilals  Willi'  . . .  . 
II.   No     rniiliiiii'lli' :      sKiii 

riTI':    lUM'MIMlllsis— 
(1.     I't'l'I'lDlltlllM  lllll'IOW.  . 


na.    I'iI'IViiIiImIs  Willi'   .  .. 

111.   Nil     riiiiliinrlli' ;     sKiii 
I'li'r;  c.Mi.NlimiH   - 
a.    I'lcI'miilMlH  li.mnvv. . 


liiil'iiiiiiUi'.       Sra|)liiii|)iilii'. 


Myoliatfii- 
clius. 


I'!|iiilali'a 


I'llll'll  so 


\\t\fn  s|i.  . . . 

1 1'l'llaiilirviii 
<  !■  ...  .. ..  ..I. 


nri.   I'll  I'liililal.'*  \\  iiii'    . . 
nil.   Nil  liiiitaiii  III-:   iiil<'i:ii 

ini'iit    ImviiIm'iI    In    '.t' ra  ii it  |i li 

I'Mistiisis.  S     ryiii'. 

mil.   .SKiill      I  xiimIiimi'iI.      ill 

vnUini.'        iiili'i;!! 

Mil  III  :         |rni|iiiial 

liiMsa  iciiiri'il 

mill.   .\s  lail.  lint    nii'iiiliia 

iiiiiM    t\iii|>aiii    III- 

(  li.M'il  lii'liiiiil       . .      (tla.ipis    . .. 


Diiliinis 
S|ir;i 


l>:jl 


(".VHtl^natl.l.        j,^,i,,„,  ,.„„i,,,, 


Kii.siiiilni.s      I  Tliiiriipii ....    Uaniilii. 


liiii  liiiriicii'.      I|\  |Hiliiiati . 

ll'H. 

(f '\rliiiliaii|.| 

\     pliiiH.  II.\la  (sp.)  . 

fllx  iMMilia  .1 


Kliwiii,  I'tr  .   I  Uaiia     (oxy- 

rliyni'lial. 

Ilylmlcs,  I'tf.    Si'vtiipi.s Itanii    (Inxa- 

ilai^tvla). 


Srapliiiipiis  1 
I'll.ilial.y     ' 


CllllliprH 


Onli'occplia 
Ills. 


riiiarliips  . .    Trai  liMCpli-     Pnlypi'ilati's. 

.  aliis. 


Calypliiicpli 
alii.s. 


4 


% 


l"'i;;iii('.s  «»r  (Iicsc  jiiid  iiilfniH'tllntc  ty]»i'.s  of  ci'ijiii;!  will  1m>  roiiiid  in 
l'liit»'S  (is  tn  7.""). 

The  adiiptivc  ic-^iilt  iitlniiUMl  In  these  eliaii;;('.s  in  the  ciaiiiiii  Dssilieii- 
tioii  iii'e  two.  Kolli  ill  hiirrowiii^  in  the  eaith  iinii  in  incsetitin;:' n  <h-- 
I'ensi'  a;.;ain.>it  eiit'iiiie.<,  llie  litp  of  the  head  i.s  presented  to  tiie  I'e.sistin;;' 
oltjeet.  On  Iti'in.u  atacked,  a  S.ilientian  Matrachian  always  depi'esse.*^ 
tlu^  nin/./.le  and  presents  the  top  oC  the  iit-ad  to  the  em-niy.  Tiie  typ«'s 
with  well  o.s.silird  ciaiiia  have  a  ;,M('at  advantage  over  tho.se  in  whi(di 
the  front  is  nietnlManoii.s  or  eartila^inons,  t'speeially  in  tiie  ea.se  ol'  at- 
tack I'roin  venomous  snakes,  stin^iny'  in.s«M'ls,  etc;.  There  is,  liowevei', 
no  deliiiite  distiihntion  for  the  I'espeetive  types,  t'ither  in  tinu'  or  space, 
e.Kce|>t  that  the  jjtMiera  wifli  nnossiCied  elhinoid  all  belonj;  to  the.  South- 
ern lleniisj»here.  Also,  types  with  nnossili(>d  froiito|)arletal  hones  pre- 
dominate in  the  .\nstr,ilian  and  Neotropical  realms,  an^  nnkiiown  in 
tht^  I'ithiopiaii,  and  raie  in  the  I'ah'otiopical.  Tyjx's  with  exosio.scd 
frontopariclals  chicily  altonnd  in  the.  Neotropical  realm,  and  (xunir 
in  the  Ncarctic  and  ralaarctic.  I'alcontolo^^icaily,  lioth  e.xostosed 
(Latonia)  and  memhraiions  frontoparietals  (.Mytes)  a|)pear  to<;'etiier  in 
the  Miocene  lirown  I'oal  of  Uonn,  in  h'hine-l'russia. 

As  re;;anls  tin' distriltntion  of  Salienlia  in  North  America,  the  follow- 
inji"  general  remarks  may  l»e  nnide.  The  eastern  district,  with  its  com- 
paratively linmid  climate  and  almndant  water  <!ouises,  is  the  Innne  of 
the  jjenns  Ifana.  For  similar  climatic  reasons  the  middle  and  northern 
parts  of  the  Pacitic  rejiion  have  several  species  of  Raiia.  Tiio  eastern 
re;;ion,th(^  land  of  forests,  posses.ses  nearly  all  the  species  of  Ilyla.  The 
Tacific  coast  lias  hiit  one,  a  fact  due,  jierliaps,  to  its  long  dry  .season 


1'  * 


li 


:iti1 


\\V: 


[C 


LI         » 


'i 


^i: 


2r>2  miLLKTIN   :tt,    IINITKI)    STATKH    NATIONAL    MUSKUM. 

Tliemid  n'j;ioii.s  of  (lie  Soiitliwrst  I'liniisli  llie  nivali-r  \iirii'l.v  of  spocJeH 
of  IJiilo,  Imt  one  spi-cics  iiiliabitiiii;  tlii'  i-iisti'iii  H';;i(m.  Tin',  Aii.strori- 
psniaii  royioii  is  the  lioiiic  of  scvcriil  small  Ibriiis  of  ll^lida-  aiul  Ilii 
foiiida'.  The  (iistiibiitioii  of  tlic  Srapliiopida-  is  cliiclly  in  tlio  drvt'r 
rcyioiiH  of  llio  West;  \\\\vo  species  are  fomiil  in  the  Soiioraii,  while  Iml 
one  occurs  in  th<^  I'acitie,  and  one  in  the  eastern  and  Anstroriparian 
regions.     Tiie  distiiltution  may  Ite  lalnilaled  as  (bliows: 


(ii'iii'ia. 


All-IIM 

I'iliiiliitii  l{. 


K.isli'in      Criiliiil.     S(iii(p|;iii.     i'acillc. 


Unto 

Sra|iliiii|>iiH  . 

('llMIOIlllilllS  . 

llvlii 

All  is  

IIvIikIi'm   

Svirliii|iliiiH  . 
K'liiia 


1 

5 
3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

I 

Tiitals 


L'l 


H 
III 


A(1L<)S"^A. 

The  few  members  «d"  this  snboich'V  have  the  vertebra'  opisthocodous 
and  deprive<l  of  ribs;  tiie  diapophyses  of  the  third  antltburtli  verteltra' 
are  extremely  elongate,  and  those  of  the  sacral  are  stron.uly  dilated  and 
continent  with  the  nrost\le.  The  third  ct'iatolnanchials  are  ;ireatly 
elonjxated. 

lii  I'ipti  there  are  only  seven  presacral  veitebrn'. 

The  frontopaiietals  are  entirely  ossilied,  and  there  art*  tr(M'  ossa 
nasalia. 

The  sternal  apparatus  belon.us  to  the  arciterons  type,  thonj>h  tiio 
epicorai^oid  cartila,ues  do  n(»t  oveilap. 

The  larva'  are  provided  witii  two  spiracnla,  one  on  each  side  of  the 
body.     (IJotilenjier). 

There  are  two  recent  ami  one  extinct  families  of  this  snlxtrder,  which 
are  <lelined  as  tbilows: 

IMIMD.i:. 

No  ribs;  vertebra'  opisthoco'lons;  iirostyle  simple,  attached  to  a 
siiifjle  condyle.  Coracoid  and  epicoiaroid  divei;;ent,  their  connecting 
ar<!'.u's  not  overlappin*;.  No  mannlninm.  Teeth  none;  sacral  dia- 
pophyses  <lilated. 

The  neotr(;^)ical  genns  Pipa  has  the  atlas  continent  with  the  .second 
vertebra,  so  tiiat  there  are  bnt  seven  anterior  to  the  saciiim.  There  are 
distinct  nasal  bones,  and  tln^  median  septnin  of  the  ethmoid  is  partially 
ossilied.  The  prefrontals  ariM-ompIetely  in  contact  with  each  other  and 
with  the  frontopari«'tal.  Fror.toi)arietal  completely  ossilied.  Terminal 
])lialan}jes  ac,nt»s  sitnide.  I-Ixternal  m.'tatarsals  separated  by  a  web. 
(Plate 01),  tigs.  1-L'.) 


» 


Tin:    UATKAClllA    OK    NolM  II    AMKUICA. 


XKNOIMD.K. 


253 


No  rilis;  viTtelMii'  o|>istlio('<i'lt)its ;  oh  ilium  atlaclKMl  to  tlu^  ninth 
vci'tcluii  only.  Conicoids  and  i'|>i(UM'a<'oi(ls  uell  scpaiati'd  I'roni  tlittsc  of 
the  opposite  side.     Trt'tli  present  ;  siicial  <liapopli,vse.s  dilated. 

Oiu'  j;enns,  Xeiiopns,  with  three  spe«'ie.s  in  the  re;,no  .ICthiopica.  In 
this  the  interorltital  ellunoiil  plate,  tliou;;li  Ion;;',  is  not  inodnced  ante- 
riorly, and  is  entirely  eoneealed  hy  the  tVontopaiietal.  l<'rontoparietal 
stron^^ly  ossilied,  oveihan}'iny  the  i-onlliient  prelVontals.  The  prefrontal 
does  not  always  extend  to  it.  The  first  two  vertelua'  are  separate,  but 
tint  sa(*ral  and  eoeeyx  eonllnent.  There  are  ossa  nasalia  above  the 
nares.  Terminal  plialan;;(>s  acnte,  simple.  l'iXt«>rn,d  metatarsals  8ep- 
arated  by  a  web.     (Plates  41>,  lij;.  lo  ami  (Jl>,  fi},'.  li.) 

l'AL.K()l'..\TU.VUIlIi).l<:. 

No  ribs;  os  ilinm  attaehed  to  iliediapophyses  of  tiKM'oiitliient  ninth, 
eighth,  and  seventh  vertebra',  whith  form  a  disk;  nioslyle  attached  by 
a  doable  ;>lenoid  eavity.  l-'rttntopariefal  strongly  ossilied,  m»t  proiliiced 
farther  than  the  separate  inefrontals.  l-)\ternal  metatarsals  |>robably 
separated  by  a  web. 

The  j;enns  J'tthrohafntrlms,  Tsch.,  represeided  by  several  species  in 
the  ."Miocene  (  f  (ieiinany.  The  sn|»eritn'  plate  of  the  ethmoid  was  (ron- 
cealed,  and  the  atlas  eonllnent  with  the  first  vertebra,  leaving  but  six 
between  the  oceipnl  and  sacrum.* 

\'on  .Meyer  descril>es  the  vertebra'  of  /*.  ijiiiantvidnxs  pvoc(e1otts,  while 
some  of  them  are  li^nred  as  o|iisthoco'loiis.  Woltersdorllt  states  that 
they  artt  pro<'(eloiis.  .\  specimen  in  the  IJritisli  .Miisenm  which  1 
examined  has  opistlioc<eloiis  vertebra'.  It  remains, therefoie,a  question 
of  interest  whether  this  family  beloii;;s  in  the  .V^lossa.  Wcdtersdoilf, 
who  has  stinlied  it  very  carefully,  refers  it  to  the  Arcifera,and  to  the 
nei,i;liboi'liood  of  the  T'elodytida*,  although  admitting  various  points  of 
resemblance  {o  Xeiiopiis.  lie  describes  nine  si»eeies  from  various  parts 
of  central  Kiirope. 

AliCIFKK.V. 

In  this  tiibe  the  extremes  of  the  .series  are  more  diver.se  than  in  the 
others,  and  depend  on  the  following  features: 

(1)  In  that  nearest  the  A.ylossa  the  vertebra'  are,  like  those  of  the 
latter  and  of  the  ►Salamanders,  concave  posteriorly  and  convex  ante- 
riorly ;  in  the  other  extreme  the  reverse.  These  features  are  not  as  ir- 
reconcilable as  ini;;ht  at  tirstsi^Lt  ai)|)ear,  as  the  intervertebral  spheres 
do  not  be<;ome  lirmly  attac^hed  to  either  (teiitrum  at  maturity  in  .some 
individuals  of  lUn-horocutcs  pcronil,  I'dolxtics  fiisciis  (Stannius),  and 
CultrqH's prorincialis  (Dujjes).     (Ij)  Tho.se  with  opisthoc<elous  vertebne 

'  I'alii'initojiiiiitliii'it.  Ill,  ]>.  MT. 

t  L'cluT  rossiio  Fiii^the  instn's.  das  ;;.  I'lilii'olcitiiieLiis,  MagtlobiU}!,  18d<3. 


; 


i( 


254 


luii.LiynN  :m,   imtki)  statks  national  MnsKUM. 


■; 


i'    li: 


iifiive  witli  the  bulk  ol"  the  tribi'  in  posst'ssiiij;  tlilnU'd  sacMiil  dijipopliy- 
sfs,  whilst  those  ;it  tlic  other  cxtieiiie  e.\!iil>il  tlieiii  c.n  liiidi  ie;il.  (■>)  A 
few  of  the  rormer  possess  siiiaU  iil»s,  ami  (J)  the  iiiostvh'  approaeh«'s 
the  iioi'inal  eonditioii  of  vertehnc  in  possessinji'  one  pair  of  trans 
verse  proeesses ;  (5)  most  of  these,  with  tiie  adjoininj;'  less  extienie 
forms,  hav(^  a  vertical  or  eat-like  pnpil.  ()>)  Many  of  the  same  j;ronp 
exhibit  a  dej^raded  or  obliterated  aiiditoiy  apparatus;  lint  this  li-atnit- 
is  n(tt  unil'oiiidy  ("oineident  with  the  preecdinu  ones.  (7)  Tlie  \ipiii- 
sternum  is  tbrnu'd  of  divergent  lindis;  in  the  bulk  of  tlie  liilu'  it  is  an 
emarjjinate  eartila^^inous  plate,  and  in  the  opposite  i-xticMU'  an  osseous 
style,  as  in  the  Itanida'. 

t)f  these  features"  the  lirst,  thiid,  tbnrlli.  and  sixth  are  ajireements 
with  or  approximations  to  tin*  structures  (if  the  same  elements  of  liir 
Salamanders;  the  resenddanees  are  Itorne  out  in  the  physiology  of  the 
same  types. 

In  the  ol»ser\cd  examples  of  the  aimvc  l.\  pes  that  is,  (»t'  th*'  l>isco- 
{ilossiihe,  Pi'h.ilytithe,  and  Scaphiopttdida,  the  e.uus  are  deposited  in 
small  clusters  (i'ehnlytes).  a  sli(»it  thick  loop  (l'eloi>ales),  or  in  a  st-iics 
with  a  slender,  touj^h,  thri'id  like  atlachnu-ni  (AI.vlcsi.  in  the  family 
fbM(»w  inn' that  of  the  Teloliates.  that  is  the  New  Wdrld  tree  toads,  the 
ejuj^s  are,  in  the  Old  World  species  ( /////(/  <o7/o>7'(()  deposited  in  ,i;lolui- 
lar  masses,  as  amon^'  the  lianida-,  luit  much  smaller,  while  in  out 
/////((  i>icLrriiifiii  the  m.isses  include  hut  fnun  foui'  to  ten  e^iiis.  In  the 
first  nientioned  forms  the  male  sci/es  the  female  in  trout  ot  tlu'  thi^^lis, 
while  in  the  iemainin;i;  ami  major  numlicr  of  species,  as  well  as  in  the 
ol)served  rirmisternia,  she  is  seized  around  the  axilhe. 

Additional  i»ei;uliarities  in  the  dexclopment  of  Alytes,  IV-Iodxtes, 
Cultripes,  and  I'elobates  are,  that  they  spawn  at  two  seasons  iiisiead 
of  oiu>,  and  that  their  larva'  attain  a  lar;^*  si/e  than  those  of  other 
Anura  before  eompletin;^  their  metamorphosis.  'I'hi>  latter  l«-ature  is, 
however,  repeated  near  the  other  end  of  the  s«'ries — amoiii;  those  with 
cylindrical  pelvic  supports,  in  the  jicuiis  I'seudis. 

Theoccuireneeof  a  xiphisternal  style  >imdarto  iii;!l  <'f  the  K'anida'  niay 
be  regarded  as  an  indication  oi"  supcriorits  not  «uily  in  consideration 
of  this  allinily,  bui  as  a  ;;reater  dt';;ree  ot  speciali/ation  and  ossilica- 
tion  of  the  part.  It  appears,  however,  noi  merely  anions  the  most 
raiiiform  Arcil"eia,  and  anion;;  some  with  proco'Ious  vertebia-,  which 
have  the  salamander-like  mode  ot'  re|U'oductioii,  but  also  ainoii^  some 
of  the  opistli()C(elous  spe(;ies. 

The  only  family  features  as  above  ;iiven  which  seem  to  have  a  func- 
tional sijiiiilieaiice,  are  the  struetuie  of  the  terminal  plialan>;-es  as  an 
adaptation  to  arb-.ireal  life  in  the  llylida-  and  the  increase  of  raptorial 
power  by  the  addition  of  another  set  of  teeth  in  th»'  llemiphractida'. 
Vet  for  the  Mist-mentioiied  function  other  arranj-ements  are  employed 
in  other  families. 


1 


^"^Jj^ 


rili:    MATRACIIIA    OK    NORTH    AMKIIICA. 


•255 


ynr 


Tin-  riiiiiilit'S  oj'  tliis  sii1)oi(U'r  .lillrr  as  follows: 

1.    In'ilis  iiicst'iil  ( |)isi'iii:l(>s.siiitli-:i  (iill). 

\'ci  U'lii.'i'  ii|iistli(>('n'l :  HMi-ral  <liii|i(i|)li,vst'.s  dilatcil  ;  stt'i'iiiiiii  lill'iiiritd'. 

- Dimiiiiliinnitld  . 

II.    iiil's  iilisciit  (.siri'iiiiiii  mil  il<'4'|ilv  liit'iii'iMti' ).     ( liiil'iiniiiilcii  (iill). 
\.  No  li'clli  (  Vfilflu;!'  |irinir!  >. 

I  (iM|i(i|ilivsfS  (if  .siiciiiiii  (lil:ili'<l Iliit'iiilHlii . 

I  >i;i|ic>lili\  xcH  (>('  .s:icniiii  not  ilil.'ilfil   Ih  inlniiiliriiiiincidfi , 

AA.   .M:i\ill:ir.v  liTllioiily. 

Ni'l'ti'lii;!'  opisllioi  III  :    sarnil  iliai)l>|ill\  scs  ilihitril  ;    im'i>n|\  Ir  iliNliiii't. 

txli  iiiiilir/idiilii . 

NcrlcliiM'  |iiociil:  r-Miial  iliaiPoiilivscN  (lilalcil  ;  iiioslvli'  disijiici  :   niinnal 

lill.llaiiurs  cniiic I'l  liiliiliitii . 

\'i' I  trIiiM'  iMiMii'l ;   .-.ai'ial   iliaini|ilivs<'-*  ililalcil  ;    iiioslxic  coiilliii'iii    with 

>acnim  ;   iiiiiiiial  |)li;ilaiinrs  cinilc    Sitijihinjiidii . 

\'rl  Icliia'  pidio'l:    .sacral  (li;i|ii>|ilivsts  ililalnl  ;    in  iisly  Ic  tlisi  iiirl  ;    iiliuiial 

|iliahii|i;i's  a  ciiivril  rlaw   wil  li  yloliiilar  liaNc Iljiliiln  . 

N'crli'lira'  pi'iM  ii'l :   s.-inal  ilia|io|i|iy.si'.s  iiol  illlatcil  :  iiiost\lt'  iVcc  ;  initial 

jilialaiiys  runic,  .sometimes  tiaiis\cisc  at  apc\ ('iislnjiuilli'iitii . 

A.\A.  .Ma\illar.v  and  mandilinlar  tcctli  picsciil. 

Sacral  diapnplis  scs  dilated   liiiiiliiiiiiiilliiiiliiiiHilii . 

Sacra  I  diapopli\  scs  not  dilated //(  mililind  lidn  . 

Of  tlic  ahovt'  families,  four  arc  foiiml  williiii  tiir  l)oiiii«lari«'.s  of  tli*^ 
Ncaii'titt  ivcaliii.  Tlu'.sc  art^  llu'  iliifoiiitla',  Scapliiopida',  llvlidtc,  and 
ill  a  vciv  I'i'W  it'picst'iitativi's.  the  ( ".vstijiiiatliida-.  'riii»'«'of  the  famiiii's 
ait'  coiiliiM'd  to  tlu'  Neotropical  Ikcaltii — the  i>i'iidroplirviii.s<-ida-,  tlie 
Aiiipiii^iiatliodontida-,  and  the  llcinipliraclida-.  Tlic  ll,vli*la-  Itclono- 
to  tins  fauna  iiiitl  the  Aii.stralian,  w  itii  a  lai i^c  icprcscntalioii  in  tlic 
Xcartie  and  a  very  small  (»ii«'  in  tlif  Palaarctii'  Utaltiis.  It  is  totally 
wantino-  from  tin*  lOtliiopian,  Tlu^  I)i.sco.i;l(»ssida'  is  lOnropcan,  with  on«i 
jit'iins  in  New  Zfaland.  it  is  the  only  lamily  well  icprcscntcd  by  {vr- 
liary  forms.  The  small  family  of  the  Astcroplirydida'  art'  I'ala'otiopical 
and  Australian,  ami  the  f«'w  I'dodytitla-,  l'ahcotro|>ical  and  PahcaKr- 
tic.  The  lar;;*' family  of  the  ('ystii^natliidn' arc  Ncoiiopical  and  Aus- 
tralian only.  The  r>t)fonida'  art;  cosmopolitan,  and  the  Scaphiopida' 
Nt'arclic  and  i'ala'arctic.  Hut  the  nrcat«'r  nnmln'r  of  the  .\rcif«'ra  arc 
N»'otn»i>ical. 

\Vc  arc  at  present  ac(|iniintcd  with  oOl  species  of  this  siii»(»rdcr, 
which  represent  S|  ocneiic  types.  They  re|)re.sent  the  families  in  tiie 
followino'  proportions  and  re;;ions: 


<!rllil';l.       Spriii'tt. 


Iljsl  I  iliiilliiii. 


!  *iHci)j;lti'.t'*itl;e 
A.sli  rii|ilir\iliil;e 

I'.lllllMlllM- 

Si  ii|iliiii|iiit.i' 

Ihlhhe 


.\lll|illii:il:lllli>(|ii|itii|ic 

lli'liiipliiarliilM' 

CvHti^IiKitliiila' 

Itiiriiliiilj' 


.I  K  i;.  I':il,i  an  lii;i  ( .\  iirtlf.  Ilsl. 

I  r>  i;    I'alj  >iliii|iir.i.  .\  iisii.ilis. 

:i  I  i;    I'al Iii<|>ii'.i.  I'al.e  iirti(  a 

4  7  I;    I'.il.iaii'lKM.  N'l  .III  In  .1 

III  I            IMi  ii:.  I'al.i  "iiiipiiai  II   I'.ila.intii  .1,  N'l' iii'lJiM,  .N'i'ii. 
I                              llii|iir  1.  .\ii.-.ll,il>?<. 

t  I  l;.  N.'iitri>|>|ia. 

:i  ^  It.  N'l'iiiiiipii !i. 

.Ti  174  It.  Niiiliopiia,  .\  ii.-l  rails. 

14  lO-J  :  Ciisiiiiipiillli'. 


i 


iql 


:      'S: 


2.')G  HIILI.KTIN    31,    UNITED    STATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

The  generic  form.s  lue  all  poeiiliar  to  their  zoolojjical  regions,  except 
Hyla,  lound  wherever  its  family  occurs,  jind  IJorboroco'tes,  coinnion  to 
Anstraliii  and  the  southern  jiortion  of  South  America. 

The  number  of  species  so  far  known  to  inhabit  these  regions  is  as 
follows : 


Roftio  AiistniliH 
K.  Ncotriipica  .. 
K.NeiUcticii.... 


:{•;:{ 

w 


Total  «H1 

In  two  ifiiioiiH  ..         1 


H.  ruliiiirlirii... 
H.  .Kthiopica... 
Ik.  l*.il:i'()tr<i|ii('a 


44r> 

Vi 

it 


Total  .... 
Ill  two  rcjiioiiN 


.1; 


The  small  proportion  «)f  species  occurring  in  the  Old  World,  exclu- 
sive of  Australia,  is  evident,  though  the.v  represent  six  families,  while 
those  of  the  Mew  Worhl  represent  but  six  also. 

The  tribe  Arcifera  was  lirst  delinetl  audits  extent  and  distribution 
indicated  by  the  author  in  the  Natural  History  Keview,  18(!r»,  thouj;h 
explaiiu'd  a  year  previ<uisly  at  a  meeting  of  the  Zoological  Hoeiety  of 
liiiiidon.  The  sternal  feature  i-haracteri/ing  it  was  noti«red  by  Stei-t- 
/.(•u,  Cuvier,  and  others  in  isolated  cases,  but  its  geiu-ral  signiticance 
not  perceived.  Dug'  (Hecherches,  01)  attiiluites  it  to  the  tree  toads, 
the  toads,  and  the  llombinator,  Alytes,  and  I'eloltales.  In  iStannius's 
Zootoude  <ler  Amphibien  (7.'{)  it  is  assigned  to  the  Aglossa  and  I'.id'o, 
as  distinguished  from  liana  and  ("ystignatlius.  The  chaiacters  »»f  llu^ 
last  genus  must  have  been  talu'ii  from  the  Old  World  Cassina  (formerly 
called  ('ystignatlius).  as  the  structure  in  C'ystignathus  and  its  allies  is 
that  of  the  true  Arcifera. 

J)lSCO<i'LOSSIl).K.* 

Cope,  Nat.  Hist.  Rev.,  If'd.^C.Ian.) :  Joiirii.  I'liila.  Ac.  ISiil.  p.  71 :  I.ata.sto, 
,\(ti'Milt'  la  Soc.  Mini,  ill'  IJortli'aii.x,  l."'7'.t,  p.ii77;  Hoiiltiififi,  Cifl.  Hair. 
Sal.  IJrit.  Mils.,  l-^-.'.tll. 

Vertebra'  opistliocu'l.+  Diapophyses  of  sacrum  dilated.  I'rostyle 
with  ii  basal  diapoi>liysis.  Ribs  pri'seiit.|  IJones  of  distal  carpal  series 
all  distinct.  Sternum  of  two  slender  iu)stero-e\teiiorly  ilivcrgiiig  libro- 
cartilaginous  or  cartilaginous  styles. 

In  the  known  genera  tiuigiie  is  round,  entire,  and  little  or  not  at  all 
free  beliiml.     Males  without  vocal  vesicle. 

A  marked  peculiarity  characterizes  tin'  larva-  of  (his  family.  The 
spiracle  or  branchial  opening  is  situated  on  the  median  line  below, 
while  in  all  of-  •   tongiied  Aniira  it  is  situated  on  the  left  side. 

If  we  commenei^  the  series  of  the  Arcifera  wi'li  the  great  family  of 
the  Cystiginithidie,  we  will  end  it  with  the  families  Asteiophiytlida' 
and  Discoglossida*,  which  are  perhaps  ei|ii:illy  connected  with  that 
which  precedes  them — the  Scaphiopoditbe,  The  former  leads  to  \«'n- 
opiis  through  Paheobatrachiis;  the  latter,  as  far  as  our  present  kiiowl- 


•l':at<-7H. 

t  olisprvril  liy  Diijit'M  ami  (icrvais  in  Alytes. 

{<JI»sfrvi'(l  liy  l>ii;>csin  Al\  tcs  and  Moinli  iialor,  ,iinl  liy  Daim'iil  in  l>isc(i;;lo.ssii.s. 


:4l*< 


Tin:    I'.ATKAC'lllA    OF    NOUTM    AMHKICA. 


2.-)  7 


lie 
[v, 

lot 


I. 


lidj;*^  iiidicati's,  liiuls  its  comjilotost  (levelopiiieiit  in  the  oxtinct  j»omi.s 
Latonia,  i-stablislRMl  by  Von  i\Ieyor  on  the  L.  scif/rietli  IVoni  the  Miocene 
olOeninj^en.  A  species  also  occnra  in  tlie  fresh-water  deposits  of  San- 
van  (//.  riifiosK],  whose  sahnnandei-like  vertebra'  have  been  noticed 
l»y  (lervais.*  Tliese  animals. were  nearly  related  to  Discofjlossns,  and 
iiad,  like  it,  short  posteriorly  directed  processes  on  the  ribs,  as  in  the 
ncnns  Salaniandra.  They  were,  however,  inncli  larger,  had  the  I'ronto- 
piirietal  Itoiics  completely  ossified,  and  the  whole  of  tlu^  craninm 
roijilicncd  externally  by  a  dermo-ossilication.  On  this  acconnt  the 
jit'Mus  has  been  compared  with  Ceratophrys,  which  belonj;s  to  the 
family  of  Cysti.unathida". 

In  the  reniainiiij^'  and  recent  jnenera  the  strncture  of  the  sternum  is 
worthy  of  noli'.  In  old  individuals  of  Disco^lossus  it  is  sometimes  tibro- 
cartilaulMoiis,  as  in  IMpii.  The  sternum,  hoinolo;;(»ns  with  the  sternum  of 
the  i^act'rlilia.  rcscndih's  the  united  ha'mapopliysial  cartila.i;es  of  ihe  an- 
tciior  ribs.  In  tin'  ucnera  in  (piestion  +  this  part  is  divided  nearly  up 
tt»  the  i»oint  of  attachment  to  that  precedinj;",  each  moiety  beiiij;' directed 
outwards  ami  backwards,  and  tapering  into  a  lateral  linea  semiluuiiris. 
iJelwecM  tlu'Nc  and  the  pnlu's  there  arc  in  Discojilossns  the  usual  thice 
pairs  of  linca-  semilunares,  connected  on  the  median  line  by  a  stronj; 
I'uca  alba 

In  Disco^lossus  the  prefrontalia  are  strongly  developetl,  bcinj;  in 
contact  tor  most  of  thcii'  length,  soiuctimes  touching;  the  fronto- 
parictaiia.  In  Alylcs  tlicy  are  also  in  contact  throuj;hout,  but  ai»' 
transvcise  and  do  not  reach  the  frontoparietals;  the  fontanelle  is 
lar;;cr.  and  llic  ril»s  withtmt  processes;  the  whole  animal  is  weaker. 
In  this  !^i  ntis,  as  well  as  the  preceding'',  tin'  i)upii  is  a  vi'rtical  slit; 
cIscwIk  rr  found  in  Ilylorhiiui,  I'latyplcctrum,  Limnomediisa,  i'elody- 
tida'  and  Ilic  Scaphi<»pida'.  A  species  (.1.  friisclicni)^  has  left  its  re- 
mains ill  tiie  Miocene  Ibauidcohle  along  with  I'ala'obatrachus.  Mom- 
liinaloi  is  similar  to  Alytcs  in  its  osseous  structure,  except  that  the 
prclVoiiialia  are  in  contact  anteriorly  only,  and  that  the  sacrum  i>i'<s 
scnts  liiil  one  condyle  for  the  articulation  of  the  coccyx,  as  is  typical 
of  the  Astcropliiydida'  ami  Aglossa.  Along  with  Alyt«'s  and  Xen- 
opus  it  has  true  ossa  nasalia,  which  bound  the  external  nares  exte- 
riorly, iliiis  explaining  their  anonndous  jiosition  in  llreviceps.  where 
they  aie  iiifeiioi.  In  ISombinator  there  is  no  caviim  tympani  ov  auricu- 
lar ossicles,  and  the  tuba'  Kustachii  are  rudiim'utary  or  wanting.  This 
character  is  said  l»y  Tschudi  and  llruch  not  to  be  exceptionless  in 
adiilis,  and  that  the  tiil)ic  and  tympanum  are  always  present  in  Ihe 
\ouiig  ol  bdtli  iliis  genus  ami   I'elobates.    All  European,  except   Lio- 


'  r:iiii'iiiili)iit;:i<'  I'laiivaisi',  p.  I'.H. 

t  ihinr^  li:is  i;i\ •11  it  liu;Mri' "f  it  ill  />'iii/i//iH((/ii)'.  I'l.  li,  lij;. '.'I. 

I  (!<i|>i',  .loiini.  Ai'.iil.  I'liihi.,  I'i'iii,  )•.  T.'i.      Ii'iiiiii  ini^i-liilii  ^  Von  Meyer,  r;iIii'i)iito,i;i'iiii!i- 
I  .ii,  Ml.  i>.  l:i' ', 


} 

i 


it 


t    5 


V 


itt.-)!— I'.iill.  ;;i 


■i: 


-r  i 


258       i!Ii.li;tin  -i,  initkm  statics  national  muskum. 

IH'liiiii,  wiiicli  is  froiii  New  Zcaliiiid.    Tlie  toes  are  webbed  in  all  the 
},'t'!U'ra,  and  tlio  cxtonial  iiictataisals  are  separated. 

L'l'iiliiilif  iiilf;iiiiii(iil  involved  in  ciiiiii.il  oHsiliciition,  wliicb  (•oniplotostlii'o.  o.  fronto- 
liaritlalia :  two  (((ccyj^cal  eotyli  ami  iliapoidijsos ;  film  witli  ponterior  ]iro(!- 
(■ss Liiliniin  Noll  Meyer. 

Ceplialic  iiitei;uiiieiit  free;  a  miiall  tVoiitoiiaiietal  foiitaiiellt!  (.sometimes  ait}Mfinlhi 
closed  liv  tlie  I'llimoijl):  ini'lronlialia  larj^ely  in  coiitaet  ;  two  coeey^ieal  eo- 
lyli ;  lilts  with  posterior  proeess;  piiitil  roiiml ;  caviim  tyiiipani  pnisent.  No 
parol oid  j^laiiils ■■ Dixaxilossim  Oltli. 

Ceplialic  iiitefiiiiiiint  tVei':  a  iVontoparietal  foiitaiiollc;  vomerine  teeth  present;  two 
eoceyneal  eotyli;  [mpil  trianj;nhir;  no  tyini>anum  or  Eustachian  tnlics  (lioii- 
Icn^er) Lioiidmii  Steiiidachiii-r. 

C'eplialie  inte;;nnienl  tree;  a  IVontoparietal  tontanelle.  I'relbntalia  in  eontaet 
thron;ihont  ;  two  eoeey^^eal  eotyli;  no  mdimeiital  di^^it ;  typaniim  and  eaviim 
tynijiani  distinel  :  pupil  eri'et  :  parotoitl  inlands  present J/l/^■'<  Wagl. 

Cephalie  inti'^nment  lire  I'rom  eianinm ;  a  frontoparietal  fontaiielle;  ]irt;l'ontalia  in 
eontaet  .iiiteiiiirly  :  one  eoeey;ieal  eofyliis;  no  inner  di^it  developed;  no  tj'ni- 
panuni  or  ea\  iim  t.Ninpaiii;  Knstiichian  tnbe  rndiniental  or  wantin<;;  paro- 
loid  glands  none Iliniihiiialur  Merrem. 

Ail  tlie  cliaiaeters  oi  tliis  laiiiily  j;(»  to  show  that  it  is  the  nearest  of 
the  iSalieiitiii  to  the  oriojnal  and  now  extinct  tyju'  which  formerly  con- 
nected that  order  with  the  Siilainanders.  These  arc,  the  presence  of 
ribs,  the  (tpislhncdl  vcitehne,  the  distinctness  of  the  carpal  bones  (d 
the  <listal  low  ;  the  injiiiinal  ;;rasp  of  the  male  in  copula,  and  the  fre- 
(jnent  presence  of  the  cardinjil  veins. 

uufonidj:.* 

This  is  the  only  cosnioi»olitan  family  of  Annra.  It  is  chielly  repre- 
sented by  tile  nciins  Unto,  which  exists  in  :dl  the  /oolooical  realms  ex- 
eepliiio  the  Anstiiiliaii.  The  variations  in  strntifiire  are  not  so  o|,.j(t 
as  in  some  otlu'r  families.  They  are  thus  summarily  reviewed  i»y 
r.onlen^er: 

"The  omosterntim  is  o,>ii(.iijiiy  absent;  if  present,  it  is  reduced  to  a 
mirrow  cartilage.  Tlie  sternum  is  usindly  a  cartilaginous  |date,  whiirji 
in  a  lew  eases  is  ossilied  alono  Its  center;  in  Hnoystomops  there  is  a 
wcll-delined  itony  style  siij)portin};'  a  cartilaginous  tlisk. 

"The  vertebra'  are  i»roe<i'lous  :ind  without  ribs.  The  diai»opli\ ses  of 
the  .sacial  vertebra-  are  more  or  less  tlilated,  but  never  to  such  a  de;;ree 
as  in  the  I'elobatida'.     The  urostyle  is  attached  to  two  condyles. 

"A  frontoparietal  Ibntanalleis  pieseni  in  .Myoltatraclius  Kuj-yslomops 
P.seiulophrviie  and  lOpidalea;  t  and  in  a  few  species  of  liufo  the  derm  is 
completely  involved  in  the  cranial  ossilication. 

"  In  two  ;,'enera  tin;  pupil  is  i  .ect. 

"The  distal  |)lialan;i('s  art'  .•^•.;mi)ly  obtuse  or  T-shaped. 

"The  IJufonida'  include  tenestrial,  burrowing,',  thorou^^lily  ai|uatic 
(Ne(!tes)  and  apparently  arboit'al  (Necttophryiu')  types.  lihinophrynus 
is  a  tiiie  ant  eater,  as  are  several  Ibrms  of  IOn;;ystonnda'."J 

•  Plate  T-^.  ~ 

)  This  U<  nils  is  not  admltli'd  Itv  Itoiilcii'^ri-i'. 

,  t'.ttalojiiie  llalr.  Sal.  lint.  Mu.^,.,  n.  .d.   I--  '.  p.  •.■<  1. 


r 


li 


Ton 


(eli, 

III  ll 


■-  I 


T 


IS 


in- 
ns 


TIIK    I5ATKACIIIA    OF    NORTH    AMKKICA. 


251) 


Otlioi'  cliariUitors  arc:  siiiuTior  plato  of  the  t'tliinoid  (UJiiipli'ti-'ly  ossi- 
(ii'il ;  very  rarely  pioloiijicd  anteriorly;  usually  eovereil  by  the  eoiu- 
pletely  ossified  frontoparietals,  or  by  these  and  the  prefontals  toyeHier, 
No  |»tery^oi(k'uni.     Tonj;ue  IVee,  not  retractile  i»osteriorly. 

In  Otiloplins  and  l*hryiM)idis*  there  are  but  eij,Mit  vertebra",  the  atlas 
and  second  bein<?<;onlhu'iit.  InNectes  there  are  reseinbhuK-esto  the  As- 
teroplirydida'.  The  prefontals  are  narrow,  divergent,  in  contact  only 
anteriorly;  the  superior  i)late  of  the  ethmoid  is  small,  tranverse,  not 
entirely  covered  by  the  fronloparii'tals,  which  are  but  weakly  ossilled 
medially,  althouji'h  embracinj-  no  fontanelle.  In  the  otiier  <;enera  the 
jnefontals  are  in  contact  with  each  other  and  with  the  frontoparietals 
tlirou<;hoiit. 

In  none  ol  the  genera  Avj^jrw  tobelonji;'  to  the  family  is  there  a  manu- 
brium sterni.  The  xiphisternuin  is  a  slender  weak  cartilage  in  Pseudo- 
phryne  and  I'hryniscus  and  lUiJ'o  hvUtuftli.  In  the  other  species  the  style 
snpportiiiu  the  terminal  disk  is  stronijer,  sometimes  libro  cartilaiiinoiis: 
in  livj'o  ndi/iiris  and  />'.  mchoiosdctUN  it  is  broader  and  nearly  bony,  and 
in  Xirtcs  siilxisiwr  stnmin.'i^t  and  broadest. 

In  Hii/'ii  Lcliiitrtii  the  terminal  phalanges  have  a  slight  terminal  trans- 
vei'sf  I'xtriisjon. 

MyoUatrai'lius.  Xotaden,  and  rseudophryne  the  weakest  and  least 
developed  forms,  are  Australian;  I'^upenipliix,  IMiiynoidis,  (bifo,  I'elta- 
lihiync,  Otaspis.  Ollotis,  ('repidophryne,Cranophryiie  and  Uhinoi)hryne 
are  Neotropical;  liiito  and  Ncctopiirynt',  I'lhiopiaii ;  IWifo,  ITearctic; 
IJufo  and  llpidalea,  Paheaiclic;  and  Scutiger,  llufo,  Nectes,  and  Necto- 
phryiie,  Tala-otropical. 

The  characters  are  the  follov.ing: 

I.    i'l'i  iiiiiial  |>lial.'in,!;;i's*siiri|ili>. 

A.  'I'wci  1  (iii(l.\  li's  for  llic  iiiKstylo. 
I!,   'rntiiiilr  liDlllid  ill  front,  tVi'i-  lirliiml. 
A  rioiiloiiiirielal  fdiitioulli'. 

Mthiiioid  lioiic  iii<'iiiii)ili'tt>  aliDVf ;  strniniu  ossII'ilmI  on  (lie  iiiiddlt- 
liri<' ;  rar  ini  rntly  dcvidoiu'd  ;  piiiiil  cri'i't. 

Mnulxiliidliiis  Sclil. 
F.tliiiioid  liiiiir  i'i)iii|di'tr  ;  (iii^ciH  jiiiil  tin's  (Vfc  ;   slrriniin  a  Wfak 

cart  ilajir /'m  inhiphriiiif  I'itz, 

Etliinoiil  lioiii' (.•oiiiidcti' ;   toes  wcldu'd  .  .stt'riiiiiii  distiiicl. 

i'li'iilith  It  (Jopc. 
""No  rroiito|iai'i<'lal  (oiitaiiolli'. 
(V.  No  voiiiiiiiif  lirili. 
/<.  'I'yiniiaiiic  (liaiiilii'r  iufsciit. 

Toes    Crci' :  tviiiiiMiiic   th'iim    not   inclosed;  stcinnni   j.n    osscons 
st.vic /^iijii  iiijilii.r  Stciml. 


'The  raised  orliitai  lid^cs  id'  liiis  ^cnns  do  not  constitute  its  essent  iai  ciiaracter,  as 
foi'inerl.v  suppohed,  lint  lather  llie  division  ol"  the  mural  spines  and  the  widi'  separa- 
(loiiof  tlie  lateral  portions  ( iliev  stand  aliovetlie  /yuapoidiyses)  lliron,i;hont  the  vcr- 
t  el  II  a  I  eidnnin.  Perhaps  t  he  I'nsion  <d'  t  he  atlas  with  the  si'cond  vertelii'a  is  important 
in  the  same  connection.      There  is  hnl  one  species  at  present  known,  /'.  ((■•-yx  c. 


-1 


I' 

ii 


2(J0        m  Li,i:riN  :;:;,  i'MTHD  statks  naiionai,  muski'm. 


\J 


Toes  wclilifd  ;  lyiii|i,'inir  (Iniiii   iiol  incluM'd   1)\   Itimr  ;  Htt'rtiiiiii  ii 

pliid'  /'"./'»  Liiiir. 

Toes  wclilx'il ;  ( yiniiiillic  <||-Iliii  ilicloscil  willi  i)s.-<iliL';ll  iitu. 

Olllx/lii  ('«I|IC. 

Tiii'.s  wrblii'il ;  noslril.s  dirccti'il  ii|i\v:ii'iIn \ii  Its  IlK-rki  r. 

li.i.  ■ryiii|iiiiiii- cliaMilui'  \viiiiliii.i;. 

Cranial  ilcnii  IVcc  ;  dinils  wcldinl Ollnlis  ('o|pi'. 

('raniiil  dciin  iVci' ;  diL;its  nut  dlsiiml,  iMilu-id    in  a  coinniiin  in- 

tt'iTUMKMir '  'n  ;'hI(ij  lirillir  '('(i|M'. 

Criuiial  dfi'ni  dssilifd  ;     toes  wcldicd <  inuKjilniini  tCii|ir. 

(ta.  Vtinifiinr  Ifi'lli  iircstMil. 

Slcrnuni  niiliniiMilary  :  tucs  wrlilicd Xal-df  u  M  iiinili. 

IUj.  'I'linj^iii' Ii  lUid  iir  i.'tractili'  postfrioily  ;  slightly  frt'c  anti'iim  ly. 

SicrniiiM  iiidiinrntai'v  ;  |>ii|iil  ciccl  . .  li'li'mi  ihriiiiii-^  iKim.  \  liilir. 
A  A.  One  condyle  lor  tlic  nrostylc. 

l'n|iil  vertical;  lui  \oniirint:  licth ;  tot  ^  rue;  a  sicinal  ^lylc, 

Siiiliiii  r  'I'lu'cdi. 
II,  Ti'riiiiiia!  plialan^t's  J-^iiaiu'd. 

l'il';;ils  alid  trcN  ii'dlc  <ii  1(  .->  \\(  lilii  d  :  I  lie  I  i|i-dilalt'il  iiilndiNks  ; 
stfrniini  carl  ilaninmiH \t  i  luiiliniiit'  I'iMcIi.  A   I'clcrM. 

Tlie  distjiltiitioii  of  these  {"I'lK'ni  is  ;is  lullnws  : 


a 

1 

•r, 

a 


M.vipli.iliailiin. 

l'Mrllll<>|illlMli'. 

Kii|H'iii|ilii\ 

K|iiilalcM 

Iliif.. 

<)ta.s|iii« 

Ncitc 


Ollolis 

(;rc|iiilii|ilir 


l'iaiMi|ilir,> 
Kliiiiiiiiln  \  mis. 
\..la.l.ii.'. 


Siiili;;i'|- 

Nr(lii|ilir.\m' 


1 


III 


Total . 


Ill 


III 


c 
■"3 


:i 


II. 


IlUro  l.ainTiiti. 

Syii.  I{t"itl.,l>- -•">:  \Vay:l.,Syst.  Ainpli.,  p.  •iiM):  Tsclindi,  Italr.,  p.  >h  ;  |) 

\  itilir..  viil.p.  ilii'.' ;  fliiiitli.,  Cat.,  p.  .Vi ;  Nat.  Hist,  h'cv.,  i-r.."i,  p.  lii.>. 

Onirhiiiiihii'-  Spis,  Spec.  N'ii\ .  Test.  IJan..  p.  I'.l :  I'.sp.ida,  Niaj.  I'ai  if.,  \'(Mt.,  p.  17(1. 
0/,////)/(;is Ciiv..  R.  A.  :  'rsilindi,  Matr.,  p.  f*'.t :  (Hiiilli.,  C.ii.,  p.  tl.i;  «'ope,  /.  < 

llilliilihsiii  sp.  Itoie,  Isis,  1-"J7,  p.  Vj'.ll. 
(  hitiDiiis  sp.  Waj;!.,  I.si.s.,  l-X'"'.  p.  711. 
/7i(7/»(r  (Oki'ii)  I'itz.  Sysl.  Keptil.,  I.  p.  :i-.'. 

rliilnliliiillii    I'it/.   I.I-.  :    Cope,   I'liie.  Ac.    I'llila.,   l-l'i'.'.   p.  Il."i7. 

riiriiiiiiiilix  I'it/..  /.  c. :  Cope,  /.  <.,  ami  Nat.  Hist.  K'ev.,  |-ii."i.  p.  |ii-.',  pars. 

./)i((.»7/C((f 'rscliiidi,  I'aim.  I'd'..  Ileip.,  p.  7-^. 

Sihisiiiiiilnniii  Smiili,  III.  .s;.  Mr.,  |{ept.,  .\pp.,  p. 'i-';  (iiiiilli.,  /    ..,  p.  1:!-:  Cope,  /. 


'<'ri  jiiiliiin  ( 'ope  preoccupied. 


I  (  '/•('» •1/1  M~  (  'ope   lireoci'llpled. 


This  ucniis  may  lia\  e  a  ic.iiiial  loniaih  l|r,      Ihe  sK  nil  li  i>  u.il  lieen  i'  \a  nniied 


t, 


^3ia^    "^ 


ii 


i 

T 


TilK    HATUACIIIA    Or    NOKTII    AMKIJICA.  2fil 

l(/(//.i/i/(( .  ('ii|if,  I'liic.  Ac.  I'liilii.,  If^i'iH,  |i.  :'u  I. 

/,'/l.(/i«  «'<i|ii',  iii<l.li>r.,   |-(ij,  p.  ;!.')/,  illlil  N.lt.   Hist.   KlV.,   I-Ti."),  p.   l(i-j. 
.l»Ni/»i((  .Sliilic/.k!!,  ridc.  Ah.  Sdc,  l-i/d,  p.  l.VJ. 
IhitmitjilirlniH  Ciiiiu'raiio,  Atti.  Ai'f.  Tor.,  \i\ ,  HT'.I,  p.  ■'■'•J. 

Viipil  Iiorizoiitiil.  T(Hi<;iio elliptic  or  pyiilonii,  ciitiro  aixl  lVo<'  hcliind. 
Vomcriiu!  teeth  none.  Tyiiiimmim  di.stinct  or  liidden.  Finjit-is  iVee; 
toe.s  more  or  le.s.s  wchhed,  the  tip.s  simple  or  «li!;ite(l  into  small  disk.s. 
Outer  metatiirsais  united.  Omo.sternum  j^enerally  mi.s.sin};;  if  present, 
earlila<;inous;  sternum,  a  eartila<;inons  plate,  sometimes  more  or  less 
ossilied  alon;^  the  meilian  line.  Diapophyses  of  .sacral  vertebra  more 
or  less  dilated.     Teiininal  phalan;,M's  obtuse  or  tri.injiular. 

In  the  l'roeeedin;;s(»r  the  Philadelphia  Ac^ademy  Ibi'  l.S.")l  Dr.  ('harles 
(iirard  };ave  a  .synopsis  of  the  North  Am«'riean  species  of  this  ;i('nus, 
which  t'mbraces  thirteen  specilic  names.  ICiyht  of  these  are  recojiiiizetl 
in  the  jjresent  work,  and  two  others  as  subspecies.  In  ISSIJ  the  writer 
L;ave  a  synopsis  of  tiie  species  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  American 
l'hih).sophical  Society,  the  result  of  the  study  of  which  has  been  iucor- 
|)orated  into  the  present  volume. 

I.    Ili'iiil  willidiil  liotiy  cicsls  jilMivr. 

a.   Iiitcnirliilal  space  w  idrr  lli;iii  cvclitl. 

ranitoiii  ;;  I  anils  small,  as  wide  as  Imi;;,  not  wiiicr  than  licail  :  li'<rs  lon^tT, 
(>n<1  of  tarsus  it-acliini.;  to  i'l'oni  I'lont  oroiliit  tii  rml  of  inn/./.l<> ;  iiicta- 

tarsal  tiilirnlfs  insi^^iiilicant /)'.  iniiirtahiH. 

raiotoiil  ;;  I  a  lids  la  !';;<',  loii<r,  sprrailin;;  posti'iioil  v.  iiiiicli  wider  than  liead  : 
lees -.holt,   end  oC  tarsus   to  tviiipaniiin  :   met.at.iisal  Inliereles   insij;- 

niliealit //.  ticbilis, 

(Xi\.  Inleroi'liital  space  nanower  than  eyelid. 

I'arotoiil  ;;land  oval  :  metatarsal  tnliercles  insi<r|iilicitnt  ;  a  lai';;e   e^hmd 

on  tihia  ;  si/e  lafejcT /;.  i  iiliii,iliit  nsin. 

Tarotold  j;land  oval  :  liotli  metatarsal  (iiliereies  with  <;ntf  iii^  edijes,  the 
internal   very  lar;;<  ,    mn/./le  very  short;    no   lai'Lje  jil.-ind  oniiliia; 

si/e  smaller />'.  loiiijinrlilin. 

It.    lii'.'ld  w  ith  liony  (  Ti'sts  i-liove. 

I.    Iiiterorlpit.il  spaci'  wi'hr  than  eyelid. 

.\  stroll;;  post  frontal  crest  ;  siiperciliaries  diver^i'iit  liackwaids;  parotoiil 
eland  narrow  and  e|on;;ate,  descendin;;  towaids  axilla  :  lai  L;e  inlands 
on  ilii;;h  and  on  tihi.'i  :  lie:id  loiir  times  in  the  leni;th  :   metatarsal  liili- 

ercles  small />'.  iilrui  inn. 

•J.   Iiiterorhital  space  narrower  tlian  ey<did. 
It.   No  postorliiial  "id;;es. 

Superciliary  eii'sts  parallel ;  tyni|iamim  distinit  ;  two  enttine;  metatarsal 
tiiliercles  :   femur  larirclv  free /.'.  Iiniiimil  iiii<. 


til . 

Ill ' 


^il 


i 


m. 


fl 


2(52 


lUTLLKTIN    :U,    UMTKIi    STATKS    NATIONAL    Ml'SKHM. 


(H'  llu'  spfcics  above  (Icliiu'd,  I  lie  /.'.  ci>himhinisls  ami  ilic  //.  Iinliiji 
uomtti  an'  IIk'  imiI.v  (Hics  wliicli  displa.v  aiiv  ^ical  \  analulil.N ,  tl:r  hitler 
liiiviiiK"  lour  well  (leliiied  siihspecies.  Tiiev  are  also  naturally  tlic 
species  wliicli  present  allinitles  to  otiier  species.  Tims  tlie  /.'.  hiifit/i- 
vnsiis  sometin)es  approximates,  witliont  hecominii'  eonl'iised  with,  the  /.'. 
coffnatiis,  and  tiie  latter  in  tarn  varies  towards  the  /;.  coiiipdctiliN. 

IM'i'o  I'l'NCTATls  li.  A   (J. 

Proceed.  Ac.  I'l'   i.,  IsV.',  ]i,  IT;!:  Uaini,  f.  S.  Mrs.  Ilniiiiil.  Smv..  vul,  n, 
Ih'pi.  i>.  late  \xxix  :  li;;.s.  Ti-T  (imiI  ;;iiih1>,  Is'i'.t. 

Ilii/o  IkIiHiiiiH  Varn.w,  I'mceed.  f.  S.  Nat.  Mils..  I'--,'.  |i.  111. 

The  head  is  wide  and  Hat,  and  t'nters  the  total  len;;th  three  and  a  third 
times.  The  width  at  the  |>()sterior  borders  of  the  tympana  exeteds  the 
lenjith  by  the  diameter  of  the  eyelid.  The  latter  is  aitoiit  I'onrlilths 
tln^  very  Hat  interorbital  rej^ion.  Tin*  only  eianial  rid;;*'  is  the  vertical 
one  which  extends  I'rom  between  the  eyelid  and  the  paidioid  j^land 
along  the  front  of  the  tymi>anic  nuMnbrane.  The  lattei'  is  very  distinct 
and  is  nearly  round,  and  is  Jnst  half  the  long  diametci'  o*'  the  eye.  Tlu' 
prefrontal  bones  are  rather  prominent  at  thecanthiis  rostralis.  and  are 
roughened  with  raised  points.  Theendof  tlu'  mn/zle  is  strongly  convex 
in  protile,  its  extremity  oveilapping  the  premaxiilary  border.  The 
nostril  is  nearer  the  extremity  than  it  is  to  the  orbit.  The  gianidar 
i-onghciiing  is  present  on  the  extremity  of  the  nose,  on  the  posterior 
part  of  the  vertex,  on  the  eyelid,  the  prelym panic  ridge,  and  on  the  par- 
otoid  gland.  The  tongue  is  narrow  and  subcylindrical,  and  tlie  <;hoana> 
are  large  and  anterior. 

The  parotoid  glands  are  sul)triangular  to  round  in  outline,  and  are  as 
wide  as  or  wider  than  long.  Tiie  warts  of  the  dorsal  integunnMil  are 
quit*'  snnill,  and  stand  nearer  together  on  the  sides  than  on  the  median 
region.  The  derm  of  the  inferior  surfaces  is  not  roughened  nor  granu- 
lar, oxeei)t  for  a  shoit  space  on  the  gulai'  regi(Ui.  but  is  more  or  lessdis- 
tiiu'tly  areolate.  The  external  surface  of  the  arm  and  of  the  tarsus  and 
hind  foot  and  of  the  entire  sole  isspinulo.se;  on  the  superioi' surface 
of  the  tibia  the  spinulose  tul)ercles  are  mingled  with  larger  tubercles. 
When  the  jjosterior  liiid>is  extended  the  end  of  tin'  tarsus  r«'aches  the 
anterior  border  of  the  oibil,  and  from  that  point  in  a  few  instances  to 
the  end  of  the  niuz/lc.  The  first  llngeiis  longei'  than  the  second.  The 
jiosterior  foot  is  lallier  small,  and  the  web  is  deeply  emaiginate  to 
opposite  the  middle  of  the  lirst  (fotiith)  plalange  of  the  fourth  toe.  All 
the  toes  have  a  narrow  «lerinal  margin  to  their  (extremities.  Suhdigital 
tubercles  not  large,  single.  The  two  metatarsal  tubcicles  are  distinct, 
the  internal  (piite  narrow,  and  with  piominent  obtuse  extiemity  ;  the 
external  rounded,  and  not  presenting  a  free  vd<xv. 

In  large  speciiiKMis  from  Lowei' ('.ilifornia  the  tnlteiclcs  ar.  coarser, 
and  the  granular  rugositi(;s  of  the  heati  smootlie(|  otV.    There  is  a  trace 


T 


th 


■^*sW  -^ 


TlIK    nATRACIIIA    Or    NO|{TII    AMKRIfA. 


Jill* 


r 


of  I'liiscil  lionh'i' to  as  Ciir  as  alutvi^  atid  licliiiid  tlic  lyiiipaiii*-  iiit'inluaiu-, 
tim.s  imitatiiij;'  faintly  llu5  li.  lciili(jiiiosi(.s  ((inciicantts. 


T 


T 


I 


Flii.fiO    Itiil'ii /luiii'tnliiii.     \i>.  Klliri.     (':i|n>  Saint  I.in'iiH  ;   |. 
Ml  ilxlilinii  lih   (</    .V((.  "JUl"*. 

Jir. 

Lcii;-!!!  of  lii-iiil  mill  liody (l.VJ 

I,i'li;;lll  of  liriiil  In  |Mislcli(ir  «'ily;i'  of  lyili|>:itKl dliri 

Willi  ll  111'  iii'ilil  itt  liiislrfiiir  rilj^c  of  I  viii|i;ilia 01 '.I 

l.i'iij^lh  III'  I'orr  liii'li {\->7 

Lrli^tll  of  iMistcnul'    lilllli (IliO 

I-iii;:tli  ofliliiii (ll'.t 

l-inj^tli  iiriarsiiH Oil 

lifii^tli  of  ri-iiiaiiiili'i'  III"  I'm i| OH 

This  sjn'cics  is  ofratlicr  variahlt'  cdltnatioii.  'i'lic  tyjic  (No.  LMUS)  Is 
a  nniloiiii  li;;Iit  brown  above  and  yt'llowisli-wliih"  iiclow.  In  two  otlici' 
siu'fiiiiciis  li'oni  the  same  locality  the  dorsal  tiihercles  are  p  ile,  with  a 
daik  liiifjat  the  base.  The  latter  is  the  prevalent  eoloralion.  I'oi'  whili^ 
tlu'ie  iiie  six  specimens  which  show  if,  there  is  only  one  other  ol  t'lie 
nnit'oiin  brown  tint.  Specimens  from  Cape  St.  Lucas  have  red  wans, 
with  a  black  rin^'  at  the  base,  and  have  the  };ronnd  cohn-  of  the  sides 
black  besides.  TheHiinder  extremities  hav(^  larjic  blackish  blotches,  in- 
closin;;'  Inberclcs  which  are  pink.  There  is  also  a  idack  spot  on  the 
eyidid,  one  below  the  canthns  rostralis  running  longitudinally,  and  one 
which  extends  below  and  sometimes  behind  the  tympaimm. 

This  is  oiH'  of  our  best  marked  species.  Its  distrilmtion  exti'iidsfiom 
western  Tt^xas  from  as  far  north  as  Kort(3oncho,  and  nhn\'^  both  sides  of 
the  boundary  line  between  the  United  States  ami  I\Iexi«'o,  to  the  Pacific 
ocean.  It  is  found  as  far  south  as  San  Antonio,  in  Texas  (Marnoek), 
and  in  Lower  California  to  the  extremity  of  the  ju'iiinsiila  ^  Xaiitus).  and 
in  Mexico  to  (Juanajiiato  (Dnjjes). 

The  paired  },dantllike  rid}j,ef<  '>'<  the  back,  represented  in  tiie  li.:;iire  of 
this  species  in  the  Heport  of  the  Cnited  States  and  Mexican  Iloiindary 
Siirvc_,-,  are  merely  the  projections  caused  by  the  dorsal  and  sacral  dia- 
pophyses,  somewhat  exa.ujjferated 


.    I 


,.( 


--1^ 


t 

■   1 
i 

J  : 

1 

2i>\  lUTIJJ'TIN    :(|,    I'MTKI)    STATKH    NATIO.NAI,    MISKI'M 

Hiijii  jiinitliihi'i  li.iiid. 


( "iitaliicm'    Nn.  of 
liiiinlii'i'.       N|iiM,   I 


Locality. 


Wlini 
I  ollrrlcil. 


2018 
31)17 

3(m 

201.1 
HIOH 
2014 

4io:i 

13001 
12000 
13070 
10100 
12000 
B30S 


I'roin  »  lioiii   ri'i'i'ivi'il. 


a  Sail  I'cilro,  Ti'\ 

1  r.islaniicla^,  Mi'xiro I  l.iiiil.  IS.  roncli,  f.  S.  A. 

2  laiiyjidlil  IJaii.M  Uh, 'I'ux A.Siliiitt 

I     Siinipiii do 

1      liiciSanrfilrii,  N.  Mrx Dr.  S.  \V.  Woodlioiis.-    .. 

1      Aii/ciiia IWl      I'MllM.liolt 

7     New  .Mi'xiio    A..'<rlMill    

L'  r|i|ii'i'  ('.iiir>>iiii.i  iii'^iun 

II      I,a  I'll/.,  L.ral   I 

:i     do I 

,'.     do ' 

1  Wlilli'  IJivi'i  ('armli,  Alb 

:i  l.al'a/,  !,.<'al 


II.  I!.  Molll MM 


IhHJ  {    I,   Jirldili;;  . 

IKH.i    do 

1H8.'      .    ..  do    

IH7!l      Kf.  1!  T.  r.iiir. 
IR»:'       I„  I'm  Mill','      ... 

('a)io  Saint  I.nra.i,  I,.<'al :  John  .X.miiis  . 


Naliiii'  of 
xpi'i  iiiii'ii. 


All'oliolii'. 
l>o. 
I  to. 
Do 
Do 
Do. 
Do 
Do 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do 
Do. 
Do. 


UITO  Iti:iMI-IS  Ciiai-.l. 

Proi'fiMl,  Ac.  1'liila.,  l"")l,  ~7;  IimIkI.  l'.  S.  Mcx.  IShimhI.  .^ihv..  ii.  I{('|iiil.,  p. 
•iT:   l!c)iilciioi.|.  Cat.  Half.  Sal.  ISrit.  Mils  ,  •.»!  .1.,  I'H-.',  p.-J-'.t. 

lliifii  iiis'iiliui  (iiraiil,  I'idci'il.  Ai'.  riiila.,  IrJI,"-;   IJaiid.  I'.S.  Mrs.  Itmiiiil.  Siirv.,  ii, 
Uciil  il,,l>.  •.'!•.,  IM.M.I,  W'^x.  l;!-l-. 


W 


Tin.  111.  I!i,i„,l,hitls.     No.  •J(Wi.    Cliiliiialiiia.  M».\..  ]. 

Tlii.s  .species  ol'  timd  is  nearly  reliitetl  to  the  />'.  piiiirhiliis  and  agrees 
Avilli  it  in  most  respects.  The  fonn  of  the  liead  ami  the  ehaiacleis  of 
tlie  skill  are  (jiiite  the  same;  ho  is  the  Ibrm  of  the  posterior  fo(»t.  Tiie 
(lillereiKH's  are  well  marked,  and  are  as  follows  :  The  leii;,'tii  of  the  head 
is  (;oiitained  in  the  total  more  than  I'oiir  times.  Tiie  lirst  liii^^cr  is  shorter 
tliaii  tilt  second.  The  liiml  le;;'  is  shorter,  the  end  oC  the  tarsus  onl.v 
reachin;;' the  jiosterior  border  ot'the  tympanum  when  the  U'<s,  isexleiided. 
The  Ibrin  and  dimensions  oC  the  parotoid  <;laiid  are  very  dilVereiit.  The 
ylaiid  is  very  lar<;'e,  extending;'  posteriorly  to  an  aeiiiiiinate  exfremiiy 
which  is  a  little  beyond  above  tlie  axilla.  The  superior  iMirdeis  oftlie 
jilaiids  are  divoiv^enl.  so  that  the  total  width  at  their  apices  is  one  and 
oiie-liall"  times  the  width  of  the  head  at  the  tympana.  The  iiircri»»i  out- 
line presents  the  apex  of  a  very  obtuse  angle  downwards  at  a  point 
posterior  to  the  tympanic,  drum  and  on  a  level  with  its  interior  border. 
The  inferior  surfaces  are  more  distinctly  granubw  than  in  the  Ii.  pinic- 
t((lns.     .Metatarsal  tubercles  insi;;nilicaiit ;  the  internal,  siilxonic. 


ri 


\  :m 


Till",    ItATItACIIIA    OF    NORTIf    AMERICA.  2(15 

Ml  iisiin  nil  iil>'  III  All.  '.'(i'j;!. 

.1/. 

l.<MI)rtll  1)1'  linlll  ilMll  lltllly 1*111 

l,i'n<;lli  i>r  lifiiil  III  |)(islri'i(ii'  ciljjfs  of  tyiii|iaiia tMiS 

Witllli  <>r  Im'.kI  III  poftli  riiir  cil^^csor  lym|iiina dill 

l,iii;;lli  "I"  lorn  liinli  from  iixijlii ()•.»(» 

I.cnulli  of  poMlcrior  from  uroin (i|() 

LcriHili  of  I  i Ilia dl'J 

l,i'ii;;lli  of  tarsus (l(ii» 

I. r II l; III  of  riMliaillilri'  of  foot 01  t 

'riic  ;iv('i'a},'«i  size  is  less  tliaii  that  ol'tlm  It.  pnnrtatits. 

Tilt' color  of  the,  liii/o  ihbilis  is  a  lif^iit  asli,  Tlic  small  tuluM'cU's  i'.n^ 
jit'iu'iaiiy  black,  and  arc  witlioiil  tlio  red  or  yellow  ct'iitcrs  wen  in  tlir 
/.*.  ininrliitiis.  The  limbs  have  narrow  black  cross-bands,  or  rather 
wide  incomiilefc  black  bands,  with  the  pale  center  so  larjje  as  to  leave 
only  the  bla<-k  bor.lers.  The  eyelids  and  parotoids  are  (crossed  by  simi- 
lar black  lines.     I»eh)W  and  ('omtealed  surfaces  iinspottetl. 

The  range  of  this  sp»'cies  is  much  like  that  of  the  />.  jutncttitHs,  but. 
it  extends  further  <'ast.  Mr.  Isaai;  found  if  on  the  upper  Wichita  in 
Texas,  and  Mr.  \N'.  Taylor  at  San  Diego  in  southwest  Texas.  lto(H!urs 
westward  through  noithern  ;\l«'xico  and  the  southwest  territories  to 
(liiayinas,  on  the  (iidf  of  California.  It  has  not  yet  been  found  in 
Lower  ("alifoniia.  It  was  originally  brought  from  the  valh-y  of  Mexico, 
and  the  Smithsonian  Institution  siibs(M|iieiitly  re(;eived  it  from  ^Mazat- 
iiiii.  Itaiiil  reports  it  from  the  lower  Kio  Grande.  It  is  probably  diag- 
nostic (»l'the  Sonoian  region. 

lliij'ii  (tihilii  liiranl. 
UKSKIIVI':  SKKIKS. 


<  '.il;ilni;llr      No.  i»l 

nilllllll'l'.  MJHC. 


l.n..lUl.V. 


Wl„.n 

I'olll'I'tl'll' 


I'miiii  wIkiim  n  iiin'cl 


N;iliiri'  el' 
s|ii'('iiii<'ii. 


"I 


•-'li.'l 
•JiiJil 
•-■liM 
L'li-'7 
.'lilhl 
'JOIU 


I  IMnw.ii.'  I'triK I Aliiiliolir. 

■J  I 'liiliii;iliii;i,  Mrvlrii ..  Dr  'riiiiniiis  Wi'lili    Ilii. 

•  1  M.ila 11H,  Mi'Mto       ..   ; I.iriil.  I!.  Ciiiirli,  r.  S.  A    .  i)ii. 

I  M.il.iiiiiiiii-i,  Mcxjt'ii      ..     I.ii  111.  I!  ( '.nil  li.  r.  S.  A  i)o. 

1  I'l If<iil  i:    KiTiiinid   i)ii 

7  r.i;i/i>-<  l;iM  1.  'l'i'\;n  ....I It.  1!.  !■'.  Sliiiiii;iiil |         itii. 


mi'O  AlAAKirsliiiard. 
r.,iiiil'.s  K'ljitilia  \'.  S.  Mrs.  Hi  iiiiil.  Siirv.,  ii,  |i.  -Jtl,  PI.  xvi,  li;;.s.  1-f!. 

This  very  distinct  species  is  as  yet  known  from  a  single  specimen, 
whirii  is  picsei  ved  in  the  National  .Museum.  It  has  a  general  relation- 
ship to  the  /.'.  iiiinrlitliis,  and  also  to  tin*  Cid)an  Pcltitiiln-nnv^ultavvphnlti 
of  ("iil»a.     In  its  larg*^  size  it  eipials  the  II.  marhiKs. 

Head  slicnt  and  wide;  nui/.zle  obtuse  and  vertical  in  prolile,  not  pro. 
.jecling  beyond  upper  lip;  naics  terminal  lateral,  the  c.-jnthus  rostralis 
Ibrming  a  convex  line  from  nares  to  Ihi'  orbit,  l-'ront  wide,  superciliary 
ridges  ob.solete  at  anterior  third  t»f  orbit,  moderately  elevated  behind 


lit 


:  ■*. 


i 

1 

r- 

t 

I 


MT 


^i 


it« 


i  W 


2(10       lur-MvriN  ;i;«,  uxited  htati:s  national  mi'skum. 

(Iiis  |)oiiit,  iiiHl  rormiiij;  a  iryular  curve  witli  tin-  poslm  hiial  ri. !;;••.     N.. 
biaiitli  cnsts.     A  vcr.v  slioit  robust  sii|»iat.vm|taiii('«'H'st,  a  sIkuI  iiairow 
picdhital  crest.     Tviiipaiii<!  disk  laiK*',  rouml,  its  (liaiiicter  tlirc«'loiirllis 
tlu'lcnfitlioltluM'yctlssiiiT.     ToiifjmM'loiijiateoltovalc:  tniiicalr  posic 
linily.     r.onhT  of  I'.vt'lids  tliidvciiiMl,  prosontiii},' an  aiiwlt'  iit  I'lu-li  ex 
treiiiity,  aiitei'i«»r  and  postciit»r. 


Fij;.  (V_'.  Hii/it  alrariiit.    No.  2.")72.    Fort  Yilina,  Cnl. ;  j. 

MvtmHrniuiilx. 

M. 

[>cn;;tli  of  head  itiid  liixly Hl't 

Lcii^^tli  (if  licail  iiK'liKlin;^  t,\  iii|iaiiii <i:'.<i 

Widlli  i>f  licad,  including;  lyiiipaiia imKi 

Length  of  fore  liiiili  from  axilla  fCH 

Jj('ii;;tli  of  fore-foot  0;t.| 

licnjjtli  of  hind  Icj; (i.'il 

l-i'ii^'tli  of  tii.ia o:.:! 

I.rn<;th  of  tarsiiH (titl! 

LfiifjtliofrcHtof  fool (»."■:! 

Parotoid  jjland  a  loiij?  oval,  with  parallel  sides,  deseeiidiiij;  IVoiii  tlie 
usual  eomuieiiceiiient  abov*'  tlie  tynipauuni  to  a  position  above  the  pos- 
terior edjje  of  the  hurnenis,  and  nearly  on  a  level  with  the  posteiior 
l)order  of  the  mniihnnnim  ti/minnn.  Dorsal  inteo;uineiit  with  rather 
sjiarse  small  tuln'r(;les.    A  huye  oval  jiland  on  the  superior  lace  of  the 


T 


X 

I 


THK    ItATRArillA    <»;'    NOIJTI!    AMKUIfA. 


207 


llii;;li,  iiihl  iiiiollifi'  liU'^M'i'  oiH'  «>\  tend  ill;;  aliiittsi  tlit-  riitiic  l('ti;;'tli  of  IIm^ 
.sii|M'riur  cil^;!!  ol' |Ik>,  til'iii.  A  pnimiiii'iit<  lomitl  \v:ii'l  diriMttly  iMtstctioi' 
lo  the  rictus  oris,  prt'rcdcil  l»_v  two  or  tlii'co  sniallcr  ones.  Inroiiot'sin- 
l'at!rs  iircnlati',  iintst  closely  posteriorly. 

I'lii^^crs  short,  liist  iiiid  third  e<|uul,  ioiirlli  shortest.  Second  (first) 
liii<;  r  with  :i  very  l:irp'  tubercle  at  (he  liaseol'tlK^  proximal  endot'thi^ 
second  plialaiip* ;  a  smaller  one  in  the  saim^  position  on  the  second. 
The  nsnal  two  larixe  palmar  tnliercles;  distal  to  which  the  entin^  palm 
is  covered  with  closely  placed  tnl>ei'<'les.  Toes  wehhed  to  tho  extremi- 
ties, hnt  the  weh  scall(»pe*l,  so  that  the  (>d;;e  lietween  the  third  iind 
Ibiirth  toes  is  opposite  the  extremity  of  the  lirst  phalan;>;e  (from  meta- 
tarsal). Solo  with  a  pavement  of  rather  small  warts,  a  sin;;le  rather 
lar,t;er  one  Itelow  the  proximal  extremity  of  each  phalan;;c  excepting; 
the  distal  ones.  iCxIernal  metatarsal  tuWercle  lar;;e,  little  delined  ;  the 
internal  small,  oval,  and  with  free  <'i)ni(^d  extremity,  its  inner  ed<;e  is 
close  to  a  lice  dermal  margin,  which  extends  from  the  edj^e  of  the  lirst 
toe  and  turns  tor w aids  on  the  tarsus  and  is  lost  distad  to  its  middle. 
When  the  hind  lej;  is  extended  the  heel  rtwhes  the  middle  of  the  tym- 
paunui  ami  the  end  «>f  the  tarsus  rea(;hes  tiu>  extreanty  of  tliu  mn//le. 

The  lcu;;th  «»f  tli<'  lieail  is  considerably  less  than  its  width,  atid  enters 
the  total  len;:lli  nearly  four  tinu's;  oi'.  measnrin;;'  fron>  the  snpraoccip- 
ilal  line,  lunr  and  a  half  times. 

The  color  of  the  speeimcM  is  probably  somewhar  |>aler  than  normal 
from  theetVect  of  the  alcohol,  (liiai'd  states  thet'resh  color  to  have 
been  '•  uniforndy  dark  jirecu."  .\t  present  it  is  li^iht  brown,  and  below 
wliiiish,  with  a  few  pale  spots  on  the  thoratac  and  j^idar  re;;ions. 
Thi;;:hs  nnitorm  li;>ht  brown  behind. 

Thci  linuic  of  this  speci«'s  ;;i\cn  by  r>aird,  as  abov«'  (Mted,  is  {^orwl, 
except  thai  lue  jiarotoid  inland  is  repiesented  as  too  wide.  This  ;;lan«l 
in  this  species  is  tpiite  peculiai'  in  its  t'orm  and  ])osition. 

No.  !.'."» 71' ;  one  spec;    l-'ort  Vuma,  Cal.:   A.  Schott. 

I'.iro  COl.t  MJIIKNSIS  i;.!.  A   (iinl. 

ftiil'ii  rohiiiihii  iisis   K.'ilril  iV    (Jir;ii'<l,  I'nic.  Ac.   I'liilM.,  I"^.'!;!,  p.   :>7S  ;  <iii','ii'il,  I.  <■.  p.  7T, 

I'l.  .">.  W'A.  t-'.t;  ('"iH'.  (lurk  List  Hull.  i;.pt.  N.  Aiiicr.,  IST.",,  p.  '».). 
Iliil,,  hnii.is  |'.:iii<l  A  i;ii:nil.  I'mc.  Ac.  I'liihi.,  |s.V.',  p.  171;  (iiianl,  I".  S.  I',\pl.  I'.xpcd., 

II. Mp..  p.  71.  I'l.  •;,  li;;.   l-'.t;   ItiMiliMiii.  T,  Ci't.  lijtir.  Siil.  Itiil.  .Mils.,  ji.  •JIM'.,  li};. 
Hiil'ii  hiiliiiihilii    liiiirtl  »V    <iir;iiil.    I'l'ic.    .\c.    I'liil.i..    is.'ilf.  p.  :till  ;  (iiranl.    Pioc.   Ac. 

I'liilii..  |s.'>l.p.-7.  jiimI  I'.  S.  M,\.  lioiiiiiI.Siiiv.,  II,  p. -J'!,  ri.  II.  (i;;.  7-fJ;   IJoiilm- 

^;<T,  Cat.  P.ili.  Sal.  I'.rit.  .Mils.,  l-i-,'.  \>.  '2'X\  li-;. 
Itiij'o  iliiliiixiH,  pail,  (iiiiilli  ,  Cat.  Ilatr.  Sal.  !5iit.  Mils..  lsr,,-i.  p.  .'i7. 
/.'«/'.»  (/(i(i  iiM(i/)/iii s- Ciipc,  I'lDcrfil.  .\c.  I'liiia.,  IS'ili,  p.  ;!lll  ;   Keport  U.  S.  ( i.  (i.  lOxpl.  W. 

of  imilli  Ml  T..  (J.  M.  Wlii'.'Ici.  V.  )i.  .'>•.'•.>. 
/.'»/'.i/ii/ /((<  Ciipc.  Ik'i'port  r.  S.IJ.O.  i;\p|.  W.dfliHMli  .Mcr..  v..  p.  .Vi-J,  I'l. XXV  tij;.  !-.'>. 

This  is  a  variables  species,  so  much  so  as  to  present  the  appearanceof 
iucliidin;;'  a  number  of  subspcries.  I?nt  these  inter^^rade  in  so  many 
specimens  that  I  can  not  maintain  them  as  distinct,  and  I  shall  iist^ 
the  l«'rm  vari«'ty  as  uhuv  applit^ible  to  their  case. 


:) 


I 


i 


i 


r 
1. 


208 


liriJ-KTIN    :U,    rXITKI)    states    national    MlTSKl'M. 


'I'lif  licad  is  slioit  aiitl  wide,  iiiid  its  It'll",'!!!  varies  so  as  to  ciih'r  from 

four  to  foiir  and  a  liuir  tiiiio.s  in  tlic  toliil  leii;^lli.     'i'lie  cxtciidrd  hind 

h"^  lniii;;s  the  lied  ♦^o  tlic  posterior  lower  or  middle  of  (lie  orbit.     The 

iiin/zic  viewed   from  above  is  rounded,  and   in  prolile  is  trmieate,  and 

not  |>r()je(;tiiiji  beyond  the  premaxiliarv  border.    It  is  shorter  than   the 

Ienj;tli  of  tlie  orbit,  and  the  nostrils  are  terminal.    The  tonjjne  is  flat 

and  thill,  and  is  a   loiifj  oval  in  outline.     The  mrmhiiinnm   tympanl  is 

(jiiite  distinct,  and  is  siibroiind.     Its  diameter  is  a  iitt!«>  less  than  half 

lilt'  l('ii;!tli  of  the  eye  slit.     The  parotoid  yland   vaiies  in   form   from 

nearly  round  to  a  moderately  i 'on,nate  oval ;  in  either  <!ase  it  has  an 

anterior  |troloni,'atioii  to  the  border  of  the  orbit.     The  <;laiids  of  the  in- 

tciiMiiiciit  of   the  upper  siiifaces  vary    from  moderate  to   laifje  si/e. 

Tlicy  arc  smaller  on  the  sides  and  on   the   limbs,  exceptinjj  a  larj^e 

oval  one  on   the  superior  face  of  the  tibia.     The   interior  snrfaees  are 

(!oarscly  arcolaled,  with   a    few    more  distinct    tiibeicles    posteriorly. 

There  is  an  intbldcd  ridn'e  on  the  inner  ed^e  of  the  tarsus.     The  |>os- 

tcrior  foot  varies  in  i-clative  width  in  diU'erent  individuals  and   hxrali- 

ties.     Ill    iioiilicrn  specimens   tlM>  sole   is   wider,  and   the   jialmatioii 

extends  to  the  ends  of  the  toes.     It  is  emar-iinated,  so  that  the  edge  in 


Vf^.ra-7iii/,iri,i„„ihiri,K!trt,tiiiiihi,„yi.',.    \,,  ii.Md.    KiWiiKin  Viiiiiv  w    r. :  !■ 

Ml ii/iiiri  .III  III''  III'  All.  it'JS. 


.V. 


I, I'll ^ 111  111'  lirii'l  Mini  lioily 1','| 

l.ili;;lll  III'  111  Ml!  Id  lioslciidf  rd;;!'  of  Ilirliilir.llllllil  I  \  lil|iMlli H'.'l 

WidilMil'lii'Mil  ill  )M).slriiiir  ciljj,!'  urini'iiiliraiiiini  Iviiip  iiii '>'.>\ 

L('ii;;lli  of  liMi'  liiiiU ,iii| 

l-<'ii,;,'lli  of  |)ii>l(iii)r  II  lull I  ii'i 

l.r  '^'lli  III'  liiii.i .      .(!::;( 

I.flli^tll  111'  1  MINUS (hjl 

I.rii;;lli  lit'  iciiiMiiHliT  III'  i'liiil (Ij.'i 


X 


f 


■>     T^     r 


-:*J»*  — 


fo 

II. 


tin 
III. 

I  ■  I 


Illi:    liATKACMIA    OF    NOKTII    AMKIJICA. 


.Ml!) 


opposite  tlic  iniddlcof  tiu;  tliiiil  |)liiil;iii;:«'!  of  tli*-  t'oiirlli  toe,  coinitiii;; 
tiom  the  cud.  In  tlic  cxtrt'iiie  soiUlieni  Innu  tin-  wi-h  dcu's  not  extend 
to  tlic  cxtreniitics  of  the  diyits,  Itiit  Kiives  tliire  i)lnihinj;os  of  the  foiutli 
toe  iibsohitel.v  free.  It  is  notched  to  a  point  a  little  pi(»xinial  to  tlie 
distal  end  of  the  fourtii  (lirst)  plialan};e.  Iletween  t' esi^  eNtreniesof 
pidination  (represented  by  spi'ciniens  .'Jl'Sand  UriSl)  all  the  inteiniediatt' 
conditions  may  be  found.  Th(>  internal  metatarsal  tulu'reie  is  sniidl 
and  narrow,  with  snbeonieal  extremity;  the  external  is  a  low  lint  rather 
wide  tuberosity.    The  liist  linjicr  is  lon}j;er  than  the  se«'ond. 

The  northern  forms  are  sometimes  of  a  uniform  (»li\e-l)rown  above, 
with  a  pale  vertebral  line,  and  with  the  abdomen  indistinctly  spotted. 
Sometimes  the  uniform  brown  extends  for  a  short  distance  on  each  side 
(»f  the  |>ale  vertebral  line,  exterior  to  which  the  surface  has  larjje  brown 
spots  on  a  li^ht  olive  ground.  In  the  southern  forms  the  ground  color 
is  lij-ht  brown  or  olive,  or  evi'U  clay  color,  with  an  irre.y:nlar  brown  band 
on  each  side  of  the  liiiht  vertebral  line.  On  each  side  ar«' larifiMlark 
lirown  spots  with  a  reddish  wait  for  a  center.  Spots  on  the  posterior 
leys  like  those  on  the  back.     IJelow  unspotted. 


11 


) 


t;,^ 


■2> 


4  7 

Kii;.  ^)^.  -Hlll^l  C'l/in/ifci.  /IMS  hiil'iihihm  (Iroiii  llairil,  ".  S.  anil  Mrxicaii  I'lOiiinl  Siiimvi     ]. 

The  northern  and  southern  varieties  nniy  be  thus  delined  in  extrcMe 
forms : 

lliail    l.">  tiiius  ill  Iciinlli;   wcli  cxlcndiiij;  to  tips  ol'  Icics,  liii*   dci'iily  ciiiar^^iiiiilc ; 

imroliiid  ulaiiil  iiiidc  I'loiinalc  ;  roldrs  dark  ;  si/"  lai;;c' II.  r  iiiliniiliii  iisis. 

Head    I  limes  in  i(iii;tli;    \v(d)s  iikiic  dft'idy  iiolclncl,  ami   Iraxiiii;  tliicf  plialaiifics  cil' 

liMiitli  toe  I'll  I'  :  jiaiDtiiid  sliortcr  ;  <  'iius  lij^lit  :  si /r  smaller 11.  c  Imloiihiliia. 

Theiearo,  however,  as  niai'^speta  in  ens  which  are  iidernu'diate  between 
these  extremes  as  there  are  spiciniens  uf  (he  hitter.     Tliese  represent 
llie  Unfit  iiiiinisi ((jiliHs  ("ope.     Tiie  Npeeiiiiens  of  the  middle  and  south 
•    n   L'ocUn   M  .aiitain  region  are  rel'eialile  to  il,  as  uell  as  inaiiv  from 


•Tit 


l'^ 


■^^ 


l< 


i     j 

i 

1 


i    ♦ 


i    ! 

I     ■ 

\J     '.    f 


n 


270        liriJ.KTiN  :ii,   r:siTi:i»  statks  national  mikskum. 

(>i('j:(»ii  tiii<)  <  ';ilir«)iiiiii.  I  tliiiik  Jl.  i>i(iiis  is  (In/  .yoiiiij'-  of  (his  Conn.  To 
tiK'  (.vpical  /;.  <i>liinihi<)ts!s  bi'loii};'  Nos.  .{liS,  li.J77,  'jr>7M,  I!)?."),  1>!)5(),  1(»!»l'0, 
aiKl  llaK;.  To  (lie  iiitcriiu'diiKe  (.vpo  Ik-Ioiij,'  %.{(»,  .Sl»!).5,  11500,  llOl'l', 
and  IIJL'.'..  To  (lie  li;iloi)liilns  typr  Miii.v  lu'  relonctl  Nos.  liOS!,  OKm, 
i  I.l.!."*,  llOlM,  Mild  llOl'L'.  No.  Ilw05  is  in(i'inu'dia(u  in  (he  (biin  oC  (he. 
paio{oids,iind  (he  \\t'l>  is  dci'ply  cxnivaU'd,  bnt  tho  (iw  |ior(ion  of  (he 
tot's  arc  widely  margini-d.  A  (•oiiipl('(c  st'iii's  of  (lu'  lornis  oj'  (he  paro- 
toid  may  Ik*  traced,  iiejiinniii.y  \\i(li  (Ini  shoit  (ype  of  lialophiliis,  No. 
LTjSI,  (lii(Hi;,di  I.'idOS,  lloO."),  Il."»:i.~»,  to  IIDU  J  of  the  elon,ya(e  f'oini. 

In  Nos.  I!»7"»  and  WM  tliereaic  distinet  (races  of  superciliaiy  cranial 
rid^ics.  'I'liey  aic  pcileedy  strai^yht,  and  (here  is  no  indicadon  of  post- 
(>rbi(al  ri  l^n-s.  There  are  lour  >iH'ciniens  inuh-r  11>7.">,  and  (hey  are  Crtnn 
Chilowynck,  Wash.  Tcr.  The  locality  of  the  «)ther  .-ipeciinien  is  nnfordi- 
iia(cly  unknown,  The  same  character  is  seen  in  the  type  of  />'.  micro- 
K<-iii)liiis,  according,'  to  my  description,  which  is{,'iven  below.  The  speci- 
men is  nnfortnnately  inaccessible  to  me  at  present. 

"  Ipper  smiace  ul'  head  nearly  plane  upon  its  middle  rc,uion;  orbits 
bordered  by  a  low  and  ronnded  o(V  ridjie;  its  skin  beinji'  (hin  and  ad- 
heriuii  (o  theskall.  l'aro(oid.s  well  devidoped  and  snbreiiiform.  lOyes 
and  (ympanum  radier  larjje.^  Ton«,Mie  elon^^ated,  broadest  posterioily. 
I'pper  Jaw  emar^iiiiated.  Tw;;  larjjje  carpal  callosides.  A  miMnbra- 
lions  fold  at  (he  inner  lower  edj;e  of  (he  tarsus.  Toes  palinaied;  (wo 
nietataisal  tubercles,  i'alms  and  S(»les  (toarsely  granular.  I'pper  sur- 
face of  body  exhibit  iii<>' numerous  glandular  tuberchs;  lar;;'e  pus(ular 
swelliii;;-  upon  (he  thi^^hs.    Color  unilorndy  dark  green." 

I  alsiiaild  a  copy  of  my  description  of  the  yoiinj;,  under  tlii'  nanu'  of 
Jl.  pictiis,  as  it  embraces  some  peculiar  cluiiacters,  probably  <lue.  (o  im- 
maturity : 

'•  I'almar  and  solar  tuoeicles  well  developed,  the  hnj^er  or  inner  one 
of  the  latter  not  bearing  a  cutlini;  edj;e.  Cranium  plane  al)ove :  the 
mn/./le  prodiiceil,  rather  narrowed,  and  vertically  (riincate.  Mt  iiihnininn 
t;/iiiji<iiii  very  small,  externally  invisible;  osda  pharyiijica  exceedingly 
miniile.  Ton;;iie  lar^^e,  o'val,  extensively  free.  I'arotoids  superior, 
broadly  oval  in  foiin,  I'pper  surfaces  coveii'd  with  lar;^('  (ubercles; 
inferior  siirlaces  areolate.  Limbs  stout,  especially  (he  tarsus,  which 
liears  a  lonj^itudiiial  fold.  The  heel  reaches  to  the  middle  of  the  par- 
otoid  ;ilaiid,  and  (he  toes  aie  only  webbed  at  the  Itase."  The  palmar 
and  solar  tiiltercles  are  yellow,  and  the  war(s  of  the  body  (ipped  widi 
red ;  si/e  small. 

There  is  a  dire('(  relation  be(  ween  (lieclima(ic  coiididoiisof  the  rej^ions 
and  the  tonus  of  (Ins  spe(;ies  which  inhabit  them.  It  is  well  known  that 
(iuMU'jii'ce  oi  humidity  of  the  I'acilic  rej;ion  increases  rapidly  as  we  pass 
fi'om  south  to  north.     Tiie  soiidiern  pari  of  (h(>  region  inliabi(ed  by 

(his  (oati   is  (|    '    id,  and   the  oppoit4iniiy  Ibi'  ai|iialic  life  must  be 

limited.  Accoro..  ..\  the  natatory  web  of  the  himler  foot  is  reduced. 
In  the  specimens  trom  the  rainy  north  (he  ..ebis  much  larger  and  the 
colors  are,  darker.     This  increa.se  of  pigmeiit   is  coiiliruatory  of  .1.  A. 


I 


I  hi:  itATKAcm.v  of  nouth  amkuica. 


271 


Allen's  li,v|K)tlK>.sis,  Itiised  on  oliservation.s  inadooii  nianiiiialia  aii<l  Inrils, 
that  tiai'k  pi<;iii(>iit  incivastvs  with  iiicrcaiso  of  hiiinitlity. 

in  its  t'iistt'in  (listi'ilintion  this  speiMos  is  not  known  to  pass  the  limits 
ill'  tlic  KofUy  Mountains.  (Japt.  Charles  lU'ndirc,  IT.  S.  Army,  has  sent 
it  I'roin  Kort  Walla  Walla,  Wash.  Tcr.,  and  I  took  it  at  Atlanta,  Idaho, 
the  most  eastern  locality  known,  it  is  abundant  throu};;hoiit  thu  entire 
lake  region  of  Orejjon. 

It  is  especially  numerous  at  Klamath  Lake,  where  it  covers  the  ha 
sallic  blocks  whic'h  lie  partially  in  the  water,  concealed  by  theTypha^, 
which  ^row  from  the  bottom.  They  accumulate  there  in  larj^e  piles, 
sometimes  as]ar<;e  asabushel  measure,and  atl'ord  abundant  food  for  the 
lOuta'iiia-,  which  are  scarcely  less  abundant.  I  saw  one  spej^men  of  this 
toad  as  lai'jie  as  the  avera^je  Iliif'o  iii(trinit.s  of  Ilrazil,  and  a  specimen 
seen  at  Warnei's  Lake,  Orejjon,  was  but  little  smaller. 


l! 

f 


m 


(•;ltalci;:iic'     No.  nf 
liiiinliri.        M|n<'. 


/.'((/(( iiihniihiriisix  Haii'il. 
KKSKKVK  SKIUKS. 


[.ixalitv. 


Whin 

ciiIKmIi'iI. 


'"1(1111  uliiiiii  rtM'rivid. 


Nut  lire  lit' 
sliiiiiiirii. 


■jr.Tii 

IIU4 
»lt7'. 
•JIV.M 
47!fJ 

•jr,-7 

•.'■i74 

'J.'i'.lil 

•J.".f*!l 

HKIJ 
Mi'JI 
hti7X 
HII'.N! 

niiiir> 

Hl^l 
ll'lll 

li'Ml 
1 1  .-.I.-. 
Il'.ijl 
1 1  It.' J 
II  III-.' 

70ll> 

ii'.i'i:i 
lir.o:. 
!H>:iii 
liu-.':i 

■Ht'iO 

ll.-'ir, 

lil.i'Jd 
.Mi,"i.-i 

II  rum 

II74J 

K.-iCMl 

•.'.■|7I 

II.M'I 

ti. ;  H 
7111 

iiiiii; 

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l.itl> 
ll!l| 

l;i7'.i;) 
i:t7!ii 


1 

li 

I 
1 
1 

III 
1 
1 


Mriliriiir  l!(iw  ( 'ifi'k 

I  iiliiiiiliiii  UJM'i,  I  )ii'^  .. 
(  liiliivvv  ink  l.;il>i'.  Oii'tf 
l''iii  t  riii|ii|iij.  Oni; 
Siinjilitmto  Hay.  \V'a.'*i.-.. 
Sli(ial«.ilii  Hav.  <  lii'i;  •  ■ 
(■■'aiM'  ll.illiiv,"  Wa>li   .. 

M.iiil'  i.y.  Cai 

.S.iii  llii'mi.  Cai  

ili> 

I'.i'iiiiia.  ("al 

.San  l»i.'-i«.  Cai 

I'nsiili",  <  'al 


1)1.  W.  .\.  llaninii'iKl  .. 
II.  I!.  Miillliaiixi  11  ... 
III'.  ('.  r>.  i;.  Ki'iiiK'ilv  . 
l»l.  v..  VnlhiMi.  r.S.  .\. 
1)1.  ('.  It.  l:.  Kniiii'ily  . 
Ki.'J.  (i.  t'iiii|M  r 


Km  I   Trjiiii.  <  '.\l 

Saiila  11.11  liaia.  C.il   

.1.1     

I.ak.'  TalMii'.  <  '.il     ... 

Vii  .;iiiia  I'il  . ,  N.'V  

l..iK,'  TaliM.'.C.il    

His  ( 'liuli's  Uiv.r,  Oii'i. 

.'^all  Hi.';;'.,  r.il   

Sliiisliiiiii'  l,aki«   


.Iiilv-,  IS7.-1 

.liih  — ,  IKT.'i 

|.«7ii 

li'7:. 

Any.—,  IKTll 


A.  S.  'I'iinIhi- 

Ilr.r.  1/1,1'  ('..111,. 

I»i.  rii..|iias   Willi. 

I)l..l.  I..  I.I'  ('..III.' 

I»r.  I'll. .mas   Wi  nl. 

I.i.'iil.  W.  I'.  Tidw  liri(li;t', 
r.S.  .\. 

,1    Xaiitii.s   

II.  W.  Il.iisliaw      

....  i!.i 


ilii 


.\|iiiil.i-.'y.  I'll       

Ninlli.'i  11  1.  iiiiiilaiy 

( li.'jii.ii   ... 
Siiiialiiiiiiii  li  IV.  Wa.Mli 

I'.. 1 1    1.  ii.ii.  1,1     

I'm  I  U'.ill.i  Walla,  Wash. 

Siiiiili   I'.iiK.  I  '.•1.. 

Nun  linn  l..iiin.lar.\     . .. 

I.iwii 

K.'wakili  Valli'V. 

I'..il  Wall.i  Walla,  Wanli 

riali       

('.mill  I'.i.lw.ll.  ("al 

rplirl'  lliiiiil.iil.il  Vall.-y 

Ci  lll.n. It'll,  .\ri/  

Siiiialwati'i'  liav,  Wanli  . 


I«7I 

ls7X 


ISt<l 
ixTI 


lh7H 
IS.-'I 


IX7S 
I  M'.7 


'  \'.:! 


Claik'M  l''iiik«.  Kiiiitciiav 

I         Itiv.T. 

r.ii I  ( 'i....k.  c.ii 

I   I'.i.lHi'll    Cal         

I   l'|.|..  T  I'il  l;i\i  1-,  Cal    ... 

I  ml    I'l  |.. II,  Cal 

I'l.il  ItiiiUi  r,  I'tali   

I'>.iii.l.    Sli.i.sta    Ciiiiiitv, 
Cd. 

ilo 


|K7.'< 


William  Si'.k.ls 

II.  W.  Il.nsliaw 

..II.      

('.  li.diinll    

Or.'Jiiili.s 

(') 

.Iiinlaii     

Dr.  K.  <  'iiiii'.s 

II.  W.  Iliiisli.iw    .. 

('.  li.  K.  K.ninily 

.I.iliii  Xaiilns 

Caiil.  Cliail.".  K.inliiii  ... 

.I.T.  Ki.lliii..  K 

lir.  K.  Ciiiii'.s 

U.  K.'iiiiii'.itl 

II.  W.  ll.iisliaH    ... 

(',i|it.  Cliai  II".  I!.nilln'  . . . 

III.  lie.  Vaii.iw 

II.  W.  Il.iisliaw 

Iliil.iit  l\'l.lu'«av   

.1.  M.  Knll.r 

Hr.  ,1.  (1.  ( 'ii.i|»'r  

('I 

t".  I!.  U.  K.nniilv 


IH'4| 

ISSI 


II.  I''.  I'ai  kiiix.iii 
II    W.  Ilii.sliaw 
.1    S   Nl  «  li.ii  \  . . 
,1.  II.'  V.mv..'... 

('    |I|.'\I.'I     

( '   II    r.iw  iiM.nil 


il.i 


.\I('..ll.llJU. 

1)1.. 
11... 
])... 
III.. 
Il.i. 
III.. 
III.. 
Il.i 
11... 
1 1... 
11.1. 

Ho. 
II... 

D.i. 

li... 
Il.i. 
1 1.1. 
II... 
I  I.I. 
11.1. 
11.1. 

Do. 
Ilo. 
Do. 
11.1 
11... 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
III.. 
Do. 
Do. 
11.1. 
D.i. 
D... 
II... 
D... 
II.. 
D.I. 
Do. 

1 1.1. 
D.1, 
Do. 
D.i. 
Do. 
Du. 

Dii. 


-v3 
\  ■" 
I 
\  i 


i 


1 


272 


lU'LLKTIN    ;;i,    I'MTKI)    STATKS    :^ATI(»NAL    Ml'SKCM. 


I    ( 


Itl'I'O  (OMI'AC  TIMS  \Vi.;,Mii. 

Isis,  !>:•:!.   p.  (iC.I  ;   r.-li'is,    Moil.    ISii-l.    Af.,  iSilt,    p.    -:»,    mill    1^7:!,  p.   (;•.'!; 
Itoiilfiii;.'!-,  (,';if.  M.itr.  S;il.  Krit    Mum.,  p.  ltd'.'. 

/•'»/■»  fijiiiiiiHiis  (iinml,  I'liiccrd.  Ac.  I'liila.,  \<i\.  jt.  -li.  mikI  l'.  .•<.  .Mrs.  liuiiinl.  Siii  v.  ti, 

p.  v'li,  I'l.  Id,  li^'.  .')-!(». 
liiij'ii  ininiiiiihix  (iiiuxh.,  C.-il.  I>:ilr.  Sill.  Itril.  Mils.,  I»i;-,  p.  ,"i7. 
Iliifii  lififiiiif*  liiMMiiirl,  r.ull.  Sue.  I'liilciiii   (7),  r,  p.  1-7. 
lliiiiiKij)!! ilni"  ini(iiiiiilii-<  V;\]\\r\n\\i>,  Alii.  Xrr.    Tor..  \l\'.  p.  '^"'v'. 

Iloiitl  iiioderati';  its  upper  .smraci'  smootli  iiiid  even,  t-lsc  sliowin;; 
sli;ili(  (races  or.supcrciliaiv  ritl.ncs.  Snout  iiiiicli  slioitcr  tliaii  Icii^itli  oi' 
orltit,  sulitroncaifil  aiitl  nMiiidi'il ;  no.stiil.s  .siilttiTiiiinal.  Moulli  lari^c; 
uppi'r  Jaw  .sli^litl.v  ('i!iar;;iiiat«'<l.  Toufiut'  iiioi'i'  widely  oval  tliaii  ii.siial 
ill  tiie  jieiiii.s:  Hat ;  lii't'  po.sti'iiorly  for  llie  foiii'tli  of  its  Iciif'tli,  A  siih- 
^iilai'  vocal  l)ladder  in  tlie  male  sex.  Tyiiipaniiin  distinct,  of  niedidni 
size.  I'arotoids  oiieliaif  lenfitli  of  e,v«!li.ssni(',  rather  siiiall,  oval,  not 
reacliiiiiu  (>rl>it.  liiinlts  of  moderate  development,  end  of  tarsus  reach 
in;;' t.viiipaiiiim.  I'irst  lin;;'er  niiich  lon^^er  than  the  .second,  which  is 
eipial  to  the  fourth.  A  lar;;e  snhcinMilar  carpal  disk.  Toes  semipal- 
mated,  leavin;.;  t wo  and  a  half  phalan^res  of  the  fourth  toe  free.  Two 
metatarsal  spade  shaped  proces.ses,  the  innermost  Weinn  miicli  the 
lar;j;est,  both  furnished  with  a  l)laclv  ciittin;^  (Mljic.  Inner  lower  edy*' of 
the  tansiis  acute,  not  incurved.  SUiii  aliovecovered  with  numerous  and 
(•losely  placed  papilhe  of  moderate  development,  and  iiiili.>tinctly  ;iic 
olated  beneath;  no  lar^c  ^laiid  on  tiltia.  i'olor  above  greenish  brown, 
with  or  without  a  few  l»rown  spots;  no  dorsal  li^^liter  villa  or  slreali. 
iteneath  ;;i'i'enish  or  yellowish  white,  nnicolor. 


^VV^:^; 


^    7 


Kij;.  li.'i.    Ullfii  i-'iini^iirtili^.      Nil    '.'(lllh       l!ill;;'.iiilil   li.ll  l:u  Km,  'l'r\.  ,    |. 

,)/( ((M(/'(  »/(  »/i  11/    .\i(,    ■Jti-7. 

U 

I.,cii;;tli  of  liciiil  and  Imily   "7".' 

!.iOli;;lli  of  licaii  to  piolrrinl  iil'^cs  iif  :i;riiiliraMiliii  l.\  iiipaiii dh; 

Willi  li  111'  lioail  a  I  iiiisiiTior  ril;;is  of  iiiriiiliraiiiiiii  I  viiiiiaiii "-.M 

I.,!' II ;; III  ul'  aiitcriiir  liiiili   riiiiii  axilla d:;- 

l<(ii;;lli  of  piislci  iiii  liiiili   I'll  nil  ;r|-,,iii dtn; 

].,cii!j;lli  III'  ti  Ilia d-.'.'> 

[.ii'iiijtli  (if  tarsus .  dl.'i 

I.i'ii"tli  III'  list  111'  1111)1 <'■■-'•■'> 


ni 


Tin;    IJATRACHIA    CV    NOKTIf    AMERICA. 


273 


I'Im^  above  nu'asiu'oinontsof  tlio  postorior  lo;?  show  tliat  tlio  grCtitor 
part  «)r  tlio  fomiir  is  eiuln'aocd  in  tin;  iiit(';niiiin'iit  of  the  body. 

Thi.s  toad  iias  vory  much  the  appearamu*  of  one  of  the  Scaphiopida', 
and  it  i.s  not  unlikely  that  its  habits  are,  like  tlieirs,  subterranean. 

TIk^  specimen  fif^ured  as  Bii/o  .spcciosns  by  IJaird  in  the  Uejjortof  the 
Alexiean  boundary  Survey  (No.  1'<)11),  frouj  JVs(|iiiera,  in  Ntu^vo  Leon 
is  not  tyi»i(*al  of  the  />.  vDmpuctili.s.  it  has  feeble  traces  of  the  crania 
crests  of  the  Hiifo  nuinatus,  and  some  lar;;o  brown  dorsal  spots  not  found 
in  other  specimens.  Three  spectimens  from  Kansas  (.V.iDi)  possess  similar 
iiidimeMtal  crests,  and  a  fifth  specimen  of  the  sanu^  character  was  sent 
me  from  the  Wichita  River,  in  central  northern  Texas,  by  Jacob  IJoll. 
These  specimens  Ibreshadow  the  characrters  of  the  liii/o  viKjnatns;  while 
not  aitproachin;,'  it  in  the  devcloinneiit  of  the  cianial  crests.  In  the 
Dallas  specimen  the  dorsal  spots  are  of  medium  size,  while  in  those 
iVom  Kansas  they  are  vi'ry  small  or  waMtin.n'.  I  suspect  that  the  cranial 
cliaracteis  bi-loiii;-  to  a  race  whiiih  ranines  farther  north  than  the  true 
liiifii  coin ii((cl ills,  which  may  at  some  time  be  ic^arded  as  a  subspecies, 
under  the  name  of  Jl,  voiiiitdctili.s  njuriosus.  The  true  />'.  comiKictilis 
occurs  ill  southwestern  Texas,  and  ranjjes  as  far  south  in  3iexico  as 
the  Isilimiis  (»f  Teliuantei»cc. 

Hiifii  iiiiiiiinilitix  AVic^^iii. 
i;i:si;i;\K  skiiiks. 


<\ii.it..-ii.     x.i.iii'! 

Illlllllil'l  H|l('l'.      I 


l.nr.lllIX 


Wll.ri 
nil.'.  Ir<l. 


r 


■jti:>j 
•-'»•,:,  1 

•.'HI  J 

.'(iii'j 

•.•nil 

Jlilll 

.•r,(i> 
lil'.H 
'JIJJT 
I'.i'.M 
l:>i>l 


•J      Iiiiliaiicil.i.ri'X    

:'■        KlHIIlrlll 

1  llllui'.ll     Sal, I. In     JiiMT 

I  anil ' 'aiiian.'ii. 

:i      I'l.iiil    l>alii  I    

I       l'..ii    nil--,  N.  M.x 


I  I'l-ciiiii  1  i.i    (ii.imli',    N 
I       l.r.m. 

I  Hi.i«  M-viiii'.  'I'l  X  

I  Uiniiunl'l  11,11  IMrli.-i,  Tix 

1  I'.xas 

I  Malaiiiniiis,  Mcxini 

•-'  Ivans, IS 

I  I'l  1  us  llivir,  Tfxus     ... 


l''iciiii  \\  liiiiM  II  1  ilvnl. 


(;a|it.  .Iiiliii   I'n|ii',  I'.  S   A  . 

Or,  •riii.Mia-i  Wilili 

A.Sihntl 


ti.  W'lirili'iiiaiin 

Or.  S.  W.Ciawloiil,  V.  S 

A. 
Liilil.  I!,  Cciiuli,  r   S.  A. 

Capt.Sliwait   Van  Vli.l, 

I'   S.  A. 
A.S.Iiuii 

lirlil^i'   11.  Srnililt 

I.lrlll.  It.Ciillill,  r.  S.  A 

U.  KlIMlil oil    

t  ajil.  •!.  I'lijiii 


NaliMi-  uf 

S|M(iM|C||. 

Alriiliiilic. 
Do 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 

D.I. 

I     . 

Do 
')... 
I  III. 
D.I. 
Do. 


•1! 


n 


v-i 


i  ( 


» 


lUl'O   IIF.MlOl'IIIOS  CoiM.. 
I'rocccil.  Aiii.'i.  l'liilii.--.i|ili.  .S.ii'.  I-^-T,  \>.  .'il.'i. 

Superciliary  crests  not  disliiict  on  the  mii//le,  parallel,  iie;iriy  straight, 
tcniiiiialiii,u' abruptly  posteriorly  in  a  traiisveiseelevatioii.  The  latter 
iiiict  on  a  middle  lb;  ,  form  in,:;  a  transverse  ridi^e,  with  an  abrupt  destu'ut 
to  the  nape.  lOxternally  they  extend  but  a  short  distance,  leaviiijjf  no 
r 'presentations  of  the  postorltital  ridges  c.vccot  a  few  ''licrclcs  in  one 
or  two  of  the  specimens,  .\  small  •  'ii>ra1y!iipaiiic  tnlierosity.  Xo  pre- 
orbital  I  idnc  Mn//.le  \  eilical  at  end;  nostrils  t(i'miiial.  .Membraniim 
tympani  a  vertical  o\al.  two  thirds  the  diameter  of  the  eye.     Farotoid 

it»;;i_r,uii  ui — bs 


VM 


T^ 


274        iJi'Mj-riN  ;ii,  hnitim)  statkh  nationai.  mcskum. 

•jliiiid  II  iiiinow  oval.  Dermal  tiiltcrcU's  distiii.miislnMl  l»y  tlioir  sni.ill 
size  aii<l  iniMiiiiu'iicc.  Tlicy  loriii  several  rows  on  the  l>aek  and  exter- 
nal I'aee  of  the  til>ia.  At  all  other  points  the  skin  is  closely  ari'olated, 
the  areola-  lre<ineiitly  acuitely  proininent,  especially  on  tiie  snperictr 
face  of  the  til>ia  and  on  the  sides.  The  heel  ol  the  extended  hind  le^ 
reaches  to  tlie  postciior  bolder  of  the  orltit.  Thepostei  ior  loot  is  wider 
than  ill  the  //.  Icntiijlini.stis,  tlioiij;li  not  relatively  shorter.  Tlu^  web  is 
e\<!avated  to  the  line  of  the  middle  oftlie  t'onrth  (llrst)  plialanj,'e.  The 
metatarsal  tubercles  are  especially  larj;e.  The  internal  is  Vi'iy  wideand 
pntiiiiiH'iit,  and  has  an  exti'iisive  acnti^  <'<line;  the  external  is  miirh 
smalh'i',  bat  il  also  has  a  free  ciittin;;  ed;;«'  transverse  to  the  leii;;th  of 
till!  tarsus.  The  len.uth  oftlie  head  to  the  position  of  the  postorbifal 
crests  ciit»  IS  the  total  (to  the  vent)  four  and  a  half  times. 

The  color  is  brown,  marked  on  the  back  with  a  median  yelh»wisli 
line,  and  twoor  threi;  rows  of  brown  spots  of  median  size  on  each  side 
of  it.  These  spots  have  one  or  two  tnbeicles  for  their  center  iiicces, 
which  are  more  reddish  than  the  rest  of  the  spot.  There  are  two  brown 
spots  t)ii  the  upper  lip  and  one  l>elow  the  tym|»aniim.  .\  lar;;'e  spot  ex- 
tends lioiM  Itelow  the  parotoid  j;Iaiid  to  iieartlu!  front  of  the  hnmeriis. 
Posterior  to  this,  with  a  li:,dit  interval,  there  extends  a  loii;,Mtiidiiial 
deep  brown  baml,  wliii-h  extends,  with  iiiterrni)lioiis,  to  tliej;roiii.  I5e 
low  tills  on  the  sides  areothei'dark  brown  bands,  whit'Ii  forma  nnne  or 
less  rclicniate  pattern.  The  limbs  and  postei'ior  feet  have  dark  brown 
crossliaiids,  and  tlieu'  is  a  very  coarst!  «lark  brown  icticiilatioii  ot' 
brown  or  brownish  yellow  on  the  posterior  I'uva'  of  the  feninr.  The  belly 
i.s  mor(!  or  less  black  siiolttd;  tlii'(»at  iiiiiiia(;nlate. 


Fli.  <iti.   f.iihiliiiiiiiiiiUfiiii.     Nil.  ll'.rjV      Niirlliriii  Miiiilaiia  :   [, 

Ml  il^ilii  nil  iil'<  oj   .\ii.   li'.l,'". 

it. 

I.<'li;;lli  ((!'  linid  Mini  ImhIv   (I.V.I 

l,fii;;lli  111'  In  ad  III  iiosli'iior  ('il;^(i  III"  iiii'inliiaiiiiiii  I.Miipaiii dl.'i 

Willi  II  dl'  li'Mil  at  |"p.sliiiiir  rilL;i'.i  ul'  iiiiiMUiaiiiiiii  l_\  iii|i:iiii (I'j:t 

l.i'ii;;!  li  III   aiili'i  ior  limli (Ktl 

l.iii;^lli  III'  aiitiiiiir  I'liiil 01 1 

i.iimth  III'  iiii^li'iiiii'  liiiil) ml,"', 

l-(iij;ili  III'  liiiia •••.'i» 

l.cii'^lli  III"  laisiis iijii 

I,"' ml; ill  III'  lr>|  111'  I'.iui , , U'.Ti 


■*ll^- 


t 


TIIK    UATKACIIIA    or    NulM'll    A.MKl.lv  A. 


I'Tf) 


■ri 


^ 


lM'si<U\s  llu*  pcniliiiiilics  ul'  tlic  lu  ad  crests  and  iiictatai'sal  shovels, 
this  species  dilil'eis  tVoiii  most  ol'  tliu  iither  North  Aiiiericau  species  in 
having'  th(^  belly  spotted. 

No.  ir.'LJT;  7  speciiiu'iis;  northern  bonndary  United  States,  .Mon- 
tana; 1.S71 ;  Dr.  10.  Cones. 

Of  the  above  specimens  Ibni'  are  adult  or  nearly  so,  and  three  are 
hair  ,i;ro\vn. 

lU'l'O  COC.VATIS  S;iy. 

liOii^'s  l'',\)ii-iliti<iii  III  till'  li'orkv  Moiiiiiaiii.s,  II.  !>''.':!,  p.  I'.iii;  llullir, 
N.  A.  Ilii|...  \ .  I'l-.',  -i.  ..'I.  I'l.  \.  :  l!ii.,  iV  <;iiil.,  Miirr.v's  l;i|M.ii, 
I-."i;:,  |i. -M-.'.   I'l.    II;    l.'.'iiuil  f.S.  i'ar.   I.'.   KV   Sm  \ .,  .\,  Wliiitpji'.', 

ll'lpDI  I,   |l.    1 1.    I'l.    \\\  I. 

//H/if  (///)/(7'/i(i.N  Ciipr,  .\iiH'i  iiMii   Natiiiali-*!,  Mil,    p.    HIT:   l!iiiili'iij;rr,  (  at.   liiil. 
Mm-*.,  l-^','.  p.  :'.(i-. 

Head  short,  one  liHli  the  total,  measured  over  the  dorsal  convexity  ; 
wide,  and  with  mii/,/le  descendin;:;  sli'cply.  'I'lie  descent  commences 
between  the  anlerioi'  part  of  the  orbits,  sloping;'  to  op|iosit«'  ihe  narcs, 
behiw  which  it  rcticats  a  little  within  the  pcipciidiciilar  to  (he  iippei' 
lip.  Tiie  entire  prclroiital  i(';;ion  toa  point  whicii  iiieaMU'cs  t he  aiite- 
lior  thiitl  oT  Ihe  orbit  |>roJecis  as  a  Mat  Itoss  or  protnberaMce.  The 
siipci'ciliary  rid;;'es  of  the  frontoparietal  bones  ori;iiiiate  iVom  tlicposte. 
riorsideof  this,  and  divcr/^c  iai)idly,  passing  b.\  a  lejriilar  curve  or  a 
\('iy  (tpeii  aii>;le  into  tiie  postl'iontal  rid;;e.  At  the  jioiiit  (d  junction 
there  is  on  the  inner  side  an  angular  tnlici(tsity,  which  lepreseiits  the 
coiitimiation  of  the  superciliary  rid^c.  There  is  no  disj>ositi<m  t(»  the 
connection  of  these  an;"les  across  the  niiiitllc  line  or  tin'  lillin^iiip  of  the 
incliidcil  groove,  as  is  seen  in  /»'.  Iiiiii'mjilnjis.  /.'.  Icnliiiinnsiis  iiDDillntH.si, 
eir.  The  pretuiilal  i)uss  loiiiis  aiiciex  atioii  aloii^  I  lie  fioiit  of  the  orbit, 
but  not  a  <iistincl  ciol.  Siipiatvinpaiiic  crest  rcpicseiitctliiy  an  an>ilc 
only.  Meinbiannin  lyiiipaiii  a  \i-rliral  o\al,  <piilc  distinct,  its  lonv 
<lia  meter  one  half  that  of  I  he  oibil,  suinctiiiies  one  I  hi  id.  (>w  in.u  to  tli< 
clr\'ated  fiiriii  of  Ihe  iiiii/./.le,  the  nosliil  iiiaiksa  point  iialf  way  lietwi'cn 
its  sniiimit  and  the  ed^^c  of  the  upper  lip.  and  the  eye-lissnre  runs  ob- 
lii|in'l\  downwards  and  lorwards. 

The  jiarotoid  glands  are  short  and  wide,  ^icneially  a  short  oval  in 
form,  at  other  times  siilitria  nj;'iilar.  The  dorsal  inlt^iimciit  is  cincicd 
w  ilh  very  numeioiis  <'li>sely  placed  small  tniicii'les.  w  liich  contiiiiu',  with 
diminished  dimensions,  on  the  sides  and  lower  suil'ae«'S  everywh»'re. 
No  laijj;*'  glands  intermixed.  I'iisi  linjici' a  little  loii.mi  than  second. 
Toes  wt'bbcd,  the  web  reachilii;'  Ihe  middle  of  the  foiiith  (first)  pha- 
lan;;e.  .Sole  wide,  width  at  secoml  toe  inclusive,  one  half  of  lcii;;lh 
from  betuteii  melataisal  tubercles.  The  latter  are  lar^ic,  tin'  infernal 
cxleiisiv  I'ly  fice  and  preseiil  in;^  a  wide  ciil  I  iiii;- eil^e.  The  evlernal  is 
larger  Ihan  nsiial  and  w  ide,  w  ilh  a  free  <"iiltiii.u  cd^e.  Tiie  siii»,iiticiilar 
tubercles  are  small.     On  llie  foiirlh  toe  thcv  are  stmietimes  doiiide. 


^^■k: 


y 


■  ^^ 


\ 


Ur^ 


27(j  lULLKTlN    :il,    IMIKI)    SIAIKS    NATIONAL    MllJSElJM. 

Maixiilt  nil  III-'  (1/  .\o.  lir>7H, 

.1/. 

Lci.Klli  of  lnii«l  ami  liiidy (t-l 

l.i'iijilli  <>l   hc.-iil  (<»  |Histrii(ii-  cd-ii's  til'  Iviiiiniiia i>l-i 

Widlh  (il    mail  to  iiipslciitir  r(l;;is  iif  l\Mi|iiiiia (i:W 

I,.  li;;lli  1.1'  Ion- 1.;; HI  I 

Ltli;;lli  (if  (oir-l'iiiil 0\»1 

I. I'll;;!  h  of  III  ml  t'lMil  I'niiii  ;{iiiiii (I'.tl 

l.i'ii-ilh  111"  (iliia OltO 

l.iMulli  111   laisiis ic,>(l 

l-i  li;;lll  111   ivsl  III'  rniil (CM 

The  alinvc  iiKMsiiU'iiK'iits  of  llic  liiii*!  loot  hsivc  niily  1»>""".  Utv  tlui 
rctiiiir,  iiK'iisiircd  I'loiii  tlic  ;;r()iii.  This  is  due  to  tlic  I'iu^t  thai  that  s«>;;- 
iiu'iit  is  almost  ciitirclv  iiichidcd  in  the  ititfi^miM'iil  of  tlic  body,  anil 
iiiiK'li  iiioic  ('xtcnsiscly  than  in  any  nlhcr  North  Aiiii'i  icaii  spn-irs.  Thr 
tai'soiiu'tatarsal  .joint  rrachcs  to  the  oi  iiit  when  Hit'  hind  Ic^  is  i'.\lc'lid«:d. 

<■■•;' — <''Wr  "'  '."-O 

n-  ,\    1  \0    ' v/r.-  •,•;''- o. 

'1',     1     I  ^^~"— — -—l"      ''::'(■*' 


I  I 


flf 


Tin.  07.  tlii/ii  ff;iiiiiliiii.     I'liiiii  ll.iinl,  r   S.  Mi\.  MmiiihIm  v  Siiivr\ , 

The  liody  is  dusky  lirowii  aitoNc.  and  is  coxcrcd  with  stiiall  hlack 
warts,  uhicli  arc  must  miiiicrons  and  inominciit  ncai'  liu'  sides.  A 
y('lh)wisli  lirowii  \('rtcl»ial  line  i-xtciids  iVoni  llic  head  to  the  iiiiiip,  tVoni 
wliicli  proceed  ol)li(iuc  lateral  lines  of  |  lie  same  color.  The  tirst  oblitpn) 
lateral  line  l)e<;iiisat  the  head  and  runs  to  tin;  sid4>  licliiiid  the  shoiildet-; 
Hie  second  lie;;iiis  near  the  middh'  oC  the  hack  ity  two  lnanches,  wliicli 
soon  iiniieaiid  run  tolhe;;roiu;  a  lliird  line  licyins  still  lai  tlier  back, 
and  e.\leiids  to  the  lii|)s. 

Till!  ab(U)ineii  is  diiiiiN  Ncllowisii  while.     TI.e  aiitt-rior  e.xt  remit ies  aro 


W 


i. 


w 


C- 


TIIK    IIATIJACIIIA    or    NdlM'II    AMKKICA. 


277 


diisk.N  Imowii  iiliovc  and  tlin^'.s  wliiU'  Itrlow.  Tlir  po.slt'iitir  rxlicmirM's 
iin-  coloiril,  like  llic  back  altovr,  willi  bars  of  .vrllow  isli  brow  ii,  anil  arc 
tliiifj.v  white  below. 

Alter  a  study  of  tlie  numerous  specinuMis  in  tlie  <'olIc(;tiou  of  tlic  Na- 
tional Musenui,  I  am  convinced  that  this  spe('ies  is  entitled  to  lull  lecoi;' 
nil  ion.  The  dilVciences  from  the  /.'.  hiitlijiiinsus,  its  nearest  ally,  are 
innncroiis.  These  inclinle  the  form  of  the  cranial  crests,  the  shape  of  the 
paidloid  <,'lands,  and  the  develoi>ment  of  the  metatarsal  spurs.  It  is  also 
easily  recojunizabh^  by  the  coloiation. 

What  I  l>ehev»'  to  be  a  lar;;e  younjjf  sjieciinen  of  this  species  served 
as  th(>  type  of  my  />'///<«  diptrrnus.  AlthoUKh  i\n  inch  ami  a  half  lon<r, 
this  individual  had  not  developed  a  trace  of  the  cranial  crests.  The 
dorsal  spots  also  are  smaller  than  in  any  specimen  I  have  seen.  I  ob- 
taiiieil  two  other  specimens  of  about  th(^  size  of  the  type  and  three 
smaller  ones  near  the  .Indith  K'iver.  Montana. 

This  is  chielly  a  species  of  the  i)laius;  but  it  extends  into  the  li0(d<y 
Mountains  also. 

I'lifi)  iiifimiliis  Say. 
i:i:si;i;vi'.  si;i!ii:s. 


('al.llouilr 

llllllllll  1. 


4Ih:i 
4:uHi 
a.0.1 

2IKI.'> 

•rifl" 

M:it 
'i'liti 

85(17 
4(l.>6 

0I2II 
UI.'K 

017(1 

•11  so 
li:.7> 
iii.'id 


\ I 

spec. 


I.IXMlil  V. 


Wln'ii 
ntilrrtcti. 


I'liim  «  liiiin  li'crivi'il. 


Nat  me  (>r 
^lll'l•ilm'n. 


CoIhi.iiIo  U 


Mollliaiisin Alriilidlic 

Or  W.M.     V y 


M 


I'dir  ('tvrk,  AiK Fuly  11,  ls:.7      W.S.  W.whI 

IJc.l  l:iv.  I,  Aik    .■ Cain,  l;    r... Many 

l''iii(   I'iiiii'.  Nclir Or.  Ilvaiis . 

Sail  IMaiMt I.II.I'laik 

Knil  Itili'V.  Kalis Ul.    W.    .\     Ilaiiiiiiciiiil,  r 

S.  A . 


Kansas  .     ... 

U    llrlllliriilt    

i.ii 111.  r.. Ciiiiiii,  r  S.  A  . . 

Dt.  I'.  \'    MmmI.  II  .       

1  'iKiliiiil  1.  Mcxirii 

s.111,1  Hills     

l.s.-,:! 

I'm  1  llailaiiil.  1  'nlo 

Nrliiaska 

I'oit  liailaiiil.Cnl.i 

Jiilv  'j:!,  I.st:i 

II.  W.  Il.nsliaw    

( 'a|i(.  .r.  11.  si.ii|isiiii,  r.  s. 

Mull'  llliK'  Klvi'i,  Kails 

I>l..l.(i    ('lli>|ll'l' 

II.llsliill.  .\l  1/ 

NiMi  I 'hImi ailn  j.'ivcr 

i)r.('  (;.  Nrwlicn-v    

iin  : 

W.S.  W 1    

I^T7 

Alroliiilir. 

Do. 

I  I.I 

Dm 

Ho. 

Do. 
I)i>. 
D.I. 
II.  > 
Do 

Do. 
Do. 
D... 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


r.llO  LKM  KilNO.^rs  Sliaw. 

Znnlo-y,  l-i'l!.  111.  1.  \>.  IT:'.,  tiili.  I. Ill:  (iiiiitli.  Cat.  li.itr.  S.il.  I'liil.  MiiH., 
l-^fi-,  p.  »i'.!:  ('ii|if  Clicck  List  ll.iii'.  |,'r|)i.  N.  Am.  l-7.'i,  |t.  '.".»,  iiar((> 
inaj.:   riiiiilriio,.|-.  •,>,!  i,]..  Ciiial.  It.itr.  Sal.  liiiK  Miis.,1— 'J,  ii.  ;!(!-*. 

<'raninm  with  distinct  os.seous  crests,  ',vhi(;h  form  straij-ht  lines,  (»ne 
over  each  orltit,  which  is  continued  jtoslerior  to  it  for  a  short  distance. 
A  postorbilal  cre.sl  extends  at  rij;ht  aiijjies  to  the  supiaorbila!.  and  pre- 
sents an  obtii.se  allele  or  a  short  iid;;'e  posteriorly  at  the  siiix'ii  .(order 
of  the  tympanic  disk.     No  considi>ral»le  crest  directed  inwards  bom  tlie 


!1 


l 


■i! 


I    r 


til 

i 


n 


8 


11 


if 


w^ 


1 

J  27X        m'LLKTiN  ;)i.   r\iTi;i>  statks  nationai,  miiskkm 

rxlrcniiiy  <»rilH'  sii|»iintil»il;il.  T.\  nipaiiic  <lisli  disliiict ;  \  filirall.v  oval 
in  ronii;  its  liiiiji;  (liaiiu-lrr  Iwotliiitls  tli;it  ul  tlic  oiliil.  i'.iioloiil  ^^laiul 
i'loii;;iit(',  Willi  (»\;il  rxticiiiilics;  not  aii.unliilt'  nor  (IcscciKliii;^  on  lln* 
sitlcs  of  lilt'  ImmI.v.  Dorsal  dciiii  stiidilcd  willi  lallicr  small  round  warts. 
Smlan's  of  limbs  and  lower  pails  cvci  \  \\  lu'ic  siioii;;l_v  ;;iaiinlar.  l''irsl, 
liiiKt'i'  :i  little  lon;;er  than  s(u;ond.     Toes  weldted,  tlie  meinltrane  eiiiai'ni- 


me  e(»l(lhlo()(le(l  vertehrates  ( 
several  slroii>ily  marked  <;eo^fra|diieal  siihspeeies  wliieli  have  lieeii  le- 
.uarded  as  species.  That  the  latter  view  can  not  he  niaiiitaineil  is  <'vi- 
dent  IVoni  the  exist<Miee  of  a  small  minority  of  individuals  in  wliieh  the 
featiii'es  of  the  resjieetive  types  are  tniiinl  to  Ite  wanting;  or  miiiLileil, 
The  peisisteiiee  of  these  forms  is.  however,  so  evident,  that  tlies  should 
take  distinct  rank  in  our  system.     Their  detiiiitions  aic  as  follows: 

Frontopjirii'lal  iTi'sts  :iii|ii<i\iiii,iiril,  |i:ir,illii,  iidI  ini'diiriMl :  |iii>i(iiliii;il  cn-i- Idmi,' ; 

nil  Mi|iiat.viMiijiMic  (ivnI  :   IkmiI   |  in  I.:,  liim.s  Jn  |rii;,'lli .'■'.  /.  l.-uUri. 

l-'niiit(>|i:iiiclal  irois  jciiall.'l.  m.i  well    ili>l  iiiL;iii,>lM  il   |>iisli  lioily  on  aridiini  iCllic 

aliriipt  clcvalioii  III'  tlic  iMii|iiil  ;    |)i.>l()iliilal>  Inn;; ;    no  sii)tial  vni|»aiiir  ;    luaij   I..'. 

t"  •">   I  i  nil's /;.  /.    irnodlinllsli. 

l'r(Hit(>|iariclal  nrsts  ilivi'r;;.'iil.  iml    nimli  inoilm  ril,  ami  wril  ili>l  inuniNlii  d  In  liinil  : 
|>i)sti)rliiials  sliDit:    .sii|iial\  ni|iaiiii-    wauling  m    -liml  :   luatl    I    li>    I.'.   Iiimin  m 

'''"K'  n /.'./.  (I  nil  ril  illiin:. 

Fn.nliiliaiiiial  ni'sls  (livir;,riii|,  ptiKlnrril  intn  aKimli  'ii'liinii  tlic  .sIkhI  iupsIdi  iiilals ; 
Hii)iial.\  111  panic  w  ril  ili'\  ilopnl :   hrail  :!..'»  to  I  liiiii's  in  liiii;!!! . .  .  /.'.  '.  /.  ///i'/Moisi/s. 

The  /;, /.  (ihicriciiiiii.sis  the  cent  lal  form  from  which  the  olhers  radiate. 
The  />'.  /.  Iciitiiiiiiosiis,  as  Ihe  characteristic  type  of  the  Aiist  roriparian 
rej^ioii,  has  ehaiaeters  ni(»st  divei';;ent  IVmiii  (lie  others.  The  peculiar 
form  /,'.  I.  Jhirlrri  of  Ihe  Norlheasl  is  coiiliecled  with  the  olliei  types  hy 
tho  n.  I.  iroixllHHisii  (>[  \\\i'  L'ocky  .Moiiiitains.  Thr  l.iller  is  ihf  most 
dillicnlt  to  separate  IVoni  Hi,,  eastern  ,'.'.  /.  niiirrindiiis,  thoii-h  its  lyp- 
ieal  represent ;iiives  are  (piiie  iljstiiicl. 


1- 


c 


i: 


c 


riiF,  iiATRAf'iiiA  or  Noirnr  amkimca.  270 

ISii/'o  Inilij/inosiis  Jnirlcri  l*iitii:iiii. 
MSS.,  ('(ipc,  Cliuck  l.inl  N.  Aiiici.  Iliilr.  iiml  U'i'|ilil.  Ih;,'.,  |..  •,>:».  (iiiimc  only). 

This  iiiiiiiiiil,  like  tlu'  /»'.  /.  irnntlhoiisri,  is  (listiii^iiiislicd  h.v  the  liiadiial 
iitxl  st('(>|>  ch'Viil  ion  of  its  rniiiial  tresis  iiinl  hiek  dI'  sii|iiMt,\  iiipanie 
ri(1;;o.  It  (lilVers  IVoni  it  in  thea|tpi'o\iiiiatit>ii  anil  posleiior  einilltienec 
ol'llu'so  ri(l;;(>s,  the  ;;reat«'i'  breadth  (if  the  parotoids,  and  in  (■(iloration. 
Snpianrltital  iid;,M's  elt'vated,  fisiiif;  posteiinrly  close  tofietlier.  paridiel 
or  (■onvei';.;i'nl  behind,  inelosin;;  a  IVontoparietal  ;;iilter;  postorltllal 
rid;;es  <'tiive<l  hacknard;  no  |Kii'ietal  tubercle,  but  a  cross  lidyeornie 
dian  elevation;  no  supiatynipanic,  rjd;;e.  Caiithus  rostialis  Vi-ry  ob- 
tuse, aiHMitral  ;,M'ooveon  topol'inu/,/-le ;  preniaxillary  niai';iin  reliealinH;. 
A  pi'eoibital  rid;;(^;  supnioibitals  lii;;h,  thin,  siunetinies  diver^^cnt  a 
liltlc!  ill  the  middle;  then  eonvei-o'eiit  a;;ain,  prolon^'cd  a  little  l)e,vond 
postoibital,  and 'connected  by  a  lower  traiisveisc  ri(lj;e.  Postoibital 
curved  backwards  to  meet  the  parotoid ;  latter  eh)n;;ate()val,  as  Ion;; 
as  vertical  ;;roove  to  nares.  Nostrils  etiuidistant  tVoin  eye  slit  and  la- 
bial margin  ;  hitter  iiowher(>  produced.  Tympanum  distinct,  half  orliit. 
Muzzle  to  middle  of  e.\t«'iided  lore-arm;  heel  beyond  muzzle;  meta- 
tarsal .shovel  strong',  narrow;  outer  tubercle  minute.  Toes  hull'  webbed, 
width  ol'  soloat  Kccond  tooonethird  leii;;th  IVom  outertubercle.  Clioana' 
andostiaphaiyn^eae(iual.  Color  grayish  (»live,  somelimes(|uile  l»ri;;ht, 
with  a  yellowish  vertebral  lim^  from  the  end  of  the  muzzle.  Six  spots  of 
six  pairson  each  side  of  this;  two  pairs  superciliary,  oneiiiK  lial  and  three 
dorsal,  all  elon^'ate,  deep  brown,  yellow  mai<;iiied.  Three  fidiii  orliit  ; 
one  below,  two  bidiiud,  tlu'  superior  abovi^  tympanum,  deep  brown,  yel- 
low ed^ed.  Melow,  dirty  wliitt?;  throat  of  male  in  sprin;^'  Idack  ;  sides 
iiehind  and  femora  marbled  with  yellow  on  blackish  i^rrouiid.  licn^th 
of  head  to  postorbital  cresi  4j|  in  total  leii^jth  ;  latter  e(|ual  L'  iiuthes  (I 
lines.  I'Jevatioii  of  cranium  (».7  lilies.  Fore  limb  1  inch  S  lines;  hind 
limb  :\  inches  ')  lines,  femur  half  included. 

This  subspecit's  is  so  far  known  only  as  a  native  of  a  lew  ixuids  in 
northeastern  Massachusetts  near  the  town  of  Danvers.  Such  a  limited 
distribution  for  a  land  vertebrate  is  remarkable,  as  is  als(»  the  fact  of 
its  having  so  loti^'  remained  without  introduction  to  science.  It  has 
been  known  and  noticed  by  .scientilic  men  of  the  neinhborlnxtd,  it  sei'ins, 
for  twenty  years.  1  aitpend  a  letter  of  its  only  historian,  S.  P.  Fowler, 
to  my  friend  F.  \V.  Putnam,  who.se  name  the  latter  has«'onferred  on  it. 

Ainonjjf  eighteen  si)ecimeiis  of  this  subspecies  forwarded  to  me  by 
the  lOssex  Institute  of  Salem,  one  female  exhibits  witlely  .separated  sii- 
l>erciliary  rid^res;  in  a  iiiiieteeiith,  from  New  Harmony,  Iiid.,  the  rid;;('s 
are  a  little  more  dii"<'ro;cMit  and  less  aseendin^i,  with  scarce  a  trace  of 
the  median  supra|>arietal  elevati<ui.  A  specimen  of  the  var.  America- 
nils  from  Nebraska  approximates  sulliciently  closely  to  the  last  sjjeci 
men  to  indicates  that  the  l-'owleri  can  not  be  regarded  as  under  all  .cir- 
cumstances .separate  or  be  accorded  full  specilli;  rank. 


r 


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' .    I 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 

If  1^  1^ 

£     US  1^   1122 

I.I 

^   U£    12.0 

i^ 

1.25 

IM-^    III  1-6 

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V 


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^1?-^ 


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> 


.** 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  I^AAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MSSO 

^716)  •72-4503 


•^ 


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280  JUILLKTIN    :!l,    TNITKl)    STATKS    NATIOXAL    MIISKUM. 


linj'o  Unliijlnosnx  fowhri  riitiiaiii. 
lUCSKUVK  SKIUES. 


CiitnlniiuK 
iiiiniliiT. 


lOKHt'i 


No.  of 

!<]1CC. 


Looaliti". 


1  I  Daiivcis.  Muss  , 

1  •• (Ill , 

1    do 


Wlirn 
roUt^i'lfil. 


From  wliom  rcrcivcil. 


Xiiluro   nl 
Hlli'lMllirn. 


I'rof.  K.  \V.  I'littmiii '  Al.oliolic. 

do l»o. 

do Do. 


Fli;.  (1^.   Ihifi,  litiliiilnniius /(nihil,  VnU\.     lOSSS.    Daiivrrs,  Mass.:  ]. 

IMr.  »S,  P.  Fowior,  of  Danvors,  Mass.,  after  wlioin  tliisintcrcsdiiii- toad 
was  iianu'd,  iiiakos  tlie  Collowiuj;"  .statcaient  in  rejianl  to  tlic  lialtits  oC 
/».  UiitiginofiusfoH'lcri,  iiialctter  to  I'rof.  F.  W.  Putnam,  who  has  kindly 
alh)\vod  nic  to  inst   c  the  following  extra(!t  from  it: 

"In  rofi'ard  to  its  hahits  I  wouhl  say  1  have  never  been  abh'  as  yet  to 
discover  it  excei»t  in  warm  summer  evenings  when  the  thermometer  is 
not  below  (K)'^,  In  cool  evenings  they  arc  not  to  be  seen  at  all  and  are. 
Iterfeetly  silent.  When  lirst  observed  in  the  cKrli/  part  of  the  evening 
they  may  be  seen  making  their  way  through  the  grass  and  over  the 
grounds  adjacent  to  the  pond,  and  when  it  is  reacluHJ,  which  is  usually 
about  dark,  they  commence  their  singular  note,  which  the  laU^  Dr. 
Kichols  thought  was  amatory,  and  which  he  described  as  a  shrill  mon- 
otone, continued  a  secoiul  or  more  in  a  high  falsetto  voice,  thrice  as 
long  and  more  trilling  thi;!i  the  voice  of  Pickering's  Hyla,  I  agree 
with  I)i.  Nichols  in  regard  to  the  croak  of  this  toad,  excepting  the  trill, 
there  being  no  trill  to  this  reptile's  note,  such  as  we  notice  in  the  common 
toad,  frciiuently  long  contiinuMl,  and  which  seems  to  mark  this  species. 
J  would  here  say  I  have  heard  the  note  of  one  loaf'  in  the  grass  some 
distance  from  the  pond.  To  my  ear  this  cioak  is  a  sharp,  disagreeable, 
uneav'thly  Hcrecich.  dillicult  to  describe,  as  it  is  uidike  any  sound  I  hav(^ 
ever  heard  uttered.  I  have  heard  people  who  live  near  this  pond  (.Fudge 
Putinim's)  say  that  Ihey  thought  it  resembled  in  a  warm  siMumer's  night 
(when  they  are  most  active  and  numerous)  the  whoop  of  a  i)arty  of 
Indians,  and  that  they  have  heard  their  screeching  <luring  the  whoh^ 
night.  That  their  note  is  amatory  I  have  at  present  some  <loubt,  as  il 
is  continued  through  the  warm  season  of  the  year.  1  first  noticted  these 
toads  the  pi-esent  season  at  Judg(!  Putnam's  pond,  in  tlu'  evening  of 
LJUth  of  May,  when  I  took  several  of  them.      1  have  not  as  yet  been  able 


^ 


TFIl']    ISATRACIll/.    OF    NORTH    AMKHIf'A. 


281 


;^-'i 


(»»  liiid  wliat  I  (!OIl^sitlcl•  (Ikmi-  spiiwii,  nor  liavu  I  seoii  any  copulation 
ainoiii;  these  toads, so  often  noticed  anion^"  tiie  common  species.  1  have 
seen  them  in  tliis  pond  as  late  in  the  season  as  the  last  of  August. 
Tliere  are  several  ponds  in  the  vicinity  of  the  .jud<;e's  pond,  but  they 
are  not  visited  by  these  toads,  but  I  have  seen  them  in  small  numbers 
inclayi)its.  I  have  a  pond  in  my  grounds  that  swarms  in  May  with 
the  common  to.id,  but  is  never  visited  by  the  one  under  consideration. 
1  have  not  noticed  the  common  toad  around  this  pond,  but  I  now  intend 
to  make  a  search  for  it.  In  answer  to  your  <iuestion,  '  What  length  of 
time  have  thesis  toads  been  observed  in  this  i)ond?'  I  would  say  I  have 
noticed  them  in  this  pond  thirty-five  years.  In  regard  to  their  food,  1 
think  it  is  dill'erent  from  that  of  the  common  toad,  as  they  will  not  eat 
earth-worms,  but  feed  readily  upon  Hies.  This  habit  I  have  noticed,  as 
well  as  my  Itrother  Augustus,  ho  having  ke|»t  them  for  some  months  for 
<he  purpr)se,  of  painting  them,  and  who  has  furnished  me  with  several 
figures  of  this  reptile  in  diilerent  attitudes.  I  have  noti(!ed  when  these 
toads  are  held  in  the  hand  they  make  a  chirping  noise,  and  when  a 
dozen  or  moi'c  are  (ronfined  together  they  make  considerable  noise. 
Terhaps  the  same  may  be  noticed  in  thc(!ommon  toad  during  the  breed- 
ing season.  It  is  very  singular  that  those  I  sent  you  were  all  iiudes ; 
they  were  all  croakers,  that  is  certain,  for  by  their  note  1  was  led  to 
know  wlicre  to  take  them  in  the  dark.  I  have  always  been  pu/zled  to 
know  why  these  toads  visit  this  ]tond  during  the  whole  warm  season. 
So  far  as  I  have  l)een  able  to  judge  it  is  for  the  sole  purpose  of  croak- 
ing, for  they  do  nothing  else,  or  to  wet  their  skins.  The  common 
toad  is  found  everywhere,  and  breeds  in  all  the  still  and  (luiet  waters 
in  the  countiy,  whereas  this  supposed  new  specties  is  discovered  in  a 
very  lew  ponds,  and  is  comparatively  scarce.  I  have  thought  that 
tiiis  toad  was  of  a  more  spare  hattit,  if  1  may  so  speak — not  so  heavy  or 
corpulent  as  the  common  toad,  more  active,  as  nnich  so  as  tlu;  frog,  and 
full  as  dillicult  to  eatcOi.  1  think  then^  is  more  nuifoiinily  of  si/e  and 
color  than  we  see  in  the  (!omnion  toads.  I  do  not  recollect  in  thi^  great 
numlxMs  I  ha\e  examined  to  have  seen  a  small  one  or  i)ne  dilVcring  in 
color  from  another.  Tiie  dillereiice  in  size  and  (iolor  is  very  great 
amongst  oui- common  toads.  I  have  said  in  the  vicinity  i»f  this  ixtnd  I 
have  iVetpieiitly  liear<l  their  note  sonie  distan(!e  from  the  water  at  the 
same  timi'  others  were  croaking  in  the  ])ond.  1  have  never  observed 
this  anywheii^  else  in  my  walks  in  the  evening." 


i^M 


I   I 

h  . 


L 


IliiJ'o  lentifiinosHS  woodhoiist'i  15.  &  (1. 

/;»/<(  iiiiiiill,i)iisiH;\v:H,\.  I'rococd.  Ac.  I'liiln.,  ls"il,  Sil;  Jiainl,  I'.  S.  Piir.  IMi.  l?('pts. 

|..   11,  I'l.  \xv,  lij;.  1. 
Iliifo/rniilii  lis  ('iipc,  I'mcoeil.  Ac,  I'liila.,  ISCiii,  )>.  I'.ill  ;   IJcpt.  I'.xpl.  1'.  S.  Smv.   W.  of 
Kill  MiT.,  (jl.  M.  Wlicclcr,  1877,  v,  p.  iVJO,  r>>7. 
This  suhspecies  may  be  readily  distinguished  by  its  short  head  with 
thickened  crests  elevated  j»osteriorly.     It  readies  a.  larger  size  timii 
eithei'  u\'  the  other  sul»species  of  tlie  linfi)  Icuiiiiiiinmis. 


I       ft 

''.  if 


^ 


2.S2        nrLLirriN  :u,  iinitkd  states  national  miskiim. 

Tlio  (siiitliiis  losliiili.s  not  iiiiirkcd,  the  mnzzh'  (lesct'iidiii^-  very  steeply 
from  the  anterior  iin^lcs  of  the  orbits,  sliorler  than  tln^  elevnted  perpen- 
(licuhir  extremity.  Frontal  ridges  thickened,  frecpiei.tly  jmrtially  iillin<'- 
the  median  groove,  higher  than  eyelids,  and  rising  steeply  backwards, 
where  they  terminate  in  two  short  convergent  tuberosities,  with  inte 
rior  crenations.  Occiput  generally  raised  above  the  nape;  postocular 
ridge  e<pially  developed,  sending  a  small  angle  to  the  anterior  aeumi 
nate  extremity  of  the  ])arotoids.  Elevation  of  cranium  at  parietal  tuber- 
cle equal  to  length  of  same  from  the  same  point.  Eyes  large;  tympa- 
num distinct;  half  eye;  parotoid  narrow,  long,acuminate  at  both  ends. 
Elbow  to  anterior  margin  of  orbit ;  heel  to  end  of  muzzle.  Skin  every- 
where with  numerous  small  tubercles  ;  soles  rough;  toes  half  webbed, 
as  in  the  other  subspecies.  The  internal  metatarsal  tubeicle  is  dis- 
tincitly  larger,  /.  c,  wider,  than  in  the  other  subsjx'cies,  almost  ecpialing 
that  of  the  II.  vognatim.  The  external  tuber<!le  is  also  larger  than  in 
the  other  forms,  but  it  never  posset^^ses  a  free  cutting  edge  as  it  does  in 
the  />'.  coipKitus.  T!ie  relative  shortness  of  the  head  is  expressed  by  the 
measurenuMit,  one-tilth  the  length  (f  the  head  an«l  body.  This  (-harac- 
ter  is, however, not  constant.  Thus  in  the  typical  si)e('imens  of  the  spe- 
cies (No.  2032,  Canadian  River)  the  head  enters  t.GfJ  times  into  the  length. 
The  same  is  true  of  Nos.  14.'">2G  a.jd  10195.  In  Nos.  4185  and  2(!t(>  the 
head  enters  the  length  4.5  times.  In  young  si)ecimens, as  is  usual,  the 
s;:ecific  characters  are  not  well  marked,  and  the  head  is  one-foiiith  the 
length.  This  peculiarity  is  retained  in  a  specimen,  (No.  14,5.{S)  from 
Saint  Thomas,  Nev.,  which  is  3  inches  in  length.  An  excei)tional  state 
of  affairs  is  seen  in  two  large  specimens  (No.  2(;.JI)  from  tlui  head  of  the 
Loup  F"'ork  liiver,  Nebraska.  The  head  is  one  lifth  thc^  total  length, 
and  the  supraorbital  crests  are  parallel,  as  in  typi<;al  specinu^ns;  but 
the  crests  are  well  separated  by  a  deep  gutter  behind,  whose  bottom  is 
not  raised  above  the  nape  in  the  usual  manner. 

Brown  above,  with  pale  vertebral  line  and  three  pairs  of  deep-brown 
medium-sized  si)ots,  with  paler  centers.  Sides  and  lii)s  witii  small 
brown  spots.  Femur  and  tibia  with  one  iiulistin(!t  brown  crossbar 
each.  r>elow  uuilbrm  yellow.  The  thoracic  region  is  sometimes  black 
speckled. 

This  is  tlie  lloclcy  Mountain  species,  as  />.  cixjnafus  is  the  si)ecies  of 
the  plains.  Its  range  does  not  appear  to  extend  beyond  the  boundaries 
of  the  United  States.  Its  transition  to  the  It.  I.  amcricanns  is  easily 
perceived  in  seven  specimens  collected  at  Pike's  Peak  by  John  Yarrow. 
One  of  these  is  a  true  li.  L  woodhousei,  while  the  other  six  vau  not  be 
separated  from  the  B.  I.  amcriatnus.  Dr.  Ilallowell  described  a  toad 
under  the  name  of  Ji.  (hr.saUs  in  S'tgreaves'  report  on  the  expedition  to 
Ziini  and  the  Colorado  liiver,  p.  142,  IM.  !!>.  There  is  nothing  in  the  de- 
S(;ription  nor  in  the  tlgure  to  enable  ns  to  ascertain  what  species  or  sub- 
si>ecies  is  represented.  The  evidence  is  as  much  in  favor  of  the  speci- 
men having  been  a  H.  I.  amrrii'<i)ins  as  a  />.  /.  woodhoiiHci,,  and  no  lo- 


^^^ 


THE    BATRACIIIA   01'    NORTH    AMERICA, 


283 


^^ 


liiilif.v  is  j^ivcii  to  assist  in  voacliinj'-  a  ('onclnsion.  Tlie  (ypc  spocimtMi 
can  not  ho  round.  The  name  />.>V«H/<).s'«.s'Copt^  applies  tolliissi)eeie.s;  a 
(Inplication  which  resulted  from  the  fact  that  the  original  specimen  is 
iiair  grown  and  not  typical  of  the  species,  and  that  the  original  descrip- 
tion does  not  allude  to  its  true  characters. 


7 

Flii.  (iO.  liiii'n  liiili'jiiinmin  vmiiihiiiixi-i.     From  Uaiid.  T.  S.  ^Irx.  Bonml.  Survey;  }. 

MaimtrciiH'uts  of  Xo.  ovJKi. 

ST. 

Emo-tli  nriicud  luid  li.Hly O'.W 

Wiiltli  (if  iicad  at  iiosicrior  fdi^cH  of  mciiiliraismii  tyiii|)aiii  (•:?'> 

l,('iiij;Hi  of  head  to  |iostrri()r  I'dfjjcs  of  iiii'iiiltiaiiiMii  tyiii|iaiii O'iO 

Li'ii^tli  of  fore  liiiili ()r)4 

Lcii^rlli  of  fore-foot O'J:! 

Li'nj;tli  of  liind  liiiili  to  jfroiii l(i;> 

Lci.,i;lli  of  tilii.i   (W7 

L('n;;tli  of  larsiis 0!2:$ 

L(!ii<i;tb  of  icuiiiiiulcr  of  foot •i..«.»<...it..ii.>><..*«i..ti>tf«t  '040 


X 


2.S4  lUJLLF.TIN    ;il,    UNITKD    KTATE^    XATIONAL    MUSKUM. 

Hull)  Iniliiiiiiiisiin  iVKinlhoitsii  I'xl.  iV  (Jiiil. 


CiitnloKUi' 

No.  of 

imnilicr. 

HIH'C. 

1 

8504 

8085 

,'1 

8161 

') 

850S 

2 

8548 

1 

8186 

3 

60l« 

1 

027K 

2 

07  111 

1 

loiur, 

1 

2535 

2 

41H5 

1 

52  C) 

3 

41!t-> 

1 

25;!  1 

1 

2(!l« 

1 

2(132 

1 

K'l)? 

1 

I4r,2(! 

1 

MWH 

1 

2t);)I 

o 

7012 

1 

4184 

o 

'>-,.-,0 

'» 

1,01'iility. 


(!iil(>rn  to  S|iiin};s,  ("olo  . 

lOaslt'iTi  I'lali 

Kaiiliild,  Ulali    

Ciiiiii>  Apaclits  Ariz .... 

lid 

Utah .... 

Kansas. 


Wliiii 
cuIIcc'IchI. 


l-'iom  wliniii  loccivi'il. 


I     NalunM.I' 
spi'iMincn. 


Jiilv  — ,  1874  ! 

1H72  ' 

1S71  ] 

Aug.  -,  lf7;i 

All),'.-,  l>74l 

1K72 


.Tolin  Van  ()»• 

Dr.  JI.C.  Yarrow 

..  do ... 

II.  W.  lU'ii.sliaw  

J.M.  Ktitti'r 

Kxpeil.  W.  of  lOOth  Mcr... 


Yclldwsloni'  Uivor 

?s'i\v  Mcxiro 

Wliitr   Itivcr  Ca  fioii , 

Ariz. 

YcllDwstonoUivor   

I'c.itDcllaiicc,  X.  Mi'X.. 
L'aiitoiirniiit     r)iir';\vvii, 

N.  Mi'X. 

I'latl.'  Valley 

Calil.  McmiilaiiisMi'xico 

Ni'ar  Aiili'lopo  1 1  ills 

Canailiaii  Kivcr 

Ni'w  iloxico 

FortCiistcr,  Mont 


Saint  Tlinnia,'*,  X(!V 

S«aiii]i.><  ou  Loup  Fork, 
Nclir. 

Atlialiasca  Kivcr 

Tlplicr  (lolorailii  rrnion  . 
Fort  Laraiiiii',  Ni'iir 


Sept.  10,  18V3 

187') 


H.  "\V.  Ill  ii.sliaw 
Dr.  Burr 


Dr.  Ilavilon 

II.  ».  .^lolllla^l,sl'Il 

('aptaiii  .Viuli'i.-toii 


—,1885 


Dr C.  Dioxlcr 

Dr.  S.  W.  Wooillioiisi" 

II.  I!.  MolUiaiisiii 

ilo 

Dr.O.  I.ocw .. 

Capt.  Charles  Hfiiiliri',  V. 
S.A. 

Dr.  K.  I'alimr  

]>r.IIavilrn 


K.  KiMiniiiitt 

II.  li.  .MoUliaiisiii  .... 
F.  W.  lla.viUMi 


Alroholir. 
Do. 
Do. 
J)o. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Air.  typo. 
Ahoholii'. 

Do. 

Do. 
i)o. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


liufo  JcntiginosHs  aniericaniis  Lee* 

Copo,  Check-List  N.  Aiiirr.   l?;ilr,  and   Kcptil.,   IH/.'i,  p.  \i[);  ]$(iiili'iir;(>r, 
Ciital.  Batr.  Sal.  Hrit.  Miih.,  188>>,  p.  :«)<»,  i\'^. 

Hiifd  (iiiicriciiini.-^  (Lecoiitc)  Ilollir.,  N.  A.  llorp.   v,  v.  IM.  4:  Diiin.  A-  ISihr.,  i>.  (ill."); 

Hallow.,  rroccod.  Ac.  Pliila.,  1H.">(!,  j). 'J.")l ;  Giraid,  IJ.  S.  Mc.\.  Honnil.  Siirv.,  ii,  p. 

'J."> ;  Wicil.,  Xova  Acta,  xxxii,  ji.  l"-'l, 
/;/(/■(*  copei  Yarrow  &  IIoiLshaw,  Kcj).  Utptll.  Hair.,  Kxpl.  W.  lOOIli  Mcr.,  isTH,  p,  |. 

L<'ii;>tli  of  lioad  to  posterior  end  of  criiiiiiil  cre.sts  oiiteriiifj  l('ii.i;tli  to 
vent  four  ami  a  half  tiiu'js;  eraiiial  ridj^os  narrow,  well  marked,  iiotiinit- 
iiifj  in  a  prefrontal  callosity,  nnitinj'-  with  the  iiostorbitals  at  si  rij^lit 
aii<>lc  and  projeeting  Imt  little  behind  them. 

Snprat.Yini)anic  ridge  wanting;'  or  rarely  very  short.  Pieorbital  not 
strong-.  Parotoids  (inite  elongate,  varying  a  little  in  breadlli.  I'rolile 
a  gradual  descent  fioin  behind,  depressed  behind  prefrontal  bones; 
muzzle  slightly  deenrved,  not  projecting;  nostril  a  little  nearer  orbit 
than  labial  margin.  Skin  everywhere  pustular;  a  few  larger  warts  on 
each  side  the  vertebral  line.  Tympanum  distinct,  half  orbit.  Middle  of 
foi'(>-arm  to  muzzle;  heel  to  front  of  orbit.  Metalnrsal  tubercle  promi- 
nent, usually  narrow;  its  horny  sheath  largely  blackened ;  outer  tubercle 
small.     No  tarsal  fold. 

Yellowish  or  darker  brown  above,  with  three  or  four  pairs  of  deeper, 
small,  yellow-edged  spots  on  the  dorsal  region,  separated  by  a  light  ver- 
teliral  line  which  extends  from  the  end  of  the  muzzle;  one  or  two  yel- 
lowi.sh  streaks  e.\t(md  from  the  ]>arotoid  jiosteriorly  on  the  sides.  The 
latter  and  femora  behind  are  hiuily  yellowish  marbled  on  bhu^kish 
ground.    Uelow  dirty  yellow;  breast  fre<piently  black  spotted.     Length 

"i'latcs  .-.^.V.t. 


i. 


Tf 


T 


THE    HATKACIIIA    OF    NOIiTII    AMKWK'A. 


•J  S3 


of  nil  avi'i'iij^e  spc'ciiiiL'ii  iioiii  8o»tli  CJaroliiia,  13  iiidios  10  liiu's;  ciul  of 
iiiii/zie  to  postorbital  ridge,  9. 'J  lines  ;  of  paroloid,  7  lines;  fore,  limb,  I 
inch  9.5  lines;  hind  limb,  3  inches  5  lines  ;  femnr  one  half  included. 


l''l(i.  70.  Iliifii  Initi'jiiiiiKUii  ainencanus     I' ion;  Hil.  Gild.,  IT.  S.  Pac.  11.  It.  Suiv.,  vol.  x;  ]. 

In  this,  as  in  other  IJiifones,  the  females  are  larger  than  the  males; 
and  the  latter  are  usually  less  variegated  in  colors. 

The  li.  /.  <('Heric(iiiush,\'i  been  regarded  by  some  authors  as  a  species 
distinct  from  the  li.UciititfinosHs;  but  the  examiiiationof  a  largenuinber 
of  specimens  of  both  shows  that  all  of  the  distinctive  characters  arc 
evanescent  in  some  individuals.  Thus  the  supeixiiliary  crests  rise  pos- 
teriorly in  No.  2197  from  Minnesota,  so  as  to  ai)proximate  the  typical 
lientiginosiis.  In  some  of  the  spe(!iinens  of  No.  1*521,  from  Charleston, 
8.  C,  the  extremities  of  tlie  crests  are  not  more  developed  than  in  No. 
2534,  from  the  IMatte  liiver,  Nebraska.  The  sui>ratyinpanic  crest  is 
represented  by  an  angle  of  the  i)ostorbital  in  the  great  majority  of  spec- 
iiiKMis,  but  in  seventeen  specimens  tiie  fanner  is  quite  as  distiiuit  as  in 
nnmenuis  specimens  of  the  />.  L  lenfifjimtnifi.  These  belong  to  Nos.  2181, 
2193,  2172,  2174,  2197,  2557,  5372,  and  19900.  Nevertheless,  it  is  true 
that  the  subspecies  B!  I.  amcricdniis  maintains  its  characters  entirely 
within  the  range  of  the  />.  /.  lentiniiiosiis,  as  is  evidenced  by  specimens 
from  Prairie  Mer  Rouge,  La.  (2557),  Milledgevilie,  C.a.  (9139),  Monti- 
cello,  Miss.,  and  elsewhere. 

As  already  deserilu'd,  the  par.>toid  ghiiids  of  this  species  are  long  and 
rather  narrow.  A  vaiietal  form  has  them  wider  and  renifonn  in  out- 
line.   The  live  individuals  which  display  this  character  are  from  north- 


I     If 


J 


2cS(; 


lUrLLHTIX    ;!l,    UMTKl)    STATK.S    NATIONAL    MI'SKI'M. 


t'l'ii  localities,  vi/ :  No.  2'){)r>  from  Uiicine,  Wis.,  and  U.">(>7  IVom  Essex 
County,  N.  Y.  They  arc  also  (iliaracterizcd  by  the  presence  of  a  supra- 
tympanic  crest  and  by  the  coarseness  of  their  tuberculation.  They 
have  no  distinct  dorsal  spots,  a  dark  line  round  the  bases  of  .sonic  of 
the  tubercles  representing"  them  in  sonu^  individuals. 

There  are  also  several  color  varieties  of  this  subspecies.  They  are  not 
unfrequently  met  witli  entirely  black  (var.  A), as,  for  example,  from  Penn- 
sylvania and  ]\richi<;an.  In  two  or  three  from  the  latter  rejj^ion  the  foot 
is  as  short  as  in  short -footed  var.  woodhousei ;  in  one  the  superciliary 
iid,nvs  are  continent  in  acurveil  transverse  rid^e.  A  singular  abnor- 
mality (Xo.  2r»l-t)(var.  P.),  fi'om  Moose  River,  IJritish  America,  isdistin- 
j;uished  by  its  yellow,  orange,  or  i)iidcish  j^round  color,  with  thedorsji! 
and  lateral  spots  conlluent  into  lonjjitudinal  bands  more  or  less  broken  ; 
warts  pink  tipped;  average  size  below  tyi)ical ;  skin  smoother.  On 
this  variety  was  i)roiiosed  the  liii/o  vopci  of  Varrow  and  Ilenshaw. 

Var.  C — A  yellow  ground  with  broad  brown  bands,  having  only  yel- 
low lines  running  outwardly  and  ]»osteriorly  ;  on  top  of  these  the  usual 
brown  sjtots  are  well  distinguished.  The  cranial  ridges  are  highei', 
thicker,  and  more  nearly  i)arallel  than  usual.  Specimens  are  of  large 
siy.e;  they  are  from  South  Fork  of  the  Yellowstone,  Nebraska.  Total 
length,  t  inches  1  hue;  length  from  end  of  muzzle  to  postorbital  ridge, 
1 1..")  lines. 

Habitat. — Southeastern  Labrador,  htckard,  Proceed.  Post.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  1800;  Moose  Itiver,  IJritish  America,  Ihcvlrr;  South  Fork  Yel- 
lowstone, i/«//(/t'H ;  Kansas,  JIaUonrU,  Proceed.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.,  l^hila., 
l.sr>0,  L'51,  and  the  Eastern  and  Austroriparian  rej,Mons  of  North  Amer- 
ica generally. 

Dwellers  in  the  country  are  familiar  with  the  voice  of  this  species 
in  the  early  spring",  which  is  the  season  of  the  deposit  of  eggs.  These 
are  laid  imtlosed  in  a  long,  thick-walled  tube  of  tianspai'cnl  albumen, 
secreted  by  the  walls  of  the  oviducts.  These,  tubes  lie  in  long  spiral 
strings  on  the  bottoms  of  the  ponds  where  they  are  dei)osited.  The 
young  hatch  out  early,  aiul  are  of  a  darker  color  than  those  of  others  of 
our  Salientia.  They  retain  the  dark  color  till  near  the  time  of  the  com- 
pletion of  the  metamorphosis.  This  takes  t)lace  at  an  earlier  date  than 
that  of  the  Jvana',  and  the  completed  young  are  scarcely  as  large  as 
tho.se  of  the  Hyhe  or  of  the  Scaphiopus.  The  voice  of  this  si)ecies 
may  be  heard  well  into  the  summer.  It  is  a  sonorous  ur  r-r-r-r  r,  which 
may  be  readily  imitated  by  whistling  whih^  one  utters  a  deep-toned 
vocal  sound  expressed  in  the:  above  letters.  Iinlividuals  dilfer  in  tin; 
pitch  of  their  notes,  but  a  chorus  of  them  has  a  weird  sound  well  belit- 
ting  the  generally  remote  spots  where  they  congregate,  and  the  dark- 
ness of  the  hour.  When  not  thus  engaged,  they  often  take  uj)  their 
abode  beneath  the  doorstep  of  the  farmer's  house,  and  issue  in  the  even- 
ing to  secure  t..eii'  insect  food.  Tlu'y  progress  by  hops,  ami  only  walk 
on  very  rare  occasions. 


^>- 


TllK    I5ATUACHIA    OK    NORTH    AMIMilCA. 


287 


^ 


-->-— 


4- 


IliiiiiliiM'. 


24S2 

2505 

257 

2M0 

217!» 

7si;t 

2-|l.". 

s:i(i7 

24!!.! 
2170 
24H7 
25  IS 

2r)r.7 
2r).'.4 

24titi 

24o:i 

24H;t 
2521 
2471) 
2474 

2.'(i:i 
2ti:;ii 

2.VJ7 
25111 
25:)5 
25.'i(< 
24H."> 
24li:i 
2Ki8 
2504 
24S5 
2H»S 
2512 

25."i(; 
2iiv:i 

2507 
21!U 
47K2 
2481 

2401) 

•jr.i7 

5;i7J  ; 

8.'io:i 

25T)  I 
25 III  I 
25;U  ! 

oi:'o 

24M( 
2').').' 
!IIL'.'. 
2172 
4011) 

4si;i 
047:1 

S!I71 
OJSO 

ojw.s 


1 

10 
:i 
1 


HiiJ'o  IcntiyiiiOHiiH  aiiivriraiiiiH  Lo  C. 
RESEUVK  SERIES. 


TiOcality. 


Itont  RiviT,  AVi.s 

liarliic,  Wis  

I'liii  liaimnii',  \V\i). 
Siilcni,  X.C  .....'... 
Kiiwtdii,  N.  (! 


Wlicn  col- 
lectod. 


From  whom  rocelvcil. 


I'lof-Sl'MUird 
Dr.  v.  I!,  llov  ... 
Dr.  .1.  (!.  ('i)iiin'i' 
.J.  T  l^iiifliatk .. 


.ImcUhipu  t'lMintv,  N  C Fit/.iii'iiilil ' 

\Vii.-<|iiiij.r|oii,  D'.c; Dr.  !•;.  Couch,  U.  .S.  A 

<l..  

do A|iiil:i,  1875.    .1.  Pidiniv 

do 

Alil.cvilli'.S.C    :  Dr..l.  li.  liairatl    1 

AiidiT.soii.  S.  r Mis.  M.  E.  Daiiit'ls 1 

Cliaili'sliiii,  S.  C     I •.'   I 


1853 


Ja.^.  Faiiio  , 

N.O.  Acailoiiiv.. 
I'rof.  .S.  E.Iiainl . 
Dr.  r.U.  Hoy  ... 


I'lairiii  Mrr  ltou};i»,  Liv..:. 

.\c'W  Orlcaii.s,  I,a  1. 

Kniiniii^liani,  Mans I. 

I'liion  Coiiiily,  .Mo '. 

Mis.souri 

Saint  I.iMiis,  Mo   . 

Mai  icita,  Ohio 

('oliiiiiliiis,  Ohio 

Ili^hliiiid  County,  Ohio.'. 

.Mllnlil■(^llo,  MisH SUhm  llidcn  Tuiii.suu 

Mis^issip])! 

.Mount  llcdly,  N.J I»rof..S.  K.Balid 

Ma  i\  hi  ml .' Sta;;^ 

Foil  Siiiith.  .XrU Dr.  15.  F.  Shiimaid.. . 

Tyiri'  Spriu'.'.s,  Ti  un I'rof.  K.  Owen 

Foxhiirv,  I'a 


Dr.  (icorKi'  Enj;leniaiiii. 
I'rot'.  E.  li.  Audri'W.s  — 
I'lol'.  E.  I.cs{|uiirciix 


J.  ir.  Ki.hard 


I'hilad.'lphia,  I'a  .. 

do  I ' 

Caili.sh',  Fa j 1   Frof.  S.  F.  Haird  .... 

.Mi'advlllc,  Fa  | j  J.  F. 'riiickstoii 

rarlislc,  I'a 


:i 
{) 
1 
1 
:i 
1 
li 

■JOll 

1 
1 
1 
1 
(> 
I 
1 

4 


liradl'oid  Count  v,  Fa \ C.  (;.  Martin 

South  Flattc  ..' I ' 

l)sHnx  Count  v,N.  V I Frof.  S.  F.  I'.aird. 

Oiuiila  County,  N.  V ! II.  Davis 

Klizaliithtown,  N.  V ' , 

A  UN  Plains,  III  | ,  K.  Ivi'liuicolt 

Southern  Illinois   [  I do 

Wistcin  Mississippi. . . . 

Minnesota    

SiMitli  ol'  Hi::hlani|s   

riiizadid  Alralil,.,  N.  M 
!,iltli-  IJluc  Kivcr,  Kans  . 

llulaw,  Al.i     

Soiiili  I'lattc  Kivcr,  Xi'lir 

Millrd^fvilli',  (ia 

Carlisle.  Fa 

Fort  Eiiiaiuie,  N'ohr 

Eastpcut.  Me  

KilssclU  illr,  Ky 

Fcarl  Uivcr,  Miss 

Xchraska 

do 


July  14, 18.-.C 
Juni)  4,  1871) 


A.  E.  Ui^'Ks 

(;.  Dri'xlrr 

Dr.  II.('.  Yairow  . 

W.S.  Wood 

Frof.  A.  WiiuhiU 

W.  S.  Wood 

Kunilic'U  .V  Iicaii.. 
Fr(d'.  S.  F.  r.aird... 


1872 


Woods  Moll,  Mass    .... 
Ilavir  di'  (iiiu'i',  Md  . . . 

.Vol  I'olk,  Couu 

I'tah 


.    F.S.F.C    

.1  (IiMUfic  Uilih 

i  Miss  II.  Tunnisiui 

. j  Dr.lii.(U);<>Su(kli'y,F.S.A. 


Juno  14, 1870 

Sipt.2(i,l877. 

1872. 


Dr. 'I".  II.  IliMii  ... 
A.  E.  Kiinilicn  ... 
A.  F.  Wooster  ... 
Dr.  II.C.  VaiTow. 


GENERAE  SERIES. 


2510 

11 

8 

1 
I 
1 
1 
1 
:t 

1 

2 

South  I'latto 

Dr.W.A.IIaininoii.l.F.S.A 

2.'iOJ 
1)174 

Washinetdii  Co.,  Miss. . . 
(.') 

Col.  It.E.C.  Wailes 

!M:i7 

(Ji 

Ul5t 

Fort  Mohave,  Ariz 

(!) 

Aprill,5, 18t>2 

i)r.  .1.  0.(!ooper ' 

ori;i 

!ii:i4 

(?) 

01,15 

1870. 

:;;::;:::::::::::;::i 

Oi:t(i 

Ct'iitral  Fark 

OuUti 

(0 

2.VI8 

I'lalte  River 

July   1,1857. 

\y  S  \Vood       

254U 

South  Flatto  Kivcr 

Df.W.A.lIaumioud,  U.S.A. 

Nature  of 
Hpeciineii, 


Alooholic. 

Do, 

Do, 

Do, 

Do. 

Do. 

Do, 

Do. 

Do. 

Do, 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Du. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do, 

Do. 

Do. 

Do, 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do, 

Do. 

Do, 
Earva, 
Alcoholic. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Earva. 

AIcoImIic. 

Earva. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Alcoholic. 

Iio. 
'I'y  (le. 


Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do 


I 


I^ 


2.SH 


nuLLivriN  :fi,  iimti:!)  statks  national  museum. 


\  ^;r 


liiijh  IfiiliiihiosiiK  aimritiiiiHn  T,c  ('.— Condr.iM'd. 
(IKNKIiAL  SKI!Ii;S-(,(iiiliiiii(il. 


C'ativlii({iii'    Nil.  Ill" 
iiiiinlc.r.      8|i(('. 


SKiT 
•-•177 
:i7iiu 
111)1 
4,1  i;i 

■UtTO 

wir>,"> 

Kilo 
iKIII 
KUl 

i;,'ii)7 
i;)Hi7 

lUHf) 

1  litis 

lOUlHi 

ur.iK 

i4"i-'« 

5:iti7 

L'l-'J 

iiii:..' 

R'lHI 

ui7r. 
i;i;L'7 
iir.:;o 
lir.if) 

11077 

4r>ii 

11. -.01. 
•J.'iOli 

'.'r>ii7 
•j.im 

4K42 
1148 


:.i 


Locality. 


Mi.tsiMsi|i|ii  liivrr 

'.jiiiivi  T.s,  .Ma«s 

(I/iittr  roiinty,  I'a 

VcllllWsldlKl 

l''(ii  t  liiU'.v,  K.iiis 

New  Orli'iniM,  I, a  

Iviu.Hliiii,  N.  (! 

(idliUliciniii;;)!,  N.(J 

I'liilti!  Vallry 

Kin.ilciii,  N.  C 

I'lHsrx  (/'oiinly,  N.  V 

Iliiilsim  s  liav         

W'a.sliiiinliin,  1)  <!    

WhiallaiHl,  liiil      

Saint  .laiiiis  I'aiisli,  La. 

(iaiMi-S\  illc,  '['uK    

..     ilo 

Mdiisi'  l;iv(  r,  III  it.  Am.. 

Sdlltlll  I'll   lllilllliH    

,Siiiitliaiii|it()ii(-'()Miity,  Va 
('iiliiradii  Spriiii;.'*,  Col. . . 

Oln.y,  111  '. 

DJHtrii't  of  (.'(iliiMiliia  ... 

(JInila,  Va 

\Va.sliiiii;ti)ii, !).(.' 


When  col. 
l(M;t('(l. 


Fioiii  whom  rcci'iviil. 


(•.il..r.  n.  Vaii;;liail... 

I'liif.  S.  1'".  llailil 

lil  iiL'L'i'r 

.\.  .Scllcitt     

II.  Iliaii.lt 


18T!> 

IhK'i. 

ihsr) 


1S74 
1S71 


I.S7!) 


(i      i'.). 

1 

1 


(Iraiiil  ('(itcaii,  La  . 

(lalil'oniia   

Saint  LouiH,  Mn  .. 

MiHsis.>ii|i|ii 

IMiilailolpliia,  I'a  .. 

Hrookvillr,  (ia 

I'ousacola,  Kla 


■r.  W'.Miliirr 

11.  W.  \V,l...li.r  

Iir.W..\.llaiiiiii(iiiil.r.S..\ 

,).  \V.  Milnn- 

rnif.  S.  \V.  I'.aiiil 

K.  Walloii  llaviloii   

Dr.  T.  II.  Ilcaii 

linlHit  l;icl;;\vay 

().  (liila  I'ciiliardirin 

C.  II.  l{a;;.x(lalc 

..  .1.. 

('.  Dicxltr 

K.  Kciiiiit Kit   

L.  Kiiiiilii'ii 

Jiiliii  Vaniiw 

.loliii  ami  Cliailcs  WalUiT 

(irol;;()  Slim  iiiaUcr 

K.  II.  Ciisliiiin 

S.  F.  liaiiil . 

('■) .-• 


L.  Kiiiiilii'ii 

Cii'iii;;!'  I'limrliiiaiiii 

!).(".  I.lovil 

.1.  Kicliaiil 

K.  Maymiiiiil 

Jutliirs 


Nat  11  I'll  of 

NlUcilMC'll. 


.Mcdlldlic. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Du. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Dip. 

Do. 


A  well-niiukod  varitity  ot'tliis  subspecies,  or  perlmps  a  distiiiet  sub- 
species, i.s  reiueseuled  by  two  specimens  IVoiii  ^licanopy,  l''la.,  wiiicli 
were  obtained  by  ])r.  JJean.  Tlio  distinguisliiiif;'  i>eculiaiity  consists 
ill  the  conversion  of  tlie-  superciliary  ridyes  into  llattened  thickeninj;.s 
of  tlio  craniuin,  wliieli  meet  or  nearly  meet  on  tlie,  middle  line  ol'  the 
fronto-parietiil  re,i;ioii.  They  unite,  leaving"'  a  faint  line  to  mark  the 
juuction  in  the  larger  female,  while  in  the  smaller  inah^  they  form  two 
beveled  surfaces,  wlilcli  unite  on  the  middle  liiit^  at  an  obtuse  angle, 
Pcstcriorly  they,  with  the  postorbital  ridj;es,  have  a  straij^ht  trans- 
verse boundary.  The  metatarsal  internal  <liyital  spur  is  as  well  de- 
veloped as  in  many  of  the  typical  specimens,  but  the  [tlantar  tu- 
bercle is  small.  The  web  of  the  foot  is  well  developed,  lea chin {j^  the 
end  of  the  fust  (i>roximal)  phalange.  It  only  reaches  to  tht^  mitUUo  of 
the  proximal  plialaiij;e  in  the  ]>.  /.  ((iiicricanu.s.  The  color  is  somewhat 
peculiar,  having  a  general  clouded  a])pearaiice  above,  without  the  well- 
defined  si)ots  of  the  tyi)ical  subspet^ies  Americanus.  There  is  a  pahs 
band  from  one  i»ali)ebial  binder  to  the  otlier  across  the  front.  The  me- 
dian dorsal  line  is  indistinct.  iSi/e  that  of  fully  grown  H.  1.  nmericamis. 
This  form  may  bo  called  liufo  IcntUjimmiH  imclnjceithalm. 


-J^ 


-.. 


THE    HATKACIIIA    OF    NOKTll    AMKKICA. 


289 


J_ 


Bufo  loitiyiiiDsiis  l('ntitiino,su.s  Shiiw. 

Copt',  ClicrU-hisI  N.  Aiiicr.  Miitr.  IJcplil.,  187'),  p.  'M. 

JliiJ'o  UiiHijinosiis  «liaw,  Zoill.,  in,  p.  I7;{,  l^ti:>;  Giranl,  rmccMHl.  Ac.  Pliila.,  18ri4,  p.  80. 

Cliihililiryiic  liiiti;iiiioHit  Cope,  rriuccd.  Ac.  I'liila.,  lf^(i:t,  i>.  I).')?. 

/;»/()  iiuixiiiii  Liitr,  Kept-.  ",  !'•  1-7;  Djiiid.,  Kniii.,  p.  '.>,  IM. :?'.{,  tig.;}, and  Ucptil.,  Viil, 
p.  I'.tfl;  Mcir.  Tent,,  p.  Id');  Oravcnh.,  J)elic.,  p.  ")'.»,  llolhiook,  N.  Amur,  llt'i'i)*''!, 
V,  ri.  1;  J)niii.  IWbr.  Krp.  Oimi.  VIII,  p.(i-"J;  Lccoiito,  Trocecds.  Acad.,  I'liilada., 

ih:;:?,  p.  :i.')7. 

rieatl  large;  snout  obtiiso  ;  .superciliary  riilge.s  greatly  elevated  and 
terminating  posteriorly  in  a  knob;  upper  jaw  eniarginate,  lower  fur- 
ni.slied  with  a  hook  in  front;  parotoid  large,  renitbrni,  and  reaching  from 
below  the  tymp;inum  to  near  the  shoulder;  tyujpanum  large;  vocal 
vesicle  internal;  body  above  warty,  ben«'ath  granulated. 

The  head  is  large,  and  without  warts,  except  a  few  small  ones  on  Ihe 
eyelids,  and  the  mouth  is  large.  The  snout  is  obtu.se,  and  from  its  tip 
runs  an  elevated  bony  crest,  subdividing  at  the  nostrils,  and  forming  (he 
superciliary  ridges.  These  diverge  and  increase  in  elevation  ,as  they 
reach  the  posteiior  part  of  the  orbit,  where  they  terminate  in  a  rounded 
knob  or  tubercle.  Their  greatest  height  gives  to  the  upper  surface  of 
the  head  a  »;analiculated  appearance;  a  second  or  postorbital  ridge  de- 
scends from  eiich  of  these  and  completes  the  posterior  border  of  the 
orbit.  In  consecpiemie  of  the  divergence  of  the  superciliary  ridges  the 
postorbitals  are  short.  There  is  always  present  a  short  but  distinct 
ridg<^  above  the  tympanum  at  right  angles  to  the  postorbital — the  supra- 
tympanic.  The  upper  Jaw  is  deeply  emarginate  in  front;  the  lower  is 
furnished  at  its  anterior  part  with  a  distinct  hook,  which  is  received  in 
the  notch  of  the  upper  jaw. 

Tlie  nostrils  an^  small  and  round,  placed  near  the  point  of  the  snout. 
Tiie  eyes  are  large,  prominent,  and  very  beautiful;  the  ])upil  is  black, 
the  iris  reticulated  with  gold  and  black,  and  has  an  inner  margin  of 
yellow.  The  tympanum  is  large  and  du.sky,  with  a  minute  spot  of 
a  lighter  shade  in  the  center.  The  parotoid  glands  are  large  and 
reniform. 

The  back  ami  sides  are  dusky,  and  covered  with  warts  of  different 
sizes;  a  pale  vertebral  lino  extends  from  the  head  to  the  vent,  on  each 
side  of  which  are  found  the  largest  warts;  an  irregular  row  of  spots  of 
yellowish-white  exists  on  the  think,  having  somewhat  the  appearance 
of  an  indistinct  band,  extending  from  the  inferior  and  posterior  i)art  of 
Ihe  parotoid  gland  to  within  a  short  distance  of  the  thighs.  The  whole 
inferior  surface  of  the  animal  is  dirty  white,  with  a  strong  tinge  of 
yellow. 

Th(!  anterior  extremities  have  tiie  upper  surface  dusky,  with  blotches 
and  bars  of  dark  brown;  the  lower  surface  dirty  white,  tinged  with  yel- 
low. Tilt!  posterior  extremities  are  dusky  brown  above,  marked  with 
blotches  and  ( r.msver.se  bars  of  darker  brown,  and  dingy  white  beneath. 

Tills  species  attains  to  the  same  size  as  the  typical  form  of  7>.  /.  (imcr- 
icatiKs.     A  specimen  (fiOl)  from  Florida  exhibits  remarkably  elevated 

iy.ji    Bull  ;m it> 


m 


.( 


iM 


I  [ 


l:^ 


290 


UULKKTIN    ;il,    rMTi:i)    STATlvS    NATloNAI,    MISKIJM. 


T 

i 


crests  iiiid  broad  parotoul  yliinds;  tlio  coloration  is  iiuiform  ciimauiou- 
brown;  apparently  a  slight  variety. 


,i    i. 


1"'IG.  l\.—Iiii/o  li'uli'jiiKititin  hiili<jno8tts  ;  \.    (Kioiii  Hiiinl  &  Oiriird.) 

Besides  the  presenci!  of  tuberosities  of  the  frontoiiurietal  crests  and 
of  a  siipratympanic  crest,  this  subspecies  is  well  marked  by  the  rela- 
tively elongated  head.  It  enters  the  length  to  the  vent  three  and  a  half 
times  in  typical  examples.  In  some  s[)e(!imens  it  enters  the  length  .'J. 7." 
times,  and  in  others  four  times,  quite  as  in  7i.  /.  atnericanus. 

The  B.  h  lentiginosu.s  is  confined  to  the  austroriparian  region  east  of 
Tiixas,  and  all  statements  to  the  contrary  are  based  on  error.  It  does 
not  ascend  the  31ississippi  Valley,  so  far  as  is  known. 

lliifo  hnliyinumit  ItnliijiiwuuH  Shaw. 
KKSKUVK  SKKIKS. 


Ciital();riio   Xo.  of 
iiiiinber.     HI)C(^ 


Lociility. 


Wbon 

cnlli'ctrd. 


'jr)25 
5902 
2.">:'U 

2520 
2519 
K0U2 

2521 
2522 
2553 
Ot2(i 
9052 
9705 
2528 
2527 
9472 
745 
9»;i8  I 

ass;)  1 

11502 

]i;i97 

11915 


10  '   Kii'i'l>ori>ii);li,  (In  ... 
1      Slit'lli.v  Coiiiily,  (ill 
H     rensiicola,  l''la 


Imliaii  Kivor,  Fluiiila. . . 

(iHOlfll'tOWll,  S.  (" 

l,iiko  Moiiroo,  Kloi  iiln  . . 

Clmrlcston,  S.  (' 

«lo 

Alabama 

Liberty  Coiiiitv,  (ia. 

Hcauldit,  S.  C 

liiltlu Sarasota  I'.ay,  l'"la 

Arlington,  Kla  ..... 

Aiiilcr.soii,  S.  (' 

Mis-sisHipiii    

(.') 

Mlcaimpy,  I'la 


j\]>v.  — ,  1K77 


1  lom  whom  rccciviil. 


rnil.  S.  V.  Haiiil  

Maj.  .1.  liO  Coil  I II 

Dr."  W,   A.   Jlaminoiiil, 
U.  S.  A. 

t!.  Wiirdemanii 

W(!»t<m  

I'rof.  S.  F.  Jlairil 


N'atiiio  (if  NjicL- 
imcii. 


l«5:i 


Dr.  C.  iriranl 

I'n.f.  A.  WiiiclicU 
Dr.  W.  I,.  .lounH  .. 


1875 

I87rt 


July 


1875 


I'rol'.  V.  J{.  Mcik 
(i.  Lirowii  Oo()il(i. 
Misn  (".  I'aiun  ... 

U.V.  I-I(pva 

I'.  I,.  .l.iiiV 

Dr.  .r.  Jl.'J'.eaii  .. 


('liarli'Hton  

NaHbvillo.  Cia 
.Mill.m.  Fla..., 
NaHhvillr,  (ia. 


18SU  William  J.  Tavlor 
1881  S.  T.  Wallicr  ..... 
18-iU     William  J.  Tayl.ir 


Ali'iibolir 
Do. 
D... 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
D... 
Do. 
Do. 
l>o. 


T 


THE    HATKACIIIA    OF    NOUTll    AMKKICA. 
lUJKO  (il'KRL'ICUS  ll(.ll)iook. 


291 


North  AiinT.  llfi'it.,  V,  HI,  If'W,  TiiW.  in,  Copt',  riocecds.  Aiiier.  IMiiloNoph.  Soc. 
1880, 1).  f)!'"). 

CUUoiihnjnvi^Ktloiiha  Cope,  rrocfcd.  Ac.  Nat.  .Sci.  I'liila.,  IH(W,  :ill  (crroneoiiH  locality). 
Jliijo  di(iloiilni.i  l{'Hilcn>,MT,  Cat.  Matr.  Sal.  IJrit.  Miis.,  cd.  ii,  IH-^-.',  p.  :ill>. 

Head  biojid;  imixsiK!  jnoiniin'iit,  conic.  Cranium  stronj;l,v  lidfjed. 
rieoinilar  and  postocnlar,  suju'atynjpaiiic,  and  suptMciliarj  rid^ics  well 
developed,  the  '  1  nialiiny  a  very  open  anyle  with  that  of  the  eanthuss 
ro.stralis,  and  s  .idiii},''  oil"  pcsteriorly  a  parietal,  whicli  first  converges 
toward  that  oi»po.site,  and  then  runs  tran.sver.sely  on  the  occiput  to 
meet  it,  failiii}^'  in  thi.s  by  a  very  8li}>ht  interval.  A  small  nuchal  i)it. 
Tymiianum  in  contact  with  jjostorbital  ridj>e,  only  one  fourth  tlu;  size 
of  the  oibit.  Tongue  small,  narrow,  half  free;  a  strong  symphyseal 
tubercle  lilting  a  premaxillary  pit.  I'arotoids  large,  short,  descending 
on  sides  to  opi)osite  lower  edge  of  tymi»anum.  Skin  everywhere  rigidly 
rugose,  subspinous  on  the  tarsus.  The  Joints  of  the  extremities  are 
pale  and  appear  swollen.  Fingers  slendev;  lirst  shorter  than*  second, 
which  equals  the  third.  One  metacarpal  tubercle  only.  Toes  short, 
one  third  webbed  ;  two  acute  metatarsal  tubercles,  the  internal  large, 
incurved,  like  a  (lattered  spur,  jellow,  brown  tii)ped.  Length  of.  head 
iiiid  body,  10  lines;  of  hinder  extremity,  12  lines. 

The  head  above  is  dusky,  with  a  yellowish  central  longitudinal  line; 
(lie  superciliary  ridges  are  gray,  with  a  white  mark  in  the  center.  On 
ea(;h  si<le  of  this  longitudinal  line  is  an  oblong  black  spot,  extending 
from  it  to  include  most  of  the  posterior  part  of  the  orbit  of  the  eye;  a 
.small  part  only  of  the  orbit  in  front  of  this  is  light  colored ;  the  upper 
jaw  is  light  brown. 


Krc.  72.  Uti/o  rjurrcieiin  IIoUn'..  1K!94,  ii.itiir.nl  size;  Milton,  Fin. 

The  back  of  the  animal  is  dusky  brown,  with  a  vertebral  line  of  palo 
yellow,  marked  with  a  few  scattered  small  warts  of  reddish-brown  co'or. 
On  each  side  of  this  line  are  irregular  black  blotches,  with  here  and 
there  a  slight  tinge  of  reddish  brown.  The  back  is  covered  with  in- 
numerable warts  and  granulations  of  variable  size  and  color,  generally 
bhick,  but  the  smaller  ones  of  dusky  red.  On  each  tiank,  and  extend- 
ing Irom  the  axilla  downwards  toward  the  posterior  extremity^  is  an 
oblong  black  blotch  bounded  with  white  both  above  and  below. 

The  throat  is  dusky;  the  abdomen  silvery-gray,  yellowish  at  the. 
groin,  and  with  a  pale  tinge  of  yellow  around  the  vent.  The  anterior 
extremities,  as  well  as  the  posterior,  are  dusky  brown  above,  marked 
with  black  transverse  bars  or  spots.  Their  inferior  surface  is  colored 
like  the  abdomen,  except  the  tiugers  and  toes,  which  are  reddish-browu. 


tr  jl 


i 

f  1 
•1 

:1 


"     -  71 

i 

■    i 

W'l 

|;! 

i '  i 

!    if 

■  Ik 


21)2       HULLETiN  ;)i,  uMri:i)  siatios  naiional  museum. 

ri):s  is  tlio  siiiJillost  known  spccios-of  the  jjenus  Bulb.    The  measure- 
ments of  iin  lulult  are  as  follows; 

H. 

LiMij?tli  of  lii'iul  iiiid  body 027 

Lciif^tli  of  liead  to  posterior  edges  of  tympana 007 

Widlli  of  head  at  posterior  edjjes  of  tyiiii»aiia OOHtl 

Leiiytli  of  anterior  ic      01 KJ 

Length  of  anterior  t. OOG 

Length  of  posterior  Kg  from  groin 0:i;i7 

Length  of  tibia 00c(i 

Length  of  tarsus 005 

Length  of  rest  of  foot 00,s:> 

In  some  .specimens  the  transverse  posterior  partw)f  the  frontoparietal 
crest  is  broken  up.  It  then  resembles  the  youny  of  the  lUi/o  lenllijino- 
sus,  with  which  it  has  been  supposed  to  be  identical  by  various  authors. 
It,  however,  ditfers  from  tliis  species  in  (he  ditferently  shapttl  parotoid 
glands,  the  thickened  posterior  parts  of  tlni  mandibles,  and  from  all 
the  subspecies,  excei)t  the  />'.  /.  iroodliousri,  in  the  shorter  head.  Tiiere 
is  no  doubt  but  that  Dr.  Ilolbrook  was  correct  in  rejfardiiij;  this  as  a 
distinct  species  of  very  snutU  size.  The  redescription  of  the  specii-s  by 
myself  was  due  to  the  omission  of  its  characteristic  peculiarities  from 
extant  writings.  Tlie  erroneous  locality  (Sandwich  Islands)  is  one  of 
several  such  errors,  based  on  the  incorrect«labeling  of  the  collections  of 
J.  II.  Townsend,  to  which  tlKsspecimen  belonged. 

The  geograidiical  distribution  of  this  s|)ecies  is  icstricted  io  tiie 
region  extending  from  Kiiiston,  N.  C,  to  Middle  Georgia  and  Florida, 
inclusive. 

Jhifo  qiurckun  Holbrook. 
ItESEUVE  SKKIKS. 


-L 


'T' 


(^iitalii;;iu 

N'o.  .,1 

jiuimIxt. 

«|)(C. 

___.,   . 

._•' 

noil 

n 

S:i4.'! 

1 

iHwn 

1 

uai:. 

1 

L'U2t! 

It 

2625 

:i 

113U4 

.1 

Local  itv. 


Ooorgia , 

KiiiHton,  N.  (' , 

Atliii;;lim,  I'lii 

Litlli'Siirii.siita  lia.v,  Kla 

(ii'orjiia '. 

(Miaiipston,  S.  C 

Milton,  I'lii 


Wlicii 

<'olli'('t(^ll. 


Krotii  wliom  i(>(  rived. 


May 


1.  l.'iTH 


1881 


Mai.  .1.  I.i>  (.'oiitc 
.1.  W.  Miliiir.    ... 

(i.    Itl'OU  II  (idlMJi' 

I'lof.  K.  1!.  M.rk 
Mai.  •'.  ■-<'  ('oiiti' 
Or.  S.  !!.  liaiK.T. 
S.  T.  Walker 


Nature  or.s|iee 
inieii. 


Ali'olii 
D.I. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


liUIX)  VALLICLr.S  Wiegni. 

Iliifo  r((//(((7w  Wiegin.,   Isis,   LS?:!,  ]).  (;,")7 ;   I'cters,  Moii.   liei',.  Ac.,  IHli;!,  p.  SI;   limi- 

lengcr.  Cat.  lialr.  S;il.  Hrit.  Mils.,  'M  ed.,  ]t.  :U;». 
Jiitjo  iirantiloxii.^  Haird  tV  (iiiard,  I'roeec'd.  Ac.  I'liila.,  l."'.VJ,  p.  17:!. 
Iliifo  iKbiilifir  (i\i;ni\,  Proceed.  Ac.  IMiila.,   ISM,  ji.  .-i7  ;  Hallow.,  Ihid.,  l-,"i(;,  p.  :!(is; 

Girard,  U.S.  Mex.  Umind.  Snrv.,  ii,  p.  '2'>,  IM.  10,  tig.  1-1;  (iiliKli.,  Cat.  Hrit.Miis., 

p.  (ill. 
ChUophrtjnv  iiehulifo-o  Cope,  rroeced,  Ac.  Pliihj.,  l»^0'i.  p.  :i.')7. 

Postorl   tal  ridge  forming  an  open  angle  with  the  supraorbital ;  pre- 
orbital  distinct;  supraorbital  strong,  nearly  plane,  1','  the  strong  supra- 


J- 


THE    BATRACIIIA    OF    XORTII    AMHKICA. 


293 


lyiiipaiiK.'.  JiUlgcs  of  Ccinthus  coiiciivc,  piirullcl  on  t-iitl  of  muzzle;  latter 
truiieate  in  [)rorile.  Strong-  niaxilliiry  ridge  tVoni  inferior  niargin  of 
orbit  to  posterior  extremity  of  the  bone.  Loreal  region  coneave,  nos- 
trils subvertical;  tympanum  balf  orbit.  Two  strong  convergent  parie- 
tal ridges  from  supraorbital,  eacli  longer  than  supratympanic  of  its 
side.  Length  of  head  from  end  muzzle  to  posterior  border  tympanum 
e(|uals  breadth  l)elo\v  at  eanthus  oris  in  specimens  1.5  inches  long;  rel- 
itiively  less  in  larger  specimens,  till  in  one  .'5.7.1  inches  long  it  is  scarcely 
oser  two  thirds  the  breadth.  Eyelids  nearly  horizontal ;  tongue  ordi- 
uary  obpyriform;  choana'-  larger  than  ostia  pharyngca.  Length  of 
head,  as  above,  three  to  three  and  a  <piarter  times  from  end  of  muzzle  to 
end  of  urostyle.  Parotoid  glands  n)easured  longitudinally  equal  supra- 
orbital ridge,  longer  obliquely ;  acuminate  posteriorly  and  continuous 
with  a  lateral  series  of  acute  tubercles  (sometimes  on  a  jdica),  which  ex- 
lend  downwards  to  groin.  Skin  above  with  scattered  rounded,  on  sides 
with  close  acuminate,  tubercles;  below  with  c!.'»se  small  rounded  tu- 
bercdes. 

Second  .linger  short— iless  than  fourth;  a  keeled  palmar  and  elongate 
pollicary  tubercle;  palms  aiul  soles  rough  with  tubercles.  A  small 
acuminate  and  insignilic^nit  extcrn-il  metatarsal  tubercle.  No  inner  tar- 
sal fold.  Toes  half  webbed  and  margined.  The  carpus  of  the  extended 
arm  reaches  beyond  the  muzzle;  the  heel  attains  fiom  the  hinder  to 
the  front  margin  of  the  orbit. 

Dimensions  of  an  adult  (San  Antonio)  :  From  end  muzzle  to  end 
urostyle, .)  inches  9  lines;  from  same  to  jiosterior  nuiigin  tymi)anuin 
(obli<pu'),  2  inches  LM  lines;  anteiior  extremity,  1  inch  1.5  lines  to  carpus 
+  .S  lines  to  end  longest  linger,  femur,  1  inch  0  lines;  tibia,  1  inch  3 
lines;  foot  from  heel,  2  inches;  tarsus,  10  lines. 

Coloration:  Above  a  chestnut  brown,  with  a  dark  cross-band  be- 
tween orbits.  A  dark  lateral  band  from  behind  orbit  along  the  side  to 
groin,  Ibilowing  below  the  lateral  fold,  which  is  light-bordered  above; 
a  more  or  less  distinct  liglit  vertebral  line;  ui)per  lip  yellow-bordered, 
r.reast  and  gular  regions  more  or  less  slate  shaded.  Limbs  brown, 
cross-barred. 

Varieties:  Of  these  I  am  acquainted  with  three,  which  are  quite <  is- 
tiiigulshable.  First.  The  tyi>ical  has  a  strong  parietal  ridge,  is  scarcely 
varied  with  darker  below,  and  is  light  brown  above ;  sides  very  tuber- 
culous; specimens  from  Texas,  Tanuiulii»as,  and  Vera  Cruz — Emory 
andSartoriiis.  Second.  Sides  with  smaller  granulations;  colors  black- 
ish, spotting  and  varying  the  whole  inferior  regions.  Three  specimens 
from  Y^icatan  (Nos.  721),  778,  771))— Schott.  Third.  Ridges  weaker, 
especially  the  parietal;  cinnamon-brown,  below  brown  varied  and 
spotted  ;  sides  giauular.    Two  specimens  from  Belize — Dr.  Parsous. 


f  'i( 


^ 


,_ 


294       BULLivriN  :!i,  rMTi:i)  statks  xationa!.  museum. 
Speciuieiis  in  National  Museiiin  Iroiii  tlie  Uuiteil  States: 


1. 


Fic.  73.  l}u/ii  valll<'rp:<  Wiog.    (From  Bainl,  V.  S.  ^•c■x.  nniinil.  Siirv.) 

Iliifo  vnlliifpa  Wiogni.inn. 

IIE.SF.UVE  SEUIES. 


Catalogue 

No.  of 

iiuiubur. 

spec. 

2663 

10 

2605 

7 

2rm 

1 

2">!)K 

1 

'ZMH 

1 

'J(i02 

'» 

saoa 

2 

2592 

1 

2.-i01 

2 

2600 

2 

2601 

1 

1150 

3 

Loralit.v. 


Wlicn 
collcctod. 


Calcasidn  Pass,  La 


Fi'O!.,  wlioiii  n  cpivi'd. 


(i.  Wiirili'iiiaiin. . 


Texas 1.  ll.Claik 

I!rowii.svill(>.  Tux '  I'lol'.  H.V.  Haiiil  . 

Fdit  IiifTc,  Ti'X  

New  liraiiiit'i'l.s,  Tex 

Santa  Ciituniia,  Xih'vo 
Leon. 

Sun  I'cilro.  Tex  , 

Matanioro-t.  Mi'X 

Uctwewi  Laredo  anil  f  !a- 

Sau  Antonio.  Tex 

('» 

New  Ui  loans,  La 


Dr.  V.  H.  H.  Keniieily.. 
I'lol'.  S.  1'.  Kail (1  .  .". . . 
Lieut.  ll.(;oiieli,  T.S.  .\  . 

nr.  C.  15.  n.  KeiMieilv. 
Lieut.  It.Coueli,  l'.  S.  A 
A.SeJHilt 


C.R.  K.  Kennel  I V 

(t) '■ 

Ur.  I{.  W.  Seliulchlt  .. 


Xatnrenf  Hpee- 
inien. 


Aleoliolie 
Do. 
l»o. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


This  species  is  also  common  in  Louisiana,  numerous  specimens  hav- 
ing been  sent  from  New  Orleans  by  Dr.  Shufeldt,  and  by  Prof.  IVn. 
King  from  Baton  Kougc.  Its  sontliern  range  extends  as  far  as  Nica- 
ragua, inclusive. 


"T 


^„»^uiiiiiiai 


r 


THE    HATRACIIIA    or    NOUTII    AMI•:^ICA. 


295 


DENDUOl'UltYMSCIDE. 

This  f.iinily  is  said  by  Boulenger  to  (litter  from  the  Cystipfnathidrt"!, 
only  in  the  absence  of  the  preinaxillary  and  niaxillary  teeth. 
Tliere  are  bnt  two  genera,  as  follows: 

No  vomerine  teotli.     Tonj^iic  ciitin^ly  iiillieront;  no  tyiiipiimiiii  nor  Kiist.icliiiin  tnlios; 

toes  webbed,  external  met  lit  iirsals  united  ;  omosternumandMternum  cartilaginous; 

terminal  pliaiaiifft's  siinjdi' /ItilrachophrijiiiiH  Peters. 

No  vomerine  teetb  ;  toMj;u(!  IVei;  posteriorly;  ling<!rs  and  toes  sliglilly  \vel)bcd  ;  the 

tips  dilated;  no  omosternuin  ;  .slernnin  with  osseous  style. 

IkndroiihryninvKH  Espatla. 

There  are  but  two  species  of  IJatrachophrynus,  whi(!h  are  from  Pern. 
The  single  species  of  Deudrophryni.scus  was  fonnd  near  Kiode  Janeiro. 


/    .. 


ASTEKOPITRYDID.E.* 

Vertebra'  opisthoccrlous.  Oiapophysis  of  sacrum  dilated,  of  urostyle 
wanting;  the  latter  attached  by  but  one  cotyloid  cavity  (except  in  one 
genus),     liibs  none.     Sternum  undivided. 

In  the  known  genera  the  external  nietatarsi  not  separated  for  a  web; 
terminal  i)halanges  continuous,  simple.  O.  frontoparietalia  no>  strongly 
ossified  medially,  but  without  fontanelle.  Superior  plate  of  the  ethmoid 
well  developed  anteriorly.    Ear  perfectly  developed. 

Genera:   Cryptotis,  Gthr. ;  Asterophrys,  Tsch. ;  Megalophrys,  Knhl. 

Tlio  Pala'obatrachidii,'  ditt'er  from  tliis  fanuly  in  the  conversion  oi 
tlieir  seventh,  eighth,  and  nintli  vertebral  centra  and  diapophyses  into 
a-sacrum,  instead  of  the  ninth  oidy.  The  supposed  osseous  covering  ot 
the  cavuni  tympain  and  tuba  Eustachii,  is  not  contlrmed  l)y  the  re- 
searches of  Walterstorrt". 

Cryptotis,  the  oidy  Australian  genus  of  the  family,  possesses  two 
sacral  condyles  for  the  ai  ticidatioii  of  the  coc^cyx  ;  it  has  a  long  tooth, 
like  process  on  the  os  dentale,  similnr  to  that  seen  in  Rano.  macroiloii 
f  iid  /»*.  laihUi. 

The  other  genera  belong  to  the  Malayan  Islands.  There  are  no  arbo- 
real or  aquidic  forms  embraced  in  this  fauiily.  The  whole  number  of 
species  known  is  five. 

a.  Toes  free. 

Two  itostsacral  (■(in<lyles;  o,  dentale  with  a  dentiform  process;  vomerine  teeth; 

no  parotoids  ;  sliM'niim  a  eartila;;inous  plate  t ('rjiploiiH. 

Ono  [lostsaeral  eondyle.  No  dentiform  process,  llrad  lar;;e,  an;;ular;  upper 
palpebral  border  with  culancousappi'ndages.  Vomeiiiie  teeth.  Ton^juo  en- 
tirely adherent.     'I'ymiianum  hidden,  perl'e(;t Islvrophrnf. 

an.  Toes  partially  wcblicd. 

One  i)ostsacr;(l  eonilyle;  vomerine  teeth  little  (levcl<)]ied  ;  sternum  with  u  bony 
style;  tonjriK!  luo.'id,  free  behind  (tyni|)anniM  concealed) Mctjalophriin, 


\ 


rinteOS. 


t  Teste  Honlenger. 


I       ! 


:h 


H: 


0h'. 


m^ 


1 


I 

r 


i 


111 


i  -■ ! 
\  ^ 

Hi! 


!i)' 


^4 

US 


il 


290 


lUJLLHTIX    :!l,    L'MIEIJ    STATHS    NATIONAL    MfSKlM. 


PELODVTIDJ'L* 

Vertebra'  proooilous ;   no  libs  or  diiipoitliysos  of   coccyx.     Sacrum 
united  witli  tlie  coccyx  by  condyle,  its  diajujpiiyses  dilated. 

The  species  of  tliis  family  are  of  weak  organization;  the  fronto 
l)ariet€al  bones  are  undeveloped  in  one  of  the  four  genera  embra(!ed  iiy 
it,  and  they  are  very  weak  in  the  others.  Their  atlinities  are  altogetli'  r 
between  the  Asterophiydida-,  and  Scai)liioi)odida'.  Their  vertebra' only 
distinguish  them  from  the  former  and  their  distinct  bicondyloid  coccyx 
from  the  latter.  In  the  known  genera  tiie  auditory  apparatus  is  dev«'l 
oped,  and  the  cephalic  integument  is  tree;  in  noiu!  is  there  a  metatar- 
sal shovel. 

a.  Sfcrimiii  with  an  osseous  stylo. 

\()  (liMitary  aiiopliysis  :  no  vomciiiic  torlli;  tonji;n(i  broad,  liiil   littlo  frt'c ;  tyin- 

paiiiiiii  distinct ;  one  postsacral  condyle W-iiophrns. 

Frontoparietal  bones  complete;  no  vomerine  teetli  :  one  (.aeral  condyle  for  nro- 

style;  tonj^ue  partially  free  /.rplohrdildinii, 

Frontoparietal  bones  enibraein;;  a  lar;;(' Ibntanelle  ;  vomerine  teetli:  twosnerai 
condyles  f'ortlic  coccyx  ;  a  weak  parotoid  inland  ;  pnidl  elliptic,  erect  :  tongue 

partially  IVee ;  atlas  and  ••sis  coiilliient I'cloiljilis. 

na.  Sternnin  without  osseous  style. 

Frontoparietal  bones  complete  ;  vomerine  tt'ctli ;  two  postsacral  .  ondyles. 

Iliilnichojisin. 

In  the  species  of  Leptobrachium  and  Pelodytes  tlie  external  meta 
tarsi  are  bound  together ;  in  the  only  known  spei:ies  of  P.atrachopsis 
they  are,  according  to  IJoulenger,  slightly  separated. 

This  family  lias  a  pectdiar  distribution.  Pelodytes  i.s  European, 
Xenophrys  and  Leptobrachium  are  i'aheotropical,  Jind  Ijalrachopsis, 
Australian  (New  Guinea). 


■^  * 


scArnropiDJ-: 

Cope,  Journ.  Ac.  Phila.,  18ti(i,  ]>.  CO;  Nat.  Hist.  K'ev.,  l-Ti,',  p.  11,  pars. 

Pchhal\(hv  Lalaste,  Actes    Soc.  Linn.,  liordeanx,  XNX,  :iHll,  pars;    I5onlen^er  Catal. 
Batr.  Sal.  IJrit.  Mus.  Fd.  ii,  ISS-J,  p.  X.Vi,  pars. 

Vertebra'  proco'lian  ;  no  costal  elements  or  coccygeal  diai)opliyses; 
diapophyses  of  ninth  vertebra  much  dilated,  thin,  and  triangular;  nro 
style  without  condyloid  articidation,  its  axial  portion  rcstiicting  that 
of  the  sacrum  and  connate  with  it:  external  metatarsi  bound;  distal 
phalanges  continuous,  simple.  Manubrium  cartilaginous.  Tongue 
rounded,  nearly  entire. 

The  small  number  of  species  embraced  in  this  family  are  of  stout 
toad-like  habit,  and  furnished  with  a  sli  jvel-like  develojinient  of  the 
cuneiform  bone  and  a  coriaceous  posterior  digital  palmation,  \o  aid 
them  in  removing  earth  while  making  their  subteiranean  abodes. 
Many  of  them  very  seldom  come  to  the  surface  of  the  earth,  and  then 
only  in  darkness;  for  this  lialtit  the  vertical  (iatlike  pupil  is  an  adapta 
tioii,  a  peculiarity  not  exhibited  by  the  toads,  which  are  crepuscular. 

»riateU^.  ^ 


1 


/ 


1 


',m 


(: 


'   ,! 


± 


tUE    ISATRACniA   OF    NORTH    AMKRICA.  207 

I.  Caviiiu  tympaiii  and  tympaiiiiin  waiitinj;.     Xiiiliistciiiiiiii  with  an  ossiiiiMl  inoxi- 

nial  Nlylc.     Ciincilonii  Ixino  and  .slu-atli  well  (Icvi'luiii'd.     I'upil  iri'cl.     Toes 

\Vld)luMl. 

Derm  involvt'd  in  cranial  ossilication.  Temporal  fossa  with  a  stn.ii}?  roof. 
V(nn(!rinc  teuth  :  no  parotoid  glands Cnllriiw^. 

Derm  involved  in  cranial  ossilication.  No  roof  over  the  temporal  fossa,  or  par- 
otoid glands.     Vomcrint'  Iccth I'vhthnlvH, 

Derm  distinct  from  cranium,  which  is  nndcvclopcd  ahovc,  two  lateral  iVonto- 
paiietal  l)ars  inclosing  a  median  fontanelle.     Vomerine^  teeth.     No  jiaro- 

loids I)i<li)ciis. 

Cnneilbrm   hono   and  sheath  well   developed.     Toes  more  or  less   wehlied. 

II.  Cavui!'  tympani  and  tymiiannni  present.     Xipliisternum  entirely  cartiln^inoiis. 

IMipil  ellii>tic  erect. 
Derm  involved  in  the  cephaMc  ossilication,  which  is  coinplelc.     I'.irotoid  j;lands 

and  vomerine  teeth s'tdf/u'oyiH.v. 

Derm  distinct  from  cranium,  which  is  usually  only  ossilied  superiorly  in  two 

sujierciliary  bars.     I'jirotoid  glands  and  vomerine  teeth Siwu. 

Tlio  oxtroiuo  of  diverj^ciice  of  the  sorie.s  of  tlii.s  family  is,  tluMi,  that 
represent i II j;'  its  type  in  a  pre  einiiient  dejiree.  This  is  seen  in  the  j^cmi.s 
C(»ltrii>es  wliere  liie  ossilieation  of  tlie  siii>erior  eranial  walls  is  esjje- 
eially  lhi<;kene(l,  obliterates  the  sagittal  suture,  anil  is  e.vtentled  in  an 
arch  over  the  tempoial  fossa.  The  anterior  ossifieation  of  theeo(!c.yx  is 
applie<l  by  its  axial  portion  beneath  the  axis  or  eentrnin  of  .the  sacral 
vertebra,  and  beeoines  consolidated  with  it  sh(utly  after  its  eoininence- 
Mient,  fnrnishing  a  structure  not  rare  among  bnrrowing  Aniira.  Tliis 
character  is  maiiitiiined  in  the  descendiii!,  scale  by  Peh)bates,  Diihxnis, 
S<;aphiopus,  and  Si)ea,  Ihotigh  "none  of  these  have  the  temporal  fos.sai 
overarched.  Cnltripes,  with  Pelobates  and  Didocns,  exhibit  an  ossified 
basal  xiphisternal  piece,  while  in  all  below  it  is  cartilaginous,  as  in  most 
Ar.;ifera;  the  extreme  position  of  the  former  is  also  maintained  by  the 
obliteration  of  many  portions  of  the  auditory  apparatus.  The  siuiceed- 
ing  form.s — Scaphiopns  and  Si)ea — resend)lethe  first  group  in  the  toad- 
like form  and  in  the  strong  cuneiform  shovel  and  webbed  feet. 

The  distiibution  of  the  .species  of  the  family  is  as  follows: 




|K. 

Ncotrop. 

0 
0 
(1 
0 
0 

u. 

N- 

L'arctica. 

U 

eal:i>:U(t. 

0 
0 
0 
2 

O 

(?)1 
1 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

4 

1 

a 

("Mltri|>(>,s  .. 
I'l'lolialtis  . 

Oiilorii.s 

.Scajiliiopiis 
Sp<'a 


The  inferior  dermal  attachments  of  seven  species  of  this  family  arc  as 
I0II0W.S : 

liiiloviiH  calcdrulii'i,     Uelly  more  than  tialf  attached. 

I'cIoIhiIch/uhchh.  P'roni  half  to  two-thirdsattached  ;  same  in  larva,  with  long  tail ;  fe- 
mur one  line  lielow. 

Srniihiopiis  holhroohii.  Free  only  opjiosite  sternum:  thi;;h  attachi'd  only  uelow  on 
Itasal  half. 

>Sc((j»/iio^)i(.s  roiirhii.     Triangular  free  area  to  middle  ahdomen. 


,  I-  < 


'*ti 


298  nULLKTIN    :!l,    UXrTKD    STATIvS    NATIONAL    MIJSKUM. 

f^jiia  lianmoiidii.     Vury  wiili;  liiteriil   i:il'  .l-  .itliU'Iiiiieiits,  whidi   do  imt  moot  till 

folllOI'il. 

Sjwa  homhifroun.     liolly  with  it  free  iiiodiaii  baiiil ;  foiiioijil  liiioH  liolow  niidatiovo  bo- 

liind. 
Si>va  muUipUcata.    A  (Voo  dornal  lino,  very  narrow  in  front,  lint  wido  as  ilia  liohind; 

abdominal  aroa  witli  a  broador  froo  Hpace. 


SCAPIIIOPITS  Ilolbrook. 

N.  Amcr.  Horp.,  ii,  p.  8.");  Tsdindi,  Itatr.,  p.  KJ ;  Dum,  A:  Hibr,  viii,  p. 
471;  GiinlIi.,Cat.,  p.  :!H ;  Copo.,  Nat.  Hist.  Rev.,  18(15,  p.  lOH,  and 
Jonrn.  Ac.  Pliila.  ('i),  vi,  p.  HI ;  IJonlenyor,  Cat.  Batr.  fJal.  Brit. 
MnM.,  aded.,  188->,  p.  43:5. 

Cavum  tympani  and  tympanic  inonibrane  present;  sternuiii  a  carti- 
laginous plate;  pupil  erect;  toes  webbed ;  internal  cuneiform  bone  of 
tarsus  well  developed. 

This  genus  embraces  si)ecies  of  robust  form  and  of  burrowing  liabit.-^, 
The  greater  part  of  their  lives  is  spent  beneath  the  surface  of  tln' 
ground,  but  in  sjuing  lliey  emerge  and  proceed  to  deposit  their  eggs  in 
the  nearest  body  of  watei'.  This  is  usually  of  a  temporary  character, 
and  in  adaptation  to  this  circumstance  the  metamorphosis  is  corre 
spondingly  rapid.  They  are  very  irregular  as  to  the  period  of  its  com- 
pletion, in  dry  regions  losing  their  larval  ap|)endages  while  very  small, 
while  iu  other  and  well-watered  regions  they  retain  them  until  fully 
grown.  During  the  season  of  reproduction  llicy  are  very  noi.sy,  but 
after  that  time  disappear,  and  arc  neither  seen  nor  heard.  They  are  r  f' 
jdain  colors.  Their  general  fort. is  are  like  those  of  their  allies  of  the 
Old  World,  the  species  of  Pelobates,  or  somewhat  like  that  of  toads. 

There  are  two  well-marked  species  of  this  genns^  which  differ  as  fol- 
lows : 

a.  Collections  of  glandular  crypts  on  the  pnst-tympa;iic  and  pectoral  roi^ions. 

Front  wide;  interorbital  width  onterinj;  length  of  tibia  •2..')  times;  vomer- 
ine teeth  a  little  behind  choanie;  color  dark,  with  or  without  two  pale 

longitndinal  stripes S.  holhrookii. 

na.  No  glandnlar  enlargements  on  post-tympanic  or  pectoral  regions 

Front  wide  ;  interorbital  width  entering  length  of  tibia  three  times;  vcnner- 
ine  teeth  a  little  behind  nares;  color  lignt,  with  a  net-work  of  brown 
bands S.  coiivhii. 


SCAPIIIOPUS  IIOLBROOKIT  TIarlan. 

(Plates  57,  fig.  2;  G8,  fig.  3;  7:5,  tig.  30.) 
Baird,  Report  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Surv.,  iv,  Rcptil.,  1859,  PI.  xxvii,  fig.  I. 
1 ;  Cope,  Proceed.  Ac.  Pliila.,  18(J3,  p.  54. 

linHd  holbroohii  Harlan,  Med.  Pliys.  Researches,  1835,  p.  105. 

SraphiopiiH nolilariim  UoUmutU,  N.  Am.  Herp.,  1^3(1,  Vol.  I,  \\.  e5,  PI.  Xit,  iliiii.  (edit,  .lit.), 

Irt4'2,  IV,  iu:t,  PI.  xxvii;  'IVlmdi,  M6in.  Nciichatel,  i,  ISis,  p.  fA;  Dnm.A.  Bibr., 

Frp.  (Jen.,  l-^ll,  VIII,  473;  \,n  Conte,  Proceed.  Ac.  Nat.  .Sii.Phila.,  1K'>5,  4-Jit; 

(iilnth.,  Cat.  Batr.  Sul.  Brit.  Mns.,  IH.'.S,  p.  3M;  Boiilenger.  Cat.   I$atr.  Sal.  Brit. 

Mns.,  2ded.,  1HS2,  p.  434. 


■?■! 


TIIK    HATRACHIA    OK    XOIITII    AMKHICA. 


209 


I 


Head  iargc;  maxillary  outline  romuled.  Profile  of  front  a  rather  steep 
descent  from  the  swollen  occiimt,  where  the  skin  is  thin,  closely  adhe- 
rent, and  penetrated  by  osseous  granules.  Eyes  jn'ominent.  Tympa- 
num distinct,  half  its  extent  larger  thanosfia  pharyngea.  Vomerine 
teeth  in  two  fasiculi  between  and  behind  the  posterior  borders  of  the 
latter.  Parotoids  sn>all,  rounded,  prominent.  No  gland  on  the  tibia  ; 
oiin  on  each  side  of  the  thorax  near  the  axilla.  Skin  of  back  minutely 
tuberculous,  of  sides  more  coarsely;  below  nearly  smooth.  Cuneiform 
process  longer  than  in  any  other  species  of  the  genus,  but  not  more 
prominent.  Ileel  of  extended  hind  leg  reaching  posterior  edge  of  tym- 
panuMi. 

The  inner  nostrils  are  large,  open,  rather  elongated  transversely,  and 
wider  apart  than  are  the  external  nares.  The  vonierine  teeth  are  in 
two  patches,  situated  within  the  inner  nares,  and  on  aline  with  their 
posterior  borders.  The  teeth  in  the  margin  of  the  jaw  are  continuous, 
tliough  not  much  developed.  The  tongue  is  longitudinally  oval,  not 
emarginate  behiiul  in  the  specimen  examined,  where  it  is  free  for  nearly 
half  its  length. 

The  skin  above  and  on  the  sides  is  covered  pretty  uniformly  with 
tubercles  or  pustules,  with  smaller  hard  black  ones  interspersed.  The 
lirst  mentioned  are  wanting  on  the  head  and  outer  surfaces  of  the  lii:ibs, 
wiiere  the  others,  however,  may  be  observed.  A  few  pustules  about 
the  anus  on  the  buttocks  which  show  little  signs  of  granulation.  There 
is  a  short  parotid  gland  Just  above  and  behind  the  tympanum. 

The  arm  is  well  developed  ;  the  hand  much  shorter  than  theforearni. 
The  outer  finger  is  very  short;  then  the  second;  the  iburtii  is  a  little 
shorter  than  the  third,  or  longest.  All  are  subtruucate,  or  thickened 
at  the  tips.  A  thickened  web  may  be  traced  between  the  bases  of  the 
lingers,  although  such  palmation  is  not  very  evident.  On  the  inner 
and  upper  faces  of  the  two  inner  fingers  is  a  black,  callous  thickening 
of  the  epidermis.  The  tibia  is  uuu;h  shorter  than  the  femur,  and  not 
one  third  the  total  length  of  body;  the  foot  and  femur  about  equal. 
The  metatarsal  bones  are  firmly  united  nearly  to  the  end  by  inter- 
mediate muscle,  and  a  web  exteiuls  between  the  tii)S  of  the  sluut  toes. 
The  outer  toe  is  very  short,  but  little  exceeding  the  third,  and  the  wel) 
between  it  and  the  fourth  toe  is  proportioiuilly  reduced. 

All  the  toes  .are  much  depressed,  and  invested  by  the  thickened  skin. 
At  the  base  of  the  inner  toe  is  an  elongated,  compressed,  and  well-de- 
veloped spade  like  process,  with  a  sharp  horny  edge,  of  a  black  color; 
a  trace  of  the  same  is  seen  on  the  inner  edge  of  the  tip  of  the  inner 
toe.  The  sole  is  perfectly  smooth,  and  there  is  no  tubercle  of  any  kind 
except  the  spade-like  process. 

Color  above,  in  spirits,  either  earth-brown,  fulvous-brown,  or  ashy- 
brown,  with  a  pale  ashy  band  from  each  orbit;  these  converge  again 
on  the  coccyx.  These  bands  are  rarely  unbioken,  and  are  sonu^times 
exceedingly  indistinct;    they  sojuetinies  inclose  a  pale  area.     Sides 


IM 


m'i 


300  unLLETIN   31,    I'NITKO    STAIKS    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

Bometinies  inarblod  with  ]iiiU'  asli,  soinctiincs  uniform.  Sonu'timcs  a 
pale  iiterorbital  cross-band,  s')mL'tiiiics  two  longitudinal  bands  on  muz- 
zle.   A  vertical  lirtht  line  on  end  of  muzzle. 


"~T~    ^-^2  4  6 

Flo.  74.  flrniihiojnis  hoUtronkii.    Xo.  10004.     Florida  Ki'.vs  ;  }. 

Miiimiremiiiln  of  So.  llHltJ. 

M. 

Lcnfjtli  of  bead  and  body (MW 

L('ii<;tli  of  head,  iiiL']iidin<;  tyiiijiaua ()•.':> 

Width  of  head,  iiicliidiiij;  tyiii liana O'JT.'i 

Lcnytli  of  fore-ley  from  axilla OIC) 

Lenjjtli  of  hind  leg  from  groin O'i] 

Length  of  liitia OvilT 

Length  of  tarsus .  OIJ 

Length  of  rest  of  foot OJT 

The  wide  front  and  peculiar  glands  of  t'.iis  sjjecies  readily  distingiii.sli 
thent  from  all  others  mendjers  of  the  genus.  Its  range,  liUe  tliat  of  sd 
many  other  North  American  Batrachia  and  rei)tiles,  is  confnicd  1<»  llif 
eastern  region.  It  is  found  in  every  part  of  this,  including  tiic  I'lon- 
dan  and  Texan  districts. 


t 


-T^ 


i\  ■«■ 


Cilt.ilo;'!!!'    No  ,pf 
unrulier,      s'luo. 


!t:;no 
'.Kd.i 

ItTlil 

;iii!iii 
4r..Mt 
;i70(i 
;i7ii; 
4.'iu;i 


ScaphiopiiH  holhroolii  Harlan. 
KESKUVE  SEU:ES. 


Locality. 


Whon        !     w™„.  ,..i.„..,  ..„„„i..„.i        Xaliirt' olHiirr 
oolloctod.     I    I'romwliomroc-ohe.l.  j.^,.,,^  ' 


I.ilicTly  (Niuiity,  (la ' 


M.i.j.  J.  I.o  ("onto 
Ih7fl     Kiiiiilioii  it  Hciiii 


MillcllKlHlllc.  (Jil 

Caiiiliridnc,  ilas.t 

do ; 1  ,1.  H.  Uicliiiid.   

I'cnil  Kivor,  Mis.H i •  Misa  Ili'lcii  Tiini.soii 

I  Iiidinn  Jiivor,  Kliv | <i.  Wiirdciiiann 

do ] .|  I'idl'.  I..  AjiiiMsiz 

Saint  Simun'M  ImIi',  (Ja  ..; J.  li.  I'ustoTl 


Alcnliolii' 
Do. 
Do. 
l>o. 
Ilo. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


Specimens  from  Cambridge,  Mass.,  are  nearly  nnicolor,  while  Floii 
dan  forms  are  lightest  and  most  variegated ;  the  head  seems  to  be  a 
little  broader  and  more  obtuse.    These  forms  graduate  into  the  inter 
mediate  and  most  common  type.    ]\rr.  C.  W.  Uargitt  (see  America ii 
Naturalist,  June,  1.S88)  has  found  it  on  the  Island  of  Martha'    Vine 
yard,  a  fact  which  indi(!a,t«'S  the  compaiatively  late  separation  of  tliat 
island  from  the  main  land  of  Massachusetts. 


"  Ub  ■ 


Tllli    nATUACIilA    OK    NORTH    AMKKICA. 


301 


II((hUs. — This  species,  tliou<;li  no  widely  distiibiited,  is  seldom  .seen. 
After  rains  in  sprinjj:  and  suinnier  its  cries  may  bo  heard  at  ni}^ht,  pro- 
ceeding' always,  so  I'ur  as  my  experience  yoes,  IVom  temporary  pools. 
I  have  observed  it  twice  in  Pennsylvania,  twice  in  New  Jersey,  and 
once  in  Massachusetts  on  the  main  land  oi>i)ositc  Martha's  Vii>eyard. 
Specimens  IVom  the  latter  lo(!ality  which  I  kept  in  a  vivarium  burietl 
themselves  in  the  earth  by  day,  but  issued  at  nightl'all  and  indus- 
triously explored  tlieir  surroundinj^s.  Tiieir  burrows  were  concealed 
l»y  th(5  loose  earth  whi(!h  fell  into  and  (illed  them,  but  below  this  the 
bony  top  of  the  head  could  be  always  found.  Frecpiently  one  eye  i)ro 
je<'ted  from  the  debris,  presentiu};' with  its  brassy-colored  iris  a  most 
siiijiuhir  appt'aiaiu;e.  On  beins  irritated  with  a  hard  object  they  utter 
a  clattering"  note  entirely  unlike  that  of  the  breeding'  season. 

SCAl'HIOl'US  L'OIICIIII  IJainl. 

(Plate  (W,  lig.  a.) 

I'iocccmI.  Ac.  I'liilii.,  vii,  K."),  (i.  (!•.',  iiiid  U.  S.  Mox.  Ittiiiiid.  Siiiv.,  ii,  |.-<5i), 
l.'i'lit.,  |).  ^.H,  I'l.  :!.').  Ii;;s.  l-C;  Coi"',  I'rocccd.  Ac.  IMiilii.,  iSl.i,  p.  W; 
ISiocclii,  Miss.  Sc.  Mfx.Jiiitr.,  p. '.»(; ;  15(mlL'n-;t'r,  (Jal.  liatr.  Sal.  Hrit. 
SI  IIS.,  -J.l  ..(1.,  IsS'i,  p.  454. 

Scapliiiipii.'i  viniiis  Cope,  /.  c,  ji.  r>'i ;  IJrocclil,  /.  c,  p.  'J7. 

Smiiliitiiiux  fcclifrcnin  Cojif,  I'l'dcft'd.  Ac.  Pliila.,  Irti:?,  p.  ;'):{;  iirocclii,  Miss.  .Sc.  Mcx., 
I?atr.,  p.  ','7:   lioiilcii;fcr,  Cat.  Hrit.  Mii.s.,','d  cd..  IKS-J,  4:i."). 

Form  stout;  head  more  elongate,  acuminate  oval;  width  of  frontal 
iegi(Mi  greater  than  from  lip  to  iiares,  on(!-thiid  the  length  of  the  tibia. 
Prolile  gradually  descending;  front  plane,  nuizzle  projecting,  rounded. 
Anterior  border  of  tympanum  scarcely  distinguishable,  Eyes  very 
prominent.  V'onu'rine  teeth  opposite  middle  of  choana',  which  ecpial 
ostia  pharyngea.  Tongue  round,  slightly  emarginate.  Parotoid  gland 
llat,  descending  on  the  side.  Skin  tuberculous,  es[»ecially  on  tln^  sides; 
sonu'times  a  slightcryptiferous  thickening  of  integument  of  tibia  ;  none 
Oil  the  sides  of  the  pectoral  region.  A  i>osttympanic  antl  an  ante- 
pi'(!toral  fold.  Abdomen  slightly  rugose;  gular  region  smooth.  Cunei- 
form i)rocess  elongate.    Toes  fully  palmate. 


~1  ^  ^^^2^4  6 

Fio.  T-l.  f^fa/ihinpiis  iTiiicliil  nxriii.t.  <'it]ti\    5S!)I! ;  nut.  .'"izc.    Capo  St.  Lucas,  Cal. 

Color  above  yellowish,  with  irn-gnlar  brown  bands,  which  converge 
between  and  behind  t  lie  orbits;  otliei's  diverge  on  the  Hanks,  beginning 
at  th(>  or'.)its;  one  IVom  same  point  lo  hip  and  one;  on  cantlius  rostralis. 
There  is  a  (•(uilliicnce  of  dor.^al  bands  near  the  sai'rum,  A  light  band 
on  outer  face  of  tarsiis  and  toe;  hand  yellowish, 


i  \ 


I     t 


302 


lUJLLKTlN    ;!l,    1:MTI;1)    STATKS    NATU)NAIi    MIISKIJM. 


L(Mi;{(li  of  lifiul  ami  body 

L(iif{tli  of  lujiid,  iiiL'liiiliiij;  tyiiiimiiii ... 
Width  of  lu'iid  at  lionlcis  of  tyinpaiia. 

Lt'iijftli  of  fore  limb 

I.i'iilftli  of  bind  limb. 


Mntniirciiii Ills  of  So.   liMi'iK. 

M. 

(Uil 

(>\iO 

(f-i? 

o:!ir) 

ocidd 

r.cnjith  of  tll)iii •••■il 

l..t'ii{;tli  of  tiirHiiM Oil 

Lciij^tli  of  rest  of  postorior  foot 0'J4 

This  spc(!ies  is  iiiteriiicdiiite  in  its  cliiiriU!tois  bctwccii  tlui  *S'.  holhroohii 
Jiiid  th(i  otlier  species  of  the  {,U'ims.  Tlie  IVoiitoparietal  inteiorWitiii 
space  is  wider  than  in  tiie  liitter,  but  not  so  wide  as  in  tlie  former.  Tlic 
tibia  is  very  sliort,  Jiivinjn'  the  animal  ii  more  squat  appearance  than  llie 
iS\  liaiinunnilii. 

In  tlie  typical  specimen  the  labial  border  projected  beyond  the  line 
of  the  mn/zle,  so  that  the  prolile  sl()])ed  to  it  downwards  and  forwar<ls, 
I  have  seen  no  second  specimen  like  it,  but  specimens  which  ayree  with 
it  in  every  other  respect  occur  in  the  siime  zooloffic.d  district.  I  am  in- 
clined to  think  that  this  peculiarity  of  the  tyi»e  spetMmeii  (which  is  not 
represented  in  JJaird's  ]>Iate,  /.  c)  is  only  an  individual  one.  The  other 
tbims  pass  directly  into  each  other. 

The  range  of  this  species  is  the  southern  part  of  the  Sonoran  district 
and  the  corresi)onding  part  of  the  Lower  Californian.  Within  the 
limits  of  the  United  States  it  has  b;en  found  oidy  in  southwest  Texas. 


t; 


Scaphioiius  couchii  lid. 


UESKKVK  SICUIES. 


m 


CiitalogiiB 
iiiiiiilivr. 


12Cr)7 


No.  of 
Hpcr. 


Locality. 


Matnmoios,  Mi  x 


("iiiiK  Saint  Liica.s,  (-'al  . 

r,al'az,  Cal 

UclotcM,  Hcxar  Coll  lit  V, 

Tox. 
(!) 


Wlicii 
lollcctt'd. 


Kroiii  «lioiii  iT.oiv.Ml.      ^'"'"iV,;,!"'" "" 


I"" 


I,it!iitcnaiitConcli  (ISor- 

laiidii'i-  collcctioii). 

Illllll  .\lllltllH 

Ih82     I.,  litliliiiu   

(i.  \V.  Maiiiock  


0). 


Alrolidlic. 
Do. 
Oo. 

IJo. 


SPEA  Cope. 

.ronrnal  Academy  I'hiiadclpliia  (2),  vi,  ISSti,  ji.  SI. 

Cranial  derm  free  from  cranium  ;  the  latter  generally  with  a  fronto- 
l>arietal  fontauellc;  vomerine  teeth  present;  toes  webbed ;  cuneitbrni 
process  large. 

In  this  genus  we  have  perntanently  preserved  characters  which  de- 
flno  an  immature  stage  of  Scaphiopus.  In  one  of  the  subsjjecies  of 
the  8.  hanunondii  the  ossilieation  of  the  cranium  litis  progres.sed  so  far 
as  to  close  the  frontopiirietal  fMulanelle,  but  not  so  as  to  penetrate  the 


; 


TIIK    IIATKACIIIA    OF    NoKTII    AMKliKIA. 


;'»o;; 


cranial  iiitc;;iiaieiit.     Tho  speck's  Ik'Ioiij;'  to  the  wi'stcni    anil  sontli- 
westciii  parts  of  the  iicarctic  realm.    Tliey  arc  distingnislied  as  follows: 

a.  Tympiiiiic  (UnU  diHtinct;  no  ^IiukI  on  tibia. 

Intororbitiil  width  inirrow,  ont(uin;;  li'n<;lli  of  tiltia  foui'  tinum;    vonicrinii 
tcolh  between  choanii- ;  color  j;<'nei'iilly  daik,  witb  or  witliout  [lalo  Htripcs. 

•S.  hammoiidii. 
(XiX.  Tynipiinic  disk  concoalfd  ;  a  larj;"'  j^landoii  tho  ii|>im'I'  nidi^  of  (be  tibia. 

Intei'orbital  widlli  narrow,  entcrin;;  tiliia  tbicc  tinicH;  vonirriiK^  tet^tli  a  lilllc 
])osterior  to  narcs;  colorM  piilo .S'.  miilliplhald. 

Sl'EA  IIAMMONDII  Haird. 
(.'oiM',  Journ.  Ac.  I'liila.  Ci),  vi,  ISCC,  p.  hi. 

Svupliioinin  hainminidii  Haird,  Ut-pt.  Kxpl.  Surv.,  iv,  Ivt'iitil.,  IM.V.),  IM.  '^f*,  lij;.  •_';  Copf, 

I'rocood.  Ac.  I'liiia.,  l"<(r.t,  p.  .Ml;  IJonlenjjcr,  Cat.  Hatr.  Sal.  ISrit.  Mm.,  lHH-2,  p.  t:{.'i. 
ScdjiliiitpuH  liomhi/roita  Copi',  I'nicccd,  Ac.  I'bila.,   iHtiH,  p.  .^;i;  Koiilcn^cr,  Cat.  Hatr. 

Sal.  IJrit.  .Mas.,  ls«-,>,  p.  >;!.-,. 
Simibomhi/rotin  Cojie,  .lourn.  Ar.  i'liila.  C-i)  vi,  iHtilJ,  p.  81. 
Sped  Hlaiinalix  Coiic,   l'.  S.  (1.  (1.  Siirv.  \V.  of  ItKttli  Mcrid.,  v,  Zool.,  p.  .V,',"),  IM.  •^."•, 

li-,'.s.  (i-H. 
S(\nilii>jiHn  aliKjnaliH  ltoul(Mi;r<!r,  Cat.  Hatr.,  Sal.  lirit.  Mas.,  IS&2,  p.  VM't. 
^^laiihioiiun  tliiijiHii  KriK'clii,   Hull.  Soc.    I'liiloni.   (7),    ill,    lH7i»,   p.  '2U,  and  Miss.    Sci. 

.Mcx.,  ISatr.,  p.  HI,  I'l.  ".>,  li.;.  t ;  Hoiilcii>,'cr,  Cat.  Hatr.  Sal.  Hrit.  Mns.,  18-X',  p.  J;'.!). 

This  is  a  widely  distributed  and  variable  s[)ecies,  presenting  sncli 
diversity  in  some  res|)ects  as  to  be  interesting  as  an  example  of  the 
appearance  of  important  (tharacters  in  the  conrse  of  descent.  It  is  in- 
teresting also  from  its  habits,  adapted  as  they  are  to  the  exigencies  ol 
a  dry  climate,  in  which  the  o[)pi)rtnnity  for  aquatic  life  is  i)recarions, 
and  the  metamorphosis  corresi)ondingly  liable  to  inodilication. 

I  include  three  subspecies  under  thecommo:i  head,  which  are  delined 
as  follows :  , 

(»i'M"rally  no  frontopar'  '-il  fontanclli' ;  head  piano  above;  a  liuij^itudinal  pale  ban.l 
on  eaeli  side  of  IkI'   .;  larj^er;  skin  tnbercnlar S.  Ii.  iiitennuittaiin. 

.\  frontoparietal  fontanelle;  head  plane  or  convex  above ;  no  lonj^itudinal  li;.v'it 
bainls ;  .skin  smoother  ;  snia]|<>r *'.  /i.  hdmmoiiilil. 

A  frontoparietal  fontanelle;  head  very  convex  at  tlie,  interurbital  rej^ion  ;  skin  nearl,' 
smooth  ;  color.s  palo  ;  si/.c  least S.  It.  hoiitbij'roiis. 

I  had  first  placed  the  S.  h.  hitcnnontana  in  the  genus  Scaphiopus, 
while  the  two  other  subspecies  were  placed  with  the  S.  utHltipUcafa 
in  a  distinct  genus,  Spea,  which  was  characterized  by  the  presence  of 
a  frontoparietal  fontanelle.  This  character  is  generally  constant,  al- 
though its  inconstancy  as  a  s;>eci(lc  character  is  t>  be  expected  some 
where.  The  genus  Spea  is  the  seat  of  the  failure  of  this  generic  char 
acter  to  coincide  with  the  other  detinitions  of  a  species.  In  one  of  the 
four  specimens  of  the  subspecies  Intermontanus  1  find  the  fontanelle 
present,  while  in  three  it  is  absent.  In  a  fifth  specimen  it  is  rei)re- 
sented  by  a  fissure  between  the  frontoparietal  bones. 

The  S.  h.  bombifronn  appears  to  be,  at  first  examination,  a  well  de- 
lined  species,    The  interorbital  protuberance  is  a  striking  character. 


i-Hj 


!P  I 


301 


lirLI-KTIN    ;il,    I'MTKI)    STATKS    NAIIitNAI,    MISKIM. 


Tin-  lil»ia  is  iilso  .slioiirr  in  l.vpiciil  cxainiili's,  mcasiiiiii;;-  oiil,v  lliivo 
times  tli(>  iiitcrorbital  widlli.  Tiiis  iiM'asiin'iiu'iit  is  ])artl,v  due  to  tlic 
iiilcrorbital  «'iiIar;;('iiK'iit.  Tlu'  siuii  is  less  tulu'rciilar  and  tlic  coitus  air 
|»ahr.  Tlio  f«»rm  lias  aiu'siu'cial  j^coyiiaidiical  raiip'.  15iit  I  liiid  sprci- 
iiK'iis  from  (lilleriMit  parts  of  tlio  West  which  (;<)iiiR'(!t  this  form  with  tlu- 
tnit!  S.  iKiinmoiulii.  Such  are  specimens  collected  l>y  Dr.  Ifaydeii  in  the. 
valley  of  the  (Jreat  Colorado,  in  eastern  I'tah,  and  others  (d)tained  l»y 
myself  at  Santc  Fe,  N.  Mex.  In  some  of  the  former  the  interorbilal 
wi«ltli  enters  the  ieii^-th  of  the  tibia  three  and  a  half  times. 

The  Sjua  nt<njiutJh  is  known  as  yet  fi'om  yonnj;-  spccimens-oniy,  which 
hav(^  but  recently  passed  their  metamorphosis.  The  principal  peculi- 
arity which  characterizes  them  is  tie  minute  si/e  of  the  ostia  phar.\n- 
^i'ca  of  the  Eustachian  tubes.  I  suspect  this  to  be  a  character  of  imum- 
turity,  as  I  find  a  similar  state  of  affairs  in  some  of  the  younj,' speci- 
mens of  Scapldopiis  coiicltii  in  the  collection. 

Spia  hammondil  inlennontann  C(tpe. 

rn.cccil.  Ac.  I'liilii.,  l-sii,  i>.  11, 

I  took  a  specimen  of  this  si)ecies  within  the  limits  of  Salt  liake  City, 
and  subseipiently  obtaiiu'd  tiiree  or  f(Uir  sju'cimeus  from  Pyramid  Lake, 
Nevada.  The  sides  and  much  of  thiMbusal  re<;ionarecovered  with  rather 
larnc  lidu'rcles  closely  jdaccd.  The  frontoparietal  bones,  though  ossi- 
fied, ate  not  ronjiliencd,  as  in  the  species  of  Scaphiopus.  It  is  nearest 
the  S.  coH('/(// (from  near  San  Antonio,  Tex),  in  that  si)ecies  the  vo 
luerine  teeth  are  entiiely  posterior  to  the  internal  nares;  in  this  (uie 
they  are  between  the  fiosterior  bordi'rs  of  the  same.  The  lips  arc^  not 
cross  barred,  as  in  the  A',  couch ii ;  and  the  superior  rejiion  has  two 
pale  lines  on  each  side.  In  *S'.  coiicliil  these  lines  are  replaced  by  a 
coarse,  uuirblinf;'.  As  compared  with  the  Sj)(<(  IkdiuiioikIH,  this  froj; 
differs  in  its  lar';er  size,  lighter  colors,  and  the  presence  of  the  superior 
pair  of  light  lines. 


1  2 

Fill.  70.   Sjiid  liiiiiiiiiiiiulii  iiilcriii'iiitiiiiti.     No.  l(i:ijii.     I'l.  Walla  Wnllii;   [. 

It  represents  the  .S.  Iinmiiiontli  in  more  uortherii  regions,  and  the  com- 
plete cranial  ossification  and  larger  size  mark  it  as  a  more  fully  devel 
o2)ed  form. 

I  found  it  associated  with  Biifo  coUonbicitsis  in  a  pond  near  tlu^  shore 
of  Pyramid  Lake.  Like  other  allied  s[»ecies,  it  was  very  noisy,  almost 
obscuring'  the  voice  of  the  less  vociferous  liido. 


TIIK    UAIKAflllA    OF    NOliTII    AMHKICA. 

MvanurniiciilH. 


•M)f) 


M. 


Li'ii^tl'  iiriii'.Hl  iiml  lioily m'i'i 

L('ii;;lli  iil'lifail,  incluiliii;;  tymi)iiiiii OKJ 

Witltli  of  lu'ud,  iiiiliidiiif;  f.vininiiiii O.'H 

l,cii;;tli  tif  Ikic  Urn  It  I'loiii  iixillii IKK) 

Krii;;tli  III'  hi  ml  1 1  in  It  fiom  groin  IITII 

l.iiiKlli  i»r  tiliiii ().':i 

Lciij^lli  oflarMiiM (11 -J 

Lciijflli  of  ri'inaiiHlur  of  foot UJd 

Sjifa  liummoiidii  iiilcrmoiilanu  Cope. 


C.ilaliiiiiit'i  No.  of 

IIMIIllll'l'.         H|ll'l'. 


I.iM':iIllv. 


,l!:;i;!.i.    >^' > -•-"•  ''""^;;:;[.^""" 


8IIIU 

mm 


1        ,  Trovn,  I'liili    1 Dr.  Il.r.  Varniw 

1        I  l'\.H\Viillii\Vallu,\VaHli C.pl.C.  IS.inliro  . 


Spat  liumiiioiKlii  hnmmontJ'ii  IJainl. 

(I'lato  xi.vi,  fij;.  -I;  xi.ix,  li;;.  I-';  i.xvi,  li;^.  1.) 

Cope,  .loiirn.  Ac.  I'liila.  (•.»),  VI,  1H()I),  p.  Hi  ;  Proc'CPd.  Ac  I'liihi.,  l-'l!,  p.  II. 

Scnithioinin  l.iimiiiomlii  IJaiid,  h'cpt.  Expl.  .Siiiv.,lV.,  Ucptil,  1S,',',»,  I'j.  v!-,  li;;.  "J;    (^opc, 
I'roc.  Ai'.  riiila..  ]-l!:i,  p.  .':! ;  lionlfiigi  r,  Cat.  liatr.  .Sal.  IJrit.  Mas.,  '..M  fd.,  l-s^i, 

p.  v.\->. 

Sjim  nliiijiHiliH  Copo,  YaiTow'.s  IJi-pt.,  v,  Zool.,  p.  rrj.'i,  I'l,  'J.">,  lig.  (J-"^. 
S((ijiliii>pii>i  .iliijiKilin  l!oiilt'ii{i;('r,  /.  c,  p.  lltli, 

^C(i  It  hi  op  lis  'liiijixi  litdi'clii,  Hull.  ,Soc.  I'liilom.  (7),  in,  IrtiD,  p.  •,';!,  and  Miss.  Sc.  Mcx., 
Uatr.,  i.'l>4,  i'l.  t),  lij;.  l ;  Boiik'ii>,'t'r,  /.  c,  p.  4;Jti. 


Fli:.  77.  S/ii-d  hnmiiioiiilli  liiiiiniiiitii.li!.    No.  U^jH.     K.  I'tali;  |. 

Maxillary  outline  aciiiiiiiiatc  oval;  niiizzlo  .somewhat  tniiKiate,  po. 
peniliciilar  in  prolile.  Keyioii  of  (;aiitliu.s  rostralis  concave  ;  front  itlaiie 
or  a  little  concave,  \vitli  a  weak  ridj^e  on  eacili  side,  wliiidi  is  nio.st  dis- 
tinct i)(»steriorly ;  tlie  width  one-fourth  length  of  tihia,  and  less  from 
nostril  to  lii>.  I'lyis  prominent;  tyinpanmn  distinct, one  fourth  thee.K- 
tent  of  the  former.  A  fold  behind  angle  of  mouth.  Tarotoids  ihil, 
small;  no  gland  on  tibia  or  pectus.  Tongue  very  large,  entire.  Cho- 
ana'  large;  vomerine  teeth  in  tiansverse  series  between  them.  Skin 
roughly  tuberctdons,  especially  on  the  sides;  thick  on  the  occiput;  be- 
low nearly  smooth.     Cuneiform  process  i)rodnei'd. 

Color  above  stone-brown  in  alcohol,  with  traces  of  two  paler  dorsal 
bands.    Tubercles  I'ulvous  tipped;  extremities  shaded  with  the  same. 
13elo\v  whitish,  immaculate. 
1951— Bull  31 20 


1 

fa 


1 

^ 


'SC| 


i 


•1  i 


I  ?  I 


i      ! 


■  oji 


30G  HULLETIX    :J1,    UMTEU    STATliS    NATIONAL    MUSIiUM. 

Mvasurcmiiilti  of  So.  WiJ'Jo. 

M. 

LfUf;!  Ii  (if  Iic'iitl  iiiiil  body Of)! 

Luii<;tli  ol'lifiul,  iiK'lii(liM<j;'  tyiiipaiia <>t.'>4 

Widtli  of  Luad,  iiicludiii;^  tyiiiitana 0",':{ 

Lciigtb  of  ibie-lt'j,'  from  axilla O'Jd.'t 

Leiijjfth  of  hind  ley  from  yroiii O'lri 

Leiij^tli  of  tibia 0H> 

Length  of  tarsus UOi* 

Length  of  rest  of  foot 022 

The  range  of  this  species  is  extensive.  It  was  originally  obtained 
near  lledding  in  noithern  California.  .My  friend,  James  S.  Lipi)iiic()tt, 
has  sent  it  to  nie  from  the  extreme  sonth  of  California,  San  Diego.  The 
Smithsonian  Institntion  has  a  slightly  ditterentiated  variety  from  Chi- 
huahna,  and  specimens  from  my  frieinl,  Dr.  Dng(5s,  from  (Inanajiiato, 
IMexico,  are  the  same.  I  snsjject  that  the  SraphiopuH  (hu/cNi  Uroechi 
from  that  locality  is  the  same  species. 

Abnndant  in  Jnly  and  August,  when  it  deposits  its  eggs  in  the  pools 
of  rain-water.  It  is  very  noisy  at  such  times,  and  the  open  lots  in  thi^ 
city  of  Santa  Fe  resound  with  its  cries.  These  are  much  like  those  of 
the  Scaphio})^  holbrookii 

Sjua  hammoiKtii  hdinmoiidii  Haird. 
RESERVE  SERIES. 


Ciitiilof;uc 
nuiiibur. 


8tir>a 

yti'Ja 


^'"•"''  Loialilv.  jy'",'",  Fio>n«lio,Mror,.iv.Ml.  ^■■'""- '•'1»''=- 

H|»5C.  '  Colll'ltfll.  lllllll. 

1 

1       I  Cnlifoiniii  ; Pr.  .T.  Cr.  CoDpor  Alc<,' ulic. 

I)        I  Altn(l()8  Utiis,  N.Mex..,  Sept.— ,  1H74     I'lur.  E.  IJ.  (;<i|m' Ale.  tvjir. 

1       !   t'tali I  IST'J     Or.  !:.  (\  Vimow Alcoiriilii . 

1  ('alilbriiia Aii^.  — ,  187.')   'li) Do. 

1  i'ort  Rcililiui.'.  Cal ' Dr.    .1.    !•'.    Ilaiiiinonil,  Do. 

V.  S.  A, 


S2)ca  hammontUi  hombifn>n.s  Cope. 

(Plates .')!,  lig.  17;  (Js,  fig.  la.) 
Cope,  Joiiin.  Ac.  Phihi.  (--i),  vi,  lAStl,  p.  81. 

Svaphiopiis  homhifroim  Cope,  Prnc.  Ac.  Pliila.,  IHO!!,  p.  r>'.\;  Hoiilcnger,  Cat.  liatr.  Sal. 
Brit.  Mu8.,  'Jd  ed.,  lHrf2,  p.  VX). 

Outline  of  inaxilhe  acuminate  oval ;  muzzle  truncate,  elevated,  thit^k- 
ened  transversely ;  profile  or  vertex  arched,  of  front  concave  ;  canthus 
rostral  is  replaced  b^'  a  concavity.  Tympanum  concealed  or  .scart:ely 
visible;  parotoid  Hat,  small.  No  gland  on  tibia  or  pectus.  Tongue  en- 
tire. Vomerine  teeth  in  oblique  fasicidi  or  short  series  between  choana' ; 
these  e(inal  ostia  pharyngea.  Skin  nearly  si  looth,  roughest  on  the  sides. 
Cuneiform  process  jiroduced.    ralmation  of  toes  deeply  repand. 

Color  in  spirits  p:ile  ashen  or  brown,  with  luinieroiis  plumbeous  ver- 
miculations,  which  are  aggregated  into  a  blotch  on  the  scapular  region, 
which  has  a  pale  space  below  it.  Limbs  vermiculated  ;  outer  border 
tf  tarsus  and  foot  light.    A  dark  spot  on  canthus  rostralis. 


"  ■'1 


THE    HATRACHIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


307 


This  s[»ecic8  has  the  most  iioitherii  raujfc  of  those  foiuul  west  of  the 
Mississippi,  ami  is  especially  cliaraeteristic  of  the  elevated  plains.  It 
nuijies  from  northern  Texas  to  Montana.  It  resembles  very  closely 
halfji'rown  specimens  of  liuj'o  coytiatmo^  the  same  region,  sous  tocon- 
stituie  it  II  mimetic  analogue. 


Fui.  7S.  ,s'y/i'((  haiiimiiiidii  liouih!/iiii)s  Oopp.  OOW,  iiat.  size.    Camp  Tliorno,  Yellowstone  K. 

Meaaitremeiits  of  \o,  :!5*i0. 

M. 

Li'iij;lli  (if  head  ami  body 0415 

Li'iiiftli  of  head,  iiich.i'iiif;  tympana 0V2 

\Vidtli  of  Ill-ad,  iiicliidiiijj  tyiiqiaiia OK! 

Li'ii;;tli  of  foit'-lt'ii  from  axill.i 0*^0 

L<'ii;;tli  of  Iiiiid  Icj;  from  <;r(iiii 0445 

l.cii;;tli  of  tarsus 007 

[.(■njithof  tibia 014 

l.fiiglli  of  rrstdf  foot 017 

The  specimen  9943,  from  the  Yellowstone  Kiver,  is  an  excellent  illus- 
tration of  the  mode  of  origin  of  corneous  ei)idermis.  The  end  of  the 
muzzle  and  the  frontal  convexi*^y  are  covered  with  a  layer  of  black 
horn,  each  forming  an  oval  shield,  wliicli  meets  the  other  on  the  top  of 
the  snout.  This  is  probably  a  result  of  the  constant  jiressure  anl  fric- 
tion of  the  earth  when  the  animal  is  burrowing  in  it.  Althoii„(i  the 
aninial  burrows  with  the  hinder  limbs,  the  muzzle  is  naturally  used  in 
keeping  the  passageway  open  to  the  surface.  Tlie  character  is  not  con- 
stant. 

This  species  is  characteristic  of  the  northern  parts  of  the  plains  and 
Great  Basin.  I  found  it  especially  common  in  tiie  region  north  of  the 
Missouri  Kiver  and  eastward  of  Fort  Benton.  Before  my  arrival  there 
rain  had  fallen,  and  the  ruts  of  the  wagon-trails  were  tilled  with  water. 
These  ditches  contained  numerous  examples  of  this  species,  together 
with  Cliorophiliis  Irisrriatus,  Ilufo  coiinatHs,  and  AmbUjHtoma  tigrlmtm. 
Their  metainor|)hosis  was  completed  by  that  time  (August  20),  although 
some  of  the  specimens  were  small. 

In  Idaho,  near  latitude  4.5^  30',  is  situated  a  body  of  water  known  as 
Market  Lake.  Its  extent  is  variable,  for  it  is  said  to  be  dependent  for 
its  water  supi)ly  on  the  overflows  of  the  Snake  Kiver,  which  is  a  few 
miles  distant  to  the  eastward.  An  old  channel  leads  from  the  river  to 
the  lake,  giving  probability  to  the  statement.  ,  At  the  time  of  my  pas- 
sage through  the  region  the  water  was  unusually  high,  for  a  portion  of 
the  stage  road,  with  parts  of  numerous  telegraph  poles,  was  submerged. 
The  lake  appeared  to  be  about  ten  miles  long  by  six  in  width.  The 
country  surrounding  it  is  arid,  and  the  sand,  which  represents  soil,  rests 


m\ 


r 


308  BULLETIN    lil,    UNITED   STATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

ou  a  basis  of  lava.  The  stage  halted  for  a  short  time  to  enable  me  to 
examine  the  shore  of  the  lake.  I  found  it  to  be  lined  with  a  windrow 
of  sri^sahoitiK'vs  (Culoptcnus  mmtus)  wliieh  had  fallen  into  the  water 
and  been  washed  up,  some  living,  others  dead.  Among  them  1  found 
numerous  large  fat  larvie  of  S2)ea  bombiJ'ronn  oecupjing  small  spaces 
whieh  they  had  cleared,  quite  out  of  the  reach  of  the  water.  Their 
limbs  were  nearly  fully  grown,  while  their  tails  hadsuflered  no  absorp- 
tion, and  their  jaws  were  toothless  and  cartilaginous ;  some  quite  larval 
in  form,  others  with  wider  gape.  They  were  engaged  in  eating  the 
grasshopper.,  and  I  detected  several  specimens  with  the  entire  insects 
in  their  mo.Uhs.  In  some  instances  the  grasshoppers'  bodies  were  too 
large  and  projected  from  their  mouths.  These  precocious  larva-  were 
evidently  nir-breathers,  and  hopi)ed  about,  presenting  a  curious  ap- 
l)eaiance  as  they  dragged  their  large  tails  after  them.  1  found  some 
adult  si>ecimens  of  AmbUjstonui  mavortinm  also  along  the  water's  edge. 
These  observations  were  made  on  the  llth  of  August,  1870. 


Spia  haiumoinllihomhifroiis  C'o|k  . 


Ciitilln«lli'    Xo.of                    T.inlitv 
uuinber.      spt'c.                   l^ocalit.\. 

Wlir-.i 
collected. 

I'"riiiii  wliDiii  nicivcil. 

Nature  iiIsik'C- 
iiia'ii. 

3704 

1          HIiickfiiot  KorU,  Moiit.. 

K.  V    IIjivili'ii    

1           Km t  I'liidii,  D.ik   

3520 

1          I'liitlf   Itivcr.  'JiKl  riiiliH 
west  111'  Fort  Ki'ann'.v. 

1                I.1;1I1I»  K<4t:ll'lll)ll .        _'_ 

W.S.  WiMiil 

3703 

Cmit.  J.  I'liiic  

0013  i         1            l!:iliili   'riiiil'iiH     Vi'iliin'. 

( ')    

stlillr. 
1            I'ult  ISi'Htnll    Mont 

I'j.    I),   C(ll><5       

SPEA  MILTIPLICATA  Cope. 

,'<ji<a  iiiultiplicala  Vo\>r,  .loiini.  Ac  I'liilii.  (•,'),  vi,  l>(il'i,  \<.  Si. 

.Sidjiliiopiia  miillipliiiiliis  Coiic,   I'mcccd.   Ac.    I'liila.,   IHIi!!,  p.  ."rj ;   I'lioci!!;,  Mis.   Sci. 
Mex.  IJiitr.,  |).  -J.'.;  IJoiileiigor,  Cat.  IJatr.  Sal.  liiit.  Mils.,  -Jdid.,  ISI.',  )..  VMi. 


Fi;;.  71).  !<iiiii  iiiiillliilifata.    No.  .'1091.     Valloy  of  Mexico;  1. 


Foiiu  broad,  s()uat.  Head  very  short ;  profile  rapidly  descending; 
niaxillaiy  outlines  acuminate,  oval ;  muzzle  thiiik,  rounded.  An  open 
frontoparietal  fontauelle.     Vomerine  fascicles  just  posterior  to  the  line 


■■riML,»i»>iM»<ii 


X 


THE   BATRACIIIA   OF   NORTH   AMERICA.  309 

coiiuecting  the  posterior  narcs.  Eyes  very  i>roiniiiont.  From  these  a 
strong  foUl  passes  the  posterior  to  the  angle  of  the  mouth  and  across 
tlie  guhir  re:,;ioi. ,  tympanum  covered  by  a  portion  of  the  parotoid 
ghmd  anteri'/r  to  this.  Parotoid  pro])er  very  hirge,  extending  beyond 
Ncapuli),  ben.  upon  the  side;  bounded  interiorly  by  a  strong  fold,  wliicli 
extends  from  the  one  .above  mentioned  to  the  groin.  IJelow  this,  on 
the  sides,  are  two  or  more  other  folds.  Skin  of  upper  surfaces  coarsely 
tuberculous;  that  of  the  crown  thick,  of  the  extremities  nearly  suiootii. 
A  large  gland  occupies  most  of  length  of  tibia.  Abdomen  n.inutely, 
pubic  region  (toarsel^',  rugose.  Cuneiform  process  rather  short,  very 
prominent.  Choanal  smaller  than  ostia  pharyngea.  Tongue  entire, 
with  a  narrow  free  anterior  border,  one-third  tree  posteriorly.  Ex- 
tended heel  reaching  fiont  of  humerus;  tibia  three  times  as  long  as  in- 
terorbital  width.  Three  phalanges  of  fourth  toe  tree  from  web.  Color 
ill  spirits;  above  ashy  l»rown,  below  yellowish  ash. 

MramircmeiilK  of  Xo.  I{ii94. 

Li'M^itli  of  lit'iid  and  Ixxly Or>r> 

Lciintli  (if  liciid  to  parotoid  fold ()l,"i 

U'idlli  of  head  at  ciintliiiH  oris ,  OJIJ 

L  iiUlli  of  fore  11  nil)    fmui  axilla 0'2',\ 

1,1'n.nlli  of  111  lid  11  nil  I  from  >;r  )iii (I.Vi 

l,iii;;lli  of  tiliia (1175 

Lcnutli  of  taiMiis   0()i>:,' 

l.«'ni,'tli  of  rest  of  hi  ml   foot O'JOJ 

The  cliaractei's  which  distinguish  this  sjx'cies  are  numerous.  In  its 
general  appearance  it  has  a  great  rcsembliinee  to  the  Tiii/o  conipacfilis 
of  tli(^  s;;me  country.     Hut  one  specimen  is  known. 

No.  .'UJJK;  one  spe(!imen  ;  V^alley  of  Mexico  ;  J.  l*otts  :  alcoholic;. 


I 

I 


CYSTKlNATinDJ:.* 

Hiiiiidir,  part.,  ('jisliiiiHilliiihi ,  jiarl.,  lilnco'ilun'iiitii',  jiart.,  Ahilhhv,  part.,  ('pcniliiilir, 
ni>iiihiiniloriilii ,  iiarl.,  /////(»(/((/((■,  ]»arl.,  Giintlicr.  Cat.    i>atr.  Sal. 

('Hxliiiiiiilhidir  lUt\>f,  Nal.  Hist.  Ifcv.,  l-^Ci."),  \t\ns  Sittjiliinjiodido'.  part. 

f  7/.s/((/H((//n(/(r  Copr  ;  .loiini.  .Vc.  I'liiia.  (','),  ^ '■  iH.iti;  |{>nili'ny;cr.  Cat.  Hatr,  Sai.,  l$iit. 
Mils.,  ii  cd.  |S,<-J. 

llomhiiKiloriilii ,  jiarl.,  PhclvnmnHlidir,  AhilUliv,\\\\v\.,  I'ohijHdiitldir,  jtart.,  /iVniiV/d,  jiail., 
DixiojIoKnithi ,  part.,  Mivart,  I'rocrcd.  Zool.  .Soc,  \riC>\). 

Vertebra^  proccelons;  no  ribs  ;  sacral  <iiapophyses  (tyliinlrical,  obtii 
hedral  or  slightly  depressed  distally,  inclined  upwards.     IJrostyle  sei)a- 
rate,  iittached  to  twoeoinlyles,  without  diapophyses.     Teiminal  phalan- 
ges conti   tn)us,  either  uniforndy  conic,  or  with  divergent  teiminal  procs 
esses  or  their  rudiments.     Sternum  distinct.    \o  teeth  on  the  mandible. 

Tliis,  after  the  Ilylidai  the  most  extensive  family  of  the  Arcifera,  em 
braces  one  liundre<l  and  lifty-six  species,  whicrh  represent  t hit ty-.seven 
generic  types. 

Th  ;  most  c  nnpletely  develojx'd  geniiH  exhil»iti  a  cranitiMi  without 

•  l'lal«'s7(l,T1. 


a  I 


'*tt 


] '  I, 


1  i 


1«^ 

in 


ii 


\m  \ 


310        BULLETIN   34,    UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

fontanelle  and  with  complete  ethmoid  arcli,  and  a  styloid  osseous  xiplii- 
sternum,  with  termina'  "irtilagiuous  disk ;  tlie  auditory  organs  perfectly 
developed;  the  lowes  'eveloped  ethmoid  arch  and  frontoparietal 

roof,  and  disciform  c.  ginous  xii)histerimm  without  style,  with 
Eustachian  tubes  ami  memhrauum  tympani  wanting.  Accompanying 
this  succession,  we  have  four  modiOcations  of  the  family  structure  to 
adapt  to  as  many  modes  of  life:  the  aquatic,  the  terrestrial,  the  arbo- 
real, ami  the  subterranean.  As  the  earth's  surface  is  the  common 
ntediiim  between  the  above  extiemes,  so  the  s])ecies  of  terrestrial  habits 
furnish  us  with  none  of  the  adaptive  extremes  of  structure,  but  reujiiin 
an  intermediate  grouj),  from  which  the  succession  of  structures,  inter 
rupted,  it  is  true,  passes  towards  the  divergent  types.  Develojuneiiral 
structures  accompany  and  confirm  the  adaptive,  but  by  no  means  al- 
ways coincide. 

The  aquatic  habit  is  attained  when  the  digits  behind  iirc  not  only 
webbed,  but  when  the  external  metiitarsi  are  separated  by  Mu'inbiane 
also;  the  arboreal,  when  the  terminal  phalanges  are  furnished  witli  a 
terminal  transverse  limb,  which  supi)orts  an  adhesive  disk.  Tlse  sub 
terranean  is  shortened,  and  furnished  with  a  great  development  of  tin' 
lirst  digit  or  prepollex  of  the  tarsus,  which  is  covered  by  a  corneous 
sheath,  and  serves  as  a  si)ade.  The  lirst  type  may  be  combined  with 
the  third,  as  in  Mixophyes  and  Chiroleptes,  or  either  may  be  furnished 
with  a  bony  overioohng  of  the  temporal  muscles,  and  pciietration  of  its 
integuments  by  the  hyperossilication  of  the  cranium. 

The  fossorial  spur  is  weak  in  lleliopoius  and  Paludicola,  weaker  in 
Mitrolysis,  and  just  represented  in  Ceratophiys.  The  palmate  foot  is 
<liminished  in  Calyi)tocei>iialus,  reduced  in  Mixophyes  and  Chirolei»tes, 
and  represented  by  a  trace  in  ll^loriiiiia  and  Limnoinedusa.  The  un- 
developed ear  is  seen  in  Telmatobius  and  in  Alsodcs. 

Tiie  variations  in  tiie  develtti»inent  of  the  tliumb  are  not  so  striking 
as  in  the  llylida'.  In  (inatiiophysa,  Cystignathus,  and  Ceratophrys 
the  trapezium  sui»ports  an  osseous  metacarpal  and  obtuse  phalange, 
whi(di  are  concealed  ill  a  large  tiiln'icle.  In  Mixophyes,  on  the  otiier 
hand,  the  inetacai|)al  is  slender,  cut irely  caitiiagiiious,  and  does  not 
support  a  phalange.     Tiiere  is  no  where  a  spur,  as  in  Ilypsiboas. 

With  regard  to  the  deiinal  attaciiments,  the  following  inii)ortant 
varieties  o(!cur;  in  the  family  generally,  but  especially  among  Ilylodes 
and  ('ystignathi,  the  dorsolateral  septum  is  placed  esi»ecially  high  up: 

I'seudea. — Se[)ta  in  Pseiidis  as  in  Ifaiia;  in  Lysajuis  tlu^  laterovenlral 
line  is  a  little  widened.  In  Mi.ropln/cs  ftisriohifus  the  lateroventrals 
are  very  wide,  and  leave  the  ventral  free  space  very  narrow  behind  the 
middle. 

(Jemtophryiks. — In  Ceratophrys  the  lateral  septa  nvo  narrow,  and 
there  are  two  posterior  abdominal  transverse  septa,  similar  <o  tliost* 
altiiched  to  the  sternum.  In  Crrdtophri/s  urntUa  these  are  wanting,  luit 
the  dorsolateral  line  is  veiv  broad. 


TTTTT'PP 


THE    IJATUACHZA    OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  311 

Crinkv. — Among  these  animals  I  have  examined  species  of  IIeliopo« 
rus,  Phityph'ctrum,  Crinia,  IJorboroca'tes,  Eiisophus,  and  IJyperolia, 
and  in  none  cau  I  lind  ni  )i'e  than  lateral  traces  of  the  epicoracoid  and 
coiacoid  septa,  excei)t  in  the  Uyperoliti  marmorata,  where  they  are  coin- 
l)Iete.  Tlie  posterior  abdominal  is  well  developed  in  JJmso/jZ/us  nchu- 
losus. 

i'/eio-orfcmfC.— Ventrolateral  low  down,  and  posterior  abdominal  well 
developed  in  Vkurodema  hihronii. 

i/^iorfcs.— Dorsolateral  and  ventrolateral  far  apart;  the  transverse 
posterior  abdominal  septum  in  the  species  of  Lithodytes,  in  Ephirejcis 
longipes,  in  Enhydrohms  vomerinns  (Elosia  Girard)  and  HypotUetj/on  ri- 
dens.  I  hiive  not  found  it  in  Lithodytes  ams2>ivillatus  Gthr.,  Enhydvohim 
parvus.,  and  Limnocharis/uscus  Bell  {Elosia  Mrt.sM.s' Girard). 

Vystignnthi. — In  all  the  species  the  structure  is  similar  to  that  of 
JJana,  except  in  the  approximation  of  the  dorsolateral  lines,  aiul  the 
l)resence  of  the  postabdominal  septum,  which  is  continuous  with  the 
latoroventrals,  and  is  indicated  externally  in  several  of  the  species  by 
a  fold  in  its  line  of  attachment. 

The  accompanying  table  exhibits  the  allinities  of  the  genera  and  the 
groups  into  which  they  naturally  fall. 

This  family  was  first  characterized  by  the  autlior  in  Proceedings  Acad- 
emy Natural  Sciences,  1803,  1(J;  excluding,  however,  the  genera  Cera- 
tophrys  and  Tomopterna;  and  subsequently  more  exactly  in  the  Nat- 
ural History  lleview,  1805,  Several  changes,  approximations  to  nature, 
were  proposed  by  me  in  1800.  lioulenger  adopted  this  family  as  I  dc- 
dedned  it  (Cat.  IJrit.  Mas.,  1882),  but  modiiied  the  extent  and  definitions 
of  the  genera  materially. 

firoiip  I.  I'sKTOKS. — rrontoparictiil  bones  fully  (iL'vt'ltii)e(l ;  toes  webbed,  extenial 
iiictiitarsi  iVce;  teriiiiiial  i)halaiij;e.s  acute;  .sternum  a  cartilaginous  plate;  ear 
perfectly  develoijcd ;  ton;;ne  broail,  euiire,  adhrrenl. 

Cephalic  derm  distinct:  vomerine  teetli ;  no  cuneiform  shovel  or 
lumbar  j;land  ;  prefrontals  closely  united;  pupilliori/ontal ;  no 
di;;ital  dilatations J'xcikUh  Wa^fler. 

Cephalic  derm  distinct;  vomerine  teetli;  no  cuneiform  shovel  or 
lumbar  {flaiul ;  prefrontals  widely  separated  from  each  other  and 
frontoparietals  ;  ends  of  digits  dilated /.ymipxiin  v'ope. 

Cephalic  derm  distinct ;  vomeriue  teeth;  lingers  iincl  toes  webbed; 
terminal  jthalanges  bifurcate;  supporting  disks..  Oii^roJcdc  Ksp. 

Cephalic  derm  distinct;  vcuneriue  teeth;  a  cuneiform  shovel;  no 
lumbar  glaud ;  prefrontals  not  closely  united;  pupil  vertical 
MUophjiiH  (!ihr. 

Cephalic  derm   distinct;  vomerine  teeth;  no  cuneiform   sliovel  ;  a 
lumbar  gland;  i)refrontals  well  united,  transverse. 
('jiclorhamphiis  Tsch, 

Cephalic  derm  involved  in  a  rugose  cranial  ossilication,  temporal 
fossa  overarched,  completing  |)ostorbital  arch  ;  vomerine  teeth  ; 
no  cuneif(M'ni  slutvel  or  lumbar  gland;  prefrontals  extensively 
unitedaml  prolonged  posteriorly CdliiptoccphaluH  U.  A-  B. 


if 


i  ; 


11 


ti 


i      .1 

hi 


n 


':h: 


312      nuLLETiN  :m,  umtki)  statks  national  museum. 

(jiniili  II.   CliiUKJiMiiiYKKs.— Frdiitdpaiiftiil    Iioiics   fully   tlcveloiu'd  ;    toes  ficd  or 
sli^'litly  wcljbe<l;    (ho  i-xlcnial   iiicliUarsi  Itoiind  ;    terminal  i>lialaii<;<'»  Hiinplo  ; 
stciiimn  a  cartilnyinoii.s  i)lal(' (so  Car  known,  finarj»iiiato) ;  ear  perfectly  Uevol- 
(ijii'd  ;  fonf^ue  entire,  liltle  free. 
a.  Ceplialie  derm  distinct;  no  iio.stortdtal  aicli. 

]'ni)il  vertical;  iirefrontals  well  separated;    vonicrino  teeth;    toes 

weblicd  ;  inner  finger  opposable MilvoljiKin'  Cope 

Pupil  horizontal;  prefrontals  more  or  Jess  united;  vonu^rine  teeth : 
toes  webbed;  inner  linger  not  oi)pos:>')le;  abdominal  derm  areo- 

late  ;  a  strong  cunciforni  shovel Odontopln-ynuH  IJ.  &  L. 

Prefrontals  widely  separated;  eyelids  with  dermal  prolongation; 
vomerine  teeth;  toes  nearly  free ;  cranium  elevated  ;  form  toad- 
like; inner  finger  not  opposable IStomhua^  Hoio. 

Prefrontals  in  close  contact;  eyelids  not  prolonged;  vomerine  teeth 
on  palatine  arch;  toes  free;  cranium  broad;  pupil  luuizontal; 

form  squat ;  abdomen  smooth Zachwnua  Cope. 

aa.  Cranial  derm  involved  in  ossilication;  uo  postorbital  arch. 

Pupil  vertical;  thumb  opposed  ;  toes  webbed  ;  vonioriuo  teeth ;  pre- 

fontals  separated ;  nodorsal  shield VMfoh'i)tiH\  tUlir. 

aaa.  Cephalic  derm  involved  in  cranial  ossilication;  a  postorbital  bony  arch. 

Similar  to  Ceratophrys  as  below,  but  without  dorsal  dermal  osseous 
shield I'hri/noccnis  Tsch. 

Prefrontals  wholly  or  in  part  separated  ;  eyelids  with  a  dermal  pro- 
longatu)u  ;  vomerine  tecith;  toes  more  or  less  palmate  ;  cranium 
elevated;    form   toad-liko;    inner  linger  not  opposable;  jtupil 

transverse;  a  dorsal  dermal  osseous  shield CtratitphrjiH  Hole. 

Group   III.  Crisi.E.— Frontoparietal  bones  einbracing  a  large  fontanelle;  cei)halie 
derm  free;  external   metatarsi    bound;  terminal    phalanges  simi)le;  prefrontals 
never  clos(dy  united,  rarely  in  contact;  ntfrniun  not  distingiiinhablc  into  style  and 
(Jhk,  broad,  eniarginate,  cartilaginous. 
a.  Ethmoid  bono  with  superior  arch  complete;  toes  webbed, 

Pupil  erect;  vomerine  teeth Ilelioponin  Gray. 

Auditory  apparatus  minute  ;  vonu'rine  teeth  ;  pu])il  horizontal;  ster- 
num with  a  proximal  semiossitied  portion <'oph<niH^  Cope. 

aa.  Ethmoid  arch  complete,  or  nearly  SI) ;  digits  fret' ;  no  cuneiform  shovel. 
Largo  parotoid  glands;  no  vomerine  teeth;  pui)il  horizontal. 

Ifjjpcrolia  ( I  ray. 

No  parotoid  glands;  vonu'rinc  teeth  in  transverse  series;  xipliister- 

num  broad;  pupil  horizontal nnrhnroriilvs  \\  Hell. 

No  parotoid  glands;  pujiil  erect;  hternum  a  jdate I'lrialiti  (<ray. 

No  parotoid  glands;  pupil  horizontal;  vomerine  teeth  wanting  or  in 
minute  fasciculi ;  sternum  slender,  without  bony  deposit  •     bdo- 

ininal  integument  usually  areolato Cihi'ni  'i'scli. 

aaa.  Ethmoid  arch  cartilaginous  al)ove  ;  digits  free  ;  no  shovel. 

No  i)arotoi<ls ;  vonu'iine  teeth;  pupil  round;  auditory  organs  ruili^ 

mental EnsopliiiH  ('oiie. 

aaan.  Ethmoid  arch?      No  metatarsal  shovel;    "auditory   organs  wanting;"    toes 
slightly  webbed. 

Vomerine  teeth  :  no  parotoids thiuhn  Hell. 

*  Typo  Chiroleptrn  aUwguttatuH  Gthr. 

t  TyiH!  Ciralophri/n  Imici  Wied. 

t  I'hracfopn  Peters. 

?  Trlmatoliiiix  Honlenger,  not  of  Wiegmann. 

II  Includes  Liiini(i<hiiinHltn  Vi\7...  Glintber. 


I  . 


T» 


r 


TIIK   BATRACIIIA   OF   NORTH    AMERICA. 


313 


^1 


r 


Group  IV.     rLia'KODKM.i;.— Froiitoparictiil  Imhh'h  fiiilniiciiiH  :i  foi't'i'iL'llf  ;  iuulilory 

appiii-iitus   (levi'lopml ;    ilif^its   free,    or  slij;lilly    wdibed ;   oxttniiiil   iiictatarsiils 

bound;  tt'nniiiiil  pliiiliiiiyi's  Niiiiple;  wtfiiiuni  an  ossuons  styli',  with  one  (ii  inoro 

distinct  terminal  cartilage  di^ks;  tonj^uc  entirt;;  cephalic  derm  free. 

a.  Injjninal  ghmds;  pupil  horizontal;  sternal  cartilage  emargiuate  or  bifurcate. 

Vomerine  teeth;  prefrontals   well   separated;  metatarsal    tiiberehis 

minute;  terminal  phalanges  short I'kiiroihmii  'I'seli. 

un.  No  inguinal  glands;  pup  1  horizontal. 

No  vomerine   teeth;  prefrontals  entirely  separated;  terminal  pha- 
langes short  LiiipcrtiH  1).  &  1'. 

aim.  No  inguinal  glands;  sternal  cartilage  entire;  pupil  erect. 

Vomerine  teeth ;  prefrontals  widely  separated  by  the  osseous  ethmoid ; 

terminal  phalanges  elongate;  limbs  elongate ITiilorhinti  I?ell. 

Group  V.  Hylodks. — Digits  IVee,  or  nearly  so;  external  metatarsi  bonnil ;  tirnihiiil 
phiilanijcH  with  a  traiinn'iHc  Ihnb,  which  supports  dermal  disks;  sternum  wit'.iout 
style,  scutiform,  emargiuate  or  bilobed,  osseous  or  cartilaginous. 

1.  A  frontoparietal  fontamdle. 

No  vomerine  teeth  or  tarsal  spurs;  prefrontal  bones  wide,  uniting  on 
th(!  nsidille  line Udhichi/loilrs  Cope. 

2.  No  frontoparietal  fontandle. 

a.  I'refrontals  well  separated,  rarely  the  convexities  of  the  inner  Itorders  in 
contact. 
b.  Manubrium  earti1a;;.'ui)us. 

Muzzle  andcantlius  rostralis  angulated,  projecting;  vomerine  teeUi; 

digital  dilatation  ssmall Juiln/drohiiis  Wagl. 

Muzzle  and  canthus  rostralis  contracted,  little  marked;  vomerine 

teeth;  digital  dilatations  large Epirh<xin  Cope. 

hh.  Manubrium  osseous,  styloid. 

Muzzle  and  canthus  rostralis  angulated  ;  no  vomerine  teeth 

I.imnocharis  IJell. 

aa.  Prefrontals  united  throughout  by  close  suture,  and  usually  in  contact  with 
frontoparietals. 

No  vomerine  teeth Siirrliophits  Copo. 

Vomerine  teeth;  abdomen  smooth I.ithodytcs  Cope. 

No  vomerine  teeth  ;  belly  areolato lljumdivfjitiii  Cope. 

Vomerine  teeth  ;  abdomen  areolate llijlodt'8  Fitz. 

Group  VI,  CvsTKiNATiii.— Frontoparietals  and  auditory  apparatus  fully  developed; 
cephalic  derm  free;  external  metatarsi  boiiiul,  digits  free,  terminal  phalanges 
simple;  sternum  a  distinctly  delined  slender  osseous  style,  with  distal  cartilagi- 
nous disk ;  toes  free, 

a.  .Xiphisternal  style  emargiuate,  and  with  two  distal  cartilaginous  disks. 
Vomerine  teeth  wanting;  no  tarsal  spurs  ;  inguinal  glands 

niihoiiias  Cope. 

Vomerine  teeth  prestMit;  no  tarsal  si)urs  ;  inguinal  glands 

EdaloiliiiKi  Fsp. 

No  parotoid  or  vomerine  teeth  ;  isolated  ingu'inal  glands  ;  two  acute 

metatarsal  spurs;  i)upil  horizontal Pahidicohi  Wagl. 

an.  Xii>histerual  style  and  distal  disk  undivideil. 

No  inguinal  glands;  pui)il  horizontal Lvi)todacl!ihi><  Fitz. 

Glandular  aggregations  on  the  loins  ;  i)upil  horizontal 

Cjintijinthiin  Wagl. 

No  glands;  pu])il  erect l.imiKimidiisa  Cope. 

No  glands;  pupil  horizontal;  ainlitory  ap|)aratns  atroi)liit'd. 
Tclmuloh'nix  Wiegm. 


!  *f 


\ 


•    ( 


:S|!i 


314  BULLETIN   :M,    UNITED    STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


(Ivslimiallii  . . . 
Ilvloilcs  . . .  .. 
•  iiiiliiplii.vdi's 

r.tinilcs  

rit'iiioiliMii;!'  .. 
Criiiiir 


AtlHti'uli.s. 


0 
0 
7 
1 

(I 


lU>glo  Kfotroplca. 


Cliili  iiiiil  S. 
of  I.ii  I'hitu. 


0 
4 

:t 

5 

10 


C'viitnil. 

Muxiunu. 

20 

n 

24 

'.'«    ■ 

0 

0 

3 

0 

3 

1 

o 

u 

WuHt 

Imlinii. 


There  are  then  known  twenty  one  Australian  species,  of  whith  all 
but  two  possess  an  incomplete  eranium  and  none  a  bony  xiphisternal 
style.  In  the  ratagonian  snbieyion  twenty- four  species,  of  wbieli  ten 
exhibit  an  incomplete  cranium,  and  live  a  complete  bony  xiphisternal 
style;  in  the  l>razilian  subre-iion  sixty-seven  species,  of  which  only  six 
have  an  incomplete  brain  case,  and  twenty-four  the  osseous  xiphister- 
nal style;  .Mexico,  thirty-two  species  with  complete  cranium,  and  one  of 
these  with  stylo;  the  West  Indies  with  twelve,  none  having'  the  fonta- 
nelle,  and  three  the  style. 


All 

11. 

itrn 

lis. 

s.  n.  rata- 

c'lioiiicii. 

s.  u. 

lirazil 
■ill 

S.R. 

j  Mexic. 

4 

s 

III! 

.  i: 

.(I.e. 

Toliil  

2") 

11 

•vrl 

iipcil  . 

I'ic'IVoiiImIh  I'iiIIv  iI 

(1 
1 
fi 
s 
7 

4 

1 

2 

» 

*22 

(1 

15 

0 

2 

27 

(1 

'      7 

1      0 

i      " 

1 

10 

K;ir  iinin'rlf  ct   •  - . 

II 

u 

0 

Ko.-ssoi'ial  slmvi'l _ 

0 

*  Approxiinatf. 

In  regard  to  tlie  cranial  development,  the  West  Indi.  region  is  |)rc- 
eminent  in  this  family,  as  in  the  Il.vlid;c;  the  lirazilian  inferior,  and  the 
.Australian  vastly  below  all;  the  degradation  appearing  in  a  certain 
degree  regular.  In  the  lack  of  vomerine  teeth  (a  feature  of  immatur- 
ity) South  Hrazilian  and  Argentine  forms  predominate.  In  possession 
of  the  raniform  xiphisternum  the  West  Indian  and  Mexican  subregions 
show  fewer  rej)resentatives  ihan  the  Brazilian.  There  are  none  in  the 
Australian. 

One  si)ecie.s — hilhtnhitcs  ricortUi — wanders  from  the  11,  Neotroi»ica 
into  the  southern  projection — Florida— of  North  America,  and  two 
others,  lAthodytcH  lufrans  and  Sijrrlinjilius  maruocliii,  have  a  distribu- 
tion in  Southwest  Texas;  no  others  are  known  to  o(!cur  beyond  tlit* 
borders  already  state«l.  No  species  is  connnon  to  the  R.  K.  Australis 
and  Xeotropica,  and  but  one  genus — IJorboroca-tes.  Two  Hrazilian 
spe(!ies  occur  in  the  Southern  West  Indies  and  two  in  Southern  Mex- 
ico ;  probably  three  of  the  same  country  must  be  included  in  the  iWu'iios 
Ayrean  list. 

As  yet  we  are  accjuainted  with  the  fo.ssil  remains  of  but  one  specnes 
of  Cystignathidic— a  Ceratophrys,  from  a  Ijrazilian  cave.     It  has  Iteen 


-k 


r  ax 


T 


THK    HATUACIIIA    Ol'    NORTH    AMKRICA. 


315 


7^^ 


regai'doil  :i.h  id  iitical  with  tho  C.dursata  by  Giiiither  ^Ann.  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.,  185!),  IM.  \v). 


C.VRtigliiitlii, 

';i!»  .s|>. 


PhoikIos, 
Trip. 


l'"rinito|).iiii'tal  liKiir.t  (li'VL'liiiKul. 

Am  iisHiHiiiK  xi|ihi.4lDi'iial  Htylo. 

(■Tcliimtdblim 

/     (y'ysti^imllius  niilinniitx 

■j        'LfpiiiiliiciNliis    Kilali)rliiiiii 

(  I'aliuliciilii 


Xi|ihislciiiiini  a  o.\ililn)jiuou8(lisU 

!  IIvli>i1<'»,  I 
i      r,liH|.. 


l'.-l(111lli8 

Mixdpliyps 
CycluiliaiiipliiH 


IJmiinclnris 
ITyldilcn 
fiitlioclyti'H 
KtihyilinbiiH 
K|)irli{'xiM 
SynliopliuM 
SIiilachylodL's 


CiTntnpI.rydes, 
17  Hp. 


riiMiiDilciiia', 

U  Hp. 


('riiiin<. 

'_'.')  up. 


Fioiitopaiictal  linnos  umli'vildpiMl,  rinbraci  ug 
a  rniitaiii'll)'. 

Xipliistuiimiii  Willi  ail  osscnim  atvlo. 
<i  I'liMiridlrnia    Hylorlii  "a 

I  l.iiipirii.s 


Coratopbiys 
Sloiiilm.s 
(Jliiroli'ptcs 
/aclia'iiiis 
Uiliiutui>lii'ynU8 ' 


/ 


Xipliisti'ruiima(ailila;;in()iisplatc.  \ 


\ 


CnpliiPiis 
Almidos 


I5[)iboro('a-'tt3« 

('riiiia 

Ilypui'olia 


llclioponis 
MiliDlvsis 


KroiitdpariL'tals  ami  (■tbnioid  anii  iindevcldped. 
KiHophiis 


L1TII01)YTI-:S  Cope. 

Proceed.  Ac.  Pliil;i.,    l-Ci'i,  p.  l.")!?;   Joiirii.    Ac.    Pliil;!.  (2),  VI,  p.,  l>7. 
HylodeK  pars,  aiirtonmi. 

Terminal  phalanges  T-shapt'd;  fingers  and  toes  Iiee;  no  enh'rged 
metatarsal  tnbercle.  Omosterniiin  (tiirlilaginou.s.  Sternmn  a  cartiliigi- 
nous  plate.  TrelVontal  bones  uniting  on  the  median  line  of  the  muzzle. 
iJelly  smooth. 

This  genus  dillVvs  f'ro?n  Hylodes  only  in  the  smooth,  as  di.stinguished 
from  the  granular,  «)r  arcolated,  belly  of  the  latter,  its  species  are  nu- 
merous and  inhal)it  prineipally  the  e(piatorial  and  northern  parts  of 
the  ><'eotroi»i(!al  realm.  IJnt  two  are  Ibund  in  the  Tnited  States:  tho 
L.  latnius  at  the  southwestern  border,  and  the  L.  ricortliiiXt  the  extreme 
southeast.  Tiie  latter  is  a  West  Indian  species;  the  former  probably 
occurs  in  Mexico,  but  its  existence  there  has  not  yet  l>een  ascertained 
l»ositively. 

• 

(\t.  VoiricriiKi  in  two  sliort  patches  Itctwecii  tlic  iiiircs. 

I'linii  roliiist;  muzzle  .short,  wide;  iipjier  siirt'iices  witli  iirown  spots..  ..L.  Inlraim. 
(\<t.  Vomerine  leetli  in  two  h)n^  triinsverse  enrved  series  posterior  to  tll(^  internal 
nares. 
Form  elongate  ;  muzzle  acnto  ;  spotted  above. L.  rkordii. 


i''3\ 


\ 


■I 


310  lUILLKTIN    :U,    rMTKl)    STATKS    NATIONAL    MIJSKUM. 

MTIIODVTKS  LATKANH  O-lif. 

(I'latcsr.l,  liy.  1.'.;  Tl,  <i^'.  a-J.) 
AiiuT.  Niit.,  Irt78,  p.  ISli;  Itiill.  T.  S.  Nat.  Mils,  No.  17,  l^sO,  p  'J.-.. 

Size  riitlier  lar^'c :  frontoinirietal  region  lint,  it.s  width  (M|iial  to  the 
V(!rticiil  (liaiiK'tcr  ol'tliemeiiibniimin  tyini)aiii.  SUin  smooth,  tiial  ol"  tlic 
abdomen  thrown  into  a  disk  by  a  circular  fold.  Digital  dilitations  small 
on  all  the  foot.  The  toes  have  no  dermal  free  margins;  those  oC  Hie 
liand  are  long,  while  those  of  the  foot  are  rather  short.  Tin;  fourth 
linger  is  as  large  as  the  foroarin  and  e.vceeds  tin'  thumb,  wliieh  in  turn 
is  considerably  lou-ger  than  the  second  linger.  There  are  t  .vo  ,st ion '^ 
palmar  tubercles,  of  which  the  external  is  divided  into  two  by  a  longi 
tudinal  groove.  There  are  two  solar  tubercles,  and  the  entociineiform 
is  prominent  and  obtuse.  The  muzzle  marks  a  point  beyond  the  mid- 
dle of  the  tarsna  of  the  e.vteiuled  hind  limb.  The  tarsus  to  thi^  e  ito 
cuneiform  is  just  half  as  long  as  the  remaimler  of  the  foot.  There  are 
prominent  tubercles  on  the  inferior  side  of  the  digits  of  both  «'.\trem- 
ities.  Tiie  head  is  wide  and  Hat  and  tlie  loreal  region  oblicpie.  The 
nasal  region  is  Hat  and  gently  <lecnrved  and  the  \\[)  projects  a  little  beyiuid 
the  nnizzle.  The  long  <liameter  of  the  eye  e(pnils  the  lengtli  from  its 
border  to  the  external  nostril,  whiidi  is  very  near  the  einl  of  the  muzzle, 
and  exceeds  the  long  or  vertical  diameter  of  tlie  membrannm  tympani  by 
one-half  of  the  latter.  The  v.idth  of  the  tynipanic  membrane  is  live- 
sixths  of  its  height.  The  tongue  is  subronnd.  The  ostia  pharyngea  are 
large,  but  smaller  than  the  choanie.  Tlie  vomerine  teeth  are  in  two 
sliort,  nearly  transverse  patches,  on  elevated  bases,  their  apicu's  nearly 
in  line  with  the  posterior  biirder  of  the  choanal  In  younger  individ- 
uals the  choanal  are  oblicjnely  longitudinal. 

Length  of  head  and  body,  .()7(J"';  length  of  head  to  line  of  posterior 
borders  of  tympanum,  axially  .OL'l'" ;  width  at  latter  point,  .(»3L"' ;  length 
of  posterior  leg,  .107'". 

Color  of  superior  surfaces  brownish-gray,  marked  with  a  few  large 
brown  spots  with  pale  centers.  The  largest  of  these  is  on  each  scapular 
region;  a  smaller  pair  is  one  over  the  extremity  of  oav.h  sacral  trans- 
verse process.  There  are  several  on  the  pelvic  region  and  above  the 
groin,  one  on  each  eyelid,  and  one  or  two  on  the  middle  of  the  nasid 
region.  Another  covers  the  tympanum,  ami  a  brown  band  conne<!ts 
the  orbits  around  the  eiul  of  the  muzzle.  There  are  two  large  brown 
spots  on  the  lip,  one  below  the  eye  and  one  in  IVont  of  it.  The  seg- 
ments of  the  limbs  have  l)ro;id  cross-baiuls,  excepting  the  humerus. 
IJelow*  pale,  iiumacnlate. 

This  species  is  one  of  the  larger  forms  of  the  genus.  The  nasal  bones 
are  in  contact  for  most  of  their  length,  but  diverge  a  little  i)osteriorIy, 
displaying  a  small  portion  of  the  etiunoid.  This  is  not  typical  in 
Lithodyte.s,  but  ai)i)roache.s  the  state  of  things  in  Epirhexis. 

This  frog  inhabits  the  clilfsof  the  cretacu'ous  liiuestone  which  are 


^ 


M 


T 


THE    KATKACIIIA    OF    NOliTll    AMKKICA. 


:n7 


T 


x 


found  III  every  ilht'ctiou  aloii;;  tin'  bonlerH  ami  river  viillevH  of  tlic  lir.st 
plateau  ro^^ioii  of  Texas.  Mr.  (>.  W.  Mariioiik,  who  discoverotl  it,  in- 
forms  me  that  after  rains  it  is  very  noisy,  niakin;^  the  roeUs  resound 
with  its  cry,  whieh  is  somewhat  like  a  doj^'s  bark.  It  hi(h's  in  fissures, 
and  is  so  dilUcult  to  lind  as  to  be  generally  ujdvuown  to  the  (rountry 
j.'ople,  who  suppose  that  the  voice  proceeds  from  a  lizard.  Ac»;ording 
to  Mr.  Marnock  the  ejj;gs  are  hatched  in  winter,  and  the  tatlpoles  pass 
their  existemie  in  temporary  pools  of  rain-water  which  collects  in  holes 
in  the  rocks  and  at  a  distance  from  the  creeks. 


A      -^  6 

Fio.  80.  LithiHljtrHlntrans.    No.  1059.    Hdotcs,  Texas;  }. 

Additional  specimens  of  this  species  received  from  Mr.  Marnock  show 
that  it  reaches  a  laryer  size  than  the  above  specimens  indicate.  I  give 
the  following 


Miamircmciils. 


M. 


lifiiKlli  of  lioiid  anil  lioily 0D4 

l^ciif^tli  of  lioiid,  iiicliidiiin  tyiiipiiiiii 03r> 

Width  of  lu'iid  at  jtostt'iior  cdj^n  of  tympana OUU 

I.tMJijth  of  foro  liiiili 0.')5 

[.icnj^th  of  hind  limh 115 

Lcn<;th  of  tibia 0:5lt 

Ltii;;th  of  tarsns 0'.*0 

LdMjitli  of  ri\st  of  foot C:i5 

In  the  hujie  aiul  old  specimens  a  mineral  deposit  takes  place  in  the 
skill,  as  in  the  I'ln/llomcdiisa  sclcrodcnua  Cope  and  tSfen'ncjjclo2}s  incrafiH 
siilns  (!ope.    It  is  ('specially  abundant  in  the  cranial  derm,  but  whieh  is 
not,  as  in  cases  where  the  ossilication  appears  on  the  surface  of  the 
cranial  bones,  adheient  to  the  latter. 

The  Ilyhxlcs  aiiffiisti  (Duges  IMS.),  Drocchi  Mision  Scientili()ue  de 
Mexi(|ue,  ISSl,  irt)iii  (liianajuato,  Mexico,  is  related  to  the  present  ani- 
mal. I  do  not  know  what  the  spejific  difl'erence  is,  unless  it  be  in  the 
form  of  the  vomerine  patches,  which  1  can  not  clearly  make  out  from 
I»rocchi's  descrii>tion. 


Oiiliilogiio 

No.  of 

iiuiiiber. 

spec. 

10751 

1 

107.')2 

1 

lOTfia 

1 

ii)or.« 

2 

lO.V.M) 

t> 

1303a 

1 

Locality. 


Buxar  County,  Tux  . 

tlo 

ilo 

ilo 

do 

do 


When 
oollt'cttnl. 


Frcnii  whom  locoived. 


Nature  of  spoc- 
iuieii. 


10,  ISKO    D.  W.  Marnock !  Alcobolic. 


..tlo    I do 

...do ; do 

....do. 

....do 

....do. 


Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do, 


:  I 


:( 


V'A 


i 


I 
J 


I. 


'{ 


m 


'1 


:-  ) 


318  IIULLLTIN    ;il,    rMTlil)   «TATi:S    NATIONAL   Ml'SKUM. 

I-ITIIODVTK.S  inCOK'DM  Diini.  iV  lliltr. 

Cpr,  t'licik-LiMt  N.  Aiii.r.  Wtitv.  Kci'lil.,  1^7.'.,  p.  :tl. 

Hyludix  liivrdii  Diiiii.  \  Hiln'.,  Krp.  (li'H.,  \  Ml,  ii,(!j:t;  Uiiiili'ii^'or, Cut.  Hiitr.  Sal.  Uiil. 
Mim.,  If-S'j,  1,.  -Jl;!. 

Head  ii.s  wide  as  or  wider  fiiiii  (ho  body,  lon^'or  than  broad;  tlio 
hifi'ial  oulliiics  euived ;  the  end  of  the  imi/.zlo  abruptly  truncated. 
Ostia  i»harynj;ea  oval.  Vomerine  ti-etli  in  two  \ou<f  curved  series, 
w  Inch  coinnicnce  behind  and  opposite  to  the  external  border  of  inner 
nares;  thoy  are  sep  uated  by  a  considerable  space  nu'dially.  Tonjfuo 
elonyate  oval,  slightly  nicked.  A  snboular  vocal  sack.  Tympanum 
half  the  size  of  the  eye.  Skin  smooth  above  and  below;  sides  ruyose. 
Heel  reathinj;  the  orbit.  I)i}j;ital  palettes  snnill.  Two  metacarpal,  two 
nu'tatarsal  tubercles.     Iiracbiiim  lonjrcr  thanore<pial  toantcbrachium. 

General  color  reddish-brown.  The  loreal  re};ion,  a  band  between  the 
eyes,  one  above  the  tympanum,  ai.d  some  dorsal  si)ots,  darker.  Ileneath 
liji'ht  brownish. 

A  siufjle  specimen  from  Key  West,  Florida,  is  in  the  National  Mu- 
seum.   Its  proj)or  habitat  is  Cuba. 

8YKRII0PIIUS  Cope. 

Amcr.  Nat.,  lf-78,  p.  '2'i',\;  Procct'd.  Aiiur.  Philosopli.  Soc,  I87ti,  p.  'JGd. 

Sternum  a  cartilaginous  plate,  notched;  digits  free;  vomerine  teeth 
in)ne;  ear  well  developed;  nasal  bones  in  contact,  forming  a  solid  root' 
over  the  ethmoid  cartilage.     I'upil  horizontal. 

This  genus  is  simply  Lithodytes  without  vomerine  teeth.  In  the 
former  genus  the  nasals  an<lethmoi<l  have  the  structure  seen  in  Klosia. 
Four  si)ecies  are  known,  three  of  which  are  Mexican  in  distribut.'on. 
They  difl'er  as  follows  from  each  other: 

I'oiitcnor  limb.s  short,  lioul  to  tyiiipaiiiiin ;  licad  wide;  tympiiiiuin  half  orbit;  rufous, 
brown  spotted S.  miiriiinliii. 

Posterior  limbs  lonj^cr,  heel  to  front  of  orbit;  liead  wide,  a  canthns  rohtralis;  tyni- 
l)anuni  ono-tiiird  orbit ;  brown,  pale  si)otted .V.  lq)nig. 

Posterior  limbs  lon/^er,  lieel  to  tVfnit  of  orbit;  head  narrow,  no  canthns  rostralis; 
tympanum  one-third  orbit;  brown,  dark  si)otted <S'.  cjintiijiKtlhuhhu. 

Heel  to  front  of  orbit;  lieail  rather  wicb-,  Hat;  tympanum  two-thirds  eye-slit;  sub- 
digital  tubercles  largo;  gray,  with  black  .spots .V.  veirucijics. 

SYRRIIOPIIUS  MAKXOCIIII  Cope. 

(Plato  71,  tig.  :i4.) 

Amor.  Nat.,  187i^,  p.  2.J3;  Hull.  IJ.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1880,  p.  2G. 

The  typical  specimen  is  as  large  as  ITyhi  rcrsicolor,  ami  has  a  long 
Hat  head  and  remarkably  short  hind  legs.  The  muzzle  is  flat  and 
slightly  depressed  above,  and  projects  a  little  beyond  the  edge  of  the 


7"" 


»l 


Tin:    ItATKACIIIA    OK    NOIMII    AMLUICA. 


3l!» 


7-. 


i 


lip.  Tilt'  iio.sti'il  is  ii  littlo  boliiiul  the.  apox,  ami  as  Tar  in  IVoiit  of  tlio 
orltit  as  the  loii<;'  diauu'lci'  of  tlu;  latter.  Tyinpanit;  iiieinhraiic  iDiiiith 
its  (liaiiietcr  about  lialf  that  ol'cyc.  Cliuaiia-  latora!,  (■(|iial  in  si/.c  to  llic 
ostia  pliar.viifica.  Ton;,'iU',  lonjjcr  than  \vi(U',  lull,  cntirt'.  Inte^uMicnts 
evny where  smooth;  on  the  a1)(h)inen  a  faint  iliscoidal  t'oM.  I)i<;'its 
short,  nxMlerately  expanded  and  tnin(!ate  at  the  extrenii'v.  IM'oni- 
inent  tubercles  at  tiie  proxinnil  ends  of  the  phahinj^es  below.  First  and 
second  anterior  toes  eipnil  and  shorter  than  fourth.  The  heel  of  tho 
appressed  hind  limb  reaches  the  middle  of  tho  tynii)anuni,  and  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  tarsus  a  little  anterior  to  the  orbit.  The  tore  limb  is  rela- 
tively lonjifer,  the  wiist  extendin<j[  beyond  the  extremity  of  the  muzzle. 
The  tarsus  is  two  fifths  the  entire  leiif-th  of  the  i)0(*^erior  foot.  The  in- 
terorbital  spacte  is  Hat  and  wide,  and  is  but  a  trille  narrower  than  tho 
expanse  of  the  sacral  diajiophyscs. 

The  color  of  the  upper  surliutes  is  a  lijiht  |):irplish  brown,  elosc'y 
spotted  with  rather  small  (;losely  placed  and  broadly  delined  dark 
brown  spots.  The  spots  are  less  distinct  on  the  head.  Inferior  sur- 
faces liyht  yellowish,  immaculate,  this  tint  commencing  as  small  spots 
on  the  pale  ground  of  the  sides.  Lind)s  above  brown,  broadly  cross- 
banded  with  yellowish'  femora  behind,  light  brown  with  a  few  light 
points. 


('iilaliimii' 
Illlinlirr. 

S.:;'"j      i'-""t.v. 

coYulctiMl.        ^■■'■""'  "'"""  '■'^^^•'■ivcil. 

Nature  of  «|»f- 

illlL'U. 

lUlOl 
13(W.j 

1 

■J        ITcliilcH,  lioxur  ("ouiitv, 

Tex. 
1        do 

fi.  W.  Mainnck 

ilo 

Alcoboliv. 
Do. 

■  .\ 


i 


I 


1  '  4  6  7 

I'lii.  hi.  .Syirhophun  marnockii.    No.  13035.    HpIuIcs,  Texaa;  1. 

Mca-tiinmciitu 

M. 

l.(ii;;lli  ()(■  liciid  iiiul  body 0;5S 

I.riijitli  (if  Iiciid,  ini'liidin^  tyinpaii.'i 0l'2',i 

W  id  ill  i)f  liciid,  iiicliidin^'  tymiiaiia .01;} 

l-(ii};tli  (if  fore  limb  from  axillii C'*ii 

J.i'ii^rtli  of  liiiid  liiiili  from  j;roiii 0-15 

l.fiiMitliof  tiliia 015 

LeiiKlIi  of  tarsn.s 00<)3 

Li'nj;tli  of  rest  of  foot 015 

Nothing  is  yet  known  of  the  life  history  of  this  siiccies.  It  is  prob- 
abh'  that,  like  other  species  of  tho  genus,  it  inhabits  rocky  places.  I 
found  the  S.  tcrruviptu  in  the  bottom  of  a  rocky  ravine  in  the  State  of 
]lidalgo,  Mexico,  mider  a  stone  ou  thQ  borders  of  a  small  stream. 


hi 


!! 


I 

m 


1  - 


320  BULLKllN    :!1,    UMTKl)    STATES    NATIONAL    MfSKUM. 

Vt'itebni'  procaOoiis.  Sacral  diapopliyses  dilated,  the  simple  iirostyle 
articulated  to  two  condyles.  External  nietacariu  bound  tof^etlier.  Ter- 
minal phalanges  articulated  inleriovly  onto  the  extremity  of  the  penulti- 
mate, globular  or  swollen  proximally,  and  giving  rise,  usually  from  a  cen- 
tral emargination,  to  the  curved,  acute  distal  portion,  which  is  of  a  more 
compact  tissue.  Superior  plate  of  ethmoid  never  covere«l  by  ironto- 
l»arietals,  usually  produced  anteriorly  between  frcMitonasals.  Ear  per- 
fectly developed.     Abdominal  integument  generally  areolate. 

Tills  family  embraces  the  tree  toads  of  Australia  and  America.  It 
presents  comparatively  little  structural  variety,  not  containing  as  un- 
developed types  as  the  Cystiguathida',  nor  as  high  ones;  it  poss.esses 
neither  earless  nor  fossorial,  nor  really  acjuatic  genera. 

The  adaptive  modifications  are:  First,  those  which  accompany  a  ter- 
restrial habitat,  i.e.,  the  diminution  of  the  digital  dilatations  and  palma- 
tiou.  These  occur  in  regularly  increasing  degree  in  a  small  nnnd)er  of 
the  species  of  the  typical  genus  llyla,  and  are  general  in  atul  distinctive 
of  two  other  genera.  Second,  those  whiiili  adapt  the  extremities  to 
grasping  a  limb  by  opposition  of  digits,  instead  of  adhering  to  a  sur- 
face by  expansion  of  them  in  one  plane.  This  lirst  appears  possible  in 
Agalychnis,  and  is  structural  in  IMiyllomcdusa.  Third,  those  which  re- 
strict the  light  admitted  to  the  retina,  first,  by  the  lateral  contractility  of 
the  pupil;  second, by  the ren<lering  opaqueof  the  inferior  palpelira.  The 
lirst  characterizes  the  two  genera  just  mentioned,  the  last  occurs  in  the 
first  two,  but  is  inconstant  in  the  second,  and  characterizes  two  other 
genera.  Fourth,  that  which  adaj»ts  the  female  dm  iug  the  breeding  sea- 
son to  localities  without  water,  or  where  peihap.-i  the  water  (;ontains 
enemies,  by  the  inversion  of  the  dorsal  integument  so  as  to  lorm  a  sacli, 
in  which  the  eggs  are  carried.  This  occurs  in  and  is  accepted  as  char- 
acteristic of  two  genera. 

Another  feature,  which  has  a  functional  value,  is  the  union  of  the 
abdominal  integnmenls  with  the  snperlicial  fascia  of  the  muscles  by 
an  areolar  or  (ibrous  network,  continuous  with  that  of  the  usual  latero- 
ventral  band.  The  skin  of  the  inferior  surfaces  of  these  creatures,  as  in 
the  raiiiform  tree  frogs,  has  a  thickening  in  numerous  close  areola',  the 
nature  and  fun(;tion  «)f  which  is  like  that  of  the  digital  dilatations,  and 
Ihevlerm  of  the  tuber  on  the  thumb  of  the  male  K'ana,  /.  <■.,  to  secrete  an 
adhesive  fiui:l  as  aid  in  maintaining  the  peculiar  positions  assumed. 
In  proportion  to  the  development  of  these  is  the  extent  ol'  the  abdomi- 
nal attachment,  and  hence  may  be  supposed  to  bi' adapted  lor  reliexing 
the  other  arcolarconnections  from  the  strain  of  the  animars  weight  when 
in  an  ai)pressed  or  vertical  j)osition.  Its  nnifoiiiiity  in  the  bnriowing 
genera  of  the  liufonida'  an<l  Scaphiopodida-,  and  especially  on  their  dor- 
sal surface,  rather  confirms  this  view. 

This  connection  is,  however,  evidently  not  necessary  to  the  use  of  the 


*riatus  7-^  73. 


TIIK    BATliACIIIA    OF    NOlMll    AMERICA.  321 

abilominal  iiitejcumeiit  as  an  adhesive  siipitort,  as  this  faculty  L  uo- 
wiieie  better  seen  than  in  the  Aeri.s,  where  «leini  is  free.  This  creat- 
ure will  adhere  for  days  to  a  vertical  j;lass  [tlatc,  not  only  by  the  alido- 
nion  and  digits,  but  by  (he  interdigital  membranes,  and  will  light  se- 
curely frqni  a  long  leap  on  such  a  surface.  Daudin  and  Dumeril  have 
relaled  the  siime  adhesive  faculty  in  J'clodyte.s puiutatiis,  \\\\Wi\i  in  not 
knovvn  in  regard  to  the  dermal  attachments,  but  has  not  the  abdominal 
areoia;  present  in  Acris.  Tiie  extent  of  the  attachment  is  least  where 
the  dilatations  arc  snndlest,  as  follows: 

Abdoini-ii  ciitii'cl.v  attadird  ;   1h  h\). 

riiyllDiiicdiisa  four  sp.     A^,'.ilyclinis    three  si>.     Trachyoopliahis  two  Hp.     Noto- 
t reitia  (Mie  sp,     Scytiipis  t  wo  sp.     Siiiilisi'a  liaiidiiiii. 

Hypsilioas  all)oiiiai-;j;iiiala,  lioans.     IFyla  a;;rt!slis,  kre'll'lii,  iiliyllouliroa. 
Posterior  lialf  or  tliird  of  abiloMieii  attached;   laterovciitral  liaiid  wide. 

Triprioii  pelasatns. 

f[yhi  fiise.i,  areiiieolor,  <;ratiofiii,  ver.sieolor,  feinoralis,  f-(inirena,  aiidersoiiii,  C(u- 
ridea. 

Kaiioiih'a  aiirea. 

Clioroi>hihis  lii.seiiatiis. 
Less  than  posteiioi'  thinl  ahdoineii  aKaelied;  tlio  hiteroveiitrals  wide. 

Ilyhi  ailicirea,  rcniUa,  lateralis,  miotyiiipaiiiiin,  piekeriiigii. 

Chorophiiiis  nij^ritiis. 
AlHloiiieii  entirely  free. 

Hyha  leseiirei,  eiirla,  j;raeilipes.      Aeri.s  j;ryllus. 

Of  distinguishing  features,  whicli  aie  seen  in  tli<^  degree  of  develop- 
njeut  of  the  elements  of  the  skull,  there  are,  lirst,  the  devei()i)ment  of 
the  o.  o.  frontoparietalia  ;  secontl,  of  the  prefrontalia  ;  third,  of  the  sii- 
perlicial  cranial  rugositi«'s;  fourth,  of  vomerine  teeth;  tilth,  of  a  post- 
frontal  arch;  sixth,  of  the  ethmoid  iirch. 

Wludc  iiuiiilier  ol'  species li*3 

l'''roiitoparietals  fully  de velojied \>-i 

l-'roiitoparietals  with  rii<.osities  peiietratini;  ileriii '.» 

I'rofroutals  developed 17 

No  vomerine  tecih   G 

A  postfroiital  proees-i I 

Ethmoid   incomplete  ali<ive 1 

Of  the  al»ove  lOiaracti'rs  the  lack  of  vomerine  teeth  is  incimstant  in 
rhyllomiiilusa,  being  present  in  soiiir  anil  wanting  in  otlier  si)i'cies. 

There  is  a  ♦I'lidency  to  tiie  I'sciidis  and  Ifaiia  lilteration  of  the  outer 
metatarsus  in  /////((  nmvrivmm.  hjipostivtn,  and  (limolop.s,  ami  //.  r  UanoUka) 
auri((. 

I'iirotoiil  glands  otu'ur  in  some  species  of  ll.\  lida;  as  an  extensive  stra 
tuiu  of  crypts,  but  lU'ver  exhibit  tiie  delinition  seen  in    liulbiiil'orm  tuid 
.some  C'ystigiia; 'lid  genera.     It  even  occurs  in  tSci/hipifi  rcnidoNHis  irreg- 
ularly, being  s(Uiietimes  present  and  sometimes  wanting  in  the  female, 
at  least. 

The  xiphistornum  exhil)its  the  Ibrm  whicii  I'xists  in  the  greater  num- 
ber of  ('ystignathi(he,  excepting  ill  eight  species,  where  it  only  lacks 
the  posterior  emargination. 
l!»Ol_l]ull  '61 L'l 


Ml 


" 


I    n 


V 


I  » 


I 


322         BULLETIN    31,    UNITED    STATES   NATIONAL   iMUSEUM. 

The  natural  genera  are  as  follows : 

I.  No  teeth  on  tlio  i»iiiiisiibcuoiil  boue. 

1.  Pupil  horizontiil. 

a   A  fiontopark'tal  (biitaiallc  ;  Hliinr)icl  not  ossilied  aViove. 

Xi„.Kfire Tlwroiia  Cope. 

aa.  A  liontoparii'tal  ionlanelle;  ctlinioid  coiiipUtiil. 

Toes  five,  or  ueaily  (so ;   <li{;ital   dilatations  very  small;    safiuin   little 

dil'lted  (hoiiiiiliilii"  I5aird. 

Toes  fully  webbed;  digital  dilatations  minute  :  saeiuin  little  dilated. 

I,  lis  \).  \   15. 

Toes  webbed;   digital  disks  and  sacral  diapojdiyses  nnu-e  dilated  ;  jm.IIcx 
consisting  of  one  or  more  sliort  conceab'tl  i)balauges;  pal|Mbra  trans 

parent "nl"  ''••i"- 

Like  llyla,  but  the  <lorsal  derm  introverted  forwards,  forming  a  sae. 

XolDln  nut  1).  A   1). 

Like  llyla,  but  pidlex  consisting  of  phalanges  (used  into  a  enived  >olid 

exsertildo  spine:  iialpebra  transparent /////im7»"/-(  \Vmi;1. 

Like  llyi)siboas,  but  paliiebrareticidale  with  libers CnnlnxiopK^  ('o|m\ 

Like  llyla,  but  vonieriuo  teeth  wanting IlijliUu  If.  iV  L. 

aa.  No  frontoparietal  fontauelle. 

Derm  of  the  head  frei^  ;   no  post  frontal  (nocess Si!il(ii>ix  Cope. 

Derm  of  the  head  free:  a  postfnmtal  juocess Siiiilisin  Cope. 

Derm  of  front  free:  bones  exostosed (Inh(initlialii,t  Til/,. 

Derm  »d'  the  head  inv.dved  in  the  ossilication  ;  no  dermal  .sae. 

Irtirhiiitiihiilus  'I'-eb. 

Derm  (d' bead  involved  in  the  ossilication;  a  doisal  sac  of  the  int  roverlid 
.skin Djiintlwililjilnix  ( ii lir. 

2.  Pupil  vertical. 

fi.  No  frontoparietal  fontaiudle. 

Tongue  scarcely  free  behind;  no  digits  opposalde;  cranial  ossilication 

involving  lie rm XjirHiiuiiilis  I  Ion  I. 

/3;i.  Frontoiiarietal  fontunelle  present. 

Tongue  extensively  tree  liehind  ;  sternum  <leeply  cniarginate;  digits  not 

oplio.sed  when  at  rest  :  cranial  skin  IVee hjiiliii  liiiis  Cope. 

Tongut?  extensively  IVee;  internal  digits  opposable,  more  or  Ie>s  fni' ; 

sternum  entire;  cranial  skin  free riii/lhiiinriiiKi  U'agl 

IL  Teeth  on  the  ]iaras[ihenoid  bom-. 

Pupil  horizontal;  vomeriiu^  teelh;  (;ranial  <lertn  involved  in  ossilicit  ion 

of  skull ;  labial  biu'ders  produced liimjli  ii<t  Cope. 

VcMueriue  teelli;  toes  webbed;  derm  ><{'  head   involved   in  ossifiiat  ion  ; 
labial  border  produced  ;  pupil  vert  ical 'I'liiniiiii  (  ope. 

Ill  the  series  1-2  to  rh.vlloiiiediisa  a  litial  «liiiiiiititi<>ii  of  paliiiatioii 
aceoiiipaiiies  contiiitied  .si/.e  of  the  Wi^ital  |):ih'tte.s  an<l  iiicreasi>  in  th*' 
length  and  lueadth  of  tiic  ethmoid  and  diiiiiiititioii  of  the  fnnitopaiir 
talis,  whieh  featiirt'.s,  liowever,  aiv  its  iiiaiked  in  lli/la  iialinala  ;i.s  in 
these  sueeeediiig  types;  th«'.v  eari'.v  to  its  fiiHest  (h'v«'iopiii(Mit  the  cra- 
nial peculiiirities  of  the  family,  and  adtl  otiicr  f«'atiii«'s  iK'foic  incti 
tioned;  they  iiiiiabit  the  eontineiital  siiluegion  of  the  Ncotiopicid. 
The  other  nmin  series  (1-1)  leads,  liist,  to  a  ftiMcr  development  (if  the 
frontoparietals,  then  to  an  extension  of  tlie  prefiontals,  tind  litially  to 
covering  of  the  cranium  with  "  dermo-o.ssili(!atioii,"on  the  one  iiiind  with 
the  sni)eraddition  of  a  dorstil  dermal  sa(^,  on  the  other  witiiotit  it.  'J'his 
extreme  linds  itsgretitest  expiuision  in  tlie  West  Indian  siibregiou.     .\ 


TIIK    IJATKAClllA    OF    NOUTJI    AMEltlCA. 


323 


f^iiigular  iiic()iii[»U'teii('ss  of  the  cranial  box  set'iiis  to  mark  Thoropa, 
which  lias  the  stroiij;'  iia.sal  ro()liii}4'  of  this  second  scries. 

Chorophihis  c.\hil)it.s  an  atlinity  to  the  (',vstij;iiatiii(ia!,  as  docs  also 
Thoi'oi>a,  wiiich  represents  in  inferioiity  I'^iisophns  in  I  lie  same  family. 

The  lollow  inn  istiie  j;('oyrai)hicaldistril>nti(»M  oithejicneraandspecics: 


'rripi  Idii 

|liiif;lrii;i 

0|ii.slli>iili-l|>li\  s  . 
'l'ia(liMi|p|i,iliis 

<  lst('()l-|-)tlKllllS   . . . 

Nnliiiii  ma 

Sr\  htpiH 

NMlllMiUllis 

I'livlluiiiiiliisa  . .. 

Ai;iil.\rliiiiH 

Siiiili>^cii       

Ciiiliiilrlinii 

M  V  psilKMH 

Ilvia ... 

Il\l.lla    

All  is 

('Ii<iiii|iliiliis  . .    . . 
Tlioiiiiia 


u.  i;.  K.  It. 

Aii.sliall.s.     Ni;iitii)|iii'a.    .NituiLtiia.     I'ala  aii-tii  a. 


i;.  K. 

.Dlliiiipira.      I>ala'iitii>|ik'a. 


:i 
I 
II 
1 
i:! 

I 

:i 
III 
(ill 

t 


10                  :i                    (p                    :t 

1 

Tdlal 


.11 


l:» 


lU 


The  only  fi'eiius  in  the  above  series  wliich  is  not  contined  to  a  zooloj-ical 
realm  is  llyla,  and  the  species  ul'  this  jnenns  arc  all  restricted  to  their 
icspcctivc  renions.  Sniilisctt  Ixditlinii  extends  from  the  Ncotroj)ical  into 
the  Itordeis  of  the  Ncar(li(!  icj^ion,  and  it  is  i»ossiblc  that  llyla  v<vn(ha 
extends  from  the  Australian  Islands  into  those  of  the  Paheotropical 
antliipi'laiio,  thoii;^h  the  ideiitilication  of  the  si)ecies  may  not  be  strictly 
correct.  Acitordinj;-  to  llleekcr  it  is  fonnd  in  Java  and  as  far  west  as 
Tadanj;',  on  the  west  coast  of  Sumatra.* 

The  follo\vinj>  is  a  distribution  of  these  j-eiieric  forms  among  tlie  dis- 
tricts ((!'  the  Ncotrojiittal  region: 


Wist 
Iiiiliaii. 


Mi'xiiaii.   ('iil(iiiil)ian.    (Jliiliaii.      IvihIcmi. 


. 

. 

l>ia-M<na 

1 

1 
1 

'1  riprinii 

1 

4 

1 

:i 

Nototicliiii 

4 

:.:. 

(1) 

8 

1 

rinlloitn.lusa 



;1 
1 

u 

('iii('l<>sr<i|iiiN 

1 

Ilvpsihuas 

17 

1 

1 

7 

ITi 

Ilvia    

2 

1 

3t> 

Mvlrlta        

;i 

;  I 

'l"lniio|ta 



1 

V 


h 


Tiital 


:!l 


i;i 


HO 


Our  present  kiiowle<lge,  as  above,  indi<!ates  considerable  localization 
in  tin;  distribution  of  geiuMa,  and  a  marked  prtMloaiinance  of  the  eastern 

*Ovt'r  tic  lv('iilili|!ii  I'aima  van  Sumatra,  1'.  Mlcckur,  IJataviii,  W>0,  p.  8. 


■§*£ 


(    3V 


324  HULLKTIN    :U,    UNITED    STATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

district.  Bat  three  of  tlie  gonerii  Ibuiul  in  tlio  latter  are  known  to 
exist  in  any  other.  Tlie  poverty  of  tlie  Cliiiian  districjt  is  marked, 
Willie  West  Indian  species  are  neiuiy  all  of  <Mie  j^enns,  tlie  Scytopis 
noted  beiny  the  *S'.  niher  of  Siirinain,  wliicli  occurs  in  Trinidad.  None 
of  the  species  ever  i)ass  these  bounds,  with  the  lastnientioned  exct'iition, 
and  tbose  oi  Scytopis  renulosits,  II:;^mln>m  Klhoman/inatHs  and  xerophijl- 
liiiH,  which  occur  in  the  eastern  and  adjoining-  portion  of  tlie  Mexi«ran 
region.     Our  knowledge  of  this  subject  is,  howcner,  very  incoinplctc. 

In  the  species  of  llylidae  (joloration  may  be  tlistributed  into  two 
regions;  the  (ir-M  including  that  which  is  exposed  to  tlie  light  when  the 
animal  is  crouched,  with  the  limbs  all  Hexed  and  close  pressed  to  the 
sides,  the  hands  and  feet  coniiealed  more  or  less  finder  the  body;  and 
the  second  embraces  what  is  thus  hidden  from  the  light,  especially  the 
jiortions  in  actual  contact  in  llexure.  Any  marked  dilfereiute  in  color 
of  the  different  surfaces  will  usually  be  found  to  have  reference  to  this 
division  into  regions,  generally  very  dissimilar  in  appearance.  This 
is  well  seen  in  Jfyhi  ((lulerNonii,  furolineu.si.s,  and  in  I'hyllomedusa  and 
Agalychnis.  For  convenience  of  reference,  J  here,  as  in  otln-r  genera 
of  IJatrachia  iSalieiitia,  term  the  iiortions  of  the  bixly  and  limbs  which 
are  exposed  to  tlie  light  external:  those  (!oiicealed  in  the  llexure,  in- 
ternal. 

AOIMS  Dumeril  and  IJibron. 

Eq).  (icii.,  \1II,  r>(i(i;  (iiinllicr,  (":i(.  Hatr.  Sal.  Hiit.  Miis.,  I  cd.,  ISM;,  p. 
71;  Copt',  Nat.  Ilisl.  Kcv..  l-(i.'>,  p.  110;  Cope,  .lidirii.  Ai'.  I'liila.  (•-♦), 
VI,  I.SIH),  •^(i;   ItoiiloiigtT,  Cat.  liatr.  Sal.  liiit.  Mas.,  l.<--,»,  ii  cd..  p. ;!:{(;. 

But  one  species  of  this  genus  is  known,  and  it  is  found  tlirougli(nit 
the  greater  part  of  the  North  Ameiican  realm.  It  is  <piite  ))()ssibh!  that 
it  may  become  necessary  at  siuno  future  time  to  unite  this  genus  with 
IJyla. 

ACKIS  Uh'YLMS  L..  Conic.  * 

Dmii.  iV  l!il>r.  Erp.  (it'ii.,  viii,  .'>(i7:   LcConh',  I'rorccd.  Ac.  I'liila.,  l-.V.. 
•^•^:   l!<.iilfii.;c:.  Cat.  liatr.  Sal.  l!iil.  Miis..  I.-<-<->, :!:;(;. 
liana  <ir;iUii^  l.c  Cinili',  .Vim.  livcoiiiii  New  Vnik,  i  HJ,"),  p.  'i&i;  llailuii,  Mid.  I'livs. 

lies.,  p.  i(ll. 
liuna  (Uirsiilix  llailaii,/.  c,  p.  in."). 
IhlhiiU^  tinjllii'^  llollir.,  N.  ,\iiirr.  Ilcrp.,  I'j.  :i;i. 

Uead  niuderate,  length  to  cam  bus  oiis  e(|ual  breadlh  ;ii  .same  point. 
I\Iuz/,le  natrowed.  produced  ;  prolile  projecting  or  m  aily  perpiMidieular. 
Ciinthiis  rostralis  we.ik,  aiiproxiiiiale  ;  e\t«'inal  nostril  little  nearer  edge 
of  lip  than  to  orl)it.  V'erti'x  plaiu';  diameter  of  orbit  greater  than  iii- 
terorbital  breadth,  three  times  in  length  from  end  of  muzzle  to  posterior 
border  of  tymiianic  membrane.  Latter  indistinct;  piirtially  obscured 
by  a  fold  onetiflh  the  size  d'  the  orldt.  Skin  of  head  :iiid  body  altove 
with  rather  distant  tul>ei(des,  of  which  some  on  the  scapular  regions  are 
more  or  less  plicifonn.  No  areolation  on  tliiiiMcie,  and  gular  region. 
A  seriesof  simill  tiibeniles  on  the  outer  Ixnilei  iithe  tarsus;  twosmiill 
metatarsal  tubercles.     Articidar  tubercles  of  the  i>halaiiges  very  siuall. 

•riatc?;!,  lij;.  ','11. 


TIIH    HATUACIIIA    OK    NORTH    AMKHICA. 


a2/) 


Toiiftiie  broad,  obovate,  soiiu'timcs  nearly  ovate,  distinctly  to  not  eiuar- 
ginatc  posteriorly.  V^oincriiie  teetii  in  t\v«»  ovate  patches  between  the 
interior  nares,  as  near  them  as  to  each  other. 

The  end  of  the  (bre-arni  extended  icaches  the  external  nares.  The 
heel  of  the  extended  hind  leg  reaches  to  or  beyond  the  end  of  the  muz- 
zle. Two  larji'e  metacai-pal  tubercles.  I.enjith  of  head  to  tympaiuim, 
one-third  that  of  head  and  body. 

Averafic  size:  Lenj^th  of  body,  12  lines;  from  vent  to  outer  end  of 
femur,  «J  lines;  tibia,  7  lines;  tarsus  and  foot,  1)  lines. 

Typical  coloration :  Above,  brown  or  j;ray,  with  a  blackish  triangu- 
lar patch  boiween  the  eyes,  the  ai)ex  directed  backwards;  the  bor- 
ders of  this  aie  of  a  li{;ht  color,  which  is  lijjht  green  in  life,  and  is  con- 
tinued as  a  band  to  the  end  of  the  body.  Three  dark  bars  on  the  lip, 
one  from  the  eye  to  the  anterior  UNncr  aim  across  the  angle  of  tlu^ 
mouth,  pale  bordered  above.  A  dark  bar  from  the  orbit  across  tln^ 
tympanum,  and  one  from  scapular  region  to  beyond  middle  of  side.  A 
dark  bar  from  behind  the  scapular  region  restricts  tli«'  doisal  line  near 
the  sacrum,  and  is  usually  continued  with  an  interruption  to  the  groin, 
('(dor  of  upper  surfaces  continiu>d  on  a  less  purt  of  sarface  of  femur, 
which  is  cross-barred;  behind  this  pale,  with  a  longitudinal  band  or 
series  of  spots  itosteriorly.     Throat  in  spring  yellow. 

This  species  possesses  the  power  of  metachrosis  oi-  color-change  in  a 
high  degree.  The  dorsal  stri|)e  and  border  of  the  iuterocular  spot  may 
be  bright  green,  dirty  white,  or  briglit  rusty;  and  the  dorsal  tidierdes 
vary  in  color  in  the  same  way.  The  general  tint  varies  from  bright 
green  to  dull  slate  color. 

In  its  liabits  the  Arris  f/rjillns  is  a  lover  of  the  muddy  borders  of  the 
water,  into  which  it  leaj)s  when  alarmed.  As  it  does  not  conceal  itself 
among  vegetation,  like  the  Ifi/lti  pkheriiifiii.  it  is  much  nu);''>  easily 
caught  than  that  speciies,  and  is  more  common  in  museums,  though  uot 
less  abundant.  As  the  structure  (d"  the  feet  indicate,  it  is  a  good  swim- 
nier,  and  its  i)owers  of  leai)ing  are  remaikabh'. 

Tliis  species  is  distributed  fr<»m  I-Morida  to  Texas,  through  Kansas 
and  the  Northwest  to  the  Atlantic,  and  as  far  northeastwardly  as  New 
York. 

The  Uv.rthern  and  southern  secstionsof  this  area  i)rodiU!e  forms  whicU 
olVer  considerables  dilVereiu'cs,  but  which  must  be  termed  subspecies,  on 
account  of  the  existence  in  some  localities  of  intermediate  individuals. 
1  have  seen  such  from   Illinois,  I'ennsylvania,  .Misstuiri,  and  elsewhere. 

These  subspecies  are  as  t'ollows: 

llimlcr  foot  los.s  liusiis  less  tliun  half  the  lciiy;ili  of  flio  lioail  and  Itody  :  dpriiial  tii1>or- 
clcs  larjjcr;  i>ostt'rior  fi'iiioral  stiipc  less  <lis(iii<'i I    </•  <'iii>itaiiH. 

Iliiiih-r  foot  li'ss  tarsus  loiiLjer  tliaii  half  heal  ami  hoily;  itrrmal  tiiliciTlos  .smailt^r; 
femoral  stiipc  very  ilistiiict  l-  !l-  uriillnx. 

These  sul)species  are  resi>ertively  of  northern  and  southern  distribu- 
tion; tile  .1.  ;/.  f/i'i/llKs  ranging  from  North  Carolina  to  Florida  and 
Louisiaua. 


H 


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{• 


32G  BULLETIN   3t,    UNITED   STATES    NATK^XAL    MUSEUM, 

Aeris  f/r!jUit,s  crepitans  Baird. 

Aa'U  grjillns  Diini.  A-  Hilir.,  Erp.  (J<mi,,  vmi,  IHIl.  \>.  '.(Ml,  jxiflim  :  Cliiiitlifi-  Cut.  Hatr. 

Sal.  Brit.  Mus.,  l^i-^,  p.  7,  imrlim. 
Illlhihs  grtjlhiH  Do  Kay,  N.  Y.  Zool.,  KVptil.,  ni,  1S|-.'.  p.  70,  IM.  \xii,  li-.  t;i. 
AcrtHcrepHans  Bainl,  rrocwd.  Ac.  I'liila..  H.'r.,  )».  .Mt;   !.!■  < 'cmti-.  /.  ,■..  p,  .J-j(i;  Hiiiril, 

U.  S.  Mo.\.  Bound.  Siirv.,  Ropt.,  p.  'J-',  1*1.  xxwii,  li-.  11-17. 


Flfi.82.  Acris  firylliis  ctrpilnim.    "So.  in02l.     Dps  Moinr-t,  Inw.i.  ]  :  0  .niiil  7.  f. 

Brownish  abovo.  The  iiuMliaii  r'j'moii  of  head  and  body  almvo  brijilit 
green;  a  dark  triansh'  between  llie  eyes.  Three  obli(|ne  blotches  on 
the  side.s,  nearly  e^inidistant :  the  lirst  belihid  the  eye,  the  hist  on  the 
Hanks  and  running  up  on  the  back  ;  all  usnally  margined  with  liglitrr, 
a  narrow  wliite  linc^  from  tlie  eye  to  arm.  IJencatli  yellowishwiiite. 
Inferior  face  of  thigh  i)hiin.  Tibia  a  little  more  than  half  the  length  (»t 
the  body.  Foot  rather  smallei'.  Head  rather  obtuse,  scarcely  longer 
than  broad.  Web  of  hind  foot  extending  to  the  penultimate  articula- 
tion of  the  (ourth  toe. 

This  subspecies  is  (tharai^terized  by  a  rather  long,  narrow  head,  with 
the  eyes  farther  back  than  usual.  There  is  no  constriction  for  the  neck, 
the  outline  tapering  towards  the  snout  from  altout  the  middle  of  the 
body.     The  limbs  are  very  muscular,  and  c(Misiderably  developed. 

The  eyes  arc  large  and  prominent ;  their  anterior  edges  deciidediy  be- 
hind the  middle  of  the  commi.ssnre,  and  their  posteiior  barely  anterior 
to  the  angle  of  the  mouth;  hence  the  siu)nt  is  consideraldy  pr<Mhiced. 
The  nostrils  are  minute,  situated  on  thecanthus  rostralis,  rather  nearer 
t/ie  tip  of  the  snout  than  the  eye,  and  .separated  by  a  distaiu'e  less  than 
one-third  the  width  of  the  rami.  Tlie  tympanum  is  small,  not  veiy  dis- 
tin(;t,  about  half  the  diameter  of  the  «'ye,  and  placed  just  above  the  ric- 
tus.    The  head  is  abnost  as  long  as  wide,  espetiially  in  laigc  specimens. 

The  tongue  is  broad,  oval,  subtruucate,  and  but  slightly  emarginate 
behind;  the  anterior  extremity  rounded;  it  is  frcc^  behind  and  on  the 
sides.  The  inner  nares  are  large,  open,  i>la(!ed  a  little  in  front  of  a 
point  opposite  tlu^  anterior  canthus  orbitalis. 

The  vonu'rine  teeth  are  situated  in  two  oval  patches  about  the  size 
of  the  nares,  the  slightly  longer  axes  inclined  a  little  to  each  other, 
backward.  They  an^  phu-ed  between  the  nares,  their  anterior  edges 
nearly  in  the  same  transverse  line  with  those  of  the  nares,  and  extend- 
ing a  little  beyoiul  the  nares  i)osteri»U'ly,  and  thus  more  anterior  than  in 
any  other  of  the  .small  llyloids  of  North  Anu'rica.     They  are  about  as 


THE    15ATRACIIIA    OF    NORTH    AMKUICA. 


327 


Ptf 


fiir  apart  posteriorly  as  tlieir  anterior  extioinities  are  from  the  nares. 
Tlie  Eustachian  apertures  very  nunute,  less  than  the  inner  nares. 

The  lower  parts  are  covered  by  a  depressed. pavement  or  granulation, 
extending  half  way  up  the  side  and  on  the  inferior  face  of  the  thighs 
In  many  specimens  this  appears  to  be  wanting  between  and  anterior  to 
the  arms.  The  upper  parts  generally  are  provided  with  rather  scat- 
teied  pustulations  or  warty  elevations,  with  numerous  pores  opeidng 
between  and  on  them;  these  pustules  are  most  numerous  on  the  sides 
and  anteriorly.  Some  are  considerably  larger  and  longitudinal,  and 
aj)pear  most  distinct  near  the  edges  of  the  vertebral  vitta. 

The  hands  are  large  and  well  develojjed;  ratl'er  longer  than  the  fore- 
aru).  The  tips  of  the  lingers  and  toes  are  i)rovided  with  very  slightly 
enlarged,  depressed  pallets  or  disks,  convex  beneath  and  with  a  nail- 
like groovi'. 

The  outer  finger  is  rather  longer  than  the  second,  and  all  appear  to 
be  connected  by  a  very  slight  thickened  membrane.  The  inner  tinger 
is  set  at  a  right-angle  with  the  third  and  posterior  to  the  I'est.  There 
is  a  soft  large  tul)ercle  at  its  base,  and  a  still  larger  opposite  to  it  on 
the  other  side  of  the  palm,  the  two  with  oidy  a  narrow  interval.  All  the 
arti(!ulations  of  the  fingers  and  toes  have  well-developed  tubercles  be- 
tween them. 

The  femur  is  shorter  than  the  tibia,  rather  longer  than  the  foot;  the 
tibia  is  more  than  half  the  h'ugth  of  the  bo«ly.  The  two  outer  meta- 
tarsi are  (irmly  uuit<'d,  the  others  cleft  to  the  base;  the  intervals  of  the 
latter,  however,  fille«l  uft  by  a  well-developed  inend)raiu»,  which  exteiuls 
as  far  as  the  bases  of  the  disks,  and  tilling  up  most  of  the  space  between 
the  toes,  ex<!ept  on  each  side  of  the  longest,  where  the  membrane  forms 
a  narrow  margin  on  the  penultimate  joint.  The  third  toe  is  a  little 
longer  than  the  tifth  or  outer.  The  (tuneilorm  process  makes  a  consid- 
(■raltle  promiiuMice,  while  on  the  opposite  or  (»ufer  sidi^  of  the  tarsus 
and  foot  are  three  or  four  small  tubercles,  at  about  e<|ual  distances, 
the  distal  one  oi)|»osite  the  cuneiform  process  and  largest.  The  tul)er- 
cles  beneath  the  articulations  are  very  distinct.  There  is  a  rudimentary 
membrane  along  the  e\teri<u'  edge  of  the  loot. 

In  alcohol  the  general  color  al)i)ve  is  of  a  dull  brown.  During  life, 
however,  an  area  itoumled  by  lines  extending  from  the  jiostrils  and 
div«'rging  to  the  middle  of  the  edge  of  the  upper  eyelid,  then  converg- 
ing to  the  sacral  vertebra,  then  again  widening  to  the  buttocks,  is  of  a 
blight  grass  green.  This  is  inlerru|»ted  l)etween  tlu^  eyes  by  a  well- 
delined  trianghsof  bi'own,  lu'arly  ecjuilateral,  with  rather  c()ncave  sides, 
and  its  base  connecting  tiie  edges  of  the  upi)er  eyelids.  A  ilusky  line 
extends  along  the  canfhus  rostralis.  The  sides  of  the.  face  and  edges 
of  the  upper  jaw  exhibit  three  or  four  indistinct  scpiare  blotches,  sepa- 
rated by  narrower  intervals  ;  oneor  more  sometimes  better  defined  than 
tiie  rest.  A  dark  broad  line  extends  from  the  sides  of  the  lower  jaw  to 
the  lower  part  of  the  insertion  of  the  arm,  an«l  another  from  the  posterior 


iffi 


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ih 


a2<S       uuLhiyriN  :!i,  lnitkd  statks  national  mi'skcm. 

portion  of  the  ovhit  to  the  uj))h'1'  edj^e  of  tlio  same  insertion  ;  the  two 
are  oblique  and  paralh'l.  They  are  sei)arate(l  by  a  narrow  light  (even 
white)  line,  exteiulinf?  from  the  orbit  a  little  behind  the  lowest  part  and 
riinninff  to  tho  middle  of  the  insertion  of  tiie  arm.  IJehind  the  arm  and 
on  the  side  of  the  body  is  a  still  larj-er  blotch,  similar  and  parallel  to 
the  last  mentioned,  i'.nd  behind  this  and  hi.uher  upon  the  baek  still 
another,  anteriorly  eoverinf>'  the  loins  on  each  side,  and  innniiif;'  ob- 
liquely baelvwards  so  as  to  be  parallel  to  the  others.  The  blotehes  of 
this  posterior  pair  are  separated  by  the  narrowest  |>art  of  the  j;reen 
stripe,  which  is  bounded  to  a  considerable  distance  by  these  blot<!hes. 
All  the  blotches  Just  descrilted,  as  well  as  that  >n  the  lop  of  tlu^  head, 
are  «lark  brown,  margined  by  a  lijihter  aicola,  which  on  t-lu^  sides  and 
back  is  sometimes  yellowish  in  life.  The  under  ])arts  aic  yellowish- 
white  or  pun^  white;  the  throat  sometimes  bri.uht  yellow;  souu'times 
closely  or  si)arsely  crowded  with  dark  spots.  There  aic  no  w«'ll-de- 
lined  darker  blotches  on  the  arm  ;  but  the  thj^li,  lej;',  tarsus,  and  loot 
each  exhibit  two  oi- three  transverse  ones.  The  buttocks  are  yellow- 
ish, with  the  arms  brown,  and  the  posterior  and  anterior  faces,  with 
small  blotches,  some  of  which  are  oceasionally  continent  into  an  irre<'- 
ular  dark  line  alonji  the  anterior  and  ixtsferiiw  faces  of  the  thijih.  The 
granulation  about  the  buttocks  is  usually  wliit«'. 

A  specimen  from  Hussellville.  Ky.,  has  the  blotches  much  snmller 
than  usual. 

In  a  specimen  from  (Carlisle  the  last  vertebra  has  the  transveise 
apophyses  very  little  dilated,  though  somewhat  enlarged  at  the  ends. 


iii.ii 


lii(h 


1.0(1 

.:!T 
.  'J.'. 
.17 

.  :,\ 


Tarsu.s 

I'ool 

'I'lttal  ol'  li';;  .strt'lcilifd  , 

Wi.ltli  iifli.'.-ul 

Clinrd  ol'  u])p«'r  Jaw  .. . 


.  t;t 

l.Tii 

.  :!(•. 
.:w 


.  -J.'. 
.  15 

i.c:! 
.  :ir. 


Total  Ipiifitli l.os 

Ann  anil  haiwl ID 

Hand  alone ','7 

Thigh r.:i 

L*'},' ".,■< 

The  iris  of  this  subspecies  is  golden  and  capable  of  exctessiviM'ontrac- 
tion.  A  broad  blackish  spot  o(;cupies  it  at  each  end  <»f  the  pupil,  and 
a  narrow  hhw.k  line  above  and  below  the  latter.  When  the  iris  is  con- 
tracted the])npil  is  shortly  transverse,  not  linear  as  in  many  llyke,  and 
the  brown  sjtots  are  triangles,  their  apices  inwards. 

Specimens  from  the  lower  Mississippi  ar«'  lre«pH'ntly  of  <»bscnre  colois, 
of  rather  larger  size,  and  with  large  tubercles.  I  have  not  been  able  to 
distinguish  theuj  as  foiining  a  constant  subspecies.  Mr.  IJonlcnger, 
(Catal.  JJatr.  Sal.,  Ibit.  Mas.,  ISSli,  p.  .J.'JT)  refers  such  a  specinu'n  to  a 
"var.  bufonia." 

In  connection  with  metachrosis  in  this  species  1  obsei'ved  in  a  speci- 
men lately  deau  that  on  the  end  of  the  muzzle,  ])alpel»ra',  canthus  r«ts- 
tralis,  outer  line  of  humerus,  ends  of  sacral  diapophyscs,  where  tlu> 
derm  was  in  ji  state  of  teusi(»n,  that  it  assumed  a  bright  green  hue. 

The  note  of  this  species  may  be  exactly  imitated  by  striking  two 
marbles  together  first  slowly,  then  fasti-r  and  faster,  for  a  succession  of 


^        * 


I 


\  ; 


Tin;    MATHAflllA    <)i'    NOIiTll    AMKIilCA. 


329 


about  twenty  or  tliiity  beats.  Tlie  xnma  can  uot  be  heard  at  a  very 
great  distance.  Like  Jlyla  picl-eringil,  this  species  in  confinement  can 
readily  be  made  to  producic  its  note  by  imitating  it,  either  with  tlio 
voice  or  tlie  ehittering-  of  two  pebbles.  It  keeps  on  the  high  grass  in 
and  around  marshy  pla<!es,  seldom  if  ever  ascending  trees  or  bushes. 
When  pursued  it  leaps  with  prodigious  agility  and  hides  uiuler  water. 

Acris  (jnjlluH  (jryUus  Le  C. 

lUtna  (jrtilhiH  Le  Coiito,  Ann.   N.  V.  Lye.   i  (IHyf)),  Sis'i ;  Ifnrlaii,  Joiirn.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci. 

V,  (1H27),  ;!17,  ami  Med.  ami  I'liys.  Kt-s.  (IKC),  101  (copieil). 
Uaiia  ilorstilis  Ilarl.,  .loiirn.  Ar.  Nat.  Sci.,  I'liila.  \  (IfiT),  :U7,  and  Med.  and  Pliys. 

lies,  (l":!.')),  Id.''.  (FifT.  ,11,  ],.'2),  (Floiida.) 
Ilijhulin  (jrnlhix  llolbrook,  N.  Anit-r.   IIcip.,   1st  od.,  II  (1811.-),  /fi,  xiii,  and  'id  cmI.,  iv 

(l.-'l'J),  i:n,  xwm,  iKirlim. 
Arris  iiriilhiH  Dnin.  A    Hilir.,  Kip.  (i^n.,  viii  (1811),  'iDli;  Auj^.  Dnni.,  Ann.  Do.s.  Sc. 

Nat.,:! scrii',    xix   (LS"):l),  l."):i;  OiiiitluT,  Cat.  IJril.   Mns.,    lf^.'>H,  ji.  71,  pttiiim; 

l{(>ul('n>,'('r,  (Jat.  Hiit.  Mu.s.,  ii  od..  IH.S'J,  p.  XW,. 
Acrin  avheld  Haird,  I'roctu'd.  Ac.  I'liila.,  1KV>,  p.  '>'.). 

IJody  slender ;  head  jtointed.  Limbs  much  elongated.  Head  longer 
tlian  wide.  Web  of  hind  foot  extending  only  to  the  third  arliculation 
(irom  tip)  of  longest  toe.  Tibia  two-thirds  length  of  body.  Foot  more 
tliaii  half  length  of  body.  Colors  much  as  in  A.  crepifaits,  but  brighter. 
Inferior  surface  of  thigh  plain,  or  very  slightly  freckled  with  darker. 
A  narrow  white  line  irom  eye  to  arm  and  a  light  line  above  the  urostyle. 

Having  presented  a  minute  descri])tion  of  ^4.  crepitans,  \t  will  oidj' be 
necessary  here  to  give  the  prineii)al  points  of  difference  as  compared 
witn  that  si)ecies.  The  entire  form  is  much  more  slender,  and  the  limbs 
longer  in  i)roi)ortion.  The  head  is  much  more  acute,  and  the  outline  of 
the  lower  jaw  elliptical,  instead  of  being  nearly  semicircular.  The  chord 
of  the  rami  is  longer  than  their  greatest  Avidth,  not  e<(ual  to  it,  and  the 
(!left  extends  further  back.  The  tymi)anum  in  both  is  scarcely  distin- 
guishable. The  tongue  is  large,  triangular,  and  Hesliy.  The  teeth  are 
in  two  small  circidar  pat(  lies,  between  the  inner  nares,  and  separated  by 
quite  an  inteival.  The  pallets  at  the  tips  of  the  more  elongated  fingers 
and  toes  are  very  moderate,  less  prominent  than  in  A.  crepitans.  The 
fourth  or  longest  toe  projects  beyond  the  rest  much  more  than  in  A. 
crepitans  iwnl  the  web  scarcely  extends  on  either  side  beyond  its  ante- 
penultimate articulation,  while  in  A.  crepitans  this  web  reaches  to  the 
lienuUimate  one  and  even  as  Ji  very  narrow  margin  to  the  very  tip;  nor 
between  any  of  the  i)halanges  does  the  membrane  extend  to  the  disks  as 
in  (he  other. 

The  general  distribution  of  color  is  the  same,  although  the  pattern  is 
brighter  and  clearer.  All  the  blotches  have  a  narrow  border  of  white. 
The  posterior  large  one  seems  to  extend  higher  up  on  the  back.  The  up- 
l»er  jaw  has  four  narrow  white  lines  i)erpendicular  to  its  edge  on  each 
side,  as  in  the  other  species,  inclosing  nearly  equal  spaces.  There  is  a 
light  streak  down  the  posterior  part  of  the  back  above  the  urostyle  which 
we  have  not  noticed  in  the  other.     The  dark  longitudinal  line  on  the 


:ri{ 


• 


i 


1  i 


3:\0         HIILLETIN    ai,    UNITKl)    STATKS    NATIONAL    MUSKllM. 

posterior  Caci^  oftlio  tliif-h  is  more  (list iiict.  The  limbs  inv.  more  lliicly 
biirreil  abovt',  tliri'o  or  four  lascia'  on  oac.li  Joint;  tiie  npp'.'r  and  ontcr 
Hurf'aco  ot  tlitiliands  and  ft'ct  also  (int'ly  barred. 

The  akin  above  seems  rather  smootlu'r  than  in  tiie  other,  wiiih^  tlie 
throat  is  more  j;ranuhited. 

As  ro^'ards  tiie  transition  between  this  snbspeeies and  tiie  A.fi.  nrpi 
tans,  a  number  of  specuniens  display  intermediate  proportions.  Tims 
in  some  the  posterior  loot,  minus  tiie  tarsus,  is  exactly  hall' the  h-nyth 
of  the  head  and  body.  In  some  lots  from  a  singh;  hxtality  some  speci- 
mens have  th«^  hiud  foot  one-half  the  lenj;th,  while  others  fall  a  litth^ 
below,  and  still  otiiers  fall  a  iitth^  above,  this  pi'oporlion.  Such  a  lot  is 
that  from  ('ooper  County,  .Mo.,  No.  .'{rt,"*!. 

The  distinctness  of  the  jtosteiior  femoral  brown  stripe  is  sidvJiM't  to 
variation.  In  typical  A.  tj.  t/rifllitu  \t  is  sharp,  and  is  bordered  above 
and  below  by  pale  bands,  of  which  the  latter  is  aj;ain  bordertMl  below 
by  a  darker  shade.  In  other  si)ecimens  the  lower  pale  band  is  shaded, 
and  its  inferior  brown  edsie,  is  indistinct.  The  infeiior  edjic  of  the 
brown  band  becomes  irrejj[idar,  and  in  the  A.  tf.  rtrjtittnis  it  is  a  j^ood 
deal  interrupted  i»y  paler. 

.Icrin  t/rjilliis  I  rt  jiititiis  liuinl. 
UKSKKv'I':  SKIMICS. 


(!iitiiloj;no}  Xn.nt' 
niiiiiln'r.  !    spii'. 


:!:-r>:i 
■.\:m 
;ij74 
;fj7H 

:;'j(ir> 

.{."iri.'i 
:!.")K:i 

liJT'.l 

:ir.r,j 
4sii'.r 
:t:.:,i 
:i-juii 

3-J04 
;fJ7:! 


i.lM'lllll  V. 


Wlirn 
calU'i'ti-tl. 


Kn.ni  wlH.in  n.r..iv...l.       ^'^iti.-r  cf  «,„.,■• 

iiiii'ii. 


OciiniiiiKiwiir  Kivi'i.  Win I'liil".  S.  K.  liaiiil 

, (1(1 A.C.  Mjiiv     

Kort  lii^f, 'nx Dr.C.lt.  l;.  Kiimnlv 

il«  .   ilo    '. 

New  r.raiMifcIs,  Tex I'".  I.inilhiiim'r 

Iiidiinicilii.    Tex   r.U.Ciaik 

Kiisscllvillc,  ICy Hilil. 

I'liiil  i<'  Mil   l;iiii;;r,  I,ii Jiiincs  Kail  in 

I'oit  Sriiilli,  Aik l>i.  U.  1'.  Sliiiiiiaiil  ... 

A/talaii,  Wis I'mf.  S  K  liainl 


Wahliiiit;lc)ii,  U.V 

(lailislc,  I'a     

Vcl<lii;ii.i  Uivcr 

Xmlli  I'lallr,  Nibr 

Soiilli  I'lirU 

lil.i  iiiili-i  west    III'  Kiiit 

Kil'V,  K;iiis. 
Ui>|iiilili(',iii  liivtT,  Mil 


ii.-.H-i 

;i,-ii;h 

4 

llHIit 

'J 

KH71 

1 

Kill 

s 

KI7K 

Ml 

Il!i:ill 

•» 

iin.-io 

v. 

li.'iiiii 

IJ 

!lll'> 

'» 

7H27 

!) 

UIHII 

I! 

IKl'.l 

•J 

liniK  Mair.v 

Saiiil  l.iiiiis.  Mo    I 

Masiiii  Ciiiiiily.  Ill ;  

SiiiilliCiiaiiil  Uivrr,  Mis.s     

Kansas 

Ticklaw,  l,a    lire.  'JO,  IS7li 

<;iililsiii)n,ii;;li,  N.C ; I  .I.W.  Milii 

riiiiiii  CcMintN ,  111 1 1   I!.  Ki'iiiiiciilt 

Swaiiipsiiii  l.imp  I'liik  ..i ]   Dr.  1''.  V.  Ilavili'ii 

Cailisii-,  I'a I'lor.  S.  V.  lljinl 


1>|.  Will.  SliiiipHiin 

I'liiC.  S.  1'.  liainl  

.l.ll.Claik 

W.S.  WihmI   

111.  I'.V.  Ilavili'li 

W.S.  Wimil' 


III.  W.  A.  llaiiiiiiiiiiil,  I' 
S.  .A . 

11.  M.  Mullhaiisi'ii     

IM.  (i.  Kli;;rllliaMli 

i;.  Kiiiiiiciiii  

IM.I'.I!.  llnv . 

iii..r.(;.('iMipi'i-   .. 

Dr.  T.  11.  li.aii 


N.w  Mailriil,  Mn  ... 

Waiiki-aii.  Ill 

Wahliiii;;li)ii,  II.  ('  .. 

(0 

reiiHiU'olii,  Kla 


It.  Kriiniriitl . 
.1.  W.  .Milii.T  ... 

Di.  I').(  'ours 

(.')  

Ill .  .1 .  llainiiiiiiiil 


AIcoliMliii. 
Di>. 
Dn 

Dm. 

I  III. 
I  III 
I  III 

Dn. 
Dn 
I  III 
II... 
Di>. 
Do 

III! 

Dn. 
Dn. 

Do 

Do. 
Dn 
Dn. 
Dn. 

Dn. 
Dn. 
Dn. 
Dn. 
Dn. 
Dn 
Dn 
Dn. 
Do 
Di>. 


(iKXKUAl.  smilKS. 


:i271 

:tr.oo 

a277 


l.oiip  Fork 

,'saiiil  l.niiis.  Ml)  . . 
t'oit  Kilov,  Kaii.s  . 


F. iiMit. <i.  Will  It'll.  f.S.  A.      Alcolinll 

Hi-.  <i.  I'liijiiliiiaiin   Dn. 

I.i»»iit.li'.T.r.ivaii.r.S..\  Dn. 


TIIK    HATHACHIA    01'   NORTH    AMKUICA.  331 

SiuciiiK'tiK  iiiliriiialiiilv  hthricii  .(.  </.  ijrijIliiH  ttud  A.  (j.  iTcpilaiiH. 


('iitalii)>ur 
niinilnr. 

3503 

No.  or 

.sprc. 
11 

li 
I 

I.iiialil.v. 

(ir;iiiil  Tlilonr,  l.;i  

Cciiipii'  ("cMinl.v.  Mo  . .. 
WiiMliiiitfliiii.  D.i;  

Wlicil 
Collictcd, 

l''rom  uliom  iccidvnl. 
1'. !,.  lldv 

Naluif  ol'upor. 
iiiu'ii. 

Alt'oliolic. 

.'(.'I'lT 

ilci    

Do. 

i:i;i.'H 
12(173 
IIIIIH 
1  ''7(i7 

(iroim'  .SlioeiiiaUcr 

1,.  M.  I'lirrur 

Do. 
Ho. 

Niislivillr.  (in  

I,(iiiK(iiil  Mciiiiilaiii,'r<'iili 
Willciii^liliN   I'oiiil,  Vii 
Moliili'    Al'ii 

\V..I/ravlor 

w'.v.  K,,;. 

Do. 
Do. 

i''"»7(* 

Kaillaiiil  McDoiialil    .. 
I*ilirtin(lv     .        . 

Do. 

1(579 

Do. 

una:. 

Old  Koll  (/'olili  Oiil 

111.  K.  I'lihncl' 

Do. 

A<ri^  'jitllliis  iiriilliis  \a'  CoiiIc. 
liHSKUVK  SKKIKS. 


('alalo;;iir 

No.ot 

uiiiiiImt. 

KIMT. 

n.^nfi 

1 

:i,-ir,o 

fi 

:i.''>(>l 

7 

;i.-.tu 

i 

SIMI!) 

t 

:i-i(i7 

(i 

ittot 

1 

IMi'.lli 

:i 

;ni:i.-. 

;i 

:i.^Hr> 

1 

unit.-. 

.1 

l.«!t!l 

:! 

1207(1 

1 

ii'.irj 

r, 

Loralitv. 


I'ciisacdia,  Kla  . . 


When 
rolli'i'loil. 


l'"ioin  wlioin  icrciv('«l. 


NatiiTO  of  spoiv 
itiieii. 


..; Dr.  J.  IV  llaiiiMioiicl,  r.      Al 

!  i  I       S.  A. 

!  New  Mail  I  ill    Mil ■ '  11.  Kcniiiroll  ' 

I  Cliaili-iliiii.  S.  (' I  Dr.  C.  (iiraril | 

i  (iior-ia ' !  Dr.iI.L.  I-i'  i:ontr 

■ till I 4lll ' 

SaliMii.  N'.C ^  .r.T.  MiiiliacU .. 

.  .Simlliiin  llliiiiii.s i   U  Kriinicnlt 

Atliiiiitiin.  I'la '  (!.  Uriiwii  ( iooili" 

D.iNlnn.  .Ma    ,   Kilniwnilli  

I'rairir  .\li  r  Ilinmc  l.a .laims  Kairir 

Millno.  I'l.i    S.  T.  WalUrr 

\VasliiiiL;liiii    D.  < ' William  Stiiiipson,  M.  D  ' 

M I  Cai I,  III I   I..  M.  riirioi' 

Na.slivillr.  Ca : W.  .1.  Tax  liir 


•oliolic 

Di> 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Dii. 
Do. 
Di>. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


CIIOKOIMIILIIS  r.iiinl. 

I'ritci'cd.  Ac  I'liila.,  Is.'.l,  |..  .V.i ;  ('(.|m',  .loiirti.il  Acml.  I'liilii.,  IM.-^C.  \k  h;. 

11,  In  a  lis  |5iiinl,  rroctcil.  .\c,i<1.  I'liil;i.,  l-.".l.  p.  .")'.» 

I'sniiliiiris  i"it/.,  Systciiia    licplilimii.    I~'i:!.  M    ( no  cliiirjictci) ;  (JlintluT,   Ciit.   Hatr. 
SmI.  r.iil.  Mils.,  K.-^,  '.17:  ro|ir.  Nat.  Ilisl.  llcv.,  l-(i.".,  lUI. 

(Iniiiiiitn  tlnttt'iicd;  ii  lar<i»>  ri'DiitDiiarictal  fotitaiu'lle.  Pivfroiitals 
elongate,  (li\«'r.m'i)f,  not  in  ('ontact  anteriorly,  extending;'  ho.vond  the 
«'xti«'init.v  ol'  the  well-devehiped  i»roh)njie<l  siiiierior  ethmoid  jthite. 
'I'oiij-ne  rounded  or  ehniyate,  sli^ilitly  eiiiai<jiiiate  behind,  where  it  is 
tree  tor  about  lialf  its  ieii.uth.  rnterior  «'yelid  transparent.  iShdes  with 
sub^nlar  vocal  ve.'^ich'.  Xiphistenirim  libroeartihigiiums ;  soinetinies 
cartihiji'inoiis,  flattened,  eloiiinate.  1 'iyits  tree  except  in  some  ii  sli<>iit 
web  eoiineetinf;  free  portion  of  metaiaisals;  dilatations  small  or  want- 
iiiji,  tli^^  iihalaiifie  with  the  claw  strong,  and  the  ball  not  emarginate. 
I)ilatali(»ns  of  sacral  diapophyse.s  nearly  <'(piilateral. 

In  the  known  sjiecies  the  vomerine  teeth  are  present:  in  two  small 
approximated  pat<'hes  behind  the  point  exactly  between  tlu^  iiares, 
and  the  tympanum  is  distinct. 

Tills  genus  is  nearly  ndated  to  that  groui>  of  the  si)eeies  of  Ilyhi 
naiii(;d  Litoria  in  the  lOrpetologie  (lenerale.     From  typical  forms  of 


f  : 


H 


V^'  ■{ 


332         JUILLETIN    :tl,    l'MTi;i>    srATKS    NATIONAL    MIISKKM. 

the  lormcr,  (lio  otiinioid  plate  witlioiit  siipriiorbital  aiij,'I('s,  the  elongate 
terminal  plialaiij^e.s  with  siiiall  basal  ^-lolu',  supporting;  ininnte  dila- 
tations, and  IIh^  nearly  wehless  di;;its  distinj;uish  it.  Species  of  Il.vhi 
less  i'ei)i'eseMtalive  ai«' similar  in  (cranial  stiiictnre,  and  have  a  dimin- 
ished amount  of  palmation,  but  the  series  appears  with  onr  present 
knowledfi*'!  distinct  in  the  strnelnre  of  the  leet.  Like  the  Ijitoiias,  its 
lite  is  passed  on  the  ground,  and  ehiclly  in  tiie  neighborhood  of  small 
pools  in  open  and  barren  situations,  whi're  the  voiei^s  of  the  species 
may  be  heard  with  the  Acris  in  the  summer,  lon^'  alter  the  Ilylas  have 
souj^ht  their  leafy  retreats  in  the  W(M»d  or  fence  low.  Tliev  dill'cr  fictm 
the  first -mentioned  ficnns  in  belli;;-  pooi'  swimmers;  thonyh  they  hap 
into  the  water  when  alarmed,  they  do  not  swim  far  from  the  shore, 
and  soon  return  to  it.  They  do  not  scei;i  to  be  possessed  of  the  power 
of  making  such  i'liormous  leaps  as  the  liitorias  of  Australia,  or  even 
as  our  Acris.  In  typical  Kitoria  the  Inaiii  cast*  is  more  elongate  ami 
cylindrical  and  the  frontoparietal  foutanelh>  much  narrower,  but  in 
/y.  (niieriniiifi  the  form  and  prop')rtiuiis  are  the  same. 

The  general  form  and  habits  of  the  Australian  ;;eniis  (!rinia  are  not 
very  ditlerent  from  the  present;  the.  terminal,  not  inferior,  attachment 
of  the  ultimate  phalanx  will  separate  it  from  all  llylida'. 

Chorophilns  is  distiibiited  from  the  I'io  (Iraiide,  Sail  liake  N'alley, 
and  llocky  Mountains  on  the  west,  to  the  Aflanti*!,  and  IV(hii  the  (Inlf 
to  the  northern  limits  of  the  Unit<'d  States  west  of  tlu^  Alleijhaiiics; 
east  of  this  ran^e  I  am  not  awai(^  of  its  occnnin^-  lun'th  of  middle 
Pennsylvania.  Of  its  six  species  four  are  coiiiincd  to  the  (Julf  States 
and  South  Carolina,  while  the  fifth  is  found  under  several  forms 
throughout  the  whole  of  the  ii«»rth  and  southwest,  the  northern  and 
middle  parts  of  the  central,  and  the  middh^  of  the  eastern  region  to 
Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey. 

The  species  differ  as  follows: 

I.  Miizzli'  roiiiidrd  in  prolilc,  itrojictiii;^;. 
a.  Sliin  <»f  iipiMT  siirfiiccs  smontli. 

Stont,  wiillli  (if  lifiHl  at  t.vnipiin.'i  ciilcriiifj  toliil  l<'n;;lli  !!..'>  to  'J. (ill  times; 
nostril  Jiall-Wiiy  between  nm/./le  ami  orliit ;  poNteriort'oot  slioitiT,  slji^litjy 
\vel)l)e(l,  and  willi  Hiiliarlienlai'  Inlierelrs  ;  Iwel  reacliin;;  tynipaninii 

''.  onialHH. 

More  slender  ;  widtii  of  head  eiittriii;;  length  :>  to  ;!..">  times:  nostril  nearer 
end  of  mn/,/le  than  orliil  ;   poslerior  Cool  longer,  not  vvehlied,  :imiI  without. 

.snbarlienlar  tnlxircles;  heel  reacliin;;  niiildle  of  orhit r,  mciiUiiialh. 

aa.  Skin  warty  above. 

Head  acuminate,  th(f  width  (Miterin;;  the   total  three  times;  lu>el   reaehin<r 

anterior  to  oil)it ;  si/.i'  iar;;er (\  iiiiridin 

Head  short,    wider;  the.    width   (^nterin;;    the    len;;lh    ;!.•.'.">   limes:  the    heel 

reaches  to  the  front  of  the  orbit  ;  small r.  lerinviim. 

Head  acuminate;  the  widtii  entering;  the  total  '.!.ri  to  ii.dli  times;  hind  hx^s 
short;  heel  I'eaehin;;  p.-sterior  boi'der  of  memlirannin  tympani 

r.  Iriscriii  tiis. 

II.  Muzzle  truncate  in  profile. 

Vertex  and  front  plane  ;  can  I  h  us  rostral  is  shurp  ;  iiiiid  le;;s  Ion;;,  .r.  ociiluriii. 


J 


(lilii- 
II.vlii 
iiiiiti- 
resent 
as,  its 
small 
|te<ries 
iiave 
Iroiii 
l<  ii|» 
slinre, 
)()\vei' 
even 
le  ami 
Hit   ill 


TIIH    HArKACIIIA    ()!•'    NOIMII    AMKRICA.  333 

CIIOKOI'llILI'S  OKNATIS  Hollirook.* 

('ijHlitjHttlhuH  oriKilnH  lldlhr.,  N.  AniiT.  lliTii.,  iv,  \\.  10."),  |'l.  ',''>. 

Clioivpliiliix  oniiihiM  |i()iil('ii;;t'r,  (Jat.  Iliilr.  Sal.  IJiil.  Miis,,  'ii\  cd.,  l.-^S'.',  p.  ;{;i;). 

rlnnotiltiliis  ()((//((»(■«  Daudiii,  t'lppc,  Itnll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mils.,  No.  17,  ls>(i,  |».  y7. 

Mtizzlt^  and  caiitliiis  lostnilis  roiiuded  ;  (he  foriiiei'  projeetiiiy',  but 
short,  not  longer  than  tliametei  of  eye;  external  iiares  nearer  the  orbit 
than  the  tMul  of  the  iiiiizxle;  skin  not  areolated  or  roiigluMied  above; 
toes  without  teriiiinal  kiiol  s,  (listiiuMly  wehlted  at  the  base,  and  with 
well  developed  siiliartieular  iiiliercles;  himl  legs  short,  heel  only  reiich- 
iiig  posterior  edge  of  tympaiiiim  wlieii  exteiidt'd. 

The  liead  is  rather  short,  and  the  anterior  outline  is  a  narrow  oval. 
The  e.xtreniity  of  the  miiz/le  inojects  beyond  the  month,  and  tln^  lore.s 
are  slightly  oliliipie  ami  a  little  concave.  The  nostril  is  but  little  nearer 
the  extremity  of  the  muzzle  than  the  orbit.  The  vertical  diameter  of 
the  tympanum  a  little  ex«!eeds  the  transver.se,  which  is  one-half  the  long 
diameter  of  the  eyeslit.  The  pupil,  as  in  the  other  species  of  this 
genus,  is  horizontal.  The  tongue  is  wide,  di.scoid,  and  entire  behind. 
Theo.'^tia  pliaryngea  are  smaller  than  the  small  choaiiie.  The  vomerine 
patches  are.  short  and  traiisver.se;  they  ai«M'ntirely  within  the  lines  of 
the  inner  borders  of  the  choana'  and  behind  the  line  of  the  posterior 
boiders  of  the  same. 

The  tiiliercles  of  the  superior  surfaces  are  small  and  lather  dcsely 
placed  ;  they  are  largest  on  the  sides  of  th(»  back.  There  is  a  faint  areo- 
latioii  of  the  gular  region.  The  limlis  are  short  and  stout.  The  humerus 
is  half  or  more  inclosed  in  the  skin.  The  |>alm  reaches  nearly  to  the  end 
of  the  muzzle.  The  lingers  are  short  and  stout,  and  have  neither  dilatii- 
tions  nor  borders.  The  lirst  is  shorter  than  the  second,  whicli  eijuals 
the  fourth.  The  palmar  tubentles  are  not  distinct.  The  heel  of  the  ap- 
pressed  hind  foot  in  thin  specimens  marks  the  middle  of  the  tympanic 
disk  or  posterior  border  of  orbit,  and  the  end  of  the  muzzle  the  extremity 
of  the  tarsus.  The  hind  foot  beytuid  the  tarsus  is  only  as  long  as  the 
tibia.  The  toes  have  no  dilatations,  but  possess  dermal  margins,  and  a 
short  but  distinct  basal  web.  There  is  luit  (tiie  solar  tuliercle,  a  small 
cuneiform  piomiiieiKic.  Total  length,  .(KM'";  of  head,  to  liiu^  of  posterior 
borders  of  membraiium  tympani,  .011'";  width  of  head  at  the  latter, 
.tut'";  length  of  hind  leg,  .(Mo'";  of  femur,  .01. "i"';  of  hind  foot,  .022"' ;  of 
tarsus,  .0()!»"'. 

The  (tolor  above  is  olive-gray,  and  below  uniform  straw-color.  A 
black  band  passes  from  the  end  of  the  muzzle  on  each  side,  through  the 
eye,  and,  exiiandiiig  over  the  ear  drum,  terminates  in  front  of  the  liu- 
mei  us.  One  or  two  dark  spots  above  and  behind  the  axilla  may  unite 
to  fiiiiii  part  of  a  lateral  band.  There  may  or  may  not  be  blackish  spots 
above  the  groin  and  on  the  pelvit;  region  and  anterior  part  of  the  back. 

'  I'lalc  7-J,  li;;'.  'J. 


1^ 


1      I 


r ' 


^1 


f   i 


)  I 


¥'.: 


n 


r 


334  IJULLETIN    :;i,    UMTIID    STATKS    national    Ml'.SHUM. 

The  limbs  Lave  a  lew  diukbrowu  ciossbauds;  the  reiuiii'  is  yellowish 
aud  unspotted  behiud. 


(    1. 


ISM     ; 


Fi ; 


!     I  ) 


Fk;.  Kt.   CliDriipliilKH  luiKiliiK. 


.(•H,  Tcxiis 


Dr.  Ilolbiook  describes  the  (;(>h)is  of  this  species  in  lil'e  as  I'oUows: 

Dove  color  above,  witli  oblonj;-  spots  of  darkbiowii,  inari;ined  with 
yellow. 

The  head  has  a  broad,  indistinct,  triangular  spot  between  the  orbits, 
the  apex  of  which  is  directed  backwards.  A  black  liiu>  extends  Ironi 
the  snout  to  the  orbit  of  the  eye,  including  the  nostrils;  below  this 
black  line  is  a  yellowish  blotch,  covi'riug  most  of  the  upper  Jaw,  The 
lower  Jaw  is  (tinereous  above  and  white  below.  The  i)upil  is  very  dark, 
the  iris  of  a  golden  color.  The.  tympanum  is  very  dark  (colored,  and 
placed  in  a  dar!'  vitta,  (U'  blotch,  wlii(!h  extends  from  behind  the  orbit 
to  within  a,  short  distance  of  the  shoulder.  The  body  is  of  a  delicate 
dove-color  above,  v/itli  two  or  moi'e  oblong  sjiots  of  dark  brown,  mar- 
gined with  yellow,  on  each  sule  of  the  vcitebral  line;  below  these,  and 
on  eacli  Hank,  are  three  smaller  spots,  likewise  margined  with  briglit 
yellow,  the  anterior  one  being  the  largest  ;  these,  with  a  smaller  one 
above  the  v»'ut,  form  a  triangle  on  each  llatdi; ;  s<'veral  luiglit  yellow 
spots,  also  disposed  ni  a  triangulai'  form,  with  the  api<'es  diiccled  lor 
wards,  aie  concealed  by  the  thighs.  The  inferior  surface  of  tliis  ani- 
mal is  silver-white,  ami  ex<;ept  (Ui  the  throat,  everywhere  granulated  ; 
about  the  throat  an'  a  few  indistinct  points  of  black;  the  anteiior  and 
middle  parts  of  the  abdomen  are  white  with  a  slight  tinge;  the  poste 
rior  third  api)roaches  to  llesh-color. 

The  anterior  extremities  are  dove-<!oI<ue(l  abo\e,  with  a  few  distinct 
dark  bands  placed  transveisely  on  the  fore-arm,  ami  a  black  spot  at  the 
elbow:  a  black  line  runs  from  the  inferior  ami  upi>er  jiart  of  the  shoul- 
der towards  the  lower  Jaw  ;  dove-coloicd  above,  with  transveise  bands 
of  dark  brown;  on  the  anterior  part  of  the  thigh  are  s^.^ral  smiill 
yellow  spots;  on  the  posterior  surface  th(^se  spots  aie  numerous  and  so 
(thtsely  approximated  as  to  icsemble  at  lirst  view  a  yellow  waving  liuf. 
Tiie  whole  under  snifacc^  of  the  thighs  is  tlesh-coloied  ;  the  inleritu- 
surliuu!  of  the  legs  is  also  tlesh-colore<l,  with  a  I'vw  yellow  dots. 

No.  l.'JG.'H;  OIK'  specimen:  llelotes;  liexar  County,  Texas;  (1.  W, 
i\Iarnock. 

Other  spe<!imens  of  this  species  are  in  my  private  tolle(;tion  Irom  the 
same  locality,  and  from  Dallas,  Texas. 


It 


Tilt:    HATUACIllA    OF    NOKTII    A.MliKlL'A. 


'>  Q  r. 


CnOKOrillMT.S  OCCIDKNTALIS  15«l.  &  Ginl. 


TAIoria  occidviilalis  IJd.  *V  (liril.,  rrocMcd.  Ac.  I'liila.,  ls.'>;{,  ]i.  :!01. 

Ci/sliiiiialliiiHiiniitliix  "  IIoll)!.",  (iiiiitlicr,  t'n\.  Hiifr.  S;il.  I'.iit.  Mii.s.,i'(l.,  1?W,  p.  •,>'.»;  i«c 

liiiDtrookii. 
Clioriiphiliif  oidUitin  Cojif.     CIn'i'k-Lisl  N,  Aiiht.  I>al.,  l\f|if,il.,  I>7r>,  p.  ;iil;  mv  ll.ijlu 

OCIlltlliH    I>illl<Iill. 

<'luii(>iiliiliii  ri>iiii  liouIcii<;(^r,  Cat.  liiitr.,  Sal.  Hiit.  Mils.  ('il.  II,  l-ri:i,  p.  :>:M. 

IJeiul  ratiier  acMite.  Tibiii  n'lichinjj  half-way  from  tlu'  amis  to  the 
nostrils.  Above,  du'stimt  with  obsolct*^  bh)tcli('s  of  (hirkcr.  A  daik 
chestnut  stripe  from  snout,  tiirouj-h  eye  and  tymi)anuni,  with  several 
Jarge  obliijue  bhitehes  of  tiio  same  on  the  sides.  Meneath,  re(hlisli- 
white ;  immaculate. 

Proportions  rather  slender  and  {graceful.  Head  rather  acute;  no 
perceptible  contraction  at  the  neck  ;  li'.i;s  lon^'  and  much  developed. 

The  nostiils  aie  situated  very  near  the  tip  of  the  snout  (the  sides  of 
which  are  rather  abrupt);  they  are  separated  from  each  other  by  less 
than  on«'third  the  width  of  the  head.  The  eyes:ii'e  moderate,  the  rym- 
])anum  snudi,  about  half  the  dianu'ter  (»f  the  oH.M.  A  jiroove  passes 
from  the  iiosterior  portion  of  orbit  above  and  around  the  tym]>anum  to 
the  in.sertion  of  the  arm  in  front.  Anteritu-  marj>iu  of  the  eyes  about 
opposite  the  middle  of  the  commissure.  Tonj^ue  ^  arial)le  in  dilferent 
specimens;  in  one  (a  male)  larjic,  and  lilliu!;'  up  the  inters{)ace  of  hnver 
jaw  r,  the  e«lj;es  thin  and  fiee  behind  and  laterally;  bioadly  or  orbicu- 
larly cordiform.  In  two  others  the  ton.i;ue  is  contrarlcd  into  smaller 
space,  thus  thickeuiu;;' the  ed^es,  althou<;h  still  rctiiininji  much  the  siim«! 
shape.  The  inner  nostrils  are  lar<;(',  opposite  to  the  anterior  (;anthusof 
the  orbit.  The  vomerine  protuberances  are  in  t  wo«'lliptical  patches,  their 
htUfier  axes  in  the  .sanu  transverse  line:  their  anterior  ed;;es  just  behind 
the  losterior  border  of  the  rutstrils;  the  two  separated  by  a  narrow  in- 
terval. One  speciuu'ii  has  tlu'  patches  more  elonjiated,  and  narrower 
than  the  two  others. 

The  head  isslijihtly  shorter  than  broad.  The  fore;iriii  is  lonjicr  than 
the  hand:  the  tibia,  about  half  the  length  of  the  body,  is  huip'r  than 
the  thi^di,  and  about  the  lenj;th  of  the  foot. 

The  tinkers  and  toes  are  all  shinier,  cylindrical,  ami  taiierin,!.>  sli<jhtly 
to  the  delicate  tips,  which  piesent  no  indicationsof  pallets.  The  linjicrs 
are  entirely  free:  the  outer  lon^jer  than  tlu'  second,  the  third  louj^est. 
The  two  external  metatarsals  are  united  to  the  end,  \\  ith  no  web  between 
them.  The  other  metatarsals  are  divided  to  the  tarsus,  but  coniu'(tte«l 
by  a  web  of  considerable  devdninnent,  which  scarcely  jtasses  beyoml 
the  ends  of  the  metatarsus.  Tlie  outer  toe  is  htnjicr  than  the  thiid. 
Transver.se  apophy.ses  of  sacral  vertebia  dilated,  with  trianj;ular  pallet. 

The  under  part.s,  anterior  to  the  slij;ht  jtectoral  fold,  are  entirely 
simtoth.  Hehiml  this  is  a  |>avemenL  of  depressed  j;ramdes,  which  ex- 
tends to  the  inferior  and  posteritu-  surface  of  the  thi>;lis,  becomiuj;'  tiner 


336         BULLETIN    31,    UNITED    STATES   NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 


posteriorly;  tbey  also  pass  up  the  sides,  becoming  less  and  less  distinct. 
Tbe  n|)p(.r  parts  appear  entirely  sinootii,  except  an  occasional  and  iso- 
lated pnstule  on  the  side  of  the  back. 

The  general  color  above  is  of  a  light  chestnut,  with  blotches  of  dark 
chestnnt;  beneath,  reddish-white.  A  dark  chestnut  line  extends  from 
the  siiout  through  the  nostril  to  the  anterior  canthus,  and  re-appears  be- 
hind the  eye  in  an  oval  patch,  involving  the  whole  tympanum,  and  ex- 
tending above  tiie  shoulder.  A  second  similar  patcli  appears  on  the 
side,  separated  from  the  lirst  by  about  the  thickness  of  the  arm.  IJe- 
hind  this  again,  and  a  little  more  on  the  back,  is  a  smaller  blotch,  be- 
hitul  which  is  one  still  smaller,  and  the  region  of  the  anus  is  tinged 
with  the  same  color;  there  thus  apitears  to  be  a  chain  of  these  blotches, 
extending,  at  about  ecpial  distances,  from  the  anus  to  the  eye,  the  two 
last-mentioned  lateral  ones  fully  visible  from  above.  There  are  indis- 
tinct indications  of  darker  blotches  on  the  back,  an<l  sulVusious  of  the 
same  round  the  scattered  ]»ustules  referred  to.  The  extreme  edge  of  the 
upper  Jaw  is  dark,  but  between  this  and  the  upper  stripe,  involving 
nearly  the  whole  side  of  the  face  below  the  eye,  is  an  area  of  light  eldest- 
nut,  becoming  clearer  and  brighter  under  the  eye.  A  chestnut  stripe 
extends  from  the  lower  Jaw  up  the  arm,  which  has,  besides,  two  or  three 
transverse  blotches;  the  femur,  tibia  and  tarsus  have  each  two  or  three 
transverse  fascia-.  The  anterior  face  of  the  thighs  is  light  tliestnut; 
the  buttocks  the  same,  with  indistiiuit  blotches  of  lighter,  in  some 
specimens  the  ground  color  is  greenish  lead  color. 


2 

Fii;.81.  Chorophilns  inriilentnliK.    \o,  SUun.    IJicoboro,  Ga.;  f 

Mrasiin  iiKiilt,  ill   (/((7((.s. 

Total  ItMijrth l.(»l  1.00  :  Total  liiii.lIc^',.sii.'U:li.,l  ... 

'•'••mill' l-i  .111      Foic-iirm  tit  tip 

Ti''iii Til  .  U»      Widtlioriira.l 

Hind  foot H  .10     Clionl  nf  i; s 

'i'ar.suM :t  I  .  ;t;!  I 


l.-O  1.7:> 

..V.»  ..Ml 

•  111  .:!^ 

.  iti  .:w 


From  the  C.  ornatux  Ww,  C.  mridcntalis  dillVrs  In  rojoi'  I'litiicly;  the 
head  is  more  acute,  and  the  cleft  of  moiitii  deeper;  the  legs  arc  longrr 
ami  the  granulation  liiu-r. 

This  species  is  (piite  distim;t  from  the  C.  onuttns,  and  does  not  appear 
to  have  been  named  by  any  Euroi>eaii  aiitJKM-  prior  to  lioiilnigcr.  .My 
identilication  of  it  with  the  lliila  nmlaiis  of  D.tiiiiin  was  biiscd  on  a 
plate  representing  it,  or  a  spei-ics  very  similar  to  il,  in  (»iie  of  the  older 
authors,  but  lor  which  I  have  lost  the  reference.  As  jiointed  out  by 
lioulenger,  it  is  clearly  not  the  species  so  called  by  Daiulin. 


THE    BATRACniA    OF    NOUTll    AMKRICA. 


337 


The  Chorophilus  occUlentalis  rauges  trom  Georgia  to  tbe  Wichita 
Elver,  in  north  central  Texas.  Specimens  were  sent  me  from  the  latter 
locality  by  that  excellent  naturalist,  Jacob  Boll,  of  Dallas.  Dr.  A.  K. 
Fisher  has  found  it  near  Jacksonville,  Florida.  It  does  not  occur  in 
California  as  supposed  when  Urst  described. 


i- 


RESERVE  SERIES. 


Catalocnc 

No.  of 

iiiiiulior. 

spec. 

3590 

2 

nonr. 

1 

5!HIU 

•i 

3584 

1 

2 

liocality. 


Wlieu 
collected. 


From  whom  receiveil. 


Ooorgiii Ma.j.  J.  L<i  Coiito 

UicoborouKli,  (in --I <lo 

(1(1 j do 

LiliiTtv  Count v.Oa | do 

Allapiilia,  (lii j W.  .J.  Taylor 


Natniu  of  spec- 
inien. 


Alcoholic. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


CIIOROPIIILUS  NIGRITUS  Lc  t'oiitc 

liivia  nigrita  Lo  Conto,  Ant..  Lye.  N.  Y.,  i,  \>.  ii^^J;  Ilailaii,  Med.  «fcPhys. Res.,  p.  105; 

iiiid  Joiirii.  Ac.  I'liilii.,  V,  p.  Ull. 
Jerih  )ii(jfilti  Dmii.  iV  IJilif.,  p.  .W.t. 

CilKlifluiilhiin  iiinrlliin  IIolli. ,  N.  .Viiicr.  IIiT))..  IV,  p.  107,  PI.  "20, 
rueiitlaciis  iiifirild,  pars,  Oiliilli.  Cat.,  ]».  '.(7. 
Chorophihin  iiii/nluH  Haird,  Piim;.   Ac.  Pliila.,  vii,  p.  (iO;  Le  Contc,  cof?.  loc,  p.  Vi7 ', 

Bouleiiger,  Cut  IJatr.  Sal.,  p,  '.iX\. 

The  length  of  the  head  to  the  posterior  margin  of  the  membranum 
tyiiii)ani  enters  the  total  length  to  the  vent  three  and  one  sixth  times. 
Tlie  head  it.self  is  narrow  and  acuminate,  tiie  muz/.lo  projecting  acutely 
beyond  the  labial  margin.  Theexternal  nares  niiuk  two-tifths  the  di.s 
tanee  from  the  end  of  tlie  muzzle  to  tiie  orbital  border.  The  mem- 
branum tympani  is  only  one  fourth  the  diameter  of  the  orbit.  The 
eanthus  rost rails  is  disi  iiiet ,  but  obtusely  rounded.  The  vomerine  fascic- 
uli are  api)roxiinated,  and  near  the  line  of  the  posterior  border  of  the 
mires,  which  are  larger  than  the  minute  ostia  pharyngea.  The  tongue 
is  large  and  wide  behind,  and  faintly  emai'ginate. 

The  heel  of  the  extended  hind  leg  extends  to  between  the  orbit  and 
nostril;  the  femur  is  short,  while  the  tarsus  is  long,  a  little  exceeding 
half  the  length  of  the  tibia,  and  etinaling  thi'  length  of  the  remaimler 
of  the  foot,  minus  the  longest  toe.  The  skin  of  the  gular  and  .sternal 
region  is  smooth,  of  the  abdomen  areolate.  That  of  the  dorsal  region 
is  tubercular,  smootli  warts  of  large  and  small  size  being  irregularly 
crowded  over  its  entire  surface,  and  not  at  all  resembling  the  areolate 
surface  of  the  belly. 

Cohu'  above  leaden,  with  three  longitudinal  rows  of  darker,  light- 
edged  spots,  extending  one  on  each  side,  and  one  on  the  median  line, 
These  spots  may  be  uniteil  into  a  l)and  on  one  (u- on  both  sides  tn*  on  the 
middle  line.  Thigh  with  thre(H*j(»ss  bands,  nnieolor  behind;  tibia  with 
from  three  to  five  (!ross-l)ars.  I'pper  lip  daik  plumbeous,  with  a  narrow 
white  lino  above  a  darker  border,  which  extends  a  little  beyond  below 
1951— Bull  3i 22 


j 

■  i 

•  i 

1 

1 

1^ 

1 

n< 


"i-i 


.-    y 


1^1 


■    M 


u 


1 


y 


ii 

\\ 

n 

1 

338         BULLETIN    3t,    UNITED    STATES   NATIONAL   MLSEUM. 

the  tympanum.    The  dark  baiul  from  the  end  of  the  muzzle  extends  to 
the  middle  of  the  side,  or  beyond.    Inferior  surfaces  yellowish. 


fTf 


Fig.  85.  Chorophilus  nigritut.    No.  5935.    Liberty  County,  Ga.;  1-4,  J;  6-7,  }. 

Measurements  of  No.  5935. 

Jf. 

Length  of  bead  and  body 0:iO 

Length  of  head,  including  tympana OlO.'i 

Width  of  head,  including  tympana 0(tl>.') 

Length  of  fore-leg OU).'i 

Length  of  fore-foot GO*; 

Length  of  hind  leg 0475 

Length  of  tibia 0H5 

Length  of  tarsus OO;)  I 

Length  of  remainder  of  foot OHf) 

This  species  is  rare  in  collections  and  has  not  been  well  identified, 
owing  to  the  imperfection  of  Dr.  Ilolbrook's  description.  It  can  be  lu'st 
recognized  from  Le  Conte's  description  above  cpioted.  It  is  an  evident 
ally  of  C.  triseriatus. 

A  small  form  is  found  in  Florida,  which  I  have  descril)ed  under  the 
name  of  Chorophilus  rerrticosus.  It  differs  somewhat  liorn  the  typical 
Nigricans,  and  I  suspect  that  it  will  turn  out  to  Ix^  a  siibsjK'cies.  It 
dilfers,  besides  its  very  small  size,  in  the  somewhat  loliger  tarsus,  wliieii 
exceeds  the  foot  minus  the  fourth  toe,  in  length.  Tlu' yellow  stripe  on 
the  upper  lip  is  broken  up  into  a  series  of  spots.  The  measurements 
are  as  follows : 

31-  M. 

Length  of  head  and  body 01!»     Lengtii  of  tibia 008 

Lengtii  of  head OOti  '  Lfiiglh  of  tarsuH (lo."i 

Lengtii  of  hind  limb 02(!     Width  of  head  at  tympana 00,">5 

Length  of  femur 007  | 

P^rom  Volusia,  Fla.;  Mrs.  A.  I).  Lungren. 

Tliis  ChiMophilus  is  similar  in  proportions  to  the  C /criarniii,  but  is 
well  distinguished  by  the,  characters  of  the  longer  hind  leg,  the  skin, 
and  the  coloration.  The  tuber<!ular  ui)per  surfaee  is  (piite  peeubar,  and 
the  smooth  giilar  region  i8e(pially  wanting  in  the  Northern  frog. 


M. 

.o:!0 

.  010.') 
.  0(»l>.') 
.  OKiTj 
.  OOCi 
.  0475 
.0145 
.OO'.tl 
.  0145 


it. 

.(l(W 

.  (I(C. 

.  oor>5 


1 


THE   BATRACIIIA   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 

Chorophilus  nigritus  Le  Conte. 

RESEKVE  SERIES. 


339 


Catalogue   No.  of 
miuibcr.     spec. 


9702 
r>9;i;) 
35D3 


Locality. 


Arlington,  Fla 

Liberty  County,  Ga. 
Cliarloston,  S.  C 


When 
collected. 


From  whom  received. 


Nature  of  spec- 
inicn. 


(i.  BrowTi  Ooo<le Alcnholic. 

Dr.  .1.  L.  l,<-  ("onto i        Do. 

Dr.  .S.  B.  Barker I       Do. 


CHOROPHIU'S  FERIARFM  Baird. 
Uclccceiea  fcriarum  Baird,  Proceed.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1S54  (5),  59. 

This  species  is  not  unlike  a  jounjj  Hyla  remicnlor  in  the  short  and 
rather  squat  form.  Tiie  head  is  more  pointed,  liowever,  the  curve  of  the 
mouth  being  parabolic  rather  than  circular.  The  outline  of  the  head 
above  exhibits  an  acute  angle,  with  but  a  very  .slight  curve  to  near  the 
nostrils.  The  sidesof  the  head  arequite  oblique,  and  the  direct  distance 
between  the  two  anterior  canthi,  as  measurcil  witii  the  dividers,  is  just 
half  that  between  the  two  extremities  of  the  lower  jaw,  measured  in  a 
similar  manner.  The  upi)ei' Jaw  i)rqject.><  con.sidorably  over  the  under; 
po  much  so  that  the  nostrils  are  about  directly  over  the  end  of  the  lat- 
ter. Tiie  extreme  distance  between  the  rami  of  the  lower  Jaw  is  the 
same  witii  tiiat  from  the  ends  of  the.se  rami  to  the  tip  of  the  snout,  thus 
forming  of  the  three  lines  an  equilateral  triangle.  The  tympanum  is 
(|uite  diminutive,  scarcely  more  than  half  the  diameter  of  the  eye;  cer- 
taiidy  not  over  half  the  straight  edge  of  the  eyelids.  In  the  females 
it  is  still  smaller.  Its  center  is  .situated  directly  over  the  angle  of 
the  mouth  or  the  rictus. 

The  tongue  is  large,  thin  at  the  edges;  about  one  fifth  longer  than 
broa«l,  and  cordiform  beliiinl,  with  the  .sides  but  .slightly  curved;  free 
behind  for  about  one-third  its  length.  The  posterior  nare.s  are  nearly 
circular  and  opposite  a  point  half- way  betwi-en  tiie  anterior  (tanthus  of 
the  eye  and  the  outer  nostril.  The  vomerine  teeth  aie  in  two  oval 
patches,  their  axes  inclined  backward.s  at  less  than  a  right  angle,  the 
anterior  extremities  (commencing  Just  inside  the  posterior  nares  and  on 
a  line  with  their  centers. 

The  males  are  provided  with  a  very  prominent  gular  pouch,  capable 
of  considerable  intlation. 

The  eyes  arc  of  moderate  size,  being  a  little  more  than  one-third  the 
distance  from  the  angle  of  the  mouth  to  the  tip  of  the  .snout. 

The  limbs  are  of  motb'rate  <leveIoi»ment ;  the  fore-arm  being  less  than 
the  hand.  The  arm  from  the  elbow  is  exactly  the  length  of  the  hind 
foot,  nieasured  from  the  end  of  the  tarsus.  The  femur  and  tibia  are 
equal  and  just  half  the  length  of  the  body.  Closely  pressed  along  the 
sides,  the  tips  of  the  hind  toes  extend  nearly  to  the  tympanum.     The 


i    I 


> 

ek 

ri 

1 

fc 

\aI 

t 

} 

I 

-Is- 
t 

f  : 

4 


1/ 


I 

\ 


li ; 


;^j 


340         BULLETIN   34,    UNITED    STATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

toes  are  all  aoproased,  rather  sharp  alonff  the  edges,  slender,  with  par 
allel  sides,  and  not  fringed.  All  are  terminated  by  slight  knobs,  not 
pallets,  bnt  little  if  any  wider  than  the  fingers,  and  very  faint  traees 
of  the  marginal  nail  like  groove.  The  hands  are  not  webbed,  except  a 
very  slight  basal  web  between  the  three  (mter  fingers.  The  toes  have 
their  bases  very  slightly  webbed,  tiie  nuMnl)rane  tilling  np  the  spaces 
between  the  metatarsals  of  the  two  onter  toes.  The  tnbercle  at  the 
base  of  the  inner  toe  rather  large;  the  one  opposite  at  base  of  outer 
toe,  small.  Prominent  tubercles  beneath  all  the  articulations.  Verto- 
bric  nine,  in  addition  to  the  coccyx. 

Tiie  entire  body  is  stron  ,\v  and  coarsely  granulated,  conspicuously 
below,  where  it  extends  over  the  chin,  between  the  arms,  and  on  the 
arm  nearly  to  the  elbow  joint;  in  fact,  no  part  is  free  from  the  granula- 
tion, excei)t  perhaps  t])e  sides  of  the  head.  The  upper  and  under  faces 
of  the  thighs  are  also  similarly  granulated. 

In  the  males  the  up|)er  parts  are  i)urplish-l)rown  (greenish-brown 
in  life)  with  dark  slate  brown  markings;  beneath  cream  <Mlor.  Tliere 
is  a  triangular  patch  between  the  eyes,  the  base  exti'uding  directly 
across,  the  apex  pointing  down  the  back,  the  sides  concave.  In  front  of 
this,  in  the  axis  of  the  head  and  between  the  nostrils,  is  a  small  longi- 
tudinal streak.  A  Oiirk  pat(!h  commences  on  the  side  of  the  snout  and 
extends  backwards  on  the  side  of  the  head,  including  the  tympanum, 
and,  widening  on  the  sides,  fades  out  near  the  groin  ;  the  upper  margin 
of  this  is  most  distinctly  delined.  The  extreme  margin  of  the  upper 
jaw  is  dark  jnottled,  but  just  above  it  and  below  the  lateral  vitta  is  a 
narrow  line  of  yellowish-white,  w'licli  widens  after  passing  below  the 
tympanum  and,  crossing  above  the  shoulder,  runs  into  the  light  color 
of  the  under  i)arts,  completely  isolating  the  fore  leg.  In  the  male  the 
chin  is  mottled  black  ;  and  in  all  there  is  a  narrow,  indistinct  streak  of 
brown  extending  from  the  lower  jaw  to  the  outer  surface  of  the  arm,  con- 
tinuous with  the  ground  co'or  then'.  On  each  si(h'  of  the  bac^k  extends 
a  distinct  stripe.  IVom  lu'ar  the  tymjianum  to  about  o|)posite  the  ter- 
mination of  the  lateral  stripes.  An  additioinil  stripe  is  seen  down  the 
middle  of  the  back,  scarcely  commeneing  so  far  forward;  the  three 
stripes  !'  .irly  parallel,  though  with  a  tendency  in  the  outer  ones  to 
diverge  i>o.-.teriorIy.  These  stripes  are  sometimes  irreguhir  in  outline, 
the  central  one  sometimes  broken  up  into  blotches,  the  «'xterior  ones 
less  fre(iuently.  Sometinu's  scattered  blotches  are  seen  between  the 
Stripes.  The  upper  surfaces  of  tiielimbsare  indistinctly  bande«l  trans- 
versely, sometimes  only  blotched  confusedly  ;  the  posterior  faces  of  the 
buttocks  are  brown,  with  (nrcular  whitish  spots  on  th"  apices  of  the 
granulation.     The  inner  faces  of  the  limbs  are  nn(H)l(U'e<l. 

In  some  specimens,  which  aitjiear  to  be  principally  females,  the  ground 
color  above  is  fawn,  sonu^times  light  bluish-gray ;  and,  as  already  re- 
marked, the  longitudinal  stripes  are  occasionally  broken  up  into  coarse 


1      i 


1 


ifBijIf" 


f- 


1 


THE    BATRACIIIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICA 


;;4i 


or  fine  blotches.    A  general  triserial  arraugemcut  is,  however,  almost 
always  perceptible. 


f\ 


Via.  80.  Chorophilut/eriantm.    Mount  Carmol,  111.;  1-4,  \;  6-7,  f. 
Measurements,  hi  inches. 


Total  length 1.06  1.00 

Femur 50  .47 

Til.ifi 54  .51 

Tarsus 34  .:i'2 


Hind  foot 50  .4"' 

Hiudlei; 1.77  l.t)7 

Width  of  licatl 40  ;!7 

Length  from  joint  of  jaw 40  .  ;}7 


A  specimen  taken  by  me  in  Trough  Creek  Valk'y,  Ilinitingdon 
County,  Pa.,  has  broad  uninterrupted  baiid.s.  as  in  the  ('.  tri.^eriatus 
hut  lias  not  its  median  muzzle  band.  The  voice  of  this  animal  was  sim- 
ilar to  that  of  the  latter  species. 

A  specimen  of  nearly  tlie  size  and  form  (>f  Ifyla  fctniiralin  was  taken 
in  west  Penn.sylvania,  near  the  Kiskiminitas  Kiver.  In  proportions  it 
does  not  difter  from  the  Feriarum,  but  tlie  toes  are  fringed,  the  dilata- 
tions larger,  and  the  coloration  different.  Above  blackisliash,  abruptly 
deUned  on  the  sides.  Lateral  band  not  extendinj;  beyond  tympaimiii. 
No  median  dorsal  bainl,  but  two  black  dorsolaterals  oi'  doul)le  ordi- 
nary width  converge  from  each  tympanum  and  extend  to  end  of  urostyle 
inclosing  with  the  interorbital  triangle  a  narrow,  anteriorly  bilinrate 
dorsal  band  of  the  ground  ('i»lor.  The  note  of  tliis  si)eeies  is  (piite  dif- 
ferent from  that  of  the  <\  tri.seriatiis,  not  being  continuous,  but  in  sets  of 
crepitations  repeated  in  time  and  at  intervals. 

This  variety  may  not  1m'  more  allied  to  the  Feriarum  than  to  the  others, 
and  may  be  called  C.  feriarum  brachyiihonm. 

ChorophiliiHj'trianim  Baird. 
RESERVE  SERIES. 


Cataloeuc 
uuiubvr. 


:i592 
I'JUiT 
12700 
I3:t-.) 

9067 


No.  of 
»peo. 


Locality. 


Wli.ii 
cuUi'itteil. 


Fioiu  wlioiii  locrivod. 


('.irli-sli',  I'a 

Mount  CmmiicI,  111  ...  i 
Lookout  Mount  ill  II.  Ti'im 
WliiMtliiml.  liid  ...  I 
I'll  lire  Ufurau'sCi'UUtv, ; 
Mil. 


S.  I'.  liiiiril.... 
L.  W.  Tinner  . 


1878  ,  Dr.  T.  U.  livixn  . 


Niitiiif  of  spi'C- 
iuun. 


f :  i 


: 


)      I 


;  I 


.J 


m 


M 


I 


i'  f 


342         BULLETIN   34,    UNITED   STATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

CIIOROnilLUS  TRISERIATUS,  Wicd. 

Ejila  (rheriata  Princo  Maximilian  Koiso  in  das  iniiorp  Nord-Aincrika,  i  (1839),  240. 
Jlilooutta  IrineriiduH  Uaird,  I'rociH'd.  Ac.  I'liila.,  vii,  1S5I.  p.  (id. 

clarkii  Uaird,  /.  c,  and  U.  S.  Mex.  Honnd.  Sinw,  Kept.,  p.  28,  PI.  37,  fig.  1-U. 

C/ior«j)/(i7i(8 /ris(  ('(((/lis  Cope,  Checli-List  N.  Anier.  Keptil.,  p.  :!0. 

Kvptiiitriuintlin  Bonleni^er,  Cat.  ]5ati'.  Sal.  IJiil.  Mils.,  ji.  '.VA'-),  \88'2. 

Hylodca  maculatita  Agassiz,  Lake  Snperior,  l"*r>0,  p.  ;i7r<,  vi,  figs.  1,  2,  3. 

lu  general  sliaite  this  .specie.s  is  more  eloiifj^ated  and  less  squat  than 
H.  fcriarum,  and  the  hind  le^^s  are  materially  shorter.  The  head  is  eon- 
siderably  more  pointed.  The  nostriLs,  beinji  a  little  more  in  advance 
than  in  Feriarnm,  are  still  over  the  end  of  the  lower  jaw,  although  tiio 
projection  of  the  upper  jaw  is  greater  than  in  the  latter.  The  distance 
between  the  anterior  eanthi  of  the  orbits  is  more  tlian  half  that  between 
the  rami,  and  this  latter  distance  less  than  the  ciiord  of  either  ramus. 
The  tympanum  is  small,  less  than  half  the  diameter  of  the  eye  ;  iis  an- 
terior border  on  a  line  with  the  angle  of  the  month. 

The  granulation  of  this  species  is  very  distinct,  e.\tending  over  the 
whole  body,  except  on  the  interior  faces  of  the  hind  legs.  Jt  is  most 
couspicuous  and  distinct  beneath,  and  is  seen  on  the  under  face  of  the 
arms,  especially  evident  in  the  palms  of  thehamls. 

The  tongue  is  rather  thinner  than  usual  in  Feriarnm  and  free  for  a 
greater  distance  behind,  less  emarginated  posteriorly.  The  inner  nares 
are  circular  and  nearer  the  anterior  eanthus  orbitaiis  than  the  external 
uostril.  The  vomerine  teeth  are  considerably  within  and  behind  the 
ceuters  of  the  posterior  nares.     The  eyes  about  as  in  Feriarnm. 

The  forearm  is  a  little  longer  than  the  hand.  The  arm  from  the 
elbow  is  not  so  long  as  the  hind  foot.  In  general,  while  the  thigh,  leg, 
aud  tarsus  are  shoiter  in  proportion,  the  foot  is  as  long  as  or  even  longer 
tbau  iu  Feriarnm.  Tlie  leg  and  thigh  are  nearly  of  thesame  length, ami 
about  two-fifths  the  length  of  the  body.  When  tlie  hind  leg  is  Hexed  and 
applied  along  the  sides,  the  tips  of  the  toes  reach  only  to  the  axilla-. 
The  lingers  and  toes  are  much  as  in  11.  J'cr'mrmn,  though  with  all  the 
limbs,  more  slender. 

The  ground  color  above  and  on  the  sides  is  of  a  light  ash,  in  most 
specimens  striped  with  brown;  beneath  yellowish-white,  with  a  few 
scattered  brownish  dots  on  the  sides  and  sometimes  extending  across 
the  breast  behind  the  arm.s.  There  is  no  tiansvcrsc  band  between  the 
eyes,  but,  instead,  an  oval  spot  above  each  orbit,  and  between  the.se  a 
distinct  stripe  starting  between  the  nostrils  and  extending  backwiir.ls 
to  about  the  mitldle  of  the  back,  where  it  bit'iircates  at  a  very  acute 
angle  ami  continues,  margining  the  iirostyie,  as  it  were,  to  near  the  anus. 
On  each  side  of  this  d(nsal  mark  is  a  stripe  of  similar  width,  starting 
in  a  line  with  the  orbital  bhttclies,  but  behind  them  and  extending 
nearly  to  the  groin,  having  a  slight  curve  outwards  to  retain  i)arallelism 
with  the  dorsal  fork.  A  well-delincd  stripe  starts  at  the  snout  and 
passes  backwards  turough  the  eyes  and  tympanum  over  the  shoulder 


*  A 


.. 


Miiirili 


THK    BATRACIIIA   OF   NOKTIl    AMEKICA. 


343 


and  (lovrn  the  aides  to  a  point  opposite  the  end  of  the  stripe  Just  de- 
scribed  and  parallel  to  it;  in  fact,  we  may  distingnish  anteriorly  five 
distinct  dark  stripes,  and  posteriorly  six,  all  abont  tiie  same  size,  at 
the  same  distance  apart,  and  parallel  to  each  other.  The  extri'me  margin 
of  the  npper  Jaw  is  brown,  bnt  between  it  and  the  facial  strijie  is  a 
narrow,  well-defined  line  of  white  extending  nnder  the  tympanum  across 
the  shoulder  to  be  lost  on  the  side.  The  marginal  dark  marking  on  the 
upper  jaw  is  continued  across  the  angle  of  the  mouth  (witli  a  sliglit  in- 
terruption over  the  canthus)  up  the  arm,  in  a  narrow  line.  Tlie  legs 
are  all  irregularly  nmrked  with  rounded  dark  blotches,  not  fasciated ; 
the  buttocks  brown,  with  whitish  spots  on  the  granulations. 

Some  specimens  are  much  darker  than  the  one  Just  described,  and 
occasionally  there  is  a  tendency  to  irregularity  in  the  outlines  of  the 
stripes,  almost  breaking  them  up  into  spots,  in  which,  however,  tiie 
serial  arrangement  is  always  evident.  Sometimes,  too,  tlie  edges  of  the 
stripes  are  deeper  colored  than  the  middle. 


Lciifjfth 
Ann  ... 
Fi'iimr 
Tiltiii  . 
TurMiis 


Fio.  87.  Chorophiliis  triteriaUta.    No.  8553.    Fairplay,  Colorado;  1-1,  ',;  (i-~,  y. 


Indies. 

ofbody l.Od     1.00     Hiiid  foot 

;")'>       .51      lli.dleg 1. 

to      .  37     (  ;     -a  of  boail 

4.->      ,42     Width 

i>8      .27  I 


IllcIlPS. 

50       . 4(5 
5-J     1.41 

:«     .  -JU 

30      .  28 


RESERVE  SERIES. 


Catalogiio   No.  of 
niiiulicr.      .spec. 


Locality. 


When       I 
coUocted.     i 


From  whom  rucoivod. 


Natiirr  (if  SI  oc- 
imc'ii. 


:t«."i!t 
;i:)im 

•V.IIH 

5o:i4 
:i;ii4 

301!) 

3021 
3307 
,')3H'J 
514li 
3307 
33IU 
,?3I1 
3300 
3317 


Dr.  I".  R.  Hoy.... 
It.  W.  Keuiiiiott 
Dr.J.Suckk'V  .. 


Dr.  Keuiii'ily 
W.  S.  Wood  . . 


Itaiiiie.  Wis         . 

Oiiok  U'oiinly,  III 

Fori  Union,  I)ak 

Fort  Ri'solntiou 

I.arainio  River 

Soiilli  (irand  River,  Mis-j (') 

Hciiiri.  i  I 

Saint  I.duis,  Mo '  Dr.  G.  Enf;clniann 

liluo  ItivtM-,  Kanaa.i ' (0 

Sidkiik  Sett  IcMUMit ' K.  Kcniiii'ott 

Red  River  of  till' North      tl"    

Salt  Lake  Viillev -I-S.  liiiwiiiaii    

Fort  I'nioii,  Dak Dr.  F.  V.  llayden  . 

Fpjier  Missouri do    

Fort  IMorro    ilo 

do Gov.  I.  I.Steveu.s  . 


In  some  specimens  from  the  Missouri  lliver  the  Iiead  appears  to  be 
narrower  and  more  elongate,  the  tongue  more  orbicular  and  less  notched. 


iM 


hi 


M 


',ti 

;    {  j 
t 


i  . 


:  V 


vl 


■ 

1 

.  ;/*■ 

M 

t 


344         BULLETIN   34,    UNITED    STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


9:    ( 


The  {granulation  on  tlio  lower  parts  seems  finer.  The  ground  color  is 
darker,  though  the  i)attern  in  much  the  same.  The  dorsal  stripe  does 
not  bifurcate  so  soon,  however ;  there  is  a  tendency  to  spots  between 
the  stripes,  and  there  are  no  spots  on  the  breast. 


Total  length 7« 

Tibia HO 

Femur 5i() 

Hind  U'g  from  heel M 


MeasnremenU,  in  incheSi 

1.000     Hind  leg 1. 

.:W1  ,  Witlthofbead 

.  ;{()0     Length  of  chord 

.  710     Fore-arm  from  elbow 


03  1.3()8 

20  . 2(i3 

2ti  .  340 

30  .  396 


Hiud  foot 3(5 


,473 


The  Choroj)hilus  triscriatus  abounds  throughout  the  northwest,  east 
of  the  Kocky  Mountains. 

1  obtained  it  at  Franklin,  on  the  Utah-Idaho  boundary,  and  sub- 
sequently found  it  very  common  in  the  ruts  of  the  wa,(on  trails  on  the 
plains  east  of  Fort  Benton,  Mont.  In  the  latter  locality  it  was  gener- 
ally of  a  bright  green  color. 

Specimens  from  Gloucester  County,  New  Jersey,  present  the  following 
characters: 

Body  longer;  head  contained  three  and  two-thirds  times  in  total 
length,  the  widtii  three  to  three  and  one-half  in  same;  tibia  measuring 
half  the  distance  from  vent  to  middle  and  anterior  border  of  orbit; 
smaller  tympanum;  teeth  nearer  each  other  than  to  nares;  five  longi- 
tudinal bands. 

In  this  form  the  limbs  are  rather  stout,  with  their  upper  surfaces 
granulated  or  rugulose.  Toes  fringed  or  margined.  The  heel  extends 
to  the  orbit;  tympanum  one-third  of  latter.  One,  an  inner  tarsal  tuber- 
cle. The  median  dorsal  ban<l  is  broad,  unites  with  the  interocidar  tri- 
angle, and  is  continued  part  way  to  the  end  of  the  muzzle,  giving  a  <!ru- 
ciform  figure.  Dorsolateral  bands  nearly  straight,  commencing  some 
distance  above  and  within  the  tympamuu.  Lateral  stripe  eomidete  fro;u 
end  of  muzzle  nearly  to  groin.  Ground  color  fawn  ;  below  pale,  immac- 
ulate.    Posterior  limbs  with  half  cross-bauds. 


Meamirenunta, 

liilH'.S.     I 

Total  length l\i.  Cd     Tibia. 

Fore  limb 7        ]  Foot. 

Femur  from  vent ;'>        | 


Liiu-g. 
T).  titi 


This  species  I  have  fouml  al)undant  on  the  sides  of  pools  and  ponds  in 
t  lie  neighborhood  of  (ilou(!ester,  X.  .1.  in  ihespringand  early  part  of  sum- 
mer. It  delights  in  those  small  and  often  temporary  pieces  of  water 
which  are  inclosed  in  the  densest  thickets  of  spiny  Smilax  atid  Kubus, 
with  scrub  oaks,  and  surrounded  by  the  water  loving  Cephalanthus, 
where  no  shade  interrupts  the  full  glow  of  sunlight.  Here  they  may  be 
heard  in  the  hottest  part  of  the  day,  accompanied  with  a  few  scattering 
Acres,  or  rarely  a  Uyla  pickeringiL    Their  retreats  are  uot  sought  by 


•«         ; 


THE   BATRACIIIA    OF   NORTH    AMERICA. 


345 


1. 3()8 
.340 


*  J 


( 


k,     I' 


Eaoie.  As  they  scarcely  swim,  wlien  surprised  tliey  seek  refiiye  in  the 
edge  of  the  water,  with  so  little  movement  as  to  render  their  capture 
no  easy  matter. 

This  species  commences  its  season  early.  I  have  heard  the  swamps 
of  the  barrens  and  thickets  of  southwestern  New  Jersey  resound  with 
thera  as  early  as  the  twentieth  of  March,  when  a  skim  of  ice  cov- 
ered part  of  the  water.  I  have  also  heard  it  in  other  level  paiis  of  the 
same  State  later  in  the  season,  and  in  the  lower  i)art  of  Chester  County, 
Pa.  Its  note  resembles  that  of  the  Acris  in  being  crepitant,  and  ditt'ers 
from  the  toned  cry  or  whistle  of  the  Ilylaj.  It  is  not  so  loul  as  the  former 
and  Is  deeper  pitched;  it  may  be  imitated  by  drawing  a  point  strongly 
across  a  coar.se  comb,  commencing  at  the  bottom  of  a  jar  and  bringing 
it  rai>idly  to  the  mouth;  or,  better,  by  restraining  the  voice  to  the  separ- 
ate vibrations  of  the  vocal  cords,  and  uttering  a  bar  of  a  dozen  or  twenty 
vibrations,  beginning  with  the  mouth  closed  and  ending  with  it  well 
opened. 

The  spotted  form,  called  by  Professor  Agassiz  Hyhdes  macnlatvs.  pre- 
sents tiie  following  characters.  The  description  is  nuule  from  Professor 
Agassiz's  typical  .specimen. 

This  variety  is  of  much  the  same  delicate  form  as  Triseriatus.  The 
head  is  small  and  narrow.  The  limbs  are  short ;  the  tibia  twolifths  the 
length  of  the  body. 

The  tongue  is  ov  al,  nearly  as  wide  as  long ;  rather  thicker  than  usual ; 
free  behind,  and  scarcely,  if  at  all,  emarginated.  Tiie  teeth  are  in  two 
very  small  circular  patches,  each  situated  within  and  but  little  behind 
the  internal  naresr  separated  by  a  wider  interval  than  usual.  The 
tympanum  is  small  and  inconspicuous,  not  half  the  diameter  of  the  or- 
bit; the  distance  between  the  anterior  eantlii  of  the  orbits  is  barely 
more  than  half  that  between  the  rami  of  the  lower  jaw,  which  is  a  little 
less  than  tlu^  chord  of  the  ramus. 

The  lingers  and  toes  are  cylindrical, truncate,  and  rounded  at  the  tips; 
not  dilated,  but  somewhat  knoblted.  Tlie  outer  finger  is  longer  than 
the  third;  the  first  is  directe<l  nearly  at  right  angles  with  the  third, 
and  considerably  removed  from  the  others.  The  outer  toe  is  lon;^er 
than  the  third  ;  the  web  is  confined  to  the  intervals  between  the  meta- 
tarsals, except  a  slight  development  between  the  bases  of  the  fourth 
ami  fifth.  A  rounded  tuberch^  at  the  base  of  foot  on  each  side.  Body 
everywhere  granulated  ex('ei)t  on  the  interior  surliices. 

The  ground  color  is  of  a  brownish-ash  above,  with  crowded  and 
elongated  blotches  of  darker  arranged  irregularly,  or  not  serially,  as  in 
most  other  varieties;  a  dark  .stripe  on  the  side  of  the  head  through  the 
tympanum  and  extending  to  the  shoulder,  and  in  one  specimen  an 
elongated  bl()tcli  on  the  side  of  tlie  body  may  almost  be  considered  a 
prolongation  of  the  same.  There  is  the  usual  light  line  along  the  edge 
of  the  jaw,  extending  to  the  arm.    The  limbs  are  blotched  above,  but 


'i 

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4 


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;» 


V 


M 

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»   11 

ft 


i 


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346         BULLETIN   31,    UMTKK    STATES    NATIONAL    MU8FATM. 

not  fasciated.    IJeiifath  yellowish  white,  with  scattered  brownish  spots 
acrofciS  the  breast. 

JUcasHtemiiita,  iii  iiichin. 

Total  length  L  (W  l.(M»  Tinsim iJD  .28 

Forc-arm  from  dhow 4'i  .11  Foot 50  .49 

Hand a»!  .'2r>  Total  of  hind  leg L^n  L  W 

Femur :«»  .:W  Width  of  head ;W  .M 

Tibia »u  .ii  \ 

No.  3594;  three  specimens;  Lake  Superior,  north  shore;  t*rof.  L. 
Agassi/.. 

The  Texan  form  (h'seribed  by  IJaird  and  (rirard  as  Ilelaretcs  vlarkii 
has  the  foHowiii;;-  chaiiieters.  It  forms  tlie  transition  between  tliose 
with  h)n{;itudiMal  striiu-s  as  Triseriatns  and  tlie  inejjniar  spotted  Maen- 
hitnsfrom  Lake  Superior.  It  presents  the  usual  features  in  the  aeuto 
head,  entirely  granulated  body,  except  on  the  concealed  surfaces  (the 
granulation  is  quite  coarse),  lu-arly  free  toes,  etc.  The  head  is  acute 
and  elongated;  the  snout  projecting  more  than  in  Macuilatus. 

The  tympanum  is  large,  about  two-thirds  the  diameter  of  the  orbit. 
The  external  nares  are  very  near  the  tip  of  the  snout,  or  at  about  one- 
third  of  the  distance  fiom  snout  to  orbit;  they  are  separated  l>y  less 
than  one  thir<l  the  width  of  the  rami.  The  internal  nares  are  deci<le«lly 
more  separated  than  the  external,  ami  distant  about  one-third  the  in- 
terval of  the  rami.  The  vomerine  teeth  are  in  two  very  small  rounded, 
depressed  patches,  having  a  considerable  interval,  and  in  a  line  with  the 
posterior  edge  of  the  iniu-r  nares.  The  tongue  is  broad,  ovate,  slightly 
emarginate  beliiiul;  thin  on  the  edges. 

The  lingers  and  toes  are  cylindrical,  slenderj  aird  dilated  or  thick- 
ened at  the  tips  into  rounded,  deitressed  km)bs.  In  the  hand  the  outer 
finger  is  longer  than  the  second;  the  cleft  between  the  second  an»l 
third  is  deeper  than  that  of  third  and  fourth,  and  there  is  the  appear- 
ance of  a  very  slight  basal  membrane  between  them,  entirely  want- 
ing betwe^Mi  lirst  and  second.  The  outer  toe  is  rather  larger  than  the 
third;  all  the  toes  are  connected  by  a  slight  basal  web,  which,  however, 
scarcely  extends  beyond  the  metatarus;  two  tubercles  at  base  of  foot. 
Th(^  tibia  is  less  than  half  tlie  length  of  the  body  ;  about  half  the  dis- 
tance from  anus  to  the  eyes. 

Color  above  bntwnish  ash,  with  the  back  covered  by  ten  to  twenty 
large  circular  dark  blotches,  arranged  in  some  specimens  in  two 
longitudinal  series,  wiMi  a  few  smaller  intermediate  ones;  in  another 
distributed  uniformly  over  the  back,  separated  by  considerable  inter- 
vals; a  narrow  dark  line  from  snout  through  nostril  to  the  eyes,  thence 
through  the  tympanum,  fading  out  on  the  sides  of  the  body  posteriorly. 
A  narrow  light  lino  along  the  edge  of  the  Jaw  to  the  arm.  A  few  large 
subquadrate  blotches  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  limbs.  Beneath, 
yellowish-white,  with  the  gular  sac  tinged  with  brown. 


\ 


A^ 


TIIK    HATIiACIIIA    Ol'    NOIiTII    AMKKICA, 


;U7 


Differs  from  Miirulatiis  in  HiiiiiUor  number  of  spots,  wliidi  aro  less  con- 
fluent  iiiul  more  elustere<l,  more  slender  form  an«l  longer  tibia,  with 
shorter  feet;  from  the  other  varieties  in  beinjj  without  (hjrsal  stripes. 


.28 

.41) 

1.  .')3 


L. 


^f('a/lurcn^vnts,  in  iiichcu. 


ii.tal  Ipiigth 78"  1.00 

Arm  IVom  elbow :t'l       .i't 

ivimir ;w     .;u» 

Til)ia :5H      .4it 

Tuibua ya    .:to 


Foot lii  .  ir, 

Toljil  liiiid  If-r 1.1,1  l..-,l 

Miixiiiiiirn  wiiltli  i)t°  tifttd '27  .  ;i."i 

Chord  oi'iiiiiii 28  .;$<> 


No.  3.317;  onespeeimen;  ludianohi;  J.  II.  Clark,  United  States  and 
Mexican  IJouiidary  Survey. 

In  one  specimen  tlie  colors  are  much  brighter.  There  is  a  distinct 
dark  broatl  band  from  the  snout  throuj;li  tlie  eye,  fadinj;'  out  about  hall- 
way down  the  side.  A  mirrow  white  line  alony  the  edfje  of  u|(per  Jaw 
to  posterior  insertion  (»f  arm.  The  blotches  above  are  much  darker; 
there  is  a  trianjjular  one  between  the  eyes,  extendin;-'  backward,  and 
those  on  one  side  are  eiuitluent  into  a  longitudinal  baud  with  irrc^qilar 
outline.  The  blotches  on  the  oi>posite  side  to  this  are  elou;;ated  and 
rather  oblique.  The  dark  stripe  froiu  the  jaw  alonj(  the  arm  is  here 
wantiufj.    Other  characters  similar. 

No.  ;iol.5;  onespeeimen;  between  liulianola  and  San  Antonio,  Tex. ; 
J.  II.  Clark.  I  have  also  this  form  from  Ilelote-s,  Fort  Concho,  and 
Dallas,  Texas,  so  that  it  is  generally  distributed  throuj^hout  the  State, 
to  the  exclusion  of  the  ordinary  form. 


'\ 


Catnloiiiic   No.  of 
iiiiiiibt'i'.      spue. 


Chorophihia  trkeriaiiis  Wiod. 
UESKKVK  SKKIES. 


Ltx'iility, 


Wlioii 
colhclcil. 


Fioni  wlimii  ivi'i'ivod. 


Xiitiiro  of  gpcc- 
iiiicn. 


I 


855:i 

5 

3r.88 

:i 

so:!4 

:i 

8:tu9 

2 

3:i(iu 

4 

4r>7;i 

1 

5140 

2 

8r.-,j 

1 

8r,r.i 

1 

3G10 

•J 

5;!8'J 

on:i.'i 

3313 


Kairpliiv,  (.'olo Inly  11, 187;) 

Wrst  N'oithlicld,  111 ■. 

I'lirt  Ki'.iiilulion 

l'"()it  I'liioii,  N.  Mi'X 

l''m  t  I'iiric,  \il)i-  1 

Hliii*  Uivi  r.  Kansas   

Kid  Kivcv  iiC  till'  \ortli 

I'liSosa.  Ciilo  

do Sept. — ,  I''74 

Siiiilli     (".land      liivor,    

Wistrtii  Mi'^siiini. 

SclkiiU  Si-ttli'Miriit I 

I'lirt  (inrlaiid.  Cal 1  Jlino  — ,  187'.' 

Galvcstiin.  'I'.x      I 

Fort  riciTc,  Dak I 

Hi'twciii  Till  I  I'll  ion  and   

]'il«"  I.akc,  Dak.           , 
Bid  With  Knit  I 'ii  ion  and   

Fort  Iti'iitoii,  Dak. 


Dr..r.  T.  Kothiock 

IJ.  Koiinicolt   

do 

Mciiti'iiant  (iid.sM,  V.S. .V 

(ioviinor  Sttncii.t 

Dr.  •!.  (i.Coopir  

1!.  Ki'iiiiicott 

Dr.  U.C.  Vanow 

do 

Df.  P.  K.  Hoy 


I!.  Kriinicott  

H.  W.  llcn.sliaw.... 

M.D'an      

T.  ("iillii'i  tsoii  

Liciiti'iiaut  tiiover. 


Dr.  (t.  SHckloy. 


.Vlcolioliu. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 


} 


348         BULLETIN    34,    UNITED    STATKS    NAlTONAL    MUSEUM. 


CHOKOPniLUS  OCULAUIS  Holl.iook. 

Houlciigor,  Cat.  Datr.  Sal.  Hrit.  Miia.,  lH-^-2,  p.  :i:a 

Byloihn  ocularis  llolSrook,  N.  AiiitT.  Hiti..  1st  »■(!.,  ii,  71),  PI.  .\iv,  1838;  ami  2il  ed., 

IV,  18li. 
IltilH  ocitUiriH  Lc  Confc,  Proceed.  Ac.  Pliila.,  is")!,  p.  »',><). 
Chotophiliin  angiilatufi  Cope,  Clieck-Lisf  Hatr.,  lieptil..  N.  Amor.,  187.'),  p.  30. 

Eyes  large;  bead  aciito;  lower  Jaw  narrow;  tibia  rather  more  than 
half  leuf,'th  of  body,  decidedly  longer  than  hind  foot;  terminal  knobs 
well  developed.  Above  <'he.stnnt,  with  an  obscure  darker  dor.sal  band 
from  snout  to  eye,  bifurcating  behind,  and  another  on  each  side.  Tliese 
usually  more  or  less  obsolete;  a  mu(;h  deeper  dark  chestnut  vitta  from 
snout  tlirough  eyea»!;l  {ympanuni,aIony  the  sides;  below  this  is  a  distinct 
white  line;  a  lijjht  line  along  the  outer  edge  of  the  tibia. 

This  species,  which  appears  to  be  the  smallest  of  the  genus,  and  in- 
deed the  smallest  of  all  the  North  American  ecaudate  IJatrachia,  has  a 
close  generic  relationship  to  the  otiier  species.  Its  most  .striking  features 
will  be  found  in  the  large  >i7X'  of  the  eyes,  the  acuteness  of  the  head, 
the  small  tongue,  etc.     Tiu^  tibia  is  longer  tiian  in  any  of  the  genus. 

The  head  is  more  pointed  than  usual,  a  character  best  seen  in  the 
lower  Jaw;  which,  instead  of  being  regularly  rounded,  has  the  rami 
nearly  straight  for  two  tiiirds,  then  acutely  rounded,  almost  \/-'^''"pe*^' 
The  tongue  is  small,  ovate,  entire  behind,  and  free  for  half  its  length. 
The  vomerine  teeth  are  not  distinguishable.  The  tympanum  is  very 
small,  .scarcely  perceptible,  and  less  than  half  the  diameter  of  the  eye. 

The  limbs  are  well  developerl,  comjtared  to  the  other  species.  The 
tibia  is  rather  more  than  half  the  liMigth  of  the  body. 

General  color  above  dark  chestnut,  with  an  obscure  dorsal  stripe  of 
darker  from  the  snout  to  the  postcriiU'  portion  of  the  back,  bifurcating 
behind.  On  each  side  of  this  is  a  similarly  obscure  hi.rii)e,  while  a  much 
deeper  and  more  tlistinct  stripe  extt'uds  along  the  shU^  of  the  head, 
through  the  eyes,  and  along  the  Hanks.  IJelow  this,  on  the  edge  of  the 
upper  jaw,  is  a  white  line,  extending  beyond  the  shoulder,  lieneath 
yellowisii-white,  with  ob.scnre  dark  spots  across  the  breast  and  chin. 
Faint  indications  oftransver.se  bamls  across  the  thighs  and  legs,  more 
decided  than  in  the  other  si)ecies.  The  outer  edge  of  the  tibia  is  oc(!U- 
pied  by  a  distinct  light  lim*,  on  the  inside  of  which  is  a  darker  mottling. 

In  general  it  is  distinguishable  from  all  the  allied  species  by  its  acute 
lower  jaw,  chestnut  color,  and  light  line  down  the  outer  edge  of  tibia. 

McasuremeutH,  hi  inches. 

Total  leiiKth r.4  i.iKI      Himlfoot 2()  .40 

Tibia 33  ..'.1      lllml  leg l.dit  1.70 

Foiniir 30  .47     Wiilth  of  lower  jaw IH  .28 

Hind  log  from  hool 4t)  .7"i     Chord ai  .33 


HL* 


No.  3585;  3  specimens;  Charleston,  S.  C;  C.  Girard. 


THE  BATKAC'lUA  OK  NOR  I'll  AMKKICA. 


349 


ed., 


The  specimens  of  this  species  are  for  the  present  inaccessible  to  me. 
I  tUerelbre  have  given  above  a  MS.  description  of  Professor  Buird's. 

riYLA — Lanrenti. 

Specimen  SynoiLsis  Reptiliiiin,  170'^,  p.  '.Vi;  Diiin.  &  Bibr.,  p.  54'J;  Giliitb., 
Cat,  p.  l»8;  Ciipe,  Nat.  Hist.  Rev.,  Hll."),  p.  110,  uiul  Jouni.  Ac. 
Phila.  CJ),  VI,  l«(i(>,  p.  8(),  and  l-^dT,  p. '^00 ;  lloiileiiger,  Cat.  Batr. 
Sal.  Brit.  Mils.,  ISH'i,  2i\  ed.,  p.  337. 

Calninik'H  I'it/.in-;..  N.  Class.  Rcptil.,  p.  3s ;  Wasl.,  Syst.  Ainpli.p.200 ;  Tscbndi,  Class. 

Batr.,  p. 7J;  Ctipc,  .Joiuii.  Ac.  I'liila.  C-i),  vi,  lf^G7,  p.  *200. 
Aiihtrii  Way!..  /.  <•..  p.  -201. 
////(C  Wajil.,  /.  v.,  p.  -201. 

scjiiKij-  \y.i<i\.,  1.  f.,  p.  "201. 

.s';i/i((wo)7(i/H(7n/8  Tscbndi,  /.  c,  p.  71. 

I.DpliiijniH  Ts(  linili,  /,  v.,  \\.  73. 

IhudruUijit^  TMliudi,  /.  c.  p.  74. 

lianouhn  Tscbndi,  /.  c.  ]>.  7t;:  ('(ipi-,  .lonrn.  Ac  Pliila.  ("2),  vi,  l.^fiO,  p.  85. 

/.i/())i(/ Tscliudi,  /.<•..  p.  77  :   Duin.A  Bi!"!.,  p.  .'>(i:i ;  (iiin'.ii.  Cat.,  p.  l)(>. 

Ilillitiiiiilwii  Bnrnn-i^ifr.  I'.vliiwtiT.  I-'aim.  iSias.,  p.  lO'J. 

tViirof/ci/d"  Kt'l'erst.,  (iiitlin}{.  N;iclir.,  l-ti",  i>.  ;i."jS. 

C'lphiiinuiilix  IWl'yh,  Mini.  Iteil.  Ac.,  1^70,  p.  (!.'>1. 

Fr()nti>pari«'tal  bones  not  developed,  cjonsistinjj  of  two  narrow,  sepa- 
rated snpiaorbitalplaU's.  l']tlinioidlar;;el.vdt'V('lopedanteri()rl.v, dilated 
over  the  antt'iior  part  of  the  «»rl)its,  widely  .separatiii};  the  obliipie  pre- 
frontals. IJrostyle  attaeiied  to  two  condyles.  Belly  areolated.  No 
parotoid  };land.  Pupil  r(»und  or  transver.se.  Voiiieri'ie  teeth  present. 
Tonjine  attached  to  one-third  free,  posteriorly.  l)i<;itai  dilatations  large 
or  small :  a  more  or  less  extensive  wel)  between  the  posterior  toes, 
Coriiim  not  involved  in  hyperostosis  of  the  cranial  bones. 

This  genus,  eud)ra<!ing  more  than  half  the  family  of  Ilylida*,  fur- 
nishesa  type  of  structure  intermediate  between  the  extremes  ottered  by 
other  genera,  of  which  that  reiire-seiited  by  llypsiltoas  may  be  said  to 
be  th«'  most  typical.  This  genus  is  in  some  degree  an  epitome  of  the 
family  in  its  distribution.  The  llylida'  have  I  een  created  to  iidiabif, 
the  vast  world  of  foliage  that  shades  the  tropics  of  the  New  World,  aiul 
restrict  the  insect  lile  that  peoples  it,  and  in  prop(Ution  to  this  profusion 
of  vegetable  life  i.<  the  abundance  of  spccu's.  'J'he  arboreal  Anura  as- 
signed to  the  sjime  department  of  the  Old  World  is  of  a  witlely  ditlerent 
type,  and,  as  has  been  shown,  a  branch  of  the  higher  stock  of  aquatic 
frogs  that  abound  in  the  Northern  Hemisphere, 


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350         BULLETIN    31,    UNITED    STATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

Of  the  one  hundred  and  eight  species  of  ll.ylu,  forty-three  occur  in 
regions  other  than  the  Neotropical,  viz,  twent.v-nine  Australian,  uiuo 
Hearctic,  three rala;arctic,  and  two  Palaotropical,  as  follows: 


AusiraVtttii. 


H.  nasiita. 
II.  froyciiieti. 
H.  (liiii<»lo]>s. 
II.  liitopalinuta. 
II.  atliniM. 
II.  nij^ioficnata. 
II.  Icscnciii. 
II.  <>litiisir().stri.s. 
II.  arfiikiana. 
II.  vaf;al>iiiula. 
II.  iin\iiira. 
II.  tlii'sjiiirioiisis. 
H.  pai'videiiH. 
II.  voneaiixii. 
II.  congenita. 


H.  aiidorsoiiii. 
II.  caniliiifiisiH. 
II.  Niinirclla. 
II.  rogilla. 
II.  jtickeriiiyii. 


II.  nrboroa. 
II.  chiuuusis. 


Xcardk: 


Falaarclio. 


II.  (lentiita. 
II.  citropuH. 
H.  t'wiiigii. 
II.  pliylldchron. 
II.  graeilt'nta. 
II.  nil.olla. 
11.  UivClii. 
II.  ailt'laitlcn.sis. 
II.  Jcrvisionsm. 
II.  ])(>r<)iiii. 
II.  nioiiiana. 
II.  inrralnMiata. 
II.  LM'i'iili'a. 
II.  (lolicliopHis. 
II.  liitoa. 


II .  fcnioialis. 
II.  ai'rnicitlor. 
II.  versicolor. 
II.  ;rrati().sa. 


II.  stcpbaui. 


PaldotinpUal. 
II.  aniicctcns.  | 

Bc'tween  .species  of  Australia  and  South  and  \orth  America  there 
exist  »!lo.se  relations.  Tlio.sc  of  smallest  size  ticciir  in  Noith  America, 
where  several  spend  but  litfU'  of  llh-ir  time  in  tnes,  Imt  like  tin-  Aliican 
Uyperolii  prefer  low  lands  and  swamps.  Laryer  si»ecies  of  similar  habit 
occur  in  Australia. 

The  distribution  of  the  North  American  species  is  as  follows: 

Anxlri'iiimriiiii  l>ixtrict.       Ennlrrn  Dixtrirl,  Soininiii  IHnlrid.     ,      I'lwitir  IHxIrivt, 


II.  viMHicolor. 
II.  };ra(io.sa. 
II.  I'lMiioraliH. 
II,  s<|iiirclla. 
II.  carol iniMisi.'i. 


II.  versicolor. 
II.  pickcrii 
II.  .-iiiiii'r.sonii. 


II.  areuicolor. 


11.  rc.'illa. 


II.  rcgilln. 


Of  the  eastern  species,  //.  rrrNici>li>r,  II.  pichrriiuiii,  and  //.  (indcrsonii, 
are  the  only  ones  wliieli  extend  their  riin;;e  nortli  of  sdiilliern  Nortii 
Carolina.  //.  andirsonii  has  lt(>en  found  .so  far,  east  of  the  Appalachian 
range,  from  New  Jersey  toClcorgia.     //.  rersicolor  and  //.  iiiriarimjii 


Tin:    BATRAC'HIA   OF   NORTH    AMERICA. 


851 


are  charJictcristic  of  the  whole  re<«ion,  occurring  east  of  the  Central 
IMiiins  to  the  Athmtie,  and  from  IJritisli  America  to  Florila  and  Texiis. 

//.  rc(jUla  of  the  Pacidc  district  extends  its  range  frouj  British 
Columbia  to  Cape  San  Lucas  and  into  Xew  Mexico  and  Northern 
Mexico,  presenting  considerable  variation  in  characters. 

With  regard  to  the  distribution  of  this  genus  in  the  Kegio  Xeotropica, 
a  synopsis  had  already  been  given  under  the  head  of  the  family.  But 
two  species  occur  in  the  West  Indian  district,  and  these  are  both  in 
Santo  Domingo  only.    The  species  of  the  outlying  districts  are: 


II.  uraiiorliroa. 
II.  cbraccatii. 
II.  liistiiK^ta. 
II.  niKi-o])iiiictata. 
II.  I'l.'rodiroa. 
II.  Halvini. 
II.  KMlihii. 
II.  iii<rri|i('H. 
II.  HlautVcri. 
H.  cxiiiiia. 


Mexican. 


11.  puma. 

II.  i|iiiii(|iu;vittata. 

II.  iniei'i)co|)liala. 

II.  ixinctariola. 

II.  ;;ra(;ilipcH. 

II.  inidtyiiipamiiu. 

II.  s|)ilninraa. 

II.  I'urta. 

II.  imiveiivta. 


■•;.:;•!' 


*ll 


Colomhidii. 


II.  Nonlida. 
II.  ]>l!M'(>ta. 
II.  nutlitrix. 

II.  8])loililL>nH. 


II.  vasta. 


II.  labialis. 
II.  piinctariola. 
II.  rlioilopfpla. 
II.  Ik'lifiiowi, 


II.  ptilclu'iliucata. 


}V(sl  Iiiiliaii. 

I 

('hilian. 

U.  z.'hra. 

In  aM  but  two  of  the  species  wliich  I  have  examined  the  vocal  .sa(!s 
are  presiMit ;  tliey  coiiimunicate  with  eacli  other  posterioily  in  II.  fuisia 
and  Sniilisva  hautlinii.  The  adiie.sioii  of  tiie  integument  i.s  (tpposite  the 
middle  of  tiie  tongue  in  the.se  species;  in  //.  (7(»(»//«rH.N/.v,  opposite  tlie 
piisterioi- end.  In  //.  Ivsrurcii  and  7/.  curta  the  vesicles  are  wanting  in 
the  males. 

I.   Fiiif;<'iH  (Mitiri'ly  f'rci' ;  fasL-iflcs  of  voiiiciiiK' sitiiadMl  poslciiiii' Iti  a  lino  conito't 
ill;;  tilt'  interior  iuu'i'h. 
Tlircf  p)i,'ilaii;{<'s  of  foiiitli  tni'  fret';   iippiT  lip  not  spoiled  :  tlii);li  willi  ;i  lew 

l)rown  M|ie(  ks  licliiiiil  ;   nodiNliin'l    lalei;il  sli'lpi' //.  jiicLiriiujii. 

II.   i"in>;ers  entirely  free;   vonieiine  lasejeleM  lieiween  liie  internal  nares.' 
(t    Three  plialan;;es  of   I'ouilll  loe  free  iVoiii  well. 

lippiT  lip  wIMi  a  dark  Imrder;  a  dark  lateral  liaiid  on  Iiody  :  tliijili  nnieo'ior 
ludiind  ;  a   voejl  vesicle //.  ii.jiUa- 


*  In    //.  siinirilld  the    voinuriiie  palehes  HonietiiniiH   [iroject    posterior  t<»  the  Hue 
ton  Meeting  tho  iiareH. 


iff 


r 

/ 


352         BULLETIN    :U,    UNITED    STATES    NATIONAL   MUbKI'M. 

Upper  lip  niid  fiiilo  wifli  n  narrow,  poorly  (It'fiiird  yollow  line;  tliijjli  iiniciilnr 
lit'liiiid;  Hiiiall;  lu'ad  nmiulfd //.  n'luiriHii. 

Larger;  head   sliort,  rouiKied  ;   iii>|i('r  lip  iiiiicolor  ;  a  ])l(iiiirolor('d    lateral 
baud  not  deliiied  below  ;  sides  and  tlii;{li  behind  spotted  with  \«'ili>w 

//.  Hiidd-soiiii. 

(ta.  Two  plialanjtes  of  fourth  too  free. 

Slender;  head  aonniinate;  a  yellow  l)and  on  upper  lip  and  on  side  well  de 
lined  above  and  below  ;  thi;;h  nnsjiotted  behind If.  cnrolhiriii^in. 

Robust;  head  roundtHl ;  no  band  on  upper  lips,  nor  spots  on  thiK''  behind 

//.  arvnicolor. 

in.  External  finj^ers  shortly  pahnate;  vomerine  fascicles  between  nares. 
CC  Dorsal  inte^juiuent  not  closely  areolate. 

Three  phalan;;e8  of  fouith  toe  free ;  skin  above  Bniooth  ;  upper  lip  iinieolor ; 
thi^b  behind  dark  brown  with  yellow  H\wis , //.  ftinonilis. 

Two  phalaufjes  of  fourth  toe  free ;  dorsal  integument  witii  sni.ill  tuberele>; 
upper   lip  spotted;  thigh  yellow,  with  eoarso  netfiiiK  of  darker  eoloi 

posteriorly //.  remcolor. 

act'  Dorsal  intefjnmeut  with  a  close  areolation  like  that  of  the  belly, 

Two  phalanges  of  fourth  toe  free  ;  dor>al  aifolie  more  minute  than  those  of 
belly:   upper  liji  with  yellow  edge;  thigh  behind  unspotted.//,  tj  utioxa. 

The  North  Aiiu'riitan  si)eci«\s  of  tlii.s  ^'oim.s  are  easy  to  (li.stiii'iiii.sh, 
since  tliey  are  well  (k'tincd.  The  only  one  whieh  presents  iimeh  varia- 
tion in  characters  is  the  11.  rajUUi.  A  species  was  named  and  li;,Mired 
by  Professor  Ilolhrook  as  the  //.  (hlitcun-ns.  Other  aiithois  have  not 
recognized  this  tree  froji',  and  it  remains  uncertain  whether  it  was  not 
founded  oii  immature  sjieciinens  of  the  Jf.  rcfsicolo): 

Tliedamp  southciistern  part  of  the  continent  naturally  possesses  the 
greater  number  of  species  of  this  genus. 

HYLA  PICKEEINGIJ  Storer. 

(IMafe?^.) 


ej 
w 
\i 

^1 


an 


Ilylodes  ))i<kerin;iii  .'^torer,  Mass.  Ifept,    (l>^:iU),  i.MO;  Holbrook,  N.  Amer.   Herp.,  !id 

ed.,  iV(ls|-.>),    i:i:..   XXMV:  Di'   Kay,  N.  Y.  Zool.,  m.  Heptil.  (|H4-.'),  ti'.txx,  .'.li 

Thompson,  Nat.  Mist.  Vt.  (1^1-'),  l-,'l. 
Uyhi  fvmitrttHn  Nichols,  .Journ.  Essex  Co.  Nat.    Hist.   Sue.,  i  (.June,   l-lt'.t). 'Jli  (Dau- 

v<'rs,  Mass.). 
IJyln  (riK'iftr  Max.  Von  Wied.,  Heise  in   das  inn.  Nord-AmiTika.  i  (l~;i'.l,»,  '.i\'J, 
Acri»  (le piihriiiu  Aug.  Duin(<ril,  Ann.   des  Se.  .Nat.,  :!""  serie.  xix  ( I8."i3),  l.'i3, 
/lrrix/)i'7i(ri«.7ii  (ilint  her.  Cat.  IJatr.  Sal.  liiit.  Mus.,  HlW,  p.  71. 
ilyla  puhcriiiiiii  Le  t'onte,  rroceeil.  Ae.  I'liila,  l-.M,  p.  kii,  p.    \'>[}  •  Cope,  Check-List 

liatr.,  Ueptil.,  N.  Amer.,  p.  ;tl,  l6i:>;  Uoulengei,  Cat.  Hatr.  Sal.  llrit.  Mas.,  I-h-.*, 

p.  3U9. 

Body  sparsely  pustular  above;  do.sely  granulated  on  wlnde  lower 
parts.  Tibia  not  half  the  length  of  luidy,  longir  than  hind  fool,  longer 
than  arm  from  elbow.  Above,  ash  gray  to  wood  biown,  with  a  well-de- 
fined narrow  liiu'd  X  o>  Saint  Audit  »v'.>  cross  on  the  bac^k;  a  /\  shaind 
mark  behind  the  cross  and  a  short  liiieonea<;h  side,  with  theii  diicction 
parallel  to  the  posterior  of  the  X  angle;  another  similar  mark  between 


\ 


mSkk 


^ 


f 


14 


tt 


THE    HATKACUIA   OF   NORTH    AMERICA. 


35: 


tlic  eyes  nearly  parallel  to  the  anterior  bra  iclies  of  the  dorsal  X.  A  dark 
vitta  from  the  snout  through  the  ejo  down  the  sides,  and  a  narrow 
mottled  light  line  along  the  jaw. 

Feet  not  webbed  beyond  penultimate  articulation  of  third  and  fifth 
toes  and  antepenultinuite  of  the  fourth  toe. 

In  its  general  features  this  species  agrees  with  the  other  American 
Ilyhe,  except  that  the  membrane  between  the  toes  is  somewhat  less  de- 
veloped, and  the  transverse  apophyses  of  the  sacral  veitebra'  are  not 
(piite  so  much  enlarged  towards  the  tip.  It  forms  an  approach  to 
Ciiorophilus,  but  has,  however,  large  pallets  to  the  extremities.  It  is 
still  more  renioved  from  Acris. 

The  head  is  acuminate-ovate  anteriorly,  with  the  muzzle  projecting 
well  beyond  the  ui)per  lip,  and  is  contained  a  little  over  three  times  in 
the  total  lengtli.  The  tympanum  is  about  half  the  diameter  of  the 
tye  and  distinct.  The  tongue  is  very  thin,  subcordiform,  rounded  and 
eniarginate  behind,  where  also  it  is  free.  It  varies  in  size  in  different 
individuals.  The  posterior  nares  are  large,  with  the  two  gntu|»s  of  vom- 
erine teeth  approximated  and  arranged  with  their  longer  axis  oblique, 
anteriorly  behind  the  center  of  the  nares,  and  posteriorly  entirely  behind 
tlioir  posterior  borders. 

The  fingers  ami  toes  are  well  developed.  The  hand  is  longer  than 
the  fore-arm,  and  the  two  about  equal  or  little  longer  than  the  hind 
foot,  but  not  quite  as  long  as  the  tibia,  wi'iich  is  contained  about  two 
and  a  half  times,  or  less,  in  the  length  of  tiie  l>o<ly. 

The  disks  are  large  and  consi)icuous.  There  is  no  membrane  at  the 
bases  of  (he  fingers,  of  which  the  third  is  longest,  the  foui  th  or  outer 
longer  than  the  second.  The  heel  of  the  extended  liintl  leg  reaches  to 
the  middle  of  the  eye.  There  are  distin«;t  tubercles  beneath  all  the 
joints  of  the  hind  feet,  and  the  two  at  the  base  of  the  foot  are  well  de- 
velojicd. 

TIk'  last  three  phalanges  of  the  longest  toe  and  the  two  last  of  the 
rest  are  fre«'  from  membrane,  which  is  also  nearly  jibsent  idong  the 
inner  e«lge  of  the  antepenultinmte  phalange  of  the  third  toe. 

The  skin  above  is  smooth,  with  occasional  low  pustules.  The  abdo- 
men and  lower  part  of  the  thigh  are  very  distinctly  granulated,  as  is  the 
pectoral  region  and  the  chin  to  a  less  degree.  IVctoral  fold  not  promi- 
nent. 

<leneral  color  above,  a  i»ale  grayi.sh  yellow  with  a  dorsal  X-shaped 
cross  of  inirrow  lines;  beneathyellowish-white.  Thedorsal  cross  consists 
of  a  short  longittnlinal  median  dark  line,  w  hose  mitldle  is  a  little  anterior 
to  the  middle  of  tlu!  back.  Anteriorly  this  bifurcates  acutely,  sending 
olV  branches  which  reach  nearly  to  the  eyes:  posteriorly,  similar  bifur- 
cations, parallel  in  direction  (sometimes  ni'.niy  continuons)  with  the 
first,  extend  on  to  the  sides  of  tln^  body.  Halfway  between  the  jioste- 
rior  folk  ami  the  anus  there  are  two  other  lines  meeting  at  an  acute 
angle  and  jtarallel  to  the  brandies  of  the  po.sterior  fork  just  mentioned. 
^951— 13uU  U 23 


;:••{ 


ip 


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1  i 


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H; 

00 

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E 
B 

( 

<iru 
Cai 
rail 


354         BULLETIN   \H,   UNITED   STATES    NATIONAL    MU.SEUM. 

On  each  side  of  the  back,  ami  in  tbo  center  of  the  space  between  the  an. 
terior  and  posterior  bifurcations,  is  a  very  short  line,  generally  i)arallel 
in  direction  with  the  branches  of  the  posterior  fork.  There  is  also  a 
V-shaped  line  connecting  the  eyes  (the  apex  behind),  and  a  short  longi- 
tudinal one  above  the  snout.  There  is  a  narrow  dark  line  from  the  snout 
to  the  eye,  and  another  dusky  tympanal  vitta  from  the  eye  over  the  arm 
along  the  sides ;  this  line  is  deej)est  on  its  upper  edge,  and  more  or  less 
obsolete  on  its  lower;  sometimes  it  is  not  distinct  beyond  the  ar.n.  The 
edge  of  the  .jaws  is  mottled,  leaving  the  ridge  lighter  above;  scarcely 
distinct  as  a  lino.  Sometimes  a  broad  vitta  may  be  said  to  pass  from  the 
snout  through  eye  and  tympanum ;  indistinct  below.  The  legs  above  are 
barred  transversel^'^  in  narrow  lines,  and  the  whole  upper  parts  finely 
sprijdvled  with  dark  points.  The  posterior  faces  of  the  thighs  are  mar- 
morated  or  blotched  with  yellowish,  on  a  brown  ground ;  the  anterior 
faces  are  plain.  The  outer  edge  of  the  soles  and  heel  is  mottled  brown. 
The  gular  sac  of  the  male  is  purplish-brown  in  the  spring. 

The  species  varies  considerably  at  times  in  the  tint  of  the  body,  being 
of  all  shades  to  reddish-brown.  The  marks  on  the  back  are  sometimes 
quite  broad  and  coarse,  instead  of  being  narrow  and  more  linear  than  in 
other  specimens.  The  gular  sac  is  quite  extensible  and  in  spring  is 
brown.    Sometimes  the  throat  and  breast  are  spotted  with  brown. 

n. picker inyii  has  mox'e  resemblance  to  U./vminutlh  than  to  any  other 
species.  This  has  the  dorsal  blotches,  however,  much  coarser  and  never 
arranged  as  above  described ;  nor  are  the  peculiar  circular  light  spots 
on  a  brown  ground  on  the  i)08terior  face  of  the  tliighs  I'ver  seen  in  11. 
piclceringii.  From  young  specimens  of  II.  versicolor  it  may  be  distin- 
guished by  the  narrow  lines  of  the  distinct  dorsal  cross  and  the  slighter 
web  of  the  hind  feet,  with  tlie  absence  of  the  light  spot  on  the  jasv,  as 
well  as  by  the  position  of  the  vomerine  teeth  and  the  form  of  the  muzzle. 


h 


I'Ki.  SH.   Ili/li  iiickeriii'jii.     No.  aOOX.     HusIdii,  Ma-is 
Mriimut  iniiil>t    nf   \ii.  ;jtl(ll(. 


M. 


Lcn^rtli  of  lio.'ul  ami  bmly O'iM 

LoiiHtli  of  head  to  poHti'iior  cili^f  of  tviiipana tKl'.l 

Width  of  head  at  iio.stcrior  I'd^rc  ofl  yiniiana (Hit 

L('iij;tli  of  anterior  Iliiili  from  axilhi oi(> 

L)Mi;rtli  of  po.slcrior  liiiih  from  j^roiii o)r> 

L»Mif;tli  of  tibia OIT. 

LoiiRlli  of  larnus j^ oo-ir. 

Loiigtli  of  rcHt  of  foot Ol;{ 

Ilahits. — This,  our  most  abundant  eastern  species,  is  much  more  gen- 
erally known  by  its  voice  than  appearance.  After  the  rattling  of  the 
Acrin  gnjUm  in  the  marshes  and  river  banks  in  the  lowlands  is  fairly 


1 


/• 


r.K 


TME    HATUACllIA    OF    NOKTII    AMKRICA. 

under  way,  (luriuff  the  tirst  bright  days  of  spring,  the  shrill  cry  or 
whistle  of  this  little  croatuuc  begins  to  enliven  the  colder  swamps  and 
meadows  of  the  hill  country.  Dillercnt  individuals  answer  each  other 
with  dilVercntly  toned  voices  of  a  single  note.  This  is  exceedingly  shrill 
and  loud;  the  muscular  force  employed  in  expelling  the  air  from  the 
lungs  seems  to  collapse  the  animal's  sides  till  they  nearly  meet,  while 
the  gular  sac  is  distended  with  each  expulsion  to  half  the  size  of  the 
head  and  body  together.  They  are  chiefly  noisy  in  the  end  of  the 
afternoon,  but  in  shady  situations  or  on  dark  days  may  be  heard  through 
the  morning  aiul  noon.  When  the  breeding  season  is  over  they  may 
be  still  found,  but  with  dilliculty,  among  fallen  leaves  in  low  places, 
where  their  color  admirably  adapts  them  for  concealment,  or  in  cellars, 
or  on  the  ground  in  the  woods.  Not  till  the  near  approach  of  autumn 
do  we  have  evidence  of  their  ascent  into  the  trees.  Then,  when  the 
wind  is  casting  the  Jirst  frosted  leaves  to  the  ground,  a  whistle,  weaker 
than  the  sjjring  cry,  is  heard,  repeated  at  inter\als  during  the  day, 
from  one  part  of  the  forest  to  another,  bearing  considerable  resem- 
Idance  to  the  note  of  the  purple  linch  {('arjmdaciis  jxirpitfcus),  uttered 
as  it  is  while  Hying.  These  voices  are  heard  during  the  same  season, 
that  of  the  IJyla  being  distinguishable  as  slightly  coarser,  or  more  like  a 
scpieak.  15oth  are  associated  with  the  weak  chirp  of  the  late  l>en- 
(h-ura  c<n-ona(<(  as  it  gleans  its  insect  food  on  its  southern  llight.  These 
are  the  latest  sounds  of  autumn,  and  soon  disapi)ear  before  the  steady 
advance  of  the  ice  king. 

Jli/la  itivktrintjii  Itolbrouk. 
KESEKVK  SEKIKS. 


(,'ul:il»i:il<' 
iiuiiilivr. 

Ni).  (if 

HpUC. 

t 
Locality. 

Aiix  ri.iirn'H  IJivor,  III. . 

Marietta,  oliiii 

Carli.ilo,  I'a  

AliUi'villc.  S.t; 

When 
coUoctfd. 

l'"rc)iii  wliiiiii  reciiviil. 

K.  KelllliiMllt 

I'rcif.  i;.  li.  .\iiclrew.s  ... 
I'ml'.  S.  1'.  Ilairil 

Naliiri^of  Bjiuo 
iiiii'ii. 

:it;(it 
:ii;n:) 

1 
1 
1 
I 

i 
1 
1 

T 

1 

"  7  " 

10 

;::::::::::::: 

.\U■l^lllllil^ 
It... 
Dii. 

ItliO.I 

Dr.. I.  It.  liarratt 

I'rot.  1..  .\;;assi/, 

I'riif.  S.  !•'.  I'.ainl 

il.i 

Do. 

:iiiim 

ImisIoii    Mass 

Dii 

ii'iii") 
iiiiiii 

i;ii/,al»llil«iwii,  X.  Y 

Carlisle.  I'a  

I'riiuti  (ioorK'-'sCouiit  v, 
M.I. 

Selkirk  Si-ttliMiii'iit 

Caiiiliriil;;i'  Mass 

ill).. 

...•• 

Do. 
Do. 

<J(i(i!) 

j:t^() 

Dr.T.  ll.Ueaii 

I{.  Keiinii'iitt 

I'rol'.  !,.  .\;;assi/, 

('.  (iirard 

Iti'V.  Cliaile.s  l''i).x 

Hr.  A.  Sa^er 

Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

(iriis.so  Islaiiil.  Mi<'li 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

liiii'j,-. 

Washiimtoii   1).  C 



(iiMPi^i-  SliiMiiiaker 

Do. 

IIYLA  RKGILLA  IJainl  aii.l  Ciiaid. 

Prooofdiii^.s  Aciideiiiy  I'liihula.,    vi,  KiV,   p.    171:  (iiiiiid    V.  S,    Kxpl. 
Expotl.,  Wilkes,  ISTiS-l-^CiO,  III      ios.  l:i-l-. 

I'roportious  somewhat  as  in  II.  ccrsicolor.  (.'anthus  rostralis  distinct, 
rather  elevated;  muzzle  obtuse.  Digital  tliiatittions  ratliei'  small; 
lingers  free;  toes  half  webbed  or  le.ss.  Xares  ami  ehoaiue  small;  vom- 
erine teeth  in  fascicles  between  tbrmer.  Tongue  large,  nearly  half  free, 
omarginate.     Tympanum   less   than  half  eye.    Skin    above    usually 


•-   t 


il 


i  \ 


z :  11 


(                      exi 

wl» 

Ry 

occ 

3 

./«>(* 

m 

H. 

H. 

H. 

II. 

o 

arc  1 

Care 

rang 

:]5(J  IJILLETIN    ;il,    KNITKl)    STATKS    NATIONAL    MUSKIJM. 

sparsely  pustulated.  Form  of  craniuiu  variable;  width  at  jaws  from 
three  and  onel'ourth  to  two  and  two-thirds  times  in  length  of  head  and 
body;  froni  posterior  nuirgin  of  orbit  to  niu//le  three  and  one-half  to 
nearly  four  times  in  same.  Olive  or  ash  green  above,  plain  or  marked 
on  each  side,  with  blotches  in  two  longitudinal  series  or  stripes  of  darker 
and  scattered  smaller  ones  on  each  side  of  these.  Frcipiently  a  trian- 
gular blotch  between  the  eyes.  A  narrow  dark  line  from  snout  to  eye; 
a  broad  postocular  vitta  to  the  arm,  beneath  which  is  a  bar  of  grayish- 
whito  about  half  the  wiilth.  Tibia  half  to  two-fifths  the  length  of  the 
body;  hind  loot  and  arm  f'   m  ell»ow  scarcely  shorter. 

This  species,  like  the  ;  ickcringii  and  II.  curta^  is  annectant  to  Clio- 
rophilus,  whose  species  it  represents,  as  well  as  its  own  genus,  on  the 
Pacific  slope  of  Xortli  America.  The  diminished  web  and  digital  pal- 
ettes constitute  the  resemblance ;  but  they  fall,  nevertheless,  within  the 
range  of  the  Uyla  type.  The  11.  rcflilla  is  distributed  throughout  its 
subregion  and  into  the  adjoiuiug  one  of  Arizona  and  Lower  (.'alifornia 
under  a  slightly  ditferent  form.  Southern  California  jmssesses  another 
variety  along  with  the  typical  one.  These  varieties  diller,  as  do  these 
of  the  Chorophilits  triseriiitUN  in  the  proportions  of  the  head  and  body; 
the  first  a  longheaded  and  longer-bodied  type;  the  most  common,  a 
shorter  headed  and  longer  bodied;  and  the  most  southern  form,  a  still 
shorter  headed  and  short  bodied,  with  more  varied  coloration. 

Head  L'loiijjMte;  width  enters  Iciijjth  ot'Iiead  andliody  consiilerjibly  ovfr  tlirci;  tiiiicH; 

caiitliusiostralisstrai^'lit  ;  a  trianj^nlar  patoli  botwccn  cyi's xcapniarix. 

Head  sliort ;  widtli  (inc-thiicl  uf  It'iii^tli n<jiUn. 

Head  short,   1)i'oad  ;  linadlh  contaliicd   in  total  lenj^lli  two  and  two-thirds  tiniiM; 

form  8(inat lutiapn. 

I  can  not  regard  these  forms  as  subspecies. 

Var.  saipiilaris. 

Uyla  wapiilarix  Hallow,  .sp,  I'roin  .South  Californii,  II.  .S.  I'ac.  H.  ){.,  Ivt'id.,  X,  'AM, 
11.  21. 

Tlireespecimens,  sai«l  tobe  from  San  Francisco,  are  all  that  the  Museum 
Smithsonian  ])ossesses  of  this  variety,  which  is  proportioned  somewhat 
as  the  tnu!  var.  Tri.seriatus  in  the  ("lunophilus  of  that  name.  The  me- 
tatar.sal  bones  are  more  closely  bound  and  the  web  is  less  than  in  other 
forms.  The  skin  is  nearly  smooth.  IJesides  the  interocular  triangle 
there  is  a  dark  dorsolateral  band  and  in  one  a  nuMlian  dorsal.  In  one 
specimen  the  tibia  measures  half  the  distance  from  the  vent  to  the  an- 
terior angle  of  orbit,  another  half-way  to  end  of  muz/.le. 

This  variety  has  every  appearance  of  a  terrestrial  animal.  It  will  no 
doubt  bo  found  to  be  connected  with  the  ordinary  type  by  annectant 
forms. 

VaI!.   nijilhi. 

lIylare(jUUi  15.  »V  C,  rroceed.  Ae.  Nat.  Sci.,  I'liila.,  vi,  li^.Vi,  17J,  \<>,\  :U)1 ;  fSirard, 
H.Tlt.,  IJ.  S.  Kxpl.  Kxped.,  ls.-,<,  cd,  Vol.  in.  I"lf,'s.  V.\'\^\  II.  .S.  Pae.  U.  K.  .Snrv. 
Kept.,  Williamson  Aldiot,  Vi,  I'l.  xxviii,  Titr.  :t  (l.ail). 

Uyla  HcapnUtr'tH  Hallowcll  partim,  Troueed.  Ae.  Nat.  Hci.  I'liila.,  VI,  1^5*2,  183,  and  var. 
hilj)ovhottdriiiU>,  II.  S.  Tac.  Iv.  II.  fSurv.,  s..,  X>  lat.,  p.  21. 


I 

r 


<    I 


r 


^    I 


t    ' 


TnE    BATRACIIIA    OF    NOKTIl    AMKRICA. 


357 


There  lU'c  tliroe  .styhss  of  coloration  prevali'iit  anion;;-  individuals  of 
lliis  variety,  viz:  Tliat  which  prevails  anion;;' more  nortlicrn  specimens, 
but  wliich  occur^as  tar  soutli  as  San  l)iejj;o,  where  longitudinal  bands 
are  wanting  or  broken  into  irregular  small  spots,  and  where  the  inter- 
ocular  triangle  is  often  wanting.  SecontI,  where  the  general  color  is 
darker,  with  three  broad  dorsal  bands  or  the  si)()ts  into  which  they  aro 
resolved.  The  largest  specimens  are  of  this  type;  numbers  having 
been  brought  from  FortTejon  and  a  few  from  northward.  Third,  rep- 
resented by  11  large  female  specimen  from  .Monterey,  Cal.,  is  without 
markings  above,  but  the  borders  of  the  exterior  color  of  tibia*,  the  sides, 
and  the  pectoral  region  are  closely  l)rown  .spotted ;  in  all  the  others  the 
under  surface  are  immaculate.  The  tints  of  this  style  seem  to  bo  more 
delicate,  and  it  has  a  more  hylinc  aspect  than  some  of  the  other.s. 

Head  small,  rather  pointed,  but  broader  than  long.  Tympanum 
small,  nearly  half  the  diameter  of  the  eye.  Eyes  not  very  prominent; 
a  slight  fold  of  skin  above  the  tympanum.  A  very  prominent  ono 
across  the  breast.  Skin  above  linely  pustulated  with  larger  scattered 
tubercles,  not  so  close  as  in  JI.  vrrsivolor.  Tibia  about  half  the  leugth 
of  the  body.    The  gular  sa('  is  largely  developed. 

Disks  on  extremities  large;  the  largest  eipialing  the  tympanum. 
The  hand  considerably  longer  than  the  fore-arm ;  outer  linger  longer 
than  the  second  ;  a  slight  web  at  base.  Tibia  half  the  length  of  body. 
Outer  toe  a  little  longer  than  the  third.  Membrane  extending  from 
disk  of  outer  too  to  middle  of  the  third  joint  (from  the  tip)  of  the  fourth 
or  longest;  from  the  third  articulation  (from  tip)  of  the  Iburth  toe 
obliquely  to  the  disk  of  the  third  toe;  from  the  third  articulation  of 
the  third  toe  to  the  disk  of  the  se(!ond  ;  from  the  second  articulation  of 
the  second  too  to  penultimates  articulation  of  the  lirst.  Thus  the  mem- 
brane is  nearly  wanting  along  the  inner  side  of  three  terminal  Joints  of 
the  third  and  fourth  toes  and  tho  two  terminals  of  the  second,  while  on 
the  outside  it  extends  nearly  orcpiite  to  the  disks  of  the  second  and  third 
and  to  the  penultimate  articulation  of  the  lirst  and  fourth.  A  promi- 
nent tubercle  at  base  of  inn«>r  toe  and  a  smaller  one  oi)posite  on  the 
sole.  ICxpansion  of  sacral  apophyses  not  very  great.  The  heel  of  tho 
hind  leg  extended  reaches  to  the  anterior  border  of  the  orbit. 

In  a  very  large  specimen  the  general  color  above  is  a  greenish-ash 
(in  some  a  dark  olive)  and  blotched  with  darker.  There  is  a  conspic- 
uous subecpiilaterally  triangular  patch  between  the  eyes,  extended 
acutely  backwards  for  a  short  distance.  The  back  is  variously  blotched ; 
tiu>.  most  conspicuous  of  the  blotches  arc  considerably  elongated,  and 
arranged  ono  or  two  in  a  line  on  each  side  of  the  back  in  a  lino  with 
tho  eyes  ;,nd  i)arallel ;  the  middle  of  the  back  and  the  extreme  sides 
of  tho  body  aro  sparsely  provided  with  smaller,  usually  subcircular, 
sometimes  elongated  blotches.  There  is  a  distinct  aiul  rather  broad 
dark  line  from  tho  snout  through  the  nostrils  to  the  eye  and  a  wider 
vilta  from  tho  eye,  involving  the  whole  lympanum,  to  a  little  past  tho 


,H^ ...; 


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A  IIS  It 

11. 
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II. 
II. 
II. 

Of 

are  t 
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raug« 


358       iif'LLiyriN  ;!i,  itnitkd  statks  nation.vl  museum. 

insertion  of  the  (ore  arm.  Tiie  extreme  edjjeof  tlie  upper  jiiw  i.s  diirU, 
and  tlie  space  lu'tween  'iii.s  an<l  the  preoenlar  line  r.ither  li;,'hter  than 
the  ground  eoh)r.  In  the  extension  of  tlii.s  liglit  Hpaee  baekwardH 
it  beeome.s  lij-liter,  until  from  beneath  the  eye  it  passe.s  beh)\v  the 
postocnlar  band  to  the  base  of  the  forearm  as  a  grayish-wliite  vitta, 
usually  about  half  as  broad  as  the  one  above  it.  Sometimes  a  series 
of  seattered  rounded  spots  may  be  traced  alonjj  the  side  in  eontinuance 
of  the  dark  postoeular  vitta.  The  extremities  above  are  transversely 
and  narrowly  but  indistinctly  barred  with  darker.  Tlie  rest  of  the 
legs  is  uniformly  lle.sh  color  (thiifhs  posteriorly  dusky)  except  a  few 
a{j{;ref;ated  pustules  below  and  about  the  anus,  which  are  wiiilo  (no 
marking  on  the  inner  faces  of  limbs);  this  is  seen  in  other  species,  but 
is  very  distinct  here.  The  immediate  border  of  the  anus  is  brown; 
beneath,  white;  edfje  of  {j[ular  .sac,  black. 

In  some  specimens,  especially  tho.se  from  Fort  Tejon,  the  prevalent 
color  above  is  ash{j''«>.v,  with  an  elonjjated  blotch  alon<,'  each  side  of 
the  back  for  its  whole  lenj^th,  and  one  or  two  others  on  each  side  of 
tho.«e  dorsal  blotches  are  nearly  wantiufjf.  Sometimes  the  exterior  edj^cs 
of  tae  tibia  and  feet  (when  Hexed),  are  blotched  with  l>rown. 

This  variety  resembles  JI.  s<juircU<(,  but  the  head  is  less  depressed  ; 
the  colors  are  darker;  the  (lorsal  blotches  are  larjjer, and  elonj,'ated 
lon^jitudinally  in  two  or  three  series;  the  white  maifjjin  to  the  niiu^h 
darker  jxistocular  vitta  is  broader;  the  body  is  stouter,  and  usually 
more  or  less  {granulated.    The  toes  are  less  deei»ly  webbed. 

Thell{,'ure  of  this  species  in  volume  ten  of  the  Pacifn;  l\ailr(>ad  Sur- 
veys repre.scids  an  interdij;ital  membrane  anteriorly,  which  does  not  ex- 
ist, and  that  of  the  posterior  limb  is  too  extensive. 


I  2  4  6  i    \     7 

Km.  8!).   IlylarfnUln.     No.  inmfi.     Sln.stiiCo.   Calilmiiia ;   |. 

McosiucmiiilH  (»/"  .V(».  ."••>>"<. 

J»f. 

LcriKtli  of  iioiid  aii<l  hody (i:!i» 

Lciifith  of  lirail  to  posterior  liiit-  of  t,vin|ian:i Oil 

Will  til  of  licail  at  posterior  line  of  t  viiii)aiia (HI 

lilMl^itll  of  fore  lilllll (I'i'J 

L('iiK<li  of  liiixl  limb (i.Mt 

L(Mij,'tli   of  tibia 017 

Lfin}.;tli  of  (iirsiis Old 

LciiKlli  of  rest  of  foot 01.^> 

The  Specimen  measured  is  of  medium  size ;  anotlier  from  the  same 
locality  has  the  len{;th  of  the  head  and  body  equal  to  1.5' 

This,  the  only  spe(!ies  of  the  Pacific  re<;ion,  is  quite  abundant  there, 
I  have  (!auj;ht  them  idon;.?  the  western  edj^e  of  the  (Ireat  Basin  in  Ne- 
vada and  Orefjon,  where  they  inlmbit  the  marshes  which  surround  the 


THE    nATIUClIIA    OF    NORTH    AMEUICA.  359 

hikes  ol  tliiit  region.  1"  nucIi  localitit's  '.Iioy  ciiii  not  liiive  arl)ore5il 
habits,  owiiij;  to  tlio  jibscMice  of  trees;  aiul  it  is  probjible  that  their 
habit*4  are  lilie  tlioso  of  the  Jlyla  picln-rinnii  of  the  east. 

I  ai»i»eu«l  a  description  of  tiio  typo  speeiinen  of  tlie  Ibjla  Hcbuhna 
llallowell  (U.  S.  Pae.  11.  It.  Survey  Kept.,  35th  parallel,  Heptiles  p.  21), 
which  I  afterwards  called  JI,  cadaccrina,  owluff  to  the  preoccupation  of 
Ilallowell's  name.  The  single  specimen  known  is  now  in  bad  condition, 
and  I  um  not  sure  that  it  should  not  bo  referred  to  the  //.  rciiilla.  The 
descrii)tion  now  {(iven  was  taken  from  the  specimen  when  nearly  fresh. 

Size  medium  ;  form  stout;  legs  elongate ;  head  short,  broad,  breadth 
less  than  three  times  in  the  total  length  ;  muxzle  rounded,  little  promi- 
nent; canthus  rostralis  straight,  elevated;  lingers  free;  toes  two  thirds 
webbed;  the  digits  short,  stout;  the  pallettes  large ;  a  strong  tarsal 
wing  or  fold;  eyes  small ;  skin  smooth. 

Femora  unicolor  behind;  no  dark  labial  border  or  dark  or  light  lat- 
eral stripes;  color  j>ale,  with  indistiiuit  blackish  dorsal  spots. 

Tiio  heel  of  the  extendetl  hind  limb  extends  to  between  tlie  orbit  and 
the  end  of  the  mn/./Ie;  the  largest  digital  dilatations  e(pjal  the  tym- 
panum, which  is  indistinct  and  cue-fourth  the  size  of  the  eye.  The  eye 
is  smaller  and  less  prominent  than  usual,  its  long  diameter  measuring 
the  width  betwten  canthus  rostralis  at  orbits,  one  and  one-third  times, 
and  two  thirds  length  of  the  brachium.  Tool  oiu^  aiul  three-fourths  and 
one  and  live-sixths  breadth  of  head  at  canthus  oris ;  vomeriiu'/ teeth 
entirely  between  the  luires,  which  appear  larger  than  the  ostia  of  the 
Eustachian  tubes. 

Sacral  diai»opliyses  elongate;  triangles  very  narrow  proximally; 
upper  surface  slightly  convex,  thus  ditfering  from  the  eximia,  where  they 
are  broader,  Halter,  and  not  so  produced.  Skin  nearly  smooth  above; 
abdominal  areolatioiis  not  extending  on  the  sides;  a  pectoral  fold.  Toes 
stout,  niargineil ;  the  dilatations  large  (not  proportionally  to  the  digits), 
except  on  tiu'  thumb. 

Above  gray,  with  an  iuterocular  and  numerous  dorsal  irregular  black- 
ish spots.  Cantiius  rostralis  and  band  behiiul  eye  dark  shaded;  lij)  an«l 
prebrachial  region  light,  dark  punctulate.  Limbs  indistinctly  cross- 
barred ;  below  yellowish,  immaculate. 

IMWA. 

Vxnm  end  of  inu/./l(5  to  ciiDtliim  oris •^).  D 

From  (mhI  oC  imi//,l(i  to  vent 11> 

lifii'^tli  of  fnmir H.7 

L('nti;lli  of  lil>iji 10.(5 

Li'iij^tli  of  111  11(1  fool 1:5. 1 

Itrciultli  lictwct'ii  Niicral  processes -I.'i 

Two  specinu'us  in  AFuseum  Academy  Philadelphia,  from  Tejou  Pass, 
southern  California,  ,'J,.'J88  feet  above  the  sea.    From  Dr.  A.  L.  ireermanu. 

Var.  latU'cps  Cope. 

Color  much  like  that  of  var.  Kegilla from  Fort  Tejon  ;  that  is,  a  dark 
iuterocular  triangle  and  numerous  welldelined  dorsal  spots.    The  broad 


V 


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B 

exis 
wJie. 
Hyp 

OCCtl 

Th 

U.  ' 
II.  J 
II.  t 
H.  8 

II.  C 

Of 
are  tt 
Carol; 
range 


360       HriJ.iyriN  :u,  iinitkd  states  national  museum. 

liead  rciHlcrs  tlio  i)rop(>rtion.s  of  form  Hlniilar  to  tlio.sc  in  II.  curia 
from  wliicli  there  is  M(»me  dilllealty  in  distingni.sliing  it.  Tlio  latter 
may  be  known  by  the  small  size  and  lack  of  gnlar  vesicle  among  the 
males.  The  muzzle  is  more  obtuse  than  in  the  typo  of  II.  cadaverina, 
but  one  specimen  of  Laticeps  is  similar  in  this  point;  there  is  no  labial 
brown  border,  but  we  have  it  much  obscured  in  a  Laticeps ;  the  diam- 
eter of  the  eye  is  les.s,  measuring  less  on  the  humerus;  the  digits  much 
broader  and  shorter,  with  the  largest  pallets  equaling  the  tympanum, 
while  they  are  more  elongate  and  slightly  proportioned  in  Laticeps  ami 
Regilla  vera.  There  is  a  thin  tarsal  ala,  extending  to  the  cuneiform 
bone,  which  is  scarcely  marked  in  the  Laticeps.  There  arc  more  lateral 
dorsal  8i)ot8.  These  characters  can  not  now  be  proven  evanescent,  so 
that  this  allied  subspecies  may  be  accepted. 

Lini'rt. 

Lcnj;tli  (roiii  imhI  of  imiz/lc  to  vent K.'J 

Lcni^tli  from  cud  t)f  iiiii/./h^  to  cniitlitiHoviH •> 

Lfiijrtli  of  \vliol(^  fore  I i till) 1(1.  4 

Lfiigtli  (if  whole  liliitl  liiiih !.'.">.(> 

Diiiinctcidf  cyi' ti. 'J 

No.  alJOS;  Cape  St,  Lucas,  Lower  California;  eight  specimens;  .John 

Xantus. 

Iljlla  rcijilUt  IJaird. 

IIESEUVE  SEUIKS 


Cntaln^Mc 

IIIIIIiIk!!'. 

X...of 
spci'. 



3 

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1 
.) 

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1 
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1 

1 

2 

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7 
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22 

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0 

in 

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1 
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H 
8 
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3 
1 
1 
1 

I.malily. 

When 
coUrcted. 

Kioin  wlioiii  ii'ccivcd. 

\atiiii'  .if  Hpcc 
iiiii'ii. 

.')2I0 

I'Wt  Vanroiivcr,  Wnsli. 
ill! 

.  ... 
Dr.  J.  (i.Cooprr 

'AZVi 

do    

Do. 

OIHl 

I'ir'i't  S{iiitti)    Aluskii 

Do 

0182 

do 

Ci-mw  Islanil.l.uwt'rCyal. 
ViilM,  Cal 

C.  I'.  Kxnl.  Expi'd 

Df.J.lI.SIiiMt«,U.S.N 

Df.  (J.  ti.  NowbKiiy 

I.ii'iit. W.  I*. Ti'o\vriiid''o, 

I'.S.  A. 
Dr.  E.  Vollnin,  r..S.  A... 
Dr.  .1.  <i,  Coop»»r  

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

4.'i52 

Axtoi  ia,  ()ir;;ciii 

Koi't  1 'tri|».|:ia,  Ort'tioii  .. 

Dd. 
Do 

3'j:io 

ShualwatiT  liav,  WaHli  . 

Do 

rrj-io 

Kdi't  Dalles,  (ti-i'jjoM   

Dr.G.SiukU'v,  U.S.A.. 
(|„     ...;  

Do. 

3240 

Ici 

Do 

3252 

do 

Do. 

!)4L'l 
!»44!» 

oriiiii 

H701 
htiSI) 
H71II 

('liilowyiick  Lake,  Ore;; 

."aliriiiiiia 

SdiiiliciM  (■aliCiiinla   

l.ds  AiijiilcH,  (;al 

Santa  ll.iiliaia,  Cal    ... 
li. 

Santa  ('ill/.  Island,  <,'a1.. 

Mount  Wliitiicy,  Cal  ... 

.Miiiintaiiis    iii'ar     Kort 
Tcjoii,  (,'al. 

Lnki<  'ralidi',  Nov.ada  ... 
do 

Koit 'I'ljon,  Cal 

do 

'1875 

.Inlv  —,1875 
July       ,  1875 
.liiim— ,  I87.'i 
.riiiitt— ,  1875 
Si'|(l.— ,  1875 
Aim.—,  1875 

Ort.      4,1870 
Aim.— ,1870 
July  — ,  1875 

Dr.C.  It.  K.  Kmnorly  •■ 

Dr.  J.(i.(;oiiptM- 

11.  W.  Ilpiisliaw 

William  SonicrM 

II.  W.  n.nshaw 

do 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

8)iMli 

do 

Do. 

K7«2 
8097 

9109 

80K2 
8703 

do 

do 

do 

do 

(Ill       

Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do 

48Ur> 

.Toliti  \aiitiiH               ..... 

Do 

:m\\ 

do 

Moiit.ivv,  ("al 

''aliroMiia 

'1877' 

Aim- 11,1872 

.(1(, 

Do. 

321.'> 
!):i41 

Dr.  (i.Siicklt'V,  r.  S.  A.. 
I.  Stoni' .' 

Do. 
Do. 

8077 

3a:ir> 

11. '•.74 
:i242 

I'iit:rt  Sound,  Oii'^'oii  . .. 

(!ali('oitiia 

.San  l)ii';;o.  Cal 

I'"ort  Dalles.  Oiryoii 

Dr.C.  11.  K.  Kmiierly  ■-• 

A.  L.  lIiM'rniann 

Dr. .loliii  L.  1,0 Could  ... 
Dr.(i.Siirkl<>y,  IT.8.  A  .. 
John  Kirliior 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

:m-i 

Fort  t^iiiok,  Cal' 

I.a  Ca/„  Cal 

do    

'1882 

1882 
1881 

Do 

11070 

L.  Hrldiii" 

Do. 

lliMil) 

do.r. 

C.  II.  TowiiHcMid 

Do. 

13700 

ilaiiil,    Sliasla  Coiintv, 
Cal. 

Do. 

EIc'v.iflon,2.0S7foet. 


T 


J 


1 


-.U 


10.1 


T 


J 


I 


-Jr 


THE   JIATRACHIA   OF   NORTH    AMKIUCA. 

llyla  trgiUa  Hiiiid — Continued, 
UKNEUAL  SKKIKS. 


301 


niiiiiiouiio 

Nil.  of 

lllltllllrl'. 

npi  r. 

-I.ViH 

'i\ 

1)11(1 

1 

hi:>\ 

1 

mm 

411       ' 

(lll-.'!l 

4      1 

■XIM 

4 

IIDKI 

;i 

IIIHI 

1 

II  (HI) 

1     1 

04!HI 

1     1 

Ill'.ll 

1     1 

iir.jii 

1 

KKII 

1 

\\:>i'i 

4 

lIMt 

1 

111  J.! 

yi 

8IIKH 

l.'i 

111117 

2 

Locnilty. 


Kort  Tclon,  <;nl 

Ciilil'onilii 

KoitWalliiWnllii.WuMli. 

Santa  Ci'U7.,  (!al 

Santa  llailiai'a,  (/'nl 

Fort  Kcailin);,  Cal 

Caniji  Kidwell,  Cat 

(•ilili'ii,  Utali 

AlTiiitricj',  Cal 

<lo 

(Jottnnwnoil  ( larimi 

I{liii;t!<i1<l  llairar'.H,  Tux. 
l''aiii|iii<-i' Comity,  Va  . . . 

(Jhowaiikaii  Valiuy 

l)f»  Cliutt'H  KlviT,  (trt'R. 
(f| 


Whon  rol. 
locled. 


Santa  Itarliara, Cal.. 
I'liiniaH  County,  Cal 


Juno—,  1875 


1K78 


Prom  wlioni  rocilvoil. 


1878 
1878 


J.  XnnlOH 

Ur.  ,1.  <i.  CoiiiKii' 

Lioiitonniit  AliiUi'ii 

II.  \V.  Ilcndliaw  

Dr.  Wol)l. 

Dr.  Ilaniinonil 

II.  W,  llcnxliaw 

Kxpl.  W.  IdUthnioiiilian 

W.H.Dall 

do 

(f>  

Dr.W.O.l) 

('.  W.  SliiMinnann , 

H.  W.  Il.imliaw 

<lo 

(') 

II.  W.  H(<n«liaw 

(i.  Tliuin|Miin 


Natui'i'  ol'Hiiri 

illlrll. 


coliolli' 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

D<i. 

Do 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 


HYLA  EXIMIA  llaird. 

Procrod.  Ac.  Pliia.,  1854,  y.  0(1;  U.  S.  Mox.  Hound.  Snrv.,  ii,  Rcptil.,  p.  20, 
I'l,  xx.wili,  figs.  S-IO;  PotoM  Moiiiitsber.  Iknl.  Akiid.,  \m.>,  p.  ^H(I: 
Hrocclii,  null.   Soc.  Philom.,  Paris  (7),  i,   p.  12i^;  Boulciijfcr,  Cat. 
IJatr.  .Sal.  Hrit.  Mns.,  od.  n,  1882,  378. 
Ihjhi  cnphorhiacva  fiiiiithor,  Cat.  IJatr.  Sal.  Hrit.  Mils.,  od.  i,  IS.'iCi,  p.  lO'.t,  PI.  x,  f.  c. ; 
Strimlaclmef,  Novara  Aiiipliib.,  p.  .''iP. 

Ih'iid  small,  width  three  auil  one-third  times  in  total  length ;  loioal  re- 
gion straight;  canthus  rostralis  strong.  Sacral  diapophyses  small,  well 
dilated.  Tympaiinm  half  orbit  or  a  little  le.S8.  Skin  smooth  above.  Tibia 
not  half  the  total  length.  Hind  foot  longer  than  arm  from  elbow,  two 
and  one-quarter  to  two  and  one-half  times  width  of  head  behind.  In 
spirits,  bluish  above,  with  or  without  two  dark  longitudinal  stripes;  be- 
neath white.  A  dark  band  from  the  eye  along  tlie  sides,  margine<l  above 
.and  below  by  a  white  line,  the  lower  one  reaching  only  to  the  arm,  be- 
hind which  the  outline  of  the  dark  band  is  indistinct.    Legs  not  banded. 

The  proportions  of  this  species  are  much  those  of  H.  s<imrvlUt,  but 
stouter;  the  head  short  and  broad,  the  body  stout,  and  the  limbs  short. 
The  skin  above  appears  smooth,  as  in  //.  cnroUncmis ;  beneath  granu- 
lated. The  tongue  is  large,  apparently  broader  th.an  long;  shape  .slightly 
emarginate  behind ;  one-third  free.  Teeth  are  in  two  rather  elongated 
patches,  inclined  from  each  other  backwards  between  the  internal  nares, 
and  terminating  about  opposite  the  centers  of  the  latter;  then  more  pos- 
terior than  in  11.  caroJincnsis.  Tympanum  moderate.  A  single  vesicle, 
supported  between  the  rami  of  the  lower  jaw. 

The  lingers  are  provided  with  distinct  pallettes  and  are  very  slightly 
webbed  at  base;  the  toes  also  with  well-developed  pallettes  and  webbed 
to  their  penultimate  articulation  (the  {intepenultiinate  is  the  longest  toe). 
The  tibia  is  longer  than  the  thigh,  but  not  half  the  length  of  the  body. 

Above  of  a  nearly  uniform  clear  bluish  lead  color  in  alcohol;  ho  doubt 
green  in  life;   beneath  white  or  uuicolored.    A  brown  line  extends 


m 


■|i! 


I 


i 


lULLirriN    :!1,     .    .ITKI)    STATKS    NATIONAL    MUSKUM. 


from  the  nostril  to  tlio  c.vt',  Ituek  of  wliidi  it  widens,  iiivolvin{;  the  tyiii- 
paiiiiin,  iiiul  extends  above  the  arm  and  along  the  side,  fading  out  to- 
wards the  gioin;  it  is  bordered  above  by  a  white  margin,  following  it 
all  the  way  from  the  eye;  the  ui>i)er  edge  not  very  clearly  defined,  espe- 
cially behind,  whore  it  graduates  into  the  blue  of  the  back.  Tlie  lower 
edge  of  the  lateral  vitta  is  margined  by  a  distinct  narrow  white  lino 
(fading  anterior  to  the  eye  into  the  blue),  which  margins  the  dark  border 
of  the  upper  Jaw  and  extends  to  the  insertion  of  the  arm.  The  odgo  of 
tluijaw  is  brown.  Posterior  to  the  fore  legs  the  dark  lateral  .stripe  lias 
its  lower  edge  indistinct  and  fading  through  bluish  white  into  the  Miiite 
of  the  belly.  On  each  si<le  of  th"  back  there  is  a  narrow  dark  band, 
CHunmencing  opposite  the  forearm  and  extending  to  the  inguinal  region, 
the  two  parallel,  and  about  as  wide  apart  as  are  the  orbits;  they  are 
margined  by  an  indistinct  border  of  lighter.  Above  the  anus  and  bound- 
ing thebacik  posteriorly  is  a  series  of  six  or  eight  white  spots  in  eonta(!t 
with  each  other.  There  .ire  no  bands  or  blotches  a<!ross  the  limbs,  al- 
though on  the  outer  edges  (when  the  animal  has  all  tlu^  limbs  Hexed) 
there  isau  indistinct  brown  line  separated  from  the  dorsal  blue  by  blu- 
ish white. 

Meamnrmeulu  <;/'  -Vi),  '.Vi'u  (  9  )• 

Liiii's. 

Miizzlo  to  voiit li'p.  r> 

Miiz/li'  Id  iiiiiMIr  III'  I yin]iiiiiiMn 4.2 

Itri'iullU   lift w ten  (iiiiils y 

Ant   iii'iii'liiiiiii  Mild  1  (•;i<l 7.  7 

Fein  111'  Cnim  ;;i(iiii ">.  'J 

Tiliia H.v> 

Too) IJ.  I 


exist 
whei 

".V|> 

occii: 

Th 

J  Us  In 

H.  \ 
11.. 
H.  f 

H.    M 

JI.  c 

Of 
aie  th 
Carol! 
range. 


Metisiin iiK lilt  (if  Xo.  ;!'i|."'. 

Totiil  li'llKlll HI  I.IKI 

iMirc-iii'in  iiiitl  liaml :tv'  .:>'.• 

Femur li.'i  .  I:i 

Til.iii :iT  .  Jii 

Tivrsiis 'Jl  .'^r, 

Foot :M  .1^ 

Total  (if  liiiid  Lm' 1.1'.»  1.17 


(':il;ilcii;iii'      No.  of  i 
iiiiiiilii'i'.       H|>l'(^    I 


I.dialitx 


\\    111!  1-1  •        1  Nllllllc  C'l  Mlvv 

flllllMitMJ.  ItlH-II, 


:i2.'i7  )  Viillc\  i>r  Mixirii  Iiiliii  I'dllM I 

;ij|«  'J  t'itv   olMi'xircl I M:l.|.  W.  liirh | 

II  I'm  Ilia  Mcxirii i l'.  Smnlcliiiist      i 


Ac(!or:liiig  to  Siimicliras!  this  speclow  !•  foutul  (biiiiig  the  wiiii  r  sea- 
.son  in  the  vicinity  of  water,  and  has  the  habits  oi'  Lithodytcs.  I  have 
found  it  near  the  water,  in  IMaicIi,  near  the  ('ily  i»f  Mi-xico.  It  thus  re- 
.senibles  its  allit's  (»f'  North  America  proper,  llyht  rcijiUd  and  //.  />/<•/,■ 
criuijii 


T 


THE    BATRACa.A    OP   NORTH   AMERICA. 


363 


Lines. 

it;.r. 

4.2 

y 

7.7 

r>.  a 

IJ.  4 


1.(1(1 

. :!'.» 
.  i:! 
.  4(; 

.  I-: 

I.  17 


T 

\  4 


IIYLA  SQITIUELL.\  H«mf. 

y/i//</  miuirtlla  (Ut)Sf.)  in  .Souiiiiu!  iV  Latreillc,  IliHt.  Nat.  Kcplil.,  li  (l-^OJ),  If^l 
(t'liurlesloii,  S.  C);  v'J«>8c.)  Daud.,  Hist.  Nat.  Ucptil.,  viii  (18(»3),  34,  xciii,  2; 
LoCoiite,  Anil.  N.  Y.  Ljc,  I  (1825),  27;»;  Ilarlan,  Joiirii.  Ac  Nat.  Sei.  I'hila.,  v 
( IH.'T),  Mi,  and  Med.  &  Pliya.  lies.  (183.'>),  107 ;  Holbrouk,  N.  Aiiier.  Horp.,  1st  (>d., 
I  (KW),  10.".,  XVIII,  and  2d  cd.,  iv  (1842),  12:?,  xxx;  Ston-r,  Uopt.  Mass.  (1h:«>), 
24J(«'!>i>itMlfroii»IIoll)rook);  Diiin.  &  Hibr.,  Erp.  fi(^n.,  viii  (1841),  .V7;  ?  l)i«  Kay, 
N.  Y.  Zo(.l.,  HI,  Rcptil.  (1842),  72,  xxi,  r.3;  ?  Thompson,  Nat.  Hist.  VI.  (lf'42), 
122;  Lo  Coiito,  Proceed.  Ac.  Pliila.,  18r>.''),  p.  429;  Giinthor,  Cat.  lUtr.  Sal.  IWit. 
Mils.,  H(W.  p.  11 ;    IJouUMigcr,  2d  ed.  Cat.  Hatr.  Sal.  IJrlt.  Mus.,  18S2,  p.  ;v.»h. 

/,<(  h'aiiic  xquinUc  Ho.sc,  Xouv.  Diet,  d'liist.  nat.,  xxviii  (1817),  .'>43. 

//!//((  minirvUa  Giavcnliorst,  Uclicca!  Miis.  Vratislav.  (182!t),  2-8;  vi,  1,  does  not  belonj; 
to  this  species. 

r,iliimilii  xiiiiiinlla  Merreni,  Tontamen,  p.  171. 

.liihlrix  siiiiirrlln  Waaler,  Syst.  Anipb.,  p.  201. 

Above  smootli.  Iliml  foot  less  than  arm  from  elbow.  Tibia  about 
iiair  the  lenglli  of  tlie  body.  Light  brown  above  (green  in  life?),  with 
small,  rather  .snbcircular  blotche.s  of  darker.  Legs  rather  iiitli.stinctly 
liancd.  Anterior  and  posterior  face.s  of  thighs  without  light  spots  of 
dark  vermiculations.  A  uark  line  from  snout  to  eye;  a  dark  vitta  from 
eye  to  arm  through  tympanum;  edge  of  upper  Jaw  mottled  white,  gen- 
erally .showing  distinctly  as  a  light  line,  which  frecpicntly  extends  to 
the  middle  of  the  side. 

IJody  more  slender  than  in  II.  versicolor.  Limbs  moderately  devel- 
oj)ed.  Kyes  i)rominent.  Snout  rather  acute.  Tympanum  small,  half 
the  diameter  of  the  eje.  Tongue  rather  small,  nearly  orbiojdar,  hardly 
notched  behind.  Vomerine  teeth  in  two  small  patches  between  the 
jiiner  nares  and  nearly  in  line  with  their  centers.  Tibia  not  quite  half 
the  length  of  the  body.     No  web  at  the  base  of  the  fingers. 

liength  of  head  a  little  more  than  three  time*  in  length.  Heel  of 
extended  hind  limb  marking  a  point  between  orbit  and  end  of  muzzle. 

The  body  above  is  smooth,  beneath  granulated  on  the  abdomen  and 
thighs.  The  toes  are  not  webbed  beyond  the  i)enultiinate  articulation 
of  the  third  and  fifth  ;ind  the  antepenultimate  of  the  fourth  toes. 

•Vbove  green,  sometimes  witn  irregularly  arranged  darker  small 
blotches.  Ueneath  white.  There  is  a  V-"ii^''lf  connecting  the  eyes 
above,  although  this  is  not  very  distinct.  A  small  number  of  subcir- 
ciilar  blotches  about  the  size  of  the  tympanum,  or  larger,  arc  sometimes 
.s(;attered  over  the  back,  and  may  bo  of  elong.ito  form.  There  is  a 
dark  line  from  tlu^  nostril  to  the  eye  and  a  vitta  from  the  eye  through 
tlu^  tympanum  to  a  point  above  the  insertion  of  the  arm.  A  narrow 
white  line,  rather  indistinct,  pas.ses  along  the  head  very  near  to  the 
edge  of  the  upper  Jaw  and  below  the  tympanic  vitta;  this  line  rarely 
passes  the  arm;  sometimes  extends  on  the  side,  where  it  is  generally 
very  much  con  fused.  The  upper  faces  of  the  leg  are  barred  transversely, 
though  giMicrally  not  very  distinctly,  except  acro.ss  the  tibia,  where  the 
bars  are  usually  decided.  The  exterior  edges  of  the  feet  are  mottled 
finely  with  brown  and  gr;iy.    The  anterior  and  posterior  faces  of  the 


I    I 

:  ! 

ft  ■  t 


;' 


I 


H 


3G4 


nULLKTIN    :M,    united    STATKS    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 


OX  I 

»iy 

occ 
I 

J  llHt 

ir. 
11. 
II. 

H. 

II.. 

Of 
are  tl 
Carol 
rp  igo 


tliigli.s  jire  (lull  lii'sli  color,  vojy  I'aiiitly  crloudcMl  with  brown;  no  iiidini 
tioji.s,  however,  of  light  spoLs  or  dark  vermiculatioii.s. 

Specinieii.s  dilVer  In  Lvss  amount  of  white  on  the  Jaw,  and  in  tint  of 
ground  (lolor,  which  is  de.sciibed  a.s  green  in  life.  With  a  con.sideral»le 
re.seniblance  to  //.  fvmoraliH,  it  may  bt^  always  di.stingui.shed  by  the 
white  line  along  the  edge  of  tlie  mouth  and  by  the  ab.sencx'  of  distinj-t 
circular  white  (yellow  in  life)  spots  on  the  posterior  faces  of  the  thighs. 


4  6 

Fi<i.  00   7fi/Ia  f/xirrfla.    .Vo.  11011.    Naohvillo,  On. ;  ]. 

Miamncmctiln  of  .V<».  120(i!^. 


nr 


Loii;;tli  of  lic.iil  ami  \»»\y (i:!ii 

liOiifjtli  <>('  lii-ail  (o  postciiiir  cdi^cs  of  tyiiipiUia Old 

Wiillli  of  lirail  at  postriior  fd^jcs  of  tyiiiiiana Ii1ti."i 

Lentil h  of  fore  liiiilis  from  axillii i>17 

liCiij^tli  of  hi  11(1  limliM  from  j^roiii (i|.">ri 

LciiKtli  of  tiliia on; 

Length  of  tarsus imi'.i 

Lonjjtli  of  rest  of  foot dl',* 

The  specimen  measured  is  of  full  size.  They  are  rarely  larger,  and 
fro«|uently  a  little  smaller. 

This  species  approaches  nearly  some  forms  of  7/.  /77/(7/<j,  of  which  it 
may  be  ctrisidertMl  the  soiitheasterii»represeiitative,  though  the  regions 
inhabited  by  loth  approach  in  Texas.  It  may  be  always  distinguished 
by  the  more  dt'pres.sed  h<'ad  and  weaker  caiithus  rostrabs;  it  is  rarely 
so  robust  and  usually  of  more  delicate  and  less  striped  coloration. 
//.  miotympanum  Coi>i^  replaces  it  in  Mexico;  the  resemblance  between 
them  is  otl'set  by  the  greater  palmation  and  smaller  tym|>anniii  of  the 
latter.  In  its  distribution  this  spetues  extends  well  up  the  Mississippi 
valley.  A  specimen  of  larger  than  usual  dimensions  was  uvui  me  froi:; 
near  i'.rookville,  Ind.,  by  my  friend  Amos  W.  ilutler. 

Ujfia  Kiiuinlla  Hose. 
KKSKKVK  SKUIKS. 


'iltillll'^lli' 

Nil.  (.1 

liillrilii  r. 

s|.rr 

.ICM) 

.■i 

.1044 

1 

:iais 

'1 

:nH7 

:i 

lets:. 

•jii 

♦r.:.! 

s 

T'Otin 

1 

II'.HI 

1 

i:u7o 

1 

12INIH 

li 

Ufiin 

1 

10881 

1 

1131 

I 

l.iiialit  V. 


1N)Im;i(  cil:i,  ri.i. 


Wliiii 
coIU'cUhI. 


i'l'iini  »  liiMii  ii  <'i-i\  I'll. 


N'alioi 


s|,.. 


I 


l.ilHTIV  <'cllllltv,  <iil 

tir:ili;iiiivMlr.  S,  ("    

Mtlli'SaraMiitit  I'.ay,  Kla. 

Ni'w  ilil.sifiH,  I.a  '. 

M  icaiKipv,  l''l« 

N'a>livilli>.  (ia   

Allaiialia.  (la 

(iroidlar        ■'<        

(') 

Oaklry,  S.  ( 

Siinnra 


lH7r. 


IKriO 

ihH:i 


Dr.  W.  A.  Ham i.t,  IV 

I       S.  A. 

j  I'ml   I..  AjiaKsi/. 

Maj.  .1.  1,1'  C'iiiitt< 

(tailc'V 

.>rcil.  !•'.  It.  M.cl 

.  Ni'U  Oi'ri  alls  Ai  aili'iiiN  . 
'  I)i.T.  \l.  I!i>aii 1. 

W.r.  Taylor 

<l<>  .". 

I   William  Wittliria 

I  ('»    

I    r.  W.  Ilav«  ii.l    

A.S,li..lt  


All'lllKlli.'. 

!>.■ 
|l.> 

Ho 

II.V 

Ho 
Ho 

llo. 

Do. 

\>.,. 

Do. 
Do 


0  iiiiljcii 

1  tint  of 
itlorahlo 

ll.V    tlH' 

<li8tiii(f 
li  tLi^'hs. 


Tin:    UATKACMIA    OF    NOllTII    AMEKICA. 


IIYLA  ANDKKSOXII  IJivinl. 


3(i5 


v 


M. 

.(111(1 
.(11(1 
.(ii(t:. 
.01: 

.(ll.V. 

.ok; 

.•Mi;i 


(I'lutfLXxiv;  fig.  1.) 

I'lococd.  Ac.  Pliilii.,  ier)l,p.  K!;   C(»pc,  /.  c,  1H(W,  p.  l,-,j;    IJoiilciigor,  Cat. 
Uatr.  Sal.  Brit.  M(ih.,  iid  f«l.,  1882,  p.  378. 

Ill  proportions  and  gciioral  appoaninco  similar  to  tiic^  Ihjla  arhorea  of 
Iliiroiie.  The  skin  of  the  upper  surface  of  the  body  and  extrcniities  is 
.smooth,  niiiiutely  corrufiated ;  that  of  tlic  throat,  belly,  and  under  snr- 
laces  of  the  femora  is  areolated.  A  cutaneous  fold  across  the  breast 
and  one  across  the  throat.  Tympanum  about  one-third  the  si/e  of  the 
eye.  Tonjrue  broad,  slij^htly  emarginate.  Vomerine  teeth  in  two  oblique 
scries  between  the  internal  naros,  each  directed  inward  and  backward. 
Tiie  iiead  is  short  and  wide,  and  enters  the  length  three  and  a  quarter 
limes.  It  is  nearly  a  third  wider  than  long.  The  muzzle  is  rounded 
when  viewed  from  above,  and  in  profile  does  not  project,  but  rather 
slopes  slightly  forwards  to  the  labial  margin.  The  fingers  are  free,  and 
llie  web  of  the  toes  leaves  two  phalanges  free,  except  on  the  fourth  toe, 
where  it  leaves  three  phalanges  free.  The  four  limbs  are  rather  long; 
the  hind  limbs  are  moderate,  the  heel,  when  extended,  reaching  the 
middle  of  the  orl»it.  The  digital  pallettes  are  small,  not  half  the  diamet«>r 
of  lli(^  typanuiii.  A  tubercle  on  the  under  side  near  the  proximal  end 
of  «'a(;li  phalange.  Internal  metatarsal  tubercle  distinct,  oval;  external, 
none. 

Coloration  in  life.  The  whole  upper  a  rather  deep  i)ea-green,  paler 
upon  the  sides  and  th(^  margin  of  the  up[>er  lip.  A  narrow  band  of  pur- 
plish-browii  commences  at  the  external  nares,  pas.ses  through  the  eye, 
and,  including  the  tympanum,  loses  its  inferior  border  a  little  beyond  the 
in.sertionof  tlu^  humerus.  The  color  becomes  paler  upon  the  sides,  wluire 
it  is  of  an  ashy  mulberry  tint,  and  extends  as  far  as  the  orif  n  of  the 
femur.  Anterior  to  this  point  it  is  margined  below  by  large  irregular 
spots  of  a  beautiful  salVron,  which  are  continued  upon  the  anterior  and 
posterior  surfaces  of  the  femur,  and  the  whole  inferior  surface  of  the 
tibia,  poll  a  ground  of  a  paler  shade  of  the  same  itolor.  The  supero- 
anterior  surface  of  the  tarsus,  the  three  inner  toes,  and  the  webs  of  the 
external,  also  a  small  area  behind  the  humerus,  the  p(>sterior  surface  of 
the  fitter,  the  inferoanterior  fa(!e  of  the  fore-arm,  and  the  inner  linger, 
are  tinted  and  sjiotted  in  the  san>e  manner.  The  superior  surfaces  of  the 
femur,  tibia,  humerus,  and  fore  arm  arc  of  the  same  c(dor  as  the  back  ; 
that  of  the  humeru.s  separated  from  the  green  of  the  Jaws  by  an  isthmus 
of  the  purplish  shade,  and  that  of  the  tiliia  separated  anteriorly  from 
the  salfroii  of  its  lower  surface  by  a  band  of  mulberry.  The  green  of 
the  back  and  extremities  is  everywhere  margined  with  puri^  white,  ex- 
cept posteriorly  on  the  femur  and  tibi:i,and  anteriorly  on  the  I'ormer, 
where  s.idVon  takes  its  place.  The  green  crosses  the  rictus  and  forms 
an  oval  spot  iiiion  each  side  of  the  throat.  The  borders  of  tlio  latter 
und  of  the  chiii  are  tinged  with  mulberry,    liencath  whitish  llcsh  color. 


il 
il 

•I 


1 


■Ml 


fU 


■  \ 

■    • 

il 

;   1 

■  i,^. 

f 

% 

3(;g 


nULLETlN    ;U,    UNITKU    8TATKS    NATIONAL    MIISKUM. 


TluM'xposed  surfaces  of  the  anterior  and  posterior  extremities,  whero 
iiol  ^reeii,  are  ut' u  »liudo  intermediate  between  mulberry  uud  cUouolate. 


,.1] 

Klii.  Ul.  Ilyla  aiidi'nuhii.     Amlvimni,  S.  ('.;  |. 

MitiKinciiunln  of  So.  :i(i(l(». 

it. 

Total  ltnj,'tli  head  ami  boily iCMki 

Lfii{;tli  oriicutl  ti>  posti'iior  lino  of  tyiniiaiia Oil 

Width  of  lira<l  at  piwltMior  line  of  tyinpaiia Oifi 

Loi';,'tli  of  fore  iiiiil)  fioiii  axilla (i'i-.>4 

].cii;;tli  of  hiixl  liiiili  iVoiii  t;roiii  o.Vjri 

Lt'ii>{th<if  til>ia (H^ 

Lfiifitli  of  tarsus dlO 

Lt'ii;;tli  of  n'st  of  foot (tl'iri 

This  beantil'id  species  is  of  iiineh  rarity,  but  two  speeitnt'iis  liaviii^ 
thus  far  come  under  the  eyes  of  naturalists,  'riie  longest  known  is  the 
tyi>e  from  Anderson,  S.  ('.,  which  is  reprcscntod  in  Plate  i.xxxiv; 
the  second  s|H'ciiiien  was  found  by  Professor  Leidy,  of  Philadelphia,  at 
.Jackson,  N,  J.,  and  was  the  subject  of  the  description  of  coloration  in 
life  given  above. 

JIVLA  CAHOLIXKNSIS  Pemiauf. 
(IMatoH  r.l.lij;.  II;  'ri,  (ij;.  li» ;  7:{,  fi^.  'js.) 

Calamilii  rarotiiiriixi'<  romiaiit,  Arctic  Zool.,  ii  (17),  :!:!|. 

Cuhiiiiilii  rim  no  .Sclmiidor,  Hist.  Ampli.  Tasc,  i  (I7itl>),  171. 

Itann  liiliiirain  Shaw,  (ion.  Zool.  Aniph.,  ill  (IS(tJ),  lltC. 

Uyla  lolimliH   Daiid.  in  Sonn.  iV  I.at.,  Hist.  Xal..  Kcplil.,  ii  (IHOJ),  IsO;  Dand.,  Hist. 

Nat.,  K'cptii.,  viii  (iSKt),  '27,  ami  in   Jlisf.  Nat.   li'ain.  (Jrcn.  Cr.ip.  iJ-Oltl,  It;,  ii; 

J.  L«  Conto,  Ann.  N.  V.  Lye,  i  (IrtA'".),  ■!7;t ;  ll.iilan,  Jonrn.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  i'hil.i.,  v 

(lH-.'7),  :MI,  and  Mod.  A    IMiy.'..  Kos.  {IS;{.-)),  107:   Diiin.  A   IJihr.,  Mip.  Cirn.,   \iii 

(1811),  .^)87. 
UyJti  rui(/i.t  Ilolhrook,  N.  Am.  Iltrp.,  Lst  cd.,  ii  (l-i;i-).  '.».'>,  xx.  ami  M  ed.,  iV(l";IJ), 

lll»,   XXIX. 

lljlUi  ririilii  /ir^occd  ('alosliy,  Nat.  Hist  (.'arol.,  u  (ITIU),  p.i;;.  it  lali.  71. 
Ill/la  svmiftinciatd  Hallow,,  Proceed.  Ar.  I'liila.,  I'^.lt;,  p.  :t(l7. 

Hylo  caroliiunsix  (iiinthcr.  Cat.  Hatr.  .Sal.  l$rit.  Mns,,  I-it;-*,  p.  1().">;  l?oiil(>ni,'cr,  Cat. 
llatr.  .Sal.  Urit.  Mas.,  'Jd  cd.  HSv».  p.  :177, 

lle;ul  subacute;  body  slender,  nearly  sniootii  above;  tibiii  r;itlu'r 
more  than  half  the  lenj'th  of  the  body;  above  iind  on  sides  uniform 
olive-green,  with  an  occasional  circular  light  spot  above;  beneath  whilt'. 
A  distinct  narrow  white  line  along  the  sides  of  the  heail  iind  body;  simi- 
lar lines  on  the  outer  edge  of  the  forearm  and  hand,  the  posterior  edge 
of  the  tibia,  and  the  outer  edge  of  the  hind  foot.     No  bars  on  the  limbs. 


I 


ti 


III 


Tin:    IJATUACIIIA    OF    NOKTII    AMKKICA. 


3(57 


Mody  sleiulorest  of  all  the  Nortli  Aiin-rican  s|(eci«'S  :  limlis  elon^jati'd. 
Outline  of  lioiul  acute,  aiij^led,  sli;>li(ly  cuivt'd  on  sides,  latlu-r  l(ni;,'er 
tliau  broad.  Snout  rather  pointed;  sides  of  the  snmit  somewhat  ob- 
Iii|Uo;  leiiffth  of  head  enterinjjf  total  a  little  over  three  times.  Tym- 
iKiiiiiiii  small,  about  half  the  diameter  of  the  eye,  a  fold  of  skin  above  it. 
Ti)ii;;ue  nither  ovate,  slijjhtly  notched  behind,  where  it  is  free  for  one- 
third  its  lenji'lh.  Vomerine  protuberances  small,  roun«led,  their  axis 
sli^iitly  inclined,  almost  exactly  between  the  posterior  nares;  sepa- 
rated iVomeach  other  and  tlui  nares  by  tlu^  same  interval.  The  ranj^es 
ol  tcetli  are  a  little  behind,  about  on  a  line  with  the  posterior  mary;ins 
of  tilt'  nares. 

Tlie  extremities  arei  rather  slender  and  elontrated.  The  heel  of  the 
cxteinlcd  hind  lej^s  marks  the  end  of  the  muzzle.  Tibia  about  half 
K>it;;tli  of  body;  hind  foot  as  lon<^  as  arm  from  elbow:  two  and  a  half 
times  in  total  len},'tli.  The  lln>;»'rs  are  dilated  at  the  tip  into  disks,  two- 
thirds  as  hw'^ii  as  the  tympanum,  and  webbed  at  the  base  to  the 
iiiili'iMiiMltimate  articulation  of  the  lonj,'est.  Tlu'  third  is  lonj^est,  the 
loMiili  lit  tie  shorter;  then  the  second  and  first.  The  hind  feet  are  webbed 
to  the  disks  (the  penultimate  articulation  in  the  fourth  an<l  loni^est  toe), 
the  web  want  in;,' on  the  inner  si«le  of  the  lu'uultimate  Joint  of  these(;ond 
ami  tliiitl.  The  third  toe  is  a  little  longer  than  the  lifth.  There  is  a  soft 
tubenle  at  bast;  of  inner  toe  and  a  very  rudinu-ntary  one  at  base  of 
outer. 

The  skin  abov(^  ami  on  ui>per  part  of  sides  is  smooth,  without  any 
pustules;  in  larger  speciirni:  a  faint  and  softetu'd  ;,'rauulati(Ui :  the  belly 
and  inlerior  fac(!  of  thighs  strongly  graiudated  :  the  throat  moderately 
so;  smooth  between  the  arms. 

Color  of  body  and  legs  above  and  sides  olivaee«)us-brown  or  olive- 
green,  with  a  few  scattered,  well detined  spotsof  white.  l!eneatli  white, 
no  iimttling  anywheic,  A  well-deliiied  line  of  white  starts,  on  the 
siittut,  generally  u;iited  with  its  fellow  on  the  opposite  side,  and  passt-s 
haikwards,  parallel  with  the  vA'^i'  of  the  npi»er  jaw,  under  the  tym- 
pamnu  and  over  the  armpit;  extends  half  way  or  more  along  the  sides. 
It  has  as  a  liorch'r  a  deei»>r  shade  of  the  dtusal  color.  A  similar  line  ex- 
tends along  the  posteri(U'  margin  of  the  fore  h-gs.  most  conspicuous 
at  theclb(»w,  and  reaches  to  tht;  outer  tingrr.  On  the  hind  leg  a  simi- 
lar line  passes  from  the  knee,  aiul  extends  along  the  posterior  or  superior 
margin  of  the  tibia  along  tin;  exterior  edge  of  the  tarsus  and  foot  to 
tin-  tip,  and  a  second  line  is  seen  in  some  on  the  anterior  margin  of  the 
tibia;  a  short  transverse  white  line  abovi-  the  anus.  According  to  Dr. 
Ilolbrook,  this  species  in  life  is  bright  grass  green  above,  the  light  lines 
straw  color. 

8pociinens  from  west  of  the  "..^sissippi  vary  in  appearing  a  little  more 
granulated  aliove.  Some  males  exliil»it  a  more  oi-  less  tinge  of  green 
on  the  sides  of  the  chin.  Sometimes  the  hiteral  white  line  is  int<'r- 
rupted,  and  those  on  the  sides  of  the  legs  more  v.r  loss  obsolete. 


.:'.? 


'I 


11 


\i 


SH 


i  ■'" 


I   .1' 


3G 

Til. 
nut 


Widl 
Lung 

lA'Ilg 
lA'Ilg 
hvUft 

Tl. 

tllU8 

typo 
tlios 
Jack 
lifeg 


Caluiin 
Cuhinn 
liana  h 
Uyla  h 

\a 

J. : 

(H 
(18 

Il!» 
lly'a  vi 
llijla  »<•, 
^////r«  ca 

15at 

JIea< 
iiioro  tl 
oliveg: 
A  (listi 
lar  liiu> 
^ftliet 


368  nULLETlN    31,    UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

The  specimen  described  is  from  Kiccborougli,  Ga. 


4  6 

Vw.'iZ  IlijlaearnUncntU.    No.  13478.     Alnpalm,  Oa. ;  ). 

MiaHinrmiittii  of  No.  'M\^fi, 


Length  of  lioad  ami  body 

L(!ii;;tli  of  licail,  iiiilmliiij^  tympana 

Width  of  lii-ad  at   (lostciior  odfjo.i  of  tympana 

Lenjjtli  of  anterior  limb  from  a.xilla 

L('n;{lli  of  iio.stcrior  limb  from  ^roin 

Lcn^jth  of  til)ia 

LoM<;tIi  of  tar.sus 

L('n}{tli  of  ri'fit  of  foot 

Tlio  si)ecinu'n  measured  is  only  of  medium  size.    Tliey  fiiMinc 
reacli  a  length  of  58""". 

Hjjla  raroliiienniK  Tcunaut. 
KKSEKVE  SKUIES. 


.  (I  ir. 
on 

,  o-j:t 
(III.-, 

,017 

iitlv 


(Jatiilo^iiic     No.  or 
miiiibtT.       »pi.'C. 


iin.'i^  I 
3fl.5:i  1 
n:iu.-.  I 

KilllU 
U7()H 
1140,5 

:inn4 
r,'.m 

120()(1 

ii4k:i 
11, 'ill;! 

IIUIII 

i:i4"H 
4ri.w 

471!t 
lll7(» 
.''■2II4 

:«!.')7 
:iQ5i 

.T.M4 

:r.>:.M 
:iii,'«4 

4.''i.'>li 

rj(iti,'i 


15 


1 
1 
1 
1 

1.') 
1 
0 


Locality. 


Poimncoln.  Fin. 


K  ('o)ll)I'()lli>ll,  (ill 

Ml.s,slsHl|)pl 

lii'iiiilott,  S.  (! , 

Kiiistiiii,  N.  (' 

MillcdKPvilli'.  (la  . .. 
I.ilicrty  County,  (iii 


(i 


H      I.' 


liihi'ity  (.'(Miiity,  (lii  .. 

(■iHM'Kiiiiiii,  h'la 

(') 

Milton,  I'liv 

Marid  l.ilunil,  I''la 

Allapaliii,  (ill 

I'alatltii,  Fla 

Mlianopy,  l''I:i 

Saint  liduis,  Mo i 

(..oiilHiana | 

I'rairii'  Mcr  Kou^c,  La 
\VaMliin;;ton       County 

MImh. 
Now  ISniiiiilV'..'*,  Ti'X.. 
San  Antonio.  Tex  


When 
cuIU-cttxI. 


From  vvlioni  irciMvcil. 


Ur.  \V.  A.  llaniniond,  l^ 
8.  A. 


Dr.  U.  F.  Shuniaril. 


Juno   4, 1870 


1881 


Ilia,  l<'la 


I 


(iranil  Cotrau,  La  .. 

(itMii^liana,  I'"la 

Ijiaulbrt,  S. C 


.I.W.  Miln.r 

Kuinlicn  ..^  ISran 

Ma.).. I.  Lo  (Jontc 

('.  II.  AilatoH 

Ma).  .1.  LcConto 

William  Wiltlldd  

(0 

S.T.  Walk.i 

J.  W.  V.lio 

William  J.  Taylor 

T.  (i  lover 

Dr.  T.  II.  15.  an 

Dr.  (ii'oruo  Kii)ii'lmann. 
Saint  Cliailcs  Colli'ao   . 

JanioH  Kaiiu^  

Col.  a  L.C.  Wailc- 


F.  Limllii'lmi^r 

.T.il.Clark 

Dr.  n.  W. I, tiny 

Saint  Cliatli'H  ('olli'^o 
William  WitUltlil  .... 
Ur.  F.  V.llaytUn 


N'alnri'  of  ,spi 
iini'ii. 


Alcoliolit' 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Du. 


GENERAL  SERIES. 


12005 
5'J40 


l.S      I  (loorjiiana,  Fla 

2      I  I'uiiii  CliriHlian,  Misti. 


William  Wittliolil i  Alcoliolio. 

Cupt.  It  AnUurson  {        Do. 


i 


vW 


.1/. 

.011 

.()i;i 
.()t;i 
.(iii.'i 

.tilT 


THK    IJATRACIIIA    OF    NOUTII    AMEIillA.  3G9 


HYLA  AKKNICOLOK  ('upv. 

Jourii.  Ac.  riiila.  C-),  l-^tiii,  p.  .•>|. 

//.  ((/W»i'<  Main!  (iioii  Hpixii),  rnx^i'cil.  Ar.  I'liila.,  I'.'tl,  til  ;   I'.  S   Mi'x.  lionnil. 

Smv  ,  K.i.lil.,  1».  •-".•,  I'l.  xxxviii,  ti;;s.  |-7. 
I  [ill  a  colli  i  ItDiilaii^tT  Aiiiials  ami  Ma;;a/.iiii'  Nat.  liiMorv.  1--7,  \>.  .".:i ;   1 — '■,  p.  Hl». 

lli'iid  .sliort,  wi<U',  iMiti'riiif,'  tlio  lon^jtli  tliri'c  aixl  a  lialf  times.  Muz- 
zle rcfiiilaiiy  broadly  romidtMl,  not  project  in;;  Ix-vniid  prtMnaxillary 
ImitltT,  a.s  Ion;;  oM  the  side  a.s  tlic  len^'tli  of  llie  eve  lissure.  No.strils 
leiiiiiiial,  m-ar  the  superior  plane  of  the  niii/./le.  'rynipaniini  vi'ry  ilis- 
tiiict,  its  diameter  two-thinl.s  that  of  the  i-ye  lissure.  Toiiyiie  di.scoid, 
very  openly oinarginatc  behind.  Choana'  small;  the  vomerine  teeth  in 
a  pair  of  transverse  fa.s(;i(;les  exactly  between  them.  Ostia  itliaryngesi 
of  Kiislachian  tubes  about  eipial  to  the  choana'. 

Inte^iumont  with  numerous  scattered  small  tuborclcs,  above  and  on 
tlie,  limbs.  Gnlar  region  arcolated,  as  well  asbcUy.  Fingers  free,  tho 
lirst  coiisidor.ibly  slnutcr  than  the  se(;ond.  I*allettcs  moderate. one-third 
the  area  of  the  tympanum.  Hind  legs  moderate;  when  extended,  the 
heel  marks  the  anterior  part  of  the  orbit.  The  extent  of  the  web  is 
s(Hiiewhat  variable,  in  some  specimens  leaving  oidy  two  jdialanges  of 
the  fourth  toe  free,  while  in  others  two  are  free  on  the  outer  side  and 
three  on  the  inner;  while  otlu'rs  display  intermediate  conditions.  The 
pallcttcsare  about  the  si/e  of  those  of  the  hand.  The  internal  metatar- 
sal tubercle  is  small  but  distinct;  a  narrow  tarsal  fold,  which  is  in- 
I'luvcd  proximally.  The  length  of  the  arm  from  tli»'  elbow  is  less  than 
that  of  thi^  tibia,  but  is  greater  than  the  iiiml  foot. 

Tlic  general  tint  of  color  is  much  as  in  II.  nr.sicnli)};  The  blotches 
on  I  lie  back  are,  however,  more  numerous,  and  exhibit  a  tendency  to 
arrangement  in  two  rows  of  nearly  circular  spots;  sometimes  the  serial 
arrangement  is  not  nnnntained.  Owing  to  the  greater  length  of  the  hin«l 
legs,  there  are  three  transverse  bars  across  the  I'cninr,  lil)ia,  and  tarsus, 
as  well  as  a  larger  nund>er  on  the  metatarsus.  The  marbling,  .so  con- 
spii-uoiis  on  the  anterior  and  posterior  faces  of  the  hind  legs,  as  well  as 
in  the  groin  of  //.  rcrsicnlor,  is  here  wanting. 

(iencral  aspect  of  //.  rcrsicolor,  having  the  same  squat  apjicarance, 
the  granulated  skin  above  and  below,  the  ashcolor  back  with  darker 
niottlings,  the  white  spot  umU'r  the  eye,  etc.  The  imtst  consi)icuous  dis- 
thi(!tive  features  are  the  ab.sence  of  webs  of  the  lingers,  the  greater 
length  of  the  hind  legs,  and  the  blotches  on  the  back  being  in  round 
spots,  not  cuneiform.  The  legs  with  three  bars  not  two,  and  without 
the  reticulates  markings  behind  and  below. 
ll)."il— IJull.  34 24 


!      I 


: 


w 


3(il 

Tin 
not 


L 

Li'iig 
Wi.lt 

Th 

tllll.S 

typo 

thii  H^ 
.Jack} 
life  g 


Calami 

Calami. 

liana  h. 

Uyla  h 
NiK 
J.I 
(IW 
(18! 

Hyht  ,. 
Il!>, 

llijla  rii 

ll.'lla  nvn 

Jli/I"  cai 

iiati 

Head 
more  tl 
olive-gt 
A  (listit 
lar  liiH'f 
of  the  ti 


^7(^  UrLI.KTIN    :il,    rNITKI)    STATKS    NATIONAI.    MUsr.lI.M 


riii.  y;i.  Ili/lii  iiniiii-i'lnr.    No.  hO.m     riali;  |. 


MvanHriiiuiilH  <>/  Mo.  11  lid. 


Lrii;;tli  of  'mail  iiiitl  Ixiily  ii|-.' 

Lcii^tli  of  head,  i  ml  Mil  ill;;  t,viii|>aiiii (i|'j:i 

Will  III  1)1'  lirail,  iiii'liiillii;;  i,viii|iaiia iili; 

Lfii;;tli  of  fori"  11  III  1 1  (Voiii  II  \  ilia  ihji.i 

lii-iifftli  III"  hi  ml  I  i  Mill  riiiiii  ;;roiii , ,  o.'i'.i'J 

LiMifjdi  of  (iliia (ijii 

Lfiij^th  of  ta^sll^ Oil:, 

Li'iij;th  of  nisi  of  foot dl,',;, 

Tiie  siK'ciiiifii  above  (les(!rilu'(l  is  oiu^  of  t.V|)e.s  IVoiii  Soiioia.  In 
specimeiis  from  some  oilier  parts  of  Mexico  ami  tlie  L'liitctl  Slates  llic 
wliite  spot  below  tiiccve  is  not  lonml.  In  a  spc<'imen  Irom  the  Colo- 
rado Kiver  (loTO)  tlieii'  aiesi-veii  rows  of  dark  brown  spots  of  niodeialc 
size  (Ml  the  back.  ►S|K'cimen.s  from  VA  Paso,  Texas,  have  been  rereiicd 
to  as  distinct  species  under  tlu^  name  of  //.  <•«/;//,  by  Dr.  Iloiilaiijici 
(loe.  cit.).  Tin*  onl.v  i»cciiliarit.v  which  the  description  indicates  is  a 
somewhat  smaller  tympanii;  drum.  It  is  saitl  to  be  one  iialf  the  eve  :it 
the  lirst  reference,  and  "  hardly  one  third  "  at  the  second. 

'I'hi' Jli/la  nrcniculor  in  (Hiitii  abundant  as  far  south  as  (inanajiiatn, 
l\h'xi<!0,  where  l)i'.  Alfredo  l)ii;;»''s  has  found  it.  This  {icntlcman  inlbrins 
me  that  its  voice  is  much  like  that  of  the  bleating  of  "oats. 

Hyla  mniicohir  Coiic. 
lIliSKItVK  SKKIKS. 


(y'lltilldi;!!!' 

Ni>.  uf 

Illlllllll'l'. 

H|ICt'. 

K<M 

1 

hl.lt  1 

•P 

Hli.'>l! 

T 

iHi: 

f, 

4r.70 

4 

10107 

1 

14401 

1 

Liicalily. 


Wlini 
riillci'li'il. 


I'min  \\  liHjii  r(  i  iImcI 


Santa  r.,  N.  Mrx Mini.'     ,  I«7:i  Di.O.l.inw   

Siiiilliri'ii  (,'aliliiinia i  l^7.■|  M.  \V    lli-ii^liaw    

I  tall  Il<7'.'  III.  II   ('.  Viiiiow 

Siuicira,  Mi'xiii) Ill  I'lark 

I'|i|irr  Ciilinailii  Kivrr I'.  M(i||li;iiHrii 

Wliilr     IJiMir     (^afiiiii,      Di.l'iiir 

A  I  i/,lill;l. 

.  I'on  Wiiiual.-,  N.  Mox -.  Di    I!.  W.  Sc  Ijiil,  hit,  f. 

I  ,  S,  A . 


N;ll  III  I'  III  -  ]H 
Ulll  II 


Alniliiili 
I  III. 
Ho. 
1 1.1. 

Ho. 

Do. 


1)11. 


I 


i 


^ 
^ 


\t 


V 


3r. 

.(II'.' 

.Ol'JIi 

.(»n; 
.  ()•.'  i:. 
.  (i.i'.''j 
.ii'jii 
.(iii.'i 

.dl.V. 


■> 


\i 


rilK    IIAIKACMIIA    (»!•'    Nt>UTII    AMKKK^A. 


IIYLA  KKMOUAMS  Lnlr. 


;{7i 


lljlla  Jiiiwriilia  Sonii.  &.  Lut.,  Iliwl.  Nat.  Kcplil.,  ii  (l-d-.M,  l-l;  Itainl.,  llisl. 

n'iI,   Ii'i'itlil.,  VIII  (H(I:J),  :f»,  xcm,  l  ;    lli^l.  Nat.  Ifaiii.  tiivii.  ('ia|i.  (l-^illt), 

111,1;   Lo  Citiilf,  Aim.   N.   V.    I.vc,  i  (  H ■,'.'>!,  •,''!» ;   llailaii,  .Jiuirn.   Ac.   Nat. 

Sci.,riiila.,  V  (l-^J/i,  ;U-.',  ami  M.'il.  A   i'liys.  Kr.s.  ( l":}.-.^,  K.T  ;    llolliriMik,  N. 

Aimr.   Ilfip.,  '-'il  ca.,  IV  (l-^l'.'),  I'.'T,  XXXI  ;  ltoiiIfnj,'cr,  Cat.  liatr.  Sal.  Miif. 

Mils.,  1--.',  i..:t.-'. 
/,<!  L'liiiir  fiiiiiirnli  Ilosc,  Noiiv.  Diet,  (rill.sl.  Nat.,  .\xviii,  r>i:t. 
( (ilitiiiilii  J'iniiiniliM  Mcni'iii, 'I'i'iitaiiii'ii,  p.  171. 
hihlrh  fimiiriiHx  Waj;!.,  Sysl.  Ampliil).,  p.  tiOl. 
Iliilii  siiiiiriUii  pars.  Dmii.iV    Itilir,  llnp.  (I6u..  viii,  p.  .^-I'.t;  (liiiitlur,  Cat.  ISatr.  Sal. 

itiil.  Mils.,  l.-^O^  p.  111. 
Noli;.— 'i'lii"  ilt'S(!riptioiis  ct'  naiuliii  diU'cr  in  Htuiio  iiiiportaiit  points  IVom  tlic  .s|iot'i<'.s 
III'  Miijipr  l.r  Conic. 

Tihiii  If.s.s  tliiiii  liiilf  th(>  Iciijith  of  body,  lnii<;('r  tlian  arm  from  elbow, 
wliiili  ii;,Miii  I'.xctrd.s  liiiid  foot.  SUiii  nciuly  smootli  above  ;  above  wood- 
liiiiwii,  with  a  darker  iiiteroeiilar,  triangular  bloteli,  and  a  siibenneiform 
line  on  tlie  Itaek,  eontbieiit  in  the  center.  A  narrow  line  from  the  snout 
lo  llie  «'ve.  A  dark  vitta  from  the  eye,  iiidi.stinet  in  the  middle,  i)assinj'' 
lliroiij;)!  and  inv(»lvinji:  tlu'  whole  tymi>aiiiim  ;  the  uppei'  edj^e  of  tiiis 
(•(iiitiiiiied  to  the  hind  lej^s,  the  lower  cea.sinj;'  at  the  fore  le^.s.  Po.ste- 
rior  face  of  the  tlii<,'h.s  dark  brown,  with  eireularyellowi.shwhite  .spots. 
No  li^dit  spot  under  the  eye,  nor  any  white  lino  alon^^  the  Jaw;  merely 
a  li;;hter  slnnle  of  the  ground  color. 

Mead  broader  than  loii},'.  ISody  short,  rather  broad,  and  the  entire 
apiicaraiiee  as  to  pal  tern  of  color  and  shape  not  very  dissimilar  from 
lllll(t  m-.sifolof,  from  which,  howevei',  it  is  readily  distiii;,MiishaltIe  by 
tlio  femoral  yellow  spot.s;  the  dark  postocnhir  vitta,  tlii^  ab.seiice  of 
lij^Iit  spots  under  the  eyes.  The  toiioiie  is  larji'e,  ovate,  slightly  notched, 
and  iVee  behind.  The  teeth  are  in  two  approximated  minute  circular 
palclies  between  the  jmsterior  nares.  The  (ympannin  is  small,  scarcely 
iniMc  than  half  the  diameter  of  the  eye.  The  tibia  is  not  half  thelenjith 
of  tiie  body.  Tiie  skin  above  is  sli<>Iitly  pustular,  althoiijj;h  at  consid- 
fialile  intervals,  and  much  less  in  i»roportion  tiiaii  II.  versicolor.  The 
wiiole  iiil'erior  surfaces  of  tiu^  head,  body,  and  thiinhs  is  ji'ranulated, 
iiicliidiuf,'  the  throat.  The  pectoral  fold  of  skin  is  smooth.  Tiie  linj;ers 
are  sli';litly  webbeil  at  the  base,  tl  e  fourth  longer  than  second.  The 
last  two  joints  of  Uu)  toes  are  free;  the  web  not  extending  as  a  margin 
to  the  disk  of  the  longest  toe,  as  in  II.  rcrsicolor. 

(leneral  color  above  bark-brown,  variegated  with  darker;  beneath 
dull  white.  .\  triangular  blotch  between  the  eyes,  the  angle  behind 
tilt!  anterior  edge  extending  across  between  the  middle  of  the  edge  of 
the  upper  eyelids.  In  II.  versicolor  this  blotch  is  almost  always  inter- 
rupted in  the  median  line.  On  the  anterior  half  of  the  back  is  another 
iiirge  blotch,  sending  out  two  branches  anteriorly  and  posteriorly,  and 
one  on  each  side,  the  anterior  pair  sometimes  running  into  the  blotch 
on  the  top  of  the  head.     I'.ehindthis  are  several  other  blotches  of  irreg- 


'  \% 


I        ! 


J 


il 

I' 


f 


.1 


3(1 

The 
iiut 


T(.(nl 

I.rngl 
Widtl 
Luiigt 

liOllgt 

Leiigt 

Th; 
thus  : 
typo 
tlie  m 
Jacks 
life  gi 


Calamii 

Calami  I 

Itana  hi 

Uyla  la 

Niit 

J.  I 

(Itii 

(181 

Byla  r\ 

11!», 

Ilyla  rii 

1 1  Ilia  sen 

llyla  cat 

Jiatr 

J I  eat] 
iiioro  til 
olive-gr 
A  (listir 
lar  linos 
of  the  ti 


372 


liri.LKTIN    Ml,    rXlTKl)    STATKM    NATU»\AI.    MUHKIIM. 


iilar  sliii])(>,  .sotiic  of  tlioiii  coiilliu'iit  with  that  on  tho  Iia<-I<.  'I'hcif  is 
a  nairow  ilarl<  line  oNlcndiii;^'  iVoni  tho  snont  tliron-;])  llic  nostril  to  tin' 
o.yo  along  tho  ('d^c  of  tho  iii>i)or<.',vcli»l,  iinil  piocofding  aliov*!  the  l\iii 
panuni  back  along  the  side  to  th*'  insert ii)n  of  \\w  hinil  iog.  \  socond 
lino  oxtonds  from  tho  lo\vori»iiil  of  tho  c.vo,  itaiallcl  with  the  llrst,  liohtw 
the  t.vnipanntn,  and  ininicdiatcly  abovo  tho  insortion  of  tho  foroarin, 
I'crhaps  it  wonid  be  l)i>lt*-i'  to  say  lliiit  a  broiid  dark  band  ]iassos  from 
tho  oyo  backwards  through  tho  tyinpannni,  inid  ovor  the  insertion  ol' 
tho  foro-arin,  along  tho  sido  (»f  tho  body,  whore  the  lower  edge  is  indis. 
tinot ;  llu^  edges  of  ilie  Itand  are  nineh  tiio  most  promitu'nt.  There  are 
two  or  three  transveise  bars  on  the  lore  arm,  the  thij;li,and  log,  more 
numerous  and  closer  on  the  tarsus  and  hind  feet.  The  anterior  face  of 
the  thigh  is  uniforMi  dull  white;  the  posterit)!,  however,  is  dark  brown, 
with  several  distincr,  nearly  ciicnlar  spots  of  y('llowish-wliito.  Tho 
outer  edge  (»f  the  tarsus  and  hind  foot  is  minutely  punctate  with  grav 
and  brown.  The  sides  of  iliechin  aredotled  with  brown.  The  extreme 
edge  of  the  upper  J  iw  is  sometimes  dark«'i'  than  tho  I'est,  with  a.  slight 
shade  of  lighter  color  al)ove  it,  very  inconspicuous,  however. 


C^^ 


Klii.  HI.   Ihilii  .iriiifriiliH.     N'.),  :i."i!lH      Mlu-ily  (Nullity   (ia. ;   |. 

MiKsKri  nil  ii/s  III'  Xii.  .V.IOS. 

31. 

Lcnjjtli  of  litiiil  anil  lio'ly  .IKI,",") 

I, en;; 111  of  liciiil,  iinlmliii;;   lyiiijiiiiiii Oll.'i 

Width  (if  head,  iiudiidiii';  1\  iiipaiia (ii;i:S 

Lt!ii;;tli  (if  I'livi'.  11  mil  fnnii  axilla (iJd.'i 

Lcii;^t]i  of  ill  lid  liiiili  t'liiMi  >,Moiii  (i,"i() 

Lcii^'lli  of  tiliia iil- 

Lnij^th  of  tarsus (Ill 

Li'ii^jtli  ol  rest  (if  loot dl'i 

Tho  specimen  measured  is  a  little  above  average  si/.e,  which  is  inter- 
modiato  between  the  dimensions  of  the  U.  snuirdUt  ami  II.  rrrxicolof. 
A  very  largo  s|iecimen  in  my  collection  from  Dallas,  Tox.,  inoa.suvoi 
.(I.!*.)'"  in  length  of  head  and  body. 

Ililhi  fi  miiiiili'<  I  •aiidiii. 


Cntiiliii'iic  '  No.  (if 


iiiiiiilii  r 


s|tr< 


l.or.ditv. 


WIOK 

1 

sniiu 

'1 

:iri!iR 

»1 

OIJl'T 

•> 

•ITIS 

'J 

If.  IK 

1 

iiniK 

I 

Kiriliiiiiiii'^li.  (la 

.1(1 

I,ilic'i  1  y  ('(luiily,  (ia 
Ailiiii;(ii|i.  l-'l:i 


V,'";",  rin„,  »licMMnr»iMM'.         N«(Miv,.ls,.,r 

I  iiUi'cti'il.  iiiii'ii. 


I 


Miij.l.  I.c  ("iiliti. Alcoliulii 

n... 

Mill.  .1.  l,cC..iil.' ;  Oo. 

IsTK  (i.  i'.niw  II  (iniido i  I»n. 

Miiaiiiipv,  ri.i  ..   i III. 'r.  II.  r.caii Ilci. 

(i.Hi.si.  (  r.  cU,  S.C 1 Cl I>". 

.Mlapalia.  (la | W.  .1. 'rayliir Do. 

Naslivilliv  (la I  IShd  dn I  Do. 


f 


i 


Jf. 

,o;u"> 

.011.'. 

.iii:i:t 

.(ijd.'i 

.('.■i(j 

.(11- 

jiit 

.(11-) 

>  inter- 
.sicolof. 
L'iisuve  ■■> 


'u 


4 


'nil',    llATUACIIIA    (»!•    NOIMIl    AMI.KICA. 
IIVI.A  M;I,'>ICu|,oU   I..  Ciiitr.' 


;57.'; 


Ihllii  nr^iri'liii-  .1.  LrCoiilr,  Ann.  N.  ^  .  I.\  c,  I  (,  I  *•.'.'>),•.'-' I  ;  I  hill. in.  .Iiimn.  A<-.  Nut.  Sf\., 

riiila.  V  (I-"-'" ),  :H:i;  Mi-il.  a  i'li.ss.  liiN.  (l-:!.'.),  li'f^;   lliillniinU,  N.  A r.   IhTp., 

1st  111.,  1  (l-^ltC),  101,  XVII,  iinil  '-M  I'll.,  IV  (l-i|\i\,  ll.'i,  xwiii;  Slnn-i-,  li.-ptil. 
M.iss.  (l-lllt), -'II ;  Diiiii.  A  Milir.,  L'.iii.  ti.  n..  viii  ("Hin;  !)<•  Kiiy,  N.  V. /im.1.,  ill, 
l.'iplil.O'^l-).  'I.XX'.  <in.  ."lilA;  'rii'iiii|.scin,  Nal  Hist.  Vl.  (Isl-.M,  l'-'',';  liiinlhtT, 
(Mt.   It:ili'.  Sill.  Iliit.  Mum.,  HiH,  p.  id;!;   IJiiulciii,'.  r,  /.  .   ,  id.  •.»,  \-'-^i,  p.  ;!T-.'. 

Ihiidi'iliiiit'i  rirsir(>li>r'l'Ht\[i\i\\,  I'jlriifliiii,  p.  T.'>. 

//_(//.(  ii<liill-(li  I'.llilll,  ritiifctl.  Ar.   I'llilil.,   IS'il,  1>.  ("ill  (yolin;;). 

^0H;,  — Ill/Ill  nrniroxii  l)anil.,  Hint.  Itiiin.  (ircii.  Crap.,  :i;i,  I'l.  iv,  is  fctVrrcil  to 
tliiH  Npt'cifH  liy  iMiiii,  iV.  Itilir,  Tin'  ili'scriiiilnii,  ImwrviT,  applicn  ciiiially 
wi'll  to  Hfvcriil  sjifcii's,  ami  in  Ncvi-rai  piiiiit.sdjUii.sciitiirly  l'n>iii  //.  nrMimloi: 
Till'  locality  "f  //.  nrniiiisa  is  iinkiiowii. 

1/,,/,.. — I'.iuly  stout,  and  cliim.sy.  Head  .slioil,  niiirli  hroadci'  than  hm^'; 
limli.s  .slidit.  ( )iitlim)  of  lower  Jaw  nearly  scniiciiciilar  ;  ol  iipiter,  .soiiio- 
what  anynlated.  Tympanum  rather  laif^e,  aliuiit  one  half  tlie  dhiiiieter 
of  eye;  a  iiio(h'rato  lohl  of  skin  ahove  it.  'i'on;^ne  lar{,'e,  nearly  orl)i<',ii- 
|;ir;  notched  Itehiiid,  where  it  is  tree  for  half  its  leiijilh.  Numeriiie  teeth 
ill  two  transversely  linear  jtatehes,  exteiidin;;  between  the  posterior 
iiaies,  withasli;;ht  interval  l»etwt'eii  them,  soiiu'times  .seairely  .separat- 
in;;  into  two  parts.     I'^yes  larj;«',  protuberant. 

The  Ita.ses  of  the  vomerine  protidteranees  are  in  a  line  with  the  <'en- 
teis  (if  tlie  iiares;  tht^  posleii(U'  ed;;'e  (»f  tlu^  teeth  Ihetiisi-hes  a  little  he- 
hind  th(^  i)osterior  mai'iL;in  of  the  nares.  Eustachian  aperliires  larj^er 
than  the  inner  narc.s.     No  papilla  hchind  the  exteinul  nares. 

Anterior  limbs  short,  stout ;  fin<;ers  broad,  dilated  into  broad  disks; 
that  on  thinl  tiii<,aM'  nearly  (Mpial  to  the  tyiiipaiium  in  diameter. 

The  web  is  more  extended  than  in  other  species  in  the  I'liiled  States, 
ill  a  female  specimen  loaviii}»  the  two  last  Joints  only  free.  TImmUsU 
of  the  inner  liiif;er  is  smaller  than  the  rest.  Tiiiia  reaiihiiij;  halfway 
from  the  anus  to  the  eye;  longer  than  the  hind  feet,  and  equal  to  the 
arm  from  elbow.  The  heel  of  the  extended  hind  lei;'  reaches  only  to 
the  posterior  ed;;e  of  the  orbit.  Tiie  third  and  fifth  toes  ar(^  nearlj 
i'(pial  in  lenj,'th ;  the  disks  of  the  second  and  lirst  are  less  developed 
than  the  rest. 

In  hind  feet  the  membrane  extends  in  a  nariow  iiiar;:in  all  the  way 
to  the  disks ;  membrane  cut  out  alony  the  two  last  Joints  of  the  lon^^est 
toe  and  ol"  the  others  alouj;  the  inner  edj;(',  altliouj;h  specamens  vary 
ill  the  amount  of  this  excision.  All  the  fiiijicrs  and  toes  are  much 
(lejue.ssed,  and  exhibit  the  Ilyla  character  more  than  the  other  Ameri- 
can species. 

Tlio  entire  animal  is  warty,  or  covered  with  coarse  tuliercles,  with 
liner  intermixed,  except  on  the  ref^ion  <tf  the  loins  and  anterior  and 
posterior  faces  of  tla^  thij;hs.  Ileneath,  with  distinct  .granules  in  a 
prominent  and  well  (lernied  pavemciit  ;  less  conspicuous  on  the  throsit, 
neck,  and  palms.  Tlu're  is  a  very  distinct  and  proinineiil  fold  of  skin 
across  the  breast.  Thi^  color  is  very  variable  with  dilVt-rent  specimens 
iind  circnin.stances.     Above  ashfjray,   white,  or  brown.     Above  each 


(It 


•    t 


■  I'hil.'lil. 


|?!l 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


^O 

//%i** 


^ 


1.0 


I.I 


150   ^^^     RI^^B 

■^  U£    12.2 


L25  114   11.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  S^KgET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MS80 

(716)  872-4503 


'^^ 


\ 


SJ 


<^ 


4!S  >^    <^K\ 


^^     4#S^  ^ 


t^ 


374 


lUTLLirrix  v,\,  tiivrrRD  statks  national  museum. 


oyc  is  ill!  c'lon.n'iited  blotcli  of  diirk  brown,  passiiij^  obliquely  backwards 
towards  its  fellow,  k-avin-j:  a  space*  between  and  I'orinin^'  an  interrupted 
V.  i'osterior  to  these  and  in  tlie  anterior  portion  of  tlio  back  is  a 
single  very  large  blotch,  snbcruciforni  in  shape,  from  sending  out  a 
bran(;h  on  each  side  towards  the  ey(>,  more,  or  less  i)arallel  with  the 
blotc^hes  tirst  inenlioned.  The  i)osierior  corners  are  also  obliquely 
elongated  to  a  greater  or  less  extent.  Iinniediately  behind  the  large 
blotch  may  be  usually  traced  two  others,  which  arc  elongated,  and 
extend  obli(piely  to  the  sides  of  tlio  body  in  a  direction  generally  par- 
allel with  the  outer  edges  of  the  dorsal  blotch.  A  dusky,  indistinct 
bar  extends  from  the  eye  along  the  upper  edge  of  the  face  through 
the  nostril  to  the  tij)  of  the  snout,  and  the  edge  of  the  upper  jaw  is 
more  or  less  marbled  with  the  ground  colors.  A  conspicuous  spot  of 
light  gray  (with  dark  border)  is  always  visible  among  other  markings 
beneath  the  i)osterior  half  of  the  eye  nnd  on  the  i)osterior  portion  of 
the  U]>per  Jaw;  it  is  a  little  in  advan(;e of  the  tympanum  and  some- 
what longer.  A  dusky,  indistiut^t  mottled  band  passes  from  the  eye 
backwards  through  the  tympanum  along  the  side  of  the  body,  dark- 
est along  the  undulating  upi)er  edge,  where  it  is  nuirgined  sonu^times 
by  yellowish-white.  The  fore-arm  has  two  transverse  dark  bands;  the 
thigh,  leg,  and  tarsus  each  the  same  number.  All  the  surfaces  of 
limbs  concealed  when  tlexed  are  vermiiMilaled  with  brown  on  a  yellow- 
ish ground,  the:  light  intervals  angular,  even  on  the  inside  of  tibia  and 
foot.  The  anfeiior  and  posterio-  'aces  of  the  thigh  and  leg  are  yellow, 
sharply  and  jiarrowly  marbled  v,  ;th  bn  \  n.  Ueneath  yellowish-white. 
i\rales,  in  sjjring,  with  the  gular  sac,  mixed  ash,  brown,  and  white. 

Specimen  described  fiom  (Jrosse  Isle,  IMich. 

The  females  dill'cr  mainly  in  the  smaller  tympani. 

In  other  specimens,  fioin  ('arlisle,  Pa.,  there  is  evident  a  constant 
dark  spot  on  the  side  of  the  upper  Jaw  and  bf  neath  the  anterior  half  of 
the  eye,  the  light  spot  already  described  being  situated  between  it  and 
a  narrow  dark  line  in  front  of  the  tympainun.  Sometimes  the  entire 
back,  l>y  the  conlluenise  of  the  blotches  described,  is  occupied  by  a  large 
mottled  cross,  the  anterior  fork  very  short.  The  anterior  face  of  the 
arm  is  blotched  with  dark;  the  posterior  marbled  like  the  thigh.  Some- 
ti'i'.'S  the  blot(;hes  are  more  or  less  obsolete;  at  others  they  are  reduced 
in  size,  althouj;!!  usually  ci  iicifcuin  in  their  arrangement.  The  color  of 
the  back  is  sometimes  grass-green,  with  (he  dark  blotches,  which  vary 
in  extent. 

In  the  southern  and  western  specimens  there  is  a  tendency  to  a  re- 
placing of  the  brown  leticulation  on  the  yellow  ground  of  the  jjosterior 
lace  of  the  thighs  by  a  nuinbei'  of  snbcirculai'  golden  spots  in  the  brown 
ground,  as  in  the  Il./cmotudis,  although  northern  specinuins  sometimes 
show  traces  of  it.  This  is  very  evid  'ut  in  specinuMis  from  Prairie  Mer 
Ilonge  and  Tangipahoa  Itiver,  Loui.-suimi,  and  I)alla>'  Tex.  As  ix  gen- 
eral rule,  too,  the  ])ortions  of  the  limbs  concealed,  or  in  contact  with 
each  other  when  Hexed,  are  in  norlhern  apecainens  more  fully  nmrblcd 


*  ;    i 


r 


r 


I 


F. 


THE    I'.ATUACHIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


375 


with  yellow  ami  brown,  even  eoveiing  tlio  whole  inuer  face  of  the  tibia, 
and  the  light  interspaces  more  or  less  angular,  while  in  the  Smilisca 
hauiUnil  and  the  southern  and  western  specimens  of  II,  vcnicolor  the 
amount  of  marbling  is  less,  and  the  interspaces  are  often  reduced  to  small 
circular  spots.  I  have,  however,  been  unable  to  characterize  them  as 
more  than  a  variety,  to  which  I  Imve  given  the  name  ot  II.  v.  chryso- 
sccJis.* 

A  single  specimen  of  a  strongly  marked  variety  of  this  species  was 
sent  to  the  National  ^Inseum  from  Mount  Carmel,  111.,  by  Lucieii  M.  Tur- 
ner (Xo.  12074).  It  is  smaller,  having  the  average  dimensions  of  IF./em- 
(iralis.  The  color  is  a  darlc  brown,  with  three  rows  of  large  approximated 
darlicr  brown  spots.  The  groin  and  concealed  faces  of  the  thigh  are 
yt'llowish-brown,  with  a  very  scanty  speckling  of  darker  brown,  very 
(lill'erent  from  the  usual  coarse  netted  pattern.  At  first  sight  one  sus- 
jjccts  this  to  be  a  specimen  of //»//a /ewjorrtZ/s,  but  it  possesses  all  the 
essential  characters  of  the  integunuMit  and  feet  of  the  I[.  versicolor,  as 
pointed  out  in  tiie  analyticil  table  of  the  genus,  including  also  the  light 
spot  under  the  eye.    It  may  be  called  J[.  v.  ph(vocrypta. 


k 


Kid.  ll.'i.    Iliild  rer/>icnliir.    No.  1  l.".l.    Itorlipslrr.  ^f.  V. 


Mtaniirtiiunln  of  Xo.  'M't'M't.  jjf. 

l,"i)};11i  of  lioiid  iiiul  liddy O'M 

l.i'ii^tli  of  lii'ikil,  iii('lii(Uii<;  tyiDpiUiii OIG 

Width  of  licjid,  iiu'liidiii^  tyiiiiiaiiii 021;? 

l,t'ii;;tli  <if  foro  Ictr  I'll  nil  iiNillii 034 

liC'iij^lli  of  liiiid  Icj;  from  prroiii 0,sl3 

r<ciij;lli  of  til)iii 02() 

1. I'll  Mill  ol'tiirsu.s 0155 

I,i'iii;tli  of  ri'st  of  liiiid  foot. 0215 

Tiie  Ifi/ln  rrrsimlor  is  "  the  tree  frog,"  par  excellence,  of  the  eastern 
and  northern  I'nited  States.  It  is  common,  and  in  some  places  abun- 
dant. l(s  voice  is  a  loud,  coarse,  resonant  trill,  uttered  with  a  uiiii'orm 
pitcii,  and  continued  for  two  or  tliree  seconds.  It  is  heard  about  bodies 
of  water  in  the.  spring,  when  the  sexes  are  depositing  and  fertilizing 
the  eggs.  Later  in  tlie  Si  son  it  i»n)ceeds  from  fences,  hedgerows,  and 
orchards,  as  well  as  IVoni  the  forest,  often  at  no  great  elevation  above 
tlie  ground.  They  are  especially  noisy  towards  <'vening  after  a  rain; 
but  tliey  may  be  lieard  at  any  tinu^  during  dark  and  drizzly  days.  Tlioy 
are  susceptible  of  some  doinesti(!ation.    JMr.  Jacob  Geismar  tells  me 

•  Itiillctin  r.  S.  Natioiiiil  MiiHtMun,  No.  20,  18.-<0,  ]).  2I\ 


\i 


I  , 


\  i 


'\ 


I  , 


,; 

A 

1 

■■  '■;  ,j 

.  5 

m 

■  «■ 

^ '  I 

,t 

■  r 

.l 


•1 


t- 
J'- 


i] 


" 


i 


i 


'  I 


~i 


37(5  lUJLLETlN    -M,    U.MTEO    STATES    NATIONAL,    MUSEUM. 

tbat  lie  koi)t  ii  miinber  of  them  in  ii  viviirium  near  ii  window.  Both 
were  lelt  opi'ii  duriiij;'  part  of  tlie  day,  and  the  Hyla'  wouhl  leave  the 
Louse  and  e.stablisli  tlieiiuselves  on  the  trees  in  the  orchard,  where  their 
voices  were  heard  throughout  the  evening.  During  the  night  they 
woidd  return  to  the  house,  and  would  appear  in  their  usual  place  in  the 
vivariiun  in  the  morning. 

Their  eggs  arc  laid  in  small  packets  on  blades  of  gra.ss,  slender 
sticks,  etc.,  in  shallow  ponds  and  pools.  The  metamorphosis  takes 
place  while  yet  small,  the  young  exceeding  only  a  little  those  of  the 
northern  toad,  riifi)  Icntitiinosus  amcricanus.  Some  of  the  larval  stages 
are  represented  on  Plate  7tf,  (igs.  L*;5-<l. 

Th(^  Jlyhi  versicolor  was  named  as  an  expression  of  its  striking  power 
of  metachrosis.  It  readily  takes  the  color  of  the  object  on  which  it  rests, 
thus  concealing  itself  successfully.  Its  colors  vary  from  a  deep  brown 
to  gray,  and  nearly  white  to  bright  green.  The  change  of  color  is  not 
rapidly  accomplished.  The  favorite  color  is  gray,  which  is  identical 
with  that  of  the  lichens  of  the  trees  which  it  irdiabits.  Professor  Ver- 
rill  records  this  species  as  being  found  at  Norway,  Me.,  the  most  east 
ern  locality  known  to  mc. 

Jlyla  rcrsirolor  Ja\  Conto, 
KKSKUVK  SERIES. 


( 

atiilosjiii' 
iiiuiilior. 

Xo.  of 

Loi'iility. 

Vlicn 
cull.ctoil. 

From  wlioiii  n^coivoil. 

Xiitiirr  of 

illlrll. 

Alroliolio. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
DO. 

spriv 

3(i37 
3ii;i5 

;t(i;i'j 
:!iM:i 

3IU2 

;tti-.;,s 
3ii;i.'< 

4H02 
4ti3I 

3043 
36-.'(i 
3041 

3i;;i4 

30;(2 
5!».">7 
30:!0 
3027 

51117 

3nsi) 

4.''>57 
3005 
3071) 

acfia 

4.'>55 
3007 
3071 
4fM4 
3(i7!» 
300(1 

■  aoflx 
nioi 
oir)7 

8«01 
KKOO 

ti4r4 

1M:i4 

7Mn 

0071 
S.ICO 

:ion4 

!)'JH7 

8 

1 
1 

1 

1 
1) 
1 

;i 

1 
1 
») 

•» 

o 

I 

0 

1 
1 
1 

1 

;i 

3 
1 

1 
1 
1 
t 
2 
1 
*j 

1 

1 
1 
2 
1 
1 
0 
1 
1 
1 
4 

Prairir  Mei'  Roiiiri^  T-n. 

Aiiilcrsoii,  S.(J 

Krinpi'i-  ('(miily,  MIhs  .. 

.\nii  .\i  lioi-.  .Midi 

Cliissr  Isle,  Micli    

Miss  ('.  I'aiiio 

I).(!.  I.loN.l 

I'lof.  S.  F.  Ualnl 

Utv.C.  Kox 

liiU'illC.  Wis 

Dr.  r.  K.  Ilov 

Cnliiinlms.  Ohio    

I'rof.  I*.  I.csiMU'rciix 

(iircii  I'l:iiiirt,  N.(" 

(!.  F.  Mooin 

Dr.  W.  A.  IlaiiiinoiKl,  U. 
S.  A. 

Moniit  Ilollv,  X.J 

Eiilaw,  .\!;i". 

Winlpoii.  X.  V 

Xi'vv  l'.rilMiili"l.s,  'I'cw     .. 
.Aiix  riaiiicM  Uiviir,  III.. 

I'rof.  .\.  Wiiuliell 

I'rof.  S.  K  Hiiiiil 

E.  IjiiKlliciiiicr 

(-,11  lis!,.,  V:i 

WiishiiiL'toii,  D.  (;     

Soutli  ('at'oliiiii  

I'lof.  S.  RlSaircl 

do 

,T.  L  ItiidKcr               

M;iv\  laiiil 

(J.  IS,  Adiuiis          

('.  Wiiyht 

MtihlvilJi-,  I'a 

/.  F.  TlilcklHtiiii 

U.  Kciiniiiolt 

Soiillicin  Illinois 

Wnsllillir|ii||,  ]).(;    

.Siiiiit,  I.oiiis.  Mo    

West  I'liila.lrlpliiii,  I'll   . 
Siiiiil  CiitlicriiM',  (ill     . . 

Xorlli  KimI  Kivci   

ii'iitclii'/,  Miss 

IJoaii  ('(iiiiily,   I'cliu 

Xc'W  Oili'iiMs.  T.ii 

(iiililslpiiniiiyli,  .\.  C    

'.'.'.'.'...'...'... 

Dr.  O.  Eii;;c1miiiiiii 

W.S.Wood 

Dr.  D.  W.  IJcndl." 

It.  Kcllllicnil 

Col.  H.  (;.!-.  Waihs 

I'rofi'SMor  Mitcliill 

Siiiiit  Cliarlus  Colli'^ii. .. 

Tiiii.:l]ialioa  iliviT,  I.ii  . . 

riailiiiinc  Vi ly,  Tciiii. 

Mi'inphis,  'I'l'iin   

Aii«._,  l(^7.^ 

Froil.  Matliio- 

.T.N.  11.  S.iirltoioiiiili  ... 
Dr. .loliri  N.  Woodwortli 

(icori;!'  SlioiMiiiikcr 

Dr.  K.  ("ouch,  1'.  S.  A  .... 
.r.  W.  Mihier 

roloniac,  Klvcr,  1).  0 

Wiisliitii;toii,  D.  (; 

(ioIdshoidiiL'li,  X.C 

Soiilliiiii    Ijliil'iis 

.Moiiiil  llollv,  .\..l  

I'rof.  .S.  F.  Itaird 

Wi'sloyiiii  ITiiivcrsily... 

Sprj  ii;,'llt.l(l,' Aliiss 

1871 

V         i 


T' 


r. 


THE    RATRACHIA    OF    NORTH    AMKKICA. 

Ill/Id  rrrxiculor  hv  (Joiito — Coiitiniicil. 
(jKNKUAL  SKUIKS. 


377 


(!ii(;il(p;;ili'  ;  Nil.  iil' 
iiiiinlii'i'.   I    s|i('<', 


Locality. 


Wli.ii 
coUvcteO. 


r.iL'o 

. 

4.Vil 

1       1 

•iriHd 

3 

4.™ 

R 

;itioj 

1 

3«s:i 

1 

3(lli8 

1 

3(i."iS 

1 

30X1 

*>             1 

3(i«2 

1 

3247 

1 

32iM 

<l 

94:il 

I 

o'lo; 

3 

0;)!I4 

'J 

027ri 

3 

iiri.Ti 

1 

]  1 IWI 

1 

IIH'JH 

3 

34.13 

1 

12,")71 

1 

11. -117 

1 

1'J(I7« 

3 

7iir,2 

o 

3(i:ti 

14 

•VJim 

1 

1U74 

•1 

1 

13.12fi 

') 

1 1.V.'l 

i 

)  irr.'2 

•) 

IJ'74 

I 

47;il 

1 

Alalinnia 

(iniiiil  (/'iitt^aii,  La 

Ni'w  Orli'aiiH  Academy, 
La. 

r«ail  llivor,  Miss 

j  Ciiok  County,  111 

AiidcrNon,  SO 

Dll  (JlU'HIltl,  III 

SiiinincTvillo,  S.  C 

Sali'iii,  N.  C 

I'nioii  Comity,  Wis 

Saint  LouiH,  Mo 

(^'oliinibiiH,  (la 

C) 

Simtliorn  Slates 

Lilirrty  County,  Oa  ... 

Viij;inia        

liaraboo,  AVis 

(!) 

Olil  KoiKNililt,  Cal 

Splint  LouiH,  Mo    

\Villiiu;;lil)V  I'oint,  Va. 

(?) ■ .. 

Mount  Canncl,  III 

(iiio.so  (Jri'ck,  S.  (J 

(!oiik  (loiinly,  111 

(iranilCotenii,  La 

(tlncy.  Ill 


Wa.sliin^tton,  I).  (! 
(iiiiiii'svilli',  Tox  .. 

<lo 

MiMint  (.'arnicl.  Ill 
Wa.sliiri^tiin,  1).  (^ 


From  H  liom  rrccived. 


Xaturi'iit'siicci. 
nun. 


W.  M.  Stowait 
Ciiarli'S  Colo... 


Miss  n<>Ion  TunniHon 

U.  Kcnnii'ott 

Mrs.  M.C.  Daniel 

K.  Kennieott 

.I.e.  McNiiir 

J.  'r.  Lini'bai'k 

1)1.1*.  IMloy 

W.S.Wood 

l)r.  tii'.siier 


1871 

1880 


Ma.j.  .1.  Ln  Coiito 

L.  Slono 

.I.W.  Wood   

(?) 

l)f.  !•;.  I'aluMT 

l)i'.  (ii'oiuo  Kn^clmann 

Karll  it  Mc'ltonald 

(?) 

Liiciin  M.  Tunit'i' 

(?) 

IJ.  Ki'nniiiitt 

Saint  Cliailcs  Cidlcyo. ., 
.Iiilin  and  ('lias.  Walker 


.    . . . .  i  (leor^e  Slioemakev, 

IW)!  (I.  II.  KaKsdaUi 

188j  [ do 

i   L.  M.  'I'liiner , 

:  M(';;atlieiMim 


Alroliolic. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
]>o. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

1)0. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


HVI.A  (iKATIOSA  l,o  Coiitc. 
(PIiUo40,  fij;.  0;  7Q,  lij;.  10.) 

rioc(M<(i.  Ac.  riiiiii.,  iM.-.f>,  ]).  iia 

TIlis  is  llic.  livifjost  Ihiii  of  tlio  Noaretit;  realm.     It  (toiifoniis  in  sliapo 
to  (ho  typical  forms  of  the.  ptt'iins,  as  tlu^  J[.  versicolor,  11.  mnrmoraUi, 
etc.;  but  it  (lilfcrs  from  other  known  si)ccics  in  one  marked  peculiarity: 
The  i>ee,uliar  glandular  areolatioii  of  the  iiitogunient  of  the  belly  in  all 
IIyli(be  is  here  seen  on  the  dorsal  region  also.    On  this  account  T  pro- 
])osed  the  reference  of  the  If.  (fratlom  to  another  genus,  which  T  called 
Mpedaplius.     It  remains  to  be  seen  whether  this  course  i.s  defensible  or 
not. 
The  general  characteristics  of  this  species  art?  as  follows: 
Web  between  outer  fingers  extending  to  end  of  jiroximal  phalange 
Plead  short,  elevated.     Tympanum  half  to  two-thirds  eye.     Integument 
of  upi)er  surfaces  with  aieolations  similar  to  tho.sc  of  the  abdomen. 
Toes  webbed  to  base  of  penultimate  phalange.     Femora  iinicolor  ])os- 
teriorly.    Upper  lip  narrowly  dark  edged,  with  u  white  line  above  the 


■■  3: 


nm 


V 

'1 

1 

:U 

?'^ 

\ 

■  1    f 

■  W 

■\ 


.... 

^  sn 

V-l 

W 

'1 

w 


\'\\ 


m 


I, 


m 


m 


m 


378 


r.ULLi-ynN  ;ii,  tnited  states  national  museum. 


border,  soinctiint's  coiitiiiucd  as  a  liitonil  stripe.  iVbovc  imrplislia.sli, 
with  imiiK'roii.s  daik  spots,  iiiul  olteii  sparisc  jellow  ones;  side  often 
reticulated  with  yellow;  tarsus  and  antebracbium  bordered  with  spots 
of  the  same. 

The  liead  is  shoit,  obtuse,  elevated,  the  muzzle  slightly  iiromineiit 
above  the  labial  border,  and  sloi)inf>'  gently  to  the  nearly  plane  front. 
Canthus  lostralis  obtuse;  loreal  region  oblique.  Vomerine  teeth  in  two 
transverse  contiguous  fasciculi  entirely  between  the  inner  nares.  A 
dermal  fold  over  the  tyjnpanuni  and  olie  a(!ross  the  pectoral  region. 
Vocal  sac  well  developed.  Hand  large,  as  are  all  the  terminal  dilata- 
tions. The  anterior  are  two  fhii'ds  the  (liameter  of  the  membranuni 
tynipani,  and  the  i)osterior  are  a  litth;  smaller  The  tympanum  is  very 
distinct,  perfectly  round,  and  with  the  diameter  two-thirds  that  of  the 
eye.    The  eye  is  rather  small. 

The  cuneiform  bone  of  the  metatarsus  is  unusually  jtrominent  and 
the  tarsal  fold  distinct  and  infolded.  The  labial  border  marks  the  mid- 
dle, of  the  antebrachium  of  tli<^  ('xtended  fore  limb  and  the  last  third  of 
the  tarsus  of  the  posteiior. 

The  heel  of  the  extemled  hind  leg  marks  either  the  middle  or  front  of 
the  orbit. 

The  breadth  of  the  <!raninm  is  contained  two  and  two  thirds  times  in 
the  total  length,  and  llie  lenglh  three  and  a  half  times.  The  length  of 
the  til»ia  enters  the  siime  two  and  one  third  times.  The  o.  o.  prefrontalia 
are  not  very  widely  separated  anteriorly,  nor  are  they  produced  beyond 
the  line  of  the  nostrils,  and  their  inner  anterior  borders  are  nearly  par- 
allel ;  but  they  diverge  almost  ti'ansversely,  and  be(!ome  regularly  nar- 
rower posteriorly.  The  form  of  the  xii»histernum  is  tlaturceolate;  the 
proximal  margin  truncate,  and  the  distal  convexity  interrupted  by  a 
deep  rounded  emargination. 

The  dark  spots  which  cover  all  the  upper  surfaces  may  be  absent,  or 
so  small  as  to  give  a  speckled  ])attern,  or  so  large  as  to  ])resent  a  reticu- 
lation of  the  ground.  The  \  cry  narrow  labial  stripe  may  be  continued  into 
a  band  or  coaise  yellow  reticulations  on  the  side.  The  groin  and  lower 
surfaces  are  yellow,  except  the  gular  region,  which  is  purplishash,  with 
or  without  a  laige  subtriangular  yellow  mental  area.  The  lind)s  all 
dark  banded,  the  tibia  bluish  on  the  outer  side;  the  femur  uniform  yel- 
low posteriorly. 

The  young  of  this  six'cies  resemble  the  IF.  NquireUa ;  but  the  shorter 
heavier  head  and  muzzle,  and  more  obtuse  (vinthus  rostralis,  the  traces 
of  areolation  on  the  dorsal  skiti,  and  the  yellow  borders  of  the  ante- 
brachium and  tarsus  distinguisii  it.  Specimens  an  inch  and  a  <piarter 
in  length  have  not  yet  developed  the  dark  cross-bands  of  the  extremi- 
ties; in  many  of  an  inch,  dorsal  sjjots  are  invisible,  and  the  areolations 
have  not  apiieared.  As  is  always  the  case  with  young  frogs,  the  ex- 
tremities are  relatively  longer. 

This  beautiful  species  readily  changes  its  color  from  green  to  brown- 
ish, according  to  Le  <,'ont(\     Its  range  is  restricted  to  Florida  and  ad- 


=»^T^1B 


P 


THE   15ATRACIIIA    OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


379 


jiicoiit  parts  of  (icorgiii.    A  specimen  from  Gcorgiana,  Fla.,  is  of  a  uni- 
I'oriu  greeu  above,  and  resembles  a  very  large  H.  sqicirella  iu  color. 


Fid.  Ofi.  ITiiln  gmtinm.    No.  3r)S4.    Ooorgiii,  O.B.  Adams;  }. 

MmsnremcntH.  Jf. 

From  011(1  of  iniizzlc  to  cant hiis  oris 017 

From  end  of  iiinz/.l(!  to  vent 0(!1 

IiOii;j;th  of  licad,  iii('Iiiilii)<;  tympana 018 

Width  of  head,  in('liidin<j  tympana 024 

Width  of  Hacral  di apophyses 013 

L('iii;th  of  fon^  lirnh  from  axilla 0l?l)5 

licnfitli  of  liind  linih  from  <;roin 08() 

Lcn^'th  of  (il.ia 027 

liiMi^lli  of  tarsus OU! 

Loiif^th  of  ri'st  of  foot 027 

/////((  ijrationa  Lo  Conto. 
KESEIIVK  SERIK.S. 


("atalii^Mio 

N.).  of 

IMIIIlllI'V. 

spt'(\ 

lifiT.'i 

.1 

•174i 

in 

•Mini 

( 

:i'.;8t 

1 

1 

Locality. 


When 
nolluctud. 


From  whom  roctsivcd. 


Nature,  of  spoc- 
inicii. 


Saint  An>;iistiii(',  l'"hi E.U. Smith Alooholic. 

Miiaiiiipy.  Kla Dr.  T.  II.  licaii Do. 

l!iii'lMiniii;;h,  (ia Ma.j.  .1.  I,i' Coiito Do, 

(icoi'nia (I.ii.Adams Do. 

(icorKiaiia,  Khi i W.  Wittoincno ,        Do. 


SMILISCA  Cope. 

Copo  Proccod.  Ac.  Pliila.,  IRd'),  p.  I'.M ;  Journ.  Ac.  IMiiia.  (2).  vi,  IHfiO,  p.  8.'). 
An-nihilcii  Copi^,  Niit.  lli.st.  Rev.,  IHtin,  p.  101). 

Hut  one  si)ecies  of  this  gemis  is  known.  Ft  is  characteristic  of  the 
Mcxiciin  region  of  tlie  Nearctic  realm,  bnt  is  found  rather  commonly 
Willi  ill  our  borders  in  Texas. 

SMILISCA  BAUDINII  D.  &  B. 

(Plato  72,  fig.  16.) 

//)//((  iKiiidniii  Dam  &  Blbr.,  Erp.  (.i6n.,  viii,  p.  r>()4 ;  Bonlcnj^cr  Cat.  Barr.  Sal.  Brit. 

Miis.,cd.  II,  1H82,  p.  :?71. 
llillti  raiirlhtii  Baird,   Proceed.  Ac.  Phila.,  IH,")4,  p.  (11. 
Hula  muricolor  Cope,  /.  <:,  18f)2,  ]>.  :$iV.). 

Ifjila  pansonfina  Biocclii,  Mis.s.  Sci.  Mcxi(iiio  Batrachus,  p.  12.%;  teste  Boaleii>?er. 
Smilwcti  daitHiiia  Cope,  Proceed.  Ac.  Phila.,  180.%,  p.  11)4. 


-Ill 


.::>! 

il 

■'.! 

t 

I 

f 
1 

~'\ 

ii. 


;?j 


iii 


380  BULLETIN   31,    UNITED    STATES   NATIONAL    MUSEUM 

iSoinewIiiit  similar  in  gencriU  iippeaninco  and  markings  to  //.  versicolor, 
although  more  .sleiulcr,  iiiuch  .sinoothci',  iind  limb.s  nioro  elongated.  It 
is  one  of  the  larger  s[)ecies. 

The  tynipannni  is  very  large  and  distinct,  nearly  equaling  the  eye  in 
diameter,  and  having  a  slight  fold  of  skin  above  it-  The  head  is  nar- 
rower, more  ])ointed,  and  more  deeply  cleft  than  in  Jt.  versicolor;  tho 
snout  in  front  of  the  eyes  longer.  The  tongue  is  subovate,  less  free 
behind  than  in  //.  verfiicnlor,  aiul  scarcely  notched.  The  posterior  iiares 
are  larger  and  nearer  together;  they  are  larger  than  rhc  Eustachian 
apertures,  which  are  rather  linear;  the  patches  of  teeth  are  very  small. 
The  skin  above  is  nearly  smooth,  little  less  so  than  in  large  specimens 
of  Ifj/la  caroUiicnsis.  IJcneath,  however,  the  graiuilation  is  much  as  in 
II.  versicolor.  The  webbing  of  tho  feet  is  much  as  in  11.  versicolor;  heel 
to  nares  and  eiul  of  muzzle. 

Above,  ash-gray.  A  rather  broad  dark  bar  passes  backwards  and 
inwards  from  above  each  eye,  the  two  meeting  in  the  mid<lle.  liehind 
this  is  an  irregular  cross,  with  broad  branches,  forming  acute  angles 
before  and  b(!hind,  the  anterior  extremities  shorter  and  running  into 
the  obtuse  V-shaped  bar  between  the  eyes.  Two  blotches  behind  the 
extremities  of  the  posterior  branches,  as  described  in  //.  versicolor,  and 
often  conlhu'iit  with  them.  The  thighs  and  legs  are  each  barred  trans- 
versely with  three  bands;  those  on  the  hind  leet  are  iu)t  distln(!lly  to 
bo  made  out.  On  the  upper  jaw  there  is  a  distinct  grayish-white  spot 
under  the  posterior  half  of  the  eye  about  the  si/e  of  the  tympanum, 
r.ehind  the  tympanum,  and  extending  on  the  base  of  tho  arm  above, 
is  also  a  white  blotch.  The  sides  arc  yellowish-white,  vernn'cnlated 
sparsely  with  black,  which  color  is  concentrated  on  and  under  the 
s(!apular  folds,  so  as  to  form  a  very  conspicuous  black  spot.  The  jws 
terior  faeces  of  the  thigh  brown,  with  yellowish-wliito  spots,  not  vermic- 
ulated,  as  in  the  northern  specimens  of  IF.  versicolor.  Whole  lower 
surface  dull  white. 

Agrees  with  //.  arcnicolor  (Sonora)  in  length  of  hind  limbs  and  smaller 
fore-arm,  but  dilfers  in  being  nuuih  smoother  and  larger;  in  the  sub- 
cru<!if(U'm  dorsal  blotch  ;  black  spot  over  fore-arm  ;  vermiculated  or  re- 
ticulated thighs  and  side,  still  larger  tympanum,  etc. 


Inches. 

Total  lonf!;tli  "Jl  L(i(i 

llead,  loii^rth 7,1  ,  ;u 

Head,  widtli 1»     .  :!r 

Fore  iiriii  iiiul  liiiiul  from  olliow..    \i     .  aO 
Thi^'h I'Ji  .r,i 


InduK. 

Lc-; m  ,r,',> 

Tiir.sus 7i  .  :!l 

Hind  foiif. 10  .41 

Total  liiiul  Icij 40  \A\\ 


z 


Till':    ItATUACIlIA    OF    NOK'TII    AMEKICA. 

NcKictic  Jocdliliin. 


Ciiliili'iiiii'   No.  of 

llllMlllll.        s|l(Mt 


Loi'iililv. 


Wli.n 
collcc'tud. 


I'lDiii  wImhii  ircciviil. 


1      KniwiiHviilo,  Ti'X I  '  C'lipt.  Stcwiii  I  V:iii  Vliit 

1      MiMilli  of  Uiotiiiliiilr  ...    I.  II.  riaik 

,:)  1      llcldtcs, 'I't^x ! (i.  \V.  SIimihhU , 


381 


Naliiiv  of 
spi'iiiiii'ii. 


,,. 


Neolropiral  loraVtliex. 


1      MiiadiH,  Vera  ('riii!. ., 
\i      Ol  i/.al(il,  K:ist  M(^xi('0  , 


I  1)1-.  C.  Karloriiis  ... 

V.  Suiiiiclii-.iMt 

1   j  (iiiail.iliixiini,  WcHi  Mcx  j T.  T.  Majiii- 

1   '  Cciliina,  WrsI,  Mo.siro  .. .  i ,  iloliii  Xanlii>< 

1      OiiK.a,  lliiiiiliiiaH '  Dr.  .r.  L.  I.cC.iMto 

5  1   Vni'.ifaii I Arlliiii  Srliolt 


AMl'lUGNATIIODONTID.E. 


15oulcii<,'or,  Cat.  liiitr.  Sal.  Hiit.  Mas.,  cd.  ii,  H-".',  !>.  IU». 

IJiit  two  {(eiieiii  of  this  fuiiiily  arc  known,  as  follows  : 

I)inits  with  l:ii'jj;c  (liliitatioiis  oil  lliu  extremities ;  a  dorsal  deriiial  pouch; 

Amphujiiathodon  Boul. 
l)i;;itM  aeiito  at  eiiil ;  no  dorsal  i)oiieli (Iryiilnciin'  Cope, 

Tlie  typical  gemis  is  liyla'lorm,  while  Grypisciis  is  a  robust  terrestrial 
type.  The  true  position  of  the  latter  being  soinowhat  doubtful,  I  give 
the  following  more  exact  definition  : 

Mandible  with  a  series  of  caducous  pleurodont  teeth,  aiul  a  permanent 
elevated  tooth  on  each  side  the  symi)hysis.  Prefrontal  bones  fully  de- 
v(;loped,in  contact  with  each  other  throughout,  and  with  frontoparietals. 
Auditory  apjiaratus  well  developed;  tongue  broad,  entire,  little  free. 
\()meriiie  teeth  ;  no  parotoid  glands.     (See  I'lato  (>8,  lig.  11.) 

The  mandibular  teeth  are  obtuse,  and  scarcely  project  above  the  al- 
veolar margin  ;  their  attachment  appears  to  bo  to  the  mucous  membrane 
only,  on  which  account  they  are  readily  scraped  away. 

The  alllnities  of  this  genus  are  as  yet  obscure;  the  mandibular  teetU 
and  general  form  would  refer  it  to  the  ncmii)hractidie,  but  the  form  of 
the  sacrum  separates  it.  The  form  of  the  cranium,  with  its  broad  out- 
line and  narrow  brain-case,  and  of  the  body  in  general,  are  nearest  to 
Cyclorhamphus  and  Cophieus,  though  the  form  of  the  sacrum  soi)arates 
it  again.  If  referred  to  the  Pelodytidir,  it  will  be  the  type  of  a  group 
ill  the  family  characterized  as  follows: 

Frontopiirietal  bones  fully  developed;  xiphisteruum  an  emarginatc, 
cartilaginou.s  shield:  coccygeal  style  attached  to  two  condyles;  toes 
webbed. 


*A  lii^iiro  of  (I'n/yji.scd.s  iiiiiliriinis  will  ho  Ibiind  in  the  Addenda. 


.1! 


■} 

% 

' 

■  8 

1  !3 

■    ■■■   ' 

1 

I: 


I   I 


i  .1 


III 


Ms  I 


r 


;{82  lUIhLETIN    ;!l,    IINITKI)    STATKS    NATlO.N'AIi    MUSliUM 

IIKMIPIIllACTID.E.* 

Copo,  .iDiirn.  Ac.  Pliilsi.  (2),  vi.,  IriOCi;  ltoulcii<;iT,  Cut,  Uiitr.  Sal. 
Jtrit.  Mim.,  c<l.  ii,  lfrt2,  p.  I.'il. 

Tliive  j;ciierii  represent  this  fiunily,  as  followa: 

VoiiuTiiic,  IK)  iiiU'iispheiioid  teeth  ;  iiiif^iial  itliiilaiif^cs  iu  uto Ihm'qihmvtHH  \Vii;;l. 

Vdiiicriiu',  IK)  paniHpluMKjid  tcftli ;  )iii<riiiil  plitiliUi<;eM  tliliitrd ('milvhi/ht  Kspaila. 

N'oiiicriiic  and  paiasijlu'iioid  tcetli;  ungual  plialanLjc.s  dilati'd [luithodiot  rrtoiM. 

Tlic  si)e'cies  of  these  yeuera  are  distributed  as  follows;  all  are  of  the 
Ni'otiiipical  realm. 

Ilcmipliractiiti,  two  speeies,  Colombian  region. 
Ccriiiohyla,  live  speeies,  Colombian  rejjion. 
Amjihodns,  one  si)ecies,  oistorn  region. 

GASTKECIIMIA  Cope. 

Jouni.  Ac.  rhila.,  18C7,  p.  l'J8. 

IJiit  one  family  of  this  snperfamily  is  known,  and  that  embraces  bnt 
a  sin>;le  genus.    Its  range  is  tiie  Ethiopian  realm. 

Maxilla'  cdcntulou.s;    vcrtcUra-  i)roc(i'lian ;    Kacruni  witii   dilated   diapopIiyscH,    at- 
(uuhed  l>,v  i-Dudyles  ti)  a  uiuiple  urostylo niiiiisidw. 

UEMISID^E. 

Anditory  apparatus  wanting;  tongue  posteriorly  retractile  into  a 
sheatii ;  irontopaiietal  and  prefrontal  bones  fully  developed,  the  former 
eoiissilied,  the  latter  seiiarated  to  end  of  muz^de  by  ossified  ethmoid 
septum ;  toes  webbed,  no  cuneiform  shovel ;  no  parotoid  glands  ;  manu- 
brium present lleuiisus  Ci tlir. 


i! 


c. 


(!| 


HEMISUS  Giinther.t 

Cat.  Writ.  Mu.s.,  1858. 
Cacophryiiiis  Steiiidacliner. 

This  genus  shows  its  nearest  aflines  t»  be  Callida  and  allied  genera 
of  the  Eugystomida'  in  the  wide  separation  of  the  lobes  of  the  liver  for 
the  aeeommodation  of  the  pericardial  sac  and  its  contents,  and  by  the 
posterior  position  of  the  heart.  In  the  latter  point  it  exceeds  all  other 
genera;  the  heart  i.s  of  relatively  large  size,  and  oecui)ies  nearly  the 
median  portion  of  the  abdominal  region.  It  would  api)ear  to  be  for  the 
protection  of  this  important  organ  that  the  coracoids  are  extended 
backwards.  The  cavity  anterior  to  the  heart  is  occupied  by  longitudi- 
nal muscles  and  the  largo  larynx.  The  lobes  of  the  liver  extend  each 
t')  the  groin,  a  position  even  more  posterior  than  in  those  genera  of 
Ivaniformia  which  are  characterized  by  the  posterior  position  of  that 
organ;  and  by  the  disai)pearanceof  its  median  lobe,  and  the  wide  sep- 
aration of  ils  lateral  lobes  for  the  aeeommodation  of  the  heart.  The 
gcncia  in  wliich  lliis  relation  exists,  are  Ibeviiu'ps,  Engystoma,  Sys 
toma,  (Jallula,  IMirynomantis,  Atelopus,  and  I'lpa. 


riate  73. 


t  Plates  74, 7G. 


,-1. 

idil. 

ITS. 

the. 


TlIK    ISATKACIIIA    OK    NOKTII    AMKUICA.  .')83 

This  j;('iMis  t'xliibit.s  also  an  cvtcriial  (corpus  adiposiini,  wliicli  I  liuvi? 
not  Ibiind  in  Caliiila,  Kn^-ystorna,  or  any  otluT  };i'nn.s  of  llatradiia. 
Each  one  is  snUtrilicdral,  tho  apex  icstin;;'  ncai'  the.  extremity  of  the 
t:ora<!oi<l,  lh(*  body  lyinj;  between  the  strata  of  tlie  external  and  in- 
ternal oblique  muscles,  alonj;  the  anterior  marjiin  of  tiui  '(  oe  of  the 
liver  on  eaeh  si<le. 

There  are  some  iin[)ortant  skeletal  characters  found  in  this  f^enus, 
whose  value  is  not  yet  clear.  Thus  the  suspensoriuni  is  free,  and  inis 
an  antero  posterior  m(»venient  on  the  i)ror»tie.  This  is  due  to  the  form 
of  the  scpiainosal,  which  has  no  /.yji'omatie  process,  and  is  not  united  by 
suture  with  the  ijrordic.  The  (juadrate  eartilaj;e  is  all  that  connects  it 
willi  the  cranium.  A  similar  structure  exists  in  ilreviceps  and  Calluhi 
(Plate  7.">,  li<;s.  1-2).  The  Irontoparietals  arecoiissilied  with  each  otlier, 
us  are  also  liie  prefrontals. 

The  liyoid  apparatus  is  i)eculiar  (Plate  5(5,  lig.  IS).  The  fourth  cera- 
tobranchials  are  ossified  and  proximally  incurved,  aii<l  in  close  contact 
with  each  other,  thus  surroundiui?  the  larynx  in  (Voiit.  They  are  only 
connected  with  the  basihyobrancthial  plate  by  mcmluane.  The  latter 
lias  a  re<"irved  transverse  anterior  margin,  and  sends  a  ])i()cess  forwards 
on  eaci  side  to  the  incurved  and  thin  ceratohyals.  Tin;  third  (terato- 
branchials  are  elongate  and  ossiiied  distally.  This  kind  of  liyoid  ap- 
paratus further  distinguishes  the  family  Ilemisidn-  tVoni  all  others. 

FIIiMlSTKltXlA. 

l{(Hilfn;;ci-,  C.'al.  IJiilr.  Sal.  ISrit.  Miis.,  cd.  ii,  1>-^  j  ( iiiiniis  (iaisl  iccliiiiia); 
l'irinist(  Tiiia  ami  Kaiiilbniiia,  (.'(iim-,  (.'lii'('lc-Li«t  N.  Aiiici-.  JJatr., 
i;('l>til.,  1"^7T:  Uaiiiiui'iiiia  and  I'liiroiiiroiiiiia  jil.,  Cope,  \at .  Ilisl.  Ivcv., 
ISd.-,. 

The  families  of  this  superfamily  are  the  following: 

I.  No  tt'i'tli  on  llio  inaxillaiy  or  inciiiaxillaiy  lioiii's; 

I'ra'coiacoidci  iiri'Sfiit  ;  sacniiii  willi  dilated  t  liaiij^iilar  dia[>oidijsi's,  coiilliioiit 

Willi  eoccyfit'al  styli' ;  two  lohi's  of  (he  liviT. Ilrcricipilidd', 

rra'coiacoidci  waiitiiiii;  Narnim  disliiict    t'roiii  (•0('C'yj;('al  style,  willi  dilaled  tii- 
aii^^iilar  (liai)oi)liyse.s  ;  two  io'ies  of  the  liver Eii<iii>iU>m'Hhv. 

I'ra'coiiU'oldei  ine.seiit  :  Kaeiiiiii  distinct  IVoin  eoeeyt^eal  style,  with  dilated  tri- 

iuigiilar  diiipopliyses  ;  twooi'  tlireo  lolies  of  tlie  liver ['hriinixrUhv. 

I'ra'coraeoidei   present;  saciinii  distinet   from  eoeey^^cal  style,  with  eyliiidiical 

dia[)()iiliy.ses;  tliree  lohe.s  of  (lie  liver ih  inhohalhlw. 

II.  Maxillary  and  prLMnaxillary  l)one,s  toothed: 

I'ra'coraeoidei  absent ;  sacral  diapoidiyses  dilated  ;  niandililc  cdontnlons 

('oiihylUlw. 

I'ra'coracoids  i)ri'sent;  yaeral  diapophyse.sexjianded;  niandihlo  edentulon.s 

Dyscopli  Ida: 

Pra-coracoid  present ;  Hternnin  and  oniosternnni  wanting;  three  lobes  of  the  liver; 

mandible  edentulous Colostcthklw. 

l'r;ecoraeoid  present  ;  sternum  and  onio.sternum  jiresent,  osseous;   three  lobes  of 

the  liver:  mandible  e{h'nlulons IlaiiiiJir, 

Pra'coraeoid  jin'sent  ;  sternum  styloid;  siieral  diaiiophyses  cylindiie;   mandible 

ilentifierous Ccrntohatmchidw. 


I  i 


')'     i 


f 


H 


I 


3S4 


miLhi'/riN  :tt,  umtkd  states  national  museum. 


Tliis  tiilM'  lu'l()iij,'s,  par  excellence,  to  the  Old  World.  Two  of  tlie  rmni- 
lies,  which  include  but  few  8pecie8,  beloiij^  to  the  Mew,  vi/,  the  Den- 
drobatidn"  and  the  (Jolostethida^,  and  a  few  species  of  the  Knyystoniida' 
aiul  JMii'.vniscida^  also  occur  in  tropical  America.  The  Itaniihe  have  a 
nuMd)t'r()f  reprcsentativi's  in  North  America.  The  Cophylida-  and  D.vs- 
cophidn'  exist  only  in  jNIadajjascar,  exceptin;;  one  species  of  the  latter 
in  India.     Tlu^  jfco^^raphical  distribution  of  the  families  is  as  follows  : 


Aimtia- 
linn. 

Nootrop- 
ical. 

Nunrctic. 

Ktliinpiaii. 
4 

r„. 

.larcllc. 

I'iilii'otroi)- 
inil. 

1)rovii>ii)itiilii<  .     M'i<m        

4 

11) 

8 

1 

5 

1 

4 

7 

1  )Vsr<tptiiilir --« 

I 

1 
0 

4 

1 

13 

9,'i 

'I 

111 

The  resemblance  to  the  Neotroi>ical  fauna  displayed  by  Madagascar 
in  its  li/ards  and  snakes  is  also  seen  in  the  IJatraciiia  in  the  [U'csence  of 
a  yenns  and  four  species  of  the  family  Dendrobatida;. 

BUJ'JVICIPITIILE* 

Cope,  Jourii.  Ac.  riiila.,  18(57,  p.  I'Jl. 

I.  I'rcf'rontals  withly  woparatcd;  otlimoid  arch  not  osMiliod. 

A  rn)ii(oi>:irictal   Iniit.         .;    oar   pfrCoctly  tlcvrlopt'd ;    tiie.s    IVci^ ;    no  ])arotoid 

fjlaiids;  head  not  distinct  from  body  ;  no  voincriiii'.  tcclli..  Ilrcriapn  Mvvivm. 

VoiiUM'iiio  teeth  present Hhunihnphrijiic  ISiett^jer. 

The  characters  of  Khorabophryne  are  so  far  unknown  that  its  perti- 
nence to  the  family  IJrevicipitida^  is  entirely  uncertain,  nor  is  it  known 
to  possess  the  characters  of  Division  A.  The  species  of  Urevicipitida; 
are  l'ithio])ian. 

IJXGYSTOMID.K* 

Copo,,Ionrn.Ac.  Phila.,  18G7,  p.  11)1. 

I.  Elhiiiuid  ardi  not  ossilied;  ])refrontal.s  widely  separated. 
A.  A  frontoparietal  foiitanelle  ;  terminal  pluilanges  with  tran.sverse  limb. 
Ear  perfectly  developed  ;  toes  free;  no  metatarsal  sliovel 

rhrynomnulis  I'eters. 

II.  Kthmoid  arch  ossilied  ;  prefrontals  fully  developed,  in  contact  with  each  other 

and  frontoparietiils  ;  latter  complete. 
A.  Terminal  i)hahinges  with  transverse  limb,  anteriorly  at  least. 

"  No  tympanum  or  cavum  tympani;  Eustachian  ostiandnnto"  ;  toes  webbed  ■ 
no  jialatine  teeth  ;   siibdigital  parts  small,  simple MitroJniln  Tschndi. 

I'npil  horizontal;  no  vomerine  teetli;  toes  webbed;  subdigital  tubercles  of 
manus  largo,  forming  adhesive  pallets PhrynvUa  I$lgr. 

Tympanum,  cavum  tympani, and  Eustachian ostia;  foes  withwebor  its  rudi- 
ment; no  ij.ilatino  teeth CaUiila  (Jray. 

Tympanum  present;  toes  free;  palate  with  a  large  curved  tooth  on  each 
side Xenobatrachns  Peters  &  Doria. 


I 


I 


I 


•  Plato  74. 


Hi 


THE   HATRACIIIA    OF   NORTH    AMERICA.  385 

AA.  Tormiiial  i>lialiiii>;oH  .siiiipU'. 

Pupil  croct;  piiliitiuo  tooth  normal;  toosfreo;  oxtroinitios  onliirjji^l 

('(illiiloim  Hlgr. 

Pupil  horizontal;  tongue  frco  bohind ;  no  vo-nerino  tooth,  linj^tMs  and  toes 

froo Cdcunlvrniim  IMj'r. 

Ear  fully  (lovclopuil ;  head  not  distiu(!t;  uioMil)iamini  tynipani   concoak'd ; 

tooH  froo  to  slightly  palmate;  motatarsus  with  insiguilieniit  tiilMM-cles 

KtKjjiHtoma  Kitz. 

"Elf  (lovolopod,  momhranum  tynipani  concealed;  tooH  free  to  i)artially  pal- 

nuit(i;  niotatnr.siis  with  two  eomprosscd  .shovel-like  tuhcrcles" 

CacnpuH*  Gthr. 

"Ear  developed,  memhranum  tympaiii  distiniit  externally  ;  toes  tree  ;  mota- 

tarHUs  with  insignificant  tubercles" .^...Ideiioinvra  Steiud. 

The  species  of  this  ftunily  are  distributed  as  follows : 


Austni- 
linn. 

Neotrop- 
ical 

Nuarctic. 

KtUiopian. 
2 

Palii'ntrop. 
icnl. 

1 



s 

riii'Mn'iiii 

(^.|llill;i .. 

1 

7 

I 

] 

1 

7 

1 

CMopim 

3 

A<ti'uoiuot'U  .••.•..■•■•• ....... 

1 

o 

8 

1 

:i                17 

1 

■!! 


.■■■',  ■   ' 


■  l 


1 1 


r  -1 


I 


EN(iYSTOMA  Fitzinsor. 

N.  Class.  l{"'p(il.,  p.  Cm;  (iiinth.  Cat.,  p.  T)! ;  Houleuger.  Cat.jBatr.  Sal.  Brit. . 
Miis.,'.2ded.,l->^-.i,  ]>.  KiO. 

Mirrops  Wfi.u'l.,  Isis,  18-,'-',  p.  7\\,  and  Syst.  Amitli.,  p.  '200. 

SIriKirriiliiiliis  Tscliudi,  Hatr.,  p.  "it!. 

/v'«(/,i/.s/(>»i(/,  H|).,  Diiin.A    Hibr.,  viii,  p.  7;iS;  Cope,  Joiiru.  Ac.   Fiiila.  (•'),%'!,  1HG7,  p. 

ll»l. 
Syntuma,  wp.,  Cope,  I,  o. 

ENGYSTOMA  CAROLINENSE  Holbrook. 

N.  Ainer.  llerp.,  i,  \t.  8;;,  l'l.'2;  Duin.  &,  liibr.,  p.  74:!;  Hallow.,  Proceed. 

Ac.  riiila.,  I8r>ti,  p.  -i.')! ;  Glinth.,  Cat.,  ed.  i,  p.  51 ;   Houl.,  Cat.   Batr. 

.Sal.  Brit.  Mns.,  188-',  p.  KVi. 
EnfijiHtomu  />Urari'iim  MiiWow  ,  I.e. 
Eiiiji/sloma  Ic.rciixv  Girard,  Proceed.  Ac.  Pliila.,  18i")9,  p.  Kii). 

Snout  rather  obtuse,  slightly  projeotiiij;',  not  twice  as  long  as  the 
diameter  of  the  eye.  Fore  limb  considerably  longer  than  its  distance 
from  the  tip  of  the  snout;  the  hind  linil)  being  (tarried  forwards  along 
the  body,  the  tibio-tar.siil  articulation  reaches  the  shoulder  in  the 
female,  a  little  beyond  in  the  male.  Toes  iiuite  iree,  with  blunt  tips  and 
distinct  subarticular  tubercles  ;  a  very  small  inner  metatarsal  tubercle; 
no  outer  tubercle.  Skin  smooth  ;  a  fold  aero.ss  the  head  behind  the 
eyes,  which  is,  hotvever,  not  unfreiiucntiy  wanting  in  alcoholic  speci- 

*  Including  GlyphoglosHUS  G-thr. 
1951— Bull.  31 25 


-;i-f 


.  ( 


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5 

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t 

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i 

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n' 

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:  [ 

)' 

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■  1 

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;.  ■, 

s- 

■  .■•!  ; 

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,,, ., 

■ ; 

i 

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i  : 


386    BULLETIN  34,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

mens.    Tyinpiuiic  luembi'iiue  coiicealod  ;  ostia  pbiiryiigea  siuallei'  than 

choantB. 

Measurements  of  Xo.  939G.  jf. 

Lcn<i;tli  of  bead  and  body O'ilJ 

Length  of  hoiul  to  rictus  oris W't't 

Width  of  head  at  rietusoris Od*;") 

Length  of  fore  leg  from  axilhi (dv! 

Length  of  hind  leg  from  groin O-JH 

Length  of  tibia OO'.fJ 

Length  of  tarsus  00(i 

Length  of  remainder  of  foot 0113 

The  color  of  the  head  is  chestnut  above,  and  it  is  thicivly  niolth'd 
with  bhickislj  specks  beneath.  Tiie  upper  jaw  is  dark  biown  and  the 
lower  is  dark  jjrny.  The  iris  is  very  dark  p:ray.  Tlie  body  is  dark 
brown  along  the  vertebral  line  and  is  chestnut  on  either  side  of  it ;  the 
Bides  of  the  head  and  neck  below  the  orbits  and  the  Hanks  are  grayish  ; 
the  throat  aud  abdoiueu  lighter,  all  thickly  sprinkled  with  blackish 
specks. 

A 


1 


FlO.  97.  Engyttotna  earolinente.    No.  ,1099.    ColnnibuH,  Ga.;  f. 


The  anterior  extremities  are  chestnut-brown  above  and  yellowish- 
brown  beneath.  The  posterior  extremities  are  chestnur-brown  al)ove, 
with  a  few  dark  spots.  The  Enyifstomu  varoUnvnut'  ranges  from  South 
Carolina  to  western  Texas,  in(;liisiv«',  and  northwards  in  the  Missis- 
sippi Valley  to  New  Madrid,  Mo.  in  Texas  it  is  abun«lant  in  the  north, 
at  Dallas;  then  at  Houston,  San  Antonio,  and  northwest wanl  to  Fort 
Concho.  I  heard  it  in  the  streets  of  Houston  and  San  Antonio.  In  the 
former  city  it  was  abundant,  in  copula,  in  the  ditches  that  bonU-r  some 
of  the  streets,  in  September.  The  cry  is  loud  for  the  si/e  of  tlie  animal, 
and  is  similar  to  that  of  the  Bitfo  americanus,  except  in  being  higher 
pitched  and  more  nasal  (in  the  vulgar  sense).  The  animals  are  ex- 
tremely shy,  and  become  silent  on  the  a|)proach  of  human  footsteps; 
and  as  only  the  til)  of  their  nose  projects  above  the  water-level,  the.\ 
disappear  beneath  it  without  leaving  a  ripple. 


Catalopue    No.  of  | 
nuuibiM'.       8|)(c. 


Loenlity. 


When 

eollrrtuil. 


3709 

4744 
41!)2 

5!no 

36'J!t 
;i707 
3978 
L'»7.'t 

o:iy(i 

99,')1 

■.m:> 


Washington      County, 
MiHs. 

Miianopy,  Fl.i , 

Kirelxiniiiuh,  Ua  

(1<> 

('iihimhiis,  (Ja 

...  «lo 

CiilciisiiMi  Pass,  Ln. 


Froin  wlioni  nci'iviil. 


Col.  n.  L.(;.  Wail.s... 

Or.  T.  H.  li.aii 

III-.  W,  l,.,I()ii.'.s 

'  .Maj..!.  l.r  Coiitc 

Dr.  (icsii.  I    

do 

(iiiirm'  Wiinli'iiianii  . 


Natinoof  n\wc- 
iiiU'ii. 


ChaiiiMfon,  S.  (J i Dr.  (,'.  <!  iiarc 

!•  liniila 

I.ilthf  Sarasotii  Hay,  Fla.  1«7.'>  I'lof.  K.  It.  Mii-k ' 

New  Madrid,  .Mo  U.  Keuuitott i 


Al('<di(d!c. 

Dc. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


It 


L 


■^ 


f 


THE   BATRACIIIA   OF   NORTH    AMERICA.  387 

PllUimSCID.E. 

Cope,  Jouru.  Ac,  Pliila.,  l!^()7,  p.  190. 

[.  Tcrmin.al  phalanges  enlarged  at  extremity  : 

Pupil  horizontal ;  tympanum  distinct ;  toes  froo.. Splienophrync  Ptrs.  &  Dor, 
Pupil  horizontal ;  no  niembrauum  tympaui ;  toos  slightly  wehhed 

Scaphiophrijne  Boul. 

II.  Terminal  phalanges  simple: 
A.  Pupil  erect, 

No  tympanic  disk;  toes  webbed Mcianohairachus  Be'  .. 

A.  tympanic  disk  ;  prefrontals  joining  each  other  and  the  frontoparietals 

Hypoimchiin  Keferst. 

AA,  Pupil  round. 

A.  tympanic  disk  ;  prefrontals  continuous ;  sclerotica  oasilied 

Stereocyclops  Cope. 

AAA.  Pupil  horizontal. 

I,  Prefrontals  fully  developed,  forming  suture  with  each  other  and  frontoparietals. 
Ear  p(!rfectly  developed  ;  toe.s  webbed  ;  dorsum  covered  with  a  stratum  of 

glands (jalophrjinHfi  Tschudi. 

II.  Prefrontals  small,  widely  removed  from  each  other  and  from  the  frontoparietals: 
A.  Ear  perfectly  developed. 

Two  sharp-edged  tubercles  on  metatarsus;  toes  little  webbed;  outer  toe 

rudi mental ;  muzzle  simple ...Copea  Steind.* 

No  tubercles  on  mijtatarhus;  toes  slightly  webbed,  outer  r'ldinior.tr.l ;  muz- 
zle simple  ;  two  lobes  of  tlu^  liver itelopus  D.  v'^j  B, 

Tubercles  of  tarsus  rudimeiital;  toes  slightly  webbed,  all  well  developed; 
a  horizontal  ilermal  jjroce.ss  on  extremity  of  muzzle. /^Ai(io(?er«ia  D.  &,  B. 
AA.  Ear  imperfectly  develoix'd. 

Toes  slightly  weblu'd,  outer  small ;  uietatarsus  simple  ;  muzzL- simple;  liver 

with  two  lobes Phfj/iiidiiim  Martens. 

Toes  slightly  webl)(>d,  no  cutting  metatarsal  tubercles  or  dorsal  dermal 

shield;  three  lobes  of  the  liver /'/iri/Hi.WHS  Wiegm. 

Toes  slightly  webbed  ;  no  cutting  tubercles  ;  a  dorsal  osseous  dermal  shield, 
confluent  with  vertebral  apophyses limchncvphaluH  Fitz. 

Oi'o  species  of  this  fainily  has  been  ob.served  in  North  America.  The 
ili.stribntioii  oftiie  i^nown  sjjecies  is  as  follows  :  S[>henophr3'ne,  1  species, 
New  Guinea;  Bcapiiiopiiryne,  2  species,  Ma(hi}jascar;  Melanobatrachus, 
1  species,  India  ;  Il.vpopachns,  •'<  species,  iMexico  and  CVntral  America; 
Stereocyclops,  1  species,  Hra/il ;  Calophrynns,  2  species  Borneo,  I  species, 
iMadajrascar ;  ('opea,  1  species,  Brazil ;  Atelopns,  1  species,  ('entral  Amer- 
icii ;  Phrynidinm,  11  8i)ecies,  Soutli  America;  Rhinoderma,  1  species, 
Chili;  Pliryniscus,  1  species,  South  America;  Brachycephalus,  1  species, 
Brazil ;  total,  27. 

IIYPOPACHUS  Keferstein. 

Giittingen  Nachrichten,  18(57,  p.  'A^t'i;  lioulenger,  Cat.  Batr.  Sal.  Brit.  Mus.,  ed.  ii, 

lem,  p.  159. 

No  frontoi)arietal  fontanelle.  Frontoi)arietal  and  iirefrontal  bone 
in  contacit,  concc^alinj?  the  ethmoid.     No  omosternum.    No  dertno-ossi- 

•The  sternum  of  this  genus  uot  having  been  examined,  its  position  is  doubtful. 


If. 


1  i 


M 


ill 


IS     !     f 


i  i 


K:    i. 


i\. 


388       ]5ulli:tin  ai,  united  states  national  museum. 

(iciitioiis.    IViiuiiial  plmlaiigcs  simple.    No  vomeriue  teetb.    Tongue 
simple,  oval. 

Tliiee  species  ol'  this  genus  are  known,  tbe  rare  //.  oxyrhinKS  and  the 
//.  rariolosus,  which,  with  its  subspecies  Inguinalis  Cope,  ranges  from 
Costa  liica  to  (luateiiiala  on  tlie  east,  and  Miehoaean  on  the  west.  A 
new  one  is  now  added.     The  species  dill'er  as  I'ollows: 

Head  oiic-Kixlli  lotal  loiij^tli ;  toes  willi  a  slmri  web;  iiu  lateral  band. 

II.  rarioJoaiis  Cope. 

Head  Diic-ciulilli  total  length;  toes  witlioiil   trace  ol'  well ;  heel  to  liiiiiieriis ;  no  lat- 
eral hand //.  ciiinii^  Copo. 

"Toes  with  a  sli^iht  web;  heel  to  end  ot'  nmz/le;  a  blackish  lateral  band:"  Hoiih'i- 
ger JI.  ouyrhinus  lioiil. 

IlYrul'AL'Hl'S  CUNEUS  Cope. 
Fl(i.  OS.  TIiipnpachiiK  fiinctis.    San  lli'Cn,  Tox. :  }. 

Head  small;  body  hirge;  lind)s  short.  JMuz/.ie  scarcely  longer  than 
diameter  of  eye,  projecting  a  little  beyond  mouth  border.  A  dermal 
groove  across  liead  at  jjoslerior  borders  of  eyelids,  and  one  from  below 
l)osterior  canthus  of  eye  toslioidder.  Aiiotlier  across  thorax  from  the 
inferior  origin  ot  one  humerus  to  tiie  other.  Sl;in  everywhere  smooth. 
Tynii)anic  drum  iin  isihh-.  When  tlieauterior  limb  is  extended  the  end 
of  the  for  iin  readies  tlu'  end  of  tlie  mu/zh'.  Tlu^  distal  end  of  the 
tarsus  rea(!hes  the  anterior  base  of  the  Immerus,  and  the  eiul  of  the 
second  toe  readies  the  end  of  tiie  muzzle  wiien  the  hin<l  limb  is  ex- 
tended. The  third  linger  is  ratiier  elongate,  and  the  lengths  of  the  lin- 
gers are  in  order,  bej:iiiiiiMg  with  tlie  shortest,  l-L'-l-;<,  the  second  and 
fourth  being  eciual.  In  the  posteiior  foot  the  lengtiis  are,  beginning 
with  the  shortest,  l-l'-r)-;)-4,  the  second  and  liftli  being  about  ecjual, 
and  the  third  a  good  deal  shorter  than  the  fourtii.  Tlie  palmar  tu- 
bercles are  not  very  distinct.  At  the  distal  end  of  the  tarsus  there  are 
two  large,  subecpnd,  sharp-edged  tuberosities.  The  edge  of  the  internal 
is  obli<]ue,  that  ol  the  external  transverse.  l>istinet  small  tuberc^les 
under  the  articulation  of  the  plialangi\s.  The  femur  is  almost  entirely 
inclosed  in  the  integument  of  the  body. 

TIh'  tongue  is  large,  and  forms  ati  elongate  Hatellip-e.  The  internal 
nostrils  are  anterior,  and  are  a  litth^  further  apart  than  the  exteiiial 
nostrils.     The  latter  ar(>  nearly  terminal  in  position. 

The  color  is  light  brown,  or  grayish-brown,  sometimes  tinged  with 
oliv«%  and  there  is  generally  a  pale  median  vertdnal  line.  Tiiere.  is  a 
wide  baud  on  each  side  of  a  paler  tint,  extending  from  the  orbit  to  near 


^ 


'  > 


r 


r 


"■"i  fi  1 


h 


The  uatraciiia  of  north  amhuica.  38 ^J 

tlie  groin.  It  is  soint'tiini's  only  iiulicateil  by  a  line  of  black  spucks, 
forming  a  bolder  above  and  below.  A  pale  line  from  eye  to  front  of 
hnmerns.  Nnnierons  rather  large  blaek  .sjxtts  on  the  groin  and  nnmer- 
ons  smaller  ones  on  the  po.steiior  face  of  the  femm,  between  which  the 
color  is  often  dark  red.  Small  black  spots  on  [(osterior  faces  of  tibia  and 
astragalns,  anterior  edge  of  tibia,  and  posterior  edge  of  linuierns.  Digits 
with  a  light  spot  at  each  i)halangeal  articnlation.  Belly  yellowish,  with 
or  without  a  faint  course  reticulation  of  a  darker  color. 

Measitrcmcnts. 

M. 

Lonstli  of  head  and  body 0-11 

Lt'iiy;th  ol'  head  to  rictus  oris OOfi 

Li'iij;lh  to  axilla,  uxially 015 

Loiif^th  of  fore  limb  on  front (>2'2 

Lcn;;tli  of  toro  loot 001).-) 

LL'n<;th  of  hind  limb  from  anus Ollj 

LtMij;(h  of  bind  foot UiJ;5 

Width  of  bead  at  rictus  oris 010 

Width  of  extended  femora 0151 

As  compared  with  the  //.  oxyrhinns  of  r.oiilenger  (Ann.  Mag.  Xat. 
Hist..  i<SS;i,  J).  344),  this  frog  has  iimeh  sliorrer  hind  leg-^  and  a  different 
eohnation,  as  wed  as  some  web  between  the  toes,  jndging  from  Dr. 
13onlenger's  <les(!rii)tion.  The  //.  o.n/r///;/«.s' comes  from  western  Mexico. 
The  II.  variolosuN  is  eoiiimon  in  (,'entral  America  and  sonthern  Mexico. 

This  species  has  been  found  thus  far  only  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Situ  Diego,  in  Nueces  County,  in  southwesttMii  T(>\as.  A  number  of 
specimens  have  been  l)rougiit  from  that  locality  and  been  obtained  lor 
the  United  States  National  Museum,  by  William  Taylor. 

DENDlt()15ATlD  K.* 

Cope,  Nat.  Hist.  Hi'v.,lt:Or),  anil  .lonrn.  Ac.  Pliila.,   1(^07. 

i7i//rtj)/('siH/(i'  (;iinth.,Cat.  Hatr.  Sal.    I5rit.   Mns.,  l?^.")!) :  Mivart,    rnHced.   Zool. 
Soc.  Loud. 

There  are  but  two  genera  of  this  family  and  they  agree  in  the  follow- 
ing characrters: 

().  o.  prefrontalia  widely  sei)!irated ;  ethmoid  broad,  ossified  to  ex- 
tremity of  muzzle;  no  ptirotoid  glands  or  metatarsal  shovel  ;  lermiinil 
phalanges  with  two  divaricate  limbs  supiiorting  dilations  ;  tongue  nar- 
row, free,  iind  entire  behind. 

They  differ  as  follows  : 

"  Omostcrnnm  and  stern iim  vvitb  biniy  styles  " Mnnii'lhi  Iinnl. 

Omosternnm  wcaK',  scniiossilicd  ;  st<'rnnm  cartilajiinouH Dciidrohdli  s  Wa^;l, 

The  species  of  these  gt'uera  are  distributed  as  follows:  Mante!la,4 
species,  Miidagascar  ;  Dendrobates,  S  species.  (\Mitral  American,  Colom- 
bian, iuid  Draziliau  regions  of  Neotropical  realm. 

"  riatc  74. 


I     I 


t: 


I 


i 


I       1 


390  BULLETIN   III,    UNITED    STATES    NATIONAL    MUSKUM. 

COrnYLIDyE. 
But  two  {jenera  are  known,  as  follows  : 

Ti])s  of  i'lij^iTH  iiiid  toes  dilated  ;  sterniini  small f'ophi/Ia  Boettg, 

Tips  of  fmyers  and  toes  acute;  stermiiu  larj^e VUvynovava  Petrrs. 

There  is  but  one  species  of  each  of  these  genera  and  they  inhabit 
Madagascar. 

dyscopeidj:. 

Boulcuger,  Cat,  Batr.  Sal.  Brit.  Mus,,  od.  ii,  1882,  p.  179. 

The  genera  of  this  family  are  as  follows:  The  defluitious  are  taken 
from  Boulenger,  /.  c,  p.  47.3. 

I.  Pupil  vertical. 

V^omeriiio  toeth  in  loug  series  ;  ateruum  very  largo  ;  fiugors  and  toes,  tips  not  di- 
lated     DjiNCOjihuK  (iraiid. 

Vomerine  teeth  in  linig  series  ;  stcrriuni  small ;  fingers  and  toes,  tips  not  dilated 
Cttlliiillii  Stoliczka. 

Vomerine  teetb  in  long  series;  sternum  small;  lingers    and  toes,   tips  dilated 

l'lctlio(iuHlolii/la  Blgr. 

II.  Pupil  horizontal. 

Vomerine  teeth  in  two  small  groui)H;  sternum  small ;  tips  of  fuigers  and  toes  di- 
lated      /'/nO/;)(7i.-t*  Hlgr. 

The  species  are  distributed  as  follows :  I^vscophus,  two  specii's,  IMada- 
gascar;  Calluella,  one  .species.  Farther  India;  Plethodontohyla,  three 
species,  Madagascar;  Platypelis,  two  species,  Madagascar. 

COLOSTETllID.E. 

Cope,  Journ.  Ac.  I'hila.,  18()7,  lll()-U»7. 

But  cue  genus  of  this  family  is  known,  which  is  defined  .is  follows  : 

Crauinni  fully  develo|»ed  ;  ethmoid  plate  hroadly  ossitied  to  end  mii/,/.le,  separating 
the  narrow  prefrontals;  terminal  plnlanges  with  transverse  limit  supporting 
digital  dilatations;  no  vomerine  teeth  or  metatarsal  tuhercles;  tongue  cylindrie, 
free  behind CohmlvHi  its  Cope. 

The  only  known  species  of  this  genus,  Colostethus  latinasiisCoin',  be- 
longs to  the  Columbian  region  of  the  Neotro[)ical  realm. 

KANID.E. 

Itani(hv,  part.,  Cy8tignathid(r,  part.,  Poliipcdnlida;   llylodiiUr,  part.,  Giinth.,  Cat.  Batr. 

.Sal. 
Hanidw  Cope,  Nat.  Hist.  IJev.,  18<i,'> ;   Boulenger,  Cat.  Batr.  Sal.  Brit.  Mus.,  1882,  p.  ;t. 
rolypedulidw,  vart.,and  llaiiida,  part.,  .Mivart,  Proceed.  Zool.  ,Soe.,  I8(li). 

U|)per.i -tW  toothed  ;  diapoi)hyKes  of  sacral  vertebra  not  or  but  very 
slightly  dilated. 

*  Mantipiin  Peters,  188;$,  is  the  same. 


<    .i 


r. 


m 


r> 


r. 


THE   BATRACIIIA    OV   NORTH   AMERICA.  391, 

The  ineiubers  of  tbi.s  family  show  no  great  dillereiicoin  the  structiuo 
of  the  sternal  apparatus.  The  i)recoraeoi(ls  are  always  present,  their 
axis  being  parallel  with  that  of  the  coracoids,  and  their  distal  extrem- 
ity resting  upon  that  of  the  latter.  The  precoracoids  are  much  weaker 
than  the  coracoids.  In  most  genera  an  omosternum  and  a  sternum  are 
well  developed,  and  furnished  with  a  bony  style.  In  Oxyglossns,  Ily- 
lixalus,  and  Prostherapis  the  sternum  lacks  the  bony  style,  and  so  does 
also  the  omosternum  in  Nanuophrys  and  Phyllodromus. 

The  vertebra'  are  proccelous.  The  urostyle  is  attached  to  two  con- 
dyles.   There  are  no  ribs. 

A  frontoparietal  fontanelle  is  constantly  absent. 

The  distal  phalanges  may  bo  simple,  pointed,  or  subtriangular,  T- 
shaped,  Y  shaped,  or  even  claw-shaped  (Ilylambates),  the  latter  struct- 
ure being  met  with  elsewhere  in  the  Hylidie,  Amphignarhodontida',  and 
llemiphractidie  only. 

^lembers  of  the  Kani«he  existe<l  during  the  Miocene  ])eriod.  Th<'  re- 
mains of  BiDui  merimii  *  indicate  a  species  as  large  as  R.  eHciiIcntn.  h'aiia 
noe{j(ierathi,  also  from  the  liraunkohle  near  Bonn,  was  a  small  specics) 
of  which  I  have  not  been  able  to  learu  the  form  of  the  sternum.  If 
the  species  was  not  a  Kana,  it  did  not  belong  to  any  other  (existing  ge- 
nus of  the  family.  The  genus  Asphieritint  (found  in  the  Oeningen 
bed)  possessed  a  humerus  without  termi'^al  condyle.  This  may  be  the 
result  of  accident  to  the  skeleton. 

The  skeletiil  nuHlitications  iu  this  family  are  those  of  the  ethmoid  and 
prefrontal  bones  and  of  the  posterior  extremity. 

The  genera  of  the  lianidie  are  as  follows : 

I.  Extunial  iiietatarHals  buuud  together ;  ouiosteruuui  and  sturimm  both  without 

OSSC0U8  style. 
Pupil  vertical ;  tongue  einargiuato  ;  vomerine  teeth  ;  toes  free 

XaiDiobatrachus  Blgr. 

Pupil  horizoutiil ;  tongue  eniarginatc  ;  vomerine  teeth  ;  toes  frec^ 

XaniiDjthriifi  Gthr. 

II.  External  metatarsi  bound  ;  omosternum  with  style  ;  sternum  without  style. 

Pupil   horizontal;  tongue  heart-shaped;  no  vomerine  teelh  ;  toes  wcbln-d, 

tips  with  disk Ilyluuliis  Esp. 

Pupil  horizontal;  tongue  entire;  no  vonu-riue  teeth;  toes  free;  tips  witu 

disks 1'rontlicrtiiiin  Co\}ti, 

Like  Prostherapis,  l>ut  the  tongue  enuirginate  (Blgr.) I'liiillohaltx  t  IJibr. 

III.  External  metatarsi   bound  together;   ouiosteruum  without,  sternum  with,  os- 
seous style. 
Pupil  horizontal;    tongue  entire ;   no  vomerine  teeth;    toes  free ;    tips  with 

disks I'hijUodromus  Esp. 

*  Von  Meyer,  Paheontographica,  III,  p.  127. 

t  l.  rviisaii  Von  Meyer,  I.  c,  II.,  p.  (Jnt. 

tTliis  genus,  which  I  placed  provisionally  in  the  Uystignathidao,  not  having  seen 
the  sternum,  belongs  here  according  to  Houlenger,  The  uauiu  must  be,  therefore, 
erased  from  the  table  ou  page  313. 


■  I 


ni 


, 

1 

\ 

1 

\ 

!i 

.  1 

1 

i 

, 

\\ 

,";  [ 

\\ 

1,.  . 

a  1 

i 


i 


392  BULLETIN   31,    UNITED    STATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

IV.  External  inctatarsi  bound  ;  oiuosteniuin  ami  storiimn  with  o.ssooiis  stylo. 
o.  'I'orniiiiai  plialani^cs  ball  and  (daw;  ;in  inttM'calati'il  penultimate  phalange. 

rui)il   vertical;    toiignu    oinarginato;    vonierino    teeth;    tips  oC  digits  di- 
lated  Jli/lambalin  Dnm. 

eta.  Terminal  phalanges  Hiniplo, 
/3.  An  inten-aljitcd  }>ennltimato  phalange. 

I'npil  veiti(^al ;  tongue  heart-shaped  ;  vomerine  teeth  ;  fingers  and  toes  free 

or  nearly  so Cdasiiia  Gird. 

P,i.  No  intercalated  i)halange. 

Pupil  horizontal;  tongue  heart-shaped;  vomerine  teeth  none;  toes  nearly 

free Arthrolepth  Smith. 

acta.  Terminal  phalanges  bifurcate. 

(i.  An  intercalated  ponnltiniate  i)lialange. 

Pupil  horizontal ;  tongne  heart-shaped  ;  no  vomerine  teeth  ;  fingers  and  toes 

more  or  le>s  webbed lljUK'niliiis''  Kapp. 

Characters  of  Ily perolius,  but  pupil  vertical MhjhUxhUih  (Jtlir. 

Pii.  No  intercalated  ]ihalange. 

Pupil  horizontal;  tongue  <uiiarginate;  vomerine  te'eth  ;  lingers  and  toes  free 

or  nearly  so I'liruufvr  Tseh. 

V.  External  metatarsi  separated  by  wvh  ;   omosternum  and  sternum  with  osseous 
style, 
a.  No  intercalated  phaiiinge. 

Pupil  vertical;  tongne  (.'uiarginate;  vomerine  teeth ;  toes  webbed 

Xijctihdirar.h us  HIgr. 

Pupil  horizontal ;  tongue  emarginate  ;  no  vomerine  teeth;   toes  webbed 

Uetero(jloiimi\  Hallow. 

Pupil  horizontal:    tongue  emarginate.;  vomerine  teetli ;  lingers   free;    toes 

webbed  ;  ethmoid  bono  osseous  above liana  Linn. 

Pupil  horizontal;    tongue,  emarginate;  vomerine  teeth;  fingers   frei^ ;  toes 

wtdibed  ;  e.hinoid  boncf  cartilaginous  above liaiiiihi  Pet. 

Pupil  horizontal,  tongue  emarginate,  no  vomerine  teeth;  ends  of  digits  en- 
larged  ilivrixuJun  IJIgr. 

aa.  All  intercalated  penultimate  phalange. 

Characters  of  Kana,  but  lingers  more  or  less  webbed  ;  ends  of  digits  en- 
larged   Rhavophorm  Kuhl. 

Characters  of  Rhacophorus,  but  two  inner  lingers  opposite  the  two  outer 

Chiromaiitix  Tut. 

Pupil  horizontal ;  tongue  (uiiarginate;  no  vomerine  teeth  ;  ends  of  digits  en- 
larged   IsaJuH  D.  it  H. 

Like  Ixalus,  but  pupil  vertical Ni/ctixabiK  Hlgr. 

VI.  External  metatarsals  separated  by  a  web;  sternum  without  long  style;  omo- 
sternum with  one. 
Pupil  horizontal ;  tongue  entire  posteriorly ;  vomerine  teeth  none 

(h'lifiloHUHS  Tseh. 


*  Rappia  (Jtlir.,  but  stilliciently  distinct  from  IljiinritUa  (Jray. 

t  /'/ir(//io6afcac/t«« Giiiith. ;  Stciwrhynchun  Smith  ;  LvplopariuH  Peters ;  ?  Slaiiroin Cojio. 


4 


■K 


J 


"1  « 


\  '.i 


'" 


THE    liATUACHIA    OF   NORTH   AMEKICA. 


393 


It  will  be  readily  .seen  by  the  Ibllowiiig  table  that  the  geographical 
distribution  of  this  family  is  almost  entirely  in  the  Old  World  : 


Uealms. 

Austra- 
lian. 

Neotrop- 
ical. 

Nearctic. 

Etbiopkiu. 

Puloiarctiv. 

Palirotrop- 
icul. 

1 

2 

lUliviilus       

2 
4 
5 

1 

1  

IMivllolmti'H        

1 

11 
2 

H 
22 
"l 

II Vl>''i'*'liurt 

AIt'i£iili\<iluti 

("tH'lllll'l*!'       

2 

7 

2 

JIl^tt'l'OUldHrtll      

3 
34 

o 

13 

11 

49 

4 

5 

3 

25 

MirrixaliiH 

r, 

I^aliis    

■ 

20 

OwiiloftSUH 

3 

Total    

4 

10 

ll! 

95 

11                    111 

The  only  genns  of  the  Nearctic  fauna  is,  then,  Eaua. 

KANA  Liuu. 

S.VHtenia  Niitnr;i>  x,  p.  HiVl,  pars;  AVajjler  Syst.  Aiiiph.,  IHSO.  p.  203;  Giiutb., 
Cat.  IJatr.  .Sal.,  p.  8;  Cope,  Nat.  Hi.st.  Rev.,  Ic.").''),  p.  117. 

//(//arnim  Tachndi,  /.  c,  p.  78;  Giiiitli.,  /.  c,  p.  71;  ;  Cope,  /.  c. 

rohipcddtin,  up.,  Tsclmdi,  /.  c,  ]>.  7;{;  Giiiitb.,  I.  c,  p.  77. 

Stionmilopim  Tsclmdi,  /.  c,  p.  71). 

I'lixiiephdliin  'I'hi'uhiuli,  /.  v.,  p.  f'^i;  Copo,  I.  c. 

I'yjicvphaliis,  sp.,  Dnui.  A  IJilir.,  /.  c,  p.  442. 

LiiniodjilcH  Diiiii  &  Hilir.,  1.  c,  510. 

I'lloithyhu  Fitziiiff.  !Syst.,  Ri'pt.,  I.,  p.  31. 

Tomopienna  (Bilir.)  (iiintli.,  /.  c,  p.  7. 

f<pli(initlicca  (Jiiiilh.,  /.  v.,  p.  20. 

l>il■l■o[|loKnli^^^  Ellin.  I'roci'iHl.  Zool.  Soc,  lri()0,  p.  158. 

Ilvjilohnliachiix  Potcis   Moil.  Hcrl.  Ac,  180:?,  p.  44".);  Cope,  1.  c. 

Tachiihnlmrhun  (iioii  KclVrstcin),  Mivart,  I'loc.  Zool.  Sue,  1868,  p.  559. 

CHiinliirmix  Mivart,  ihitl.,  liUVJ,  j>.  'i'iT. 

Mitlliduia  Hii"";;cr,  AUliaiidl.  Sciiek.  lies.,  XII,  1881,  p.  417. 

Oiiiosteriium  with  osseous  style;  no  frontoparietal  fontanelle;  eth- 
nioitl  bone  ossilie«l  above ;  vestibule  of  the  ear  funetional ;  Eustachian 
tubes  open;  vomerine  teeth  present;  tongue  with  two  i)osteriorcornua; 
fingers  free;  toes  webbed ;  ossiflcation  of  skull  not  penetrating  the  skiu, 
which  is  therefore  free. 

This  genus  contains,  according  to  the  latest  enumeraticui  (that  of 
Mr.  Boulenger,)  one  hundred  and  eight  species,  which  belong  mostly  to 
the  Old  World.  The  family  of  Itanidte,  indeed,  is  only  represented  in 
the  \Vesteru  Homisphere  by  four  other  geuera,  of  the  Neotropical  realm, 


i 


II 


It 


I    ! 


I 
I 


394  BULLLITIN    :!l,    UNITED    STATES    NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

whicb  incliuU's  but  Nixtei'ii  species.  In  tlie  Old  World  the  ;;('.iiis  Riimi 
occuis  everywhere  exeeptinj;^  in  the  Australian  realm,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  a  single  species  in  north  Australia,  and  two  in  >i'ew  Guinea. 
The  h'aiKt  pajma  Loss,  is  found  in  New  (Ininea  and  on  the  noilliern 
peninsula  (Cape  York)  of  Australia.  Otheiwise  the  hatrachian  fauna 
of  Australia  is  arciferous.  Its  absence  from  South  Amtiica  is  absolut*', 
and  tiie  oiil.v  genus  which  is  nearly  related  to  it,  Rainila  I'et.,  has  but 
four  species. 

The  relations  of  the  prefrontal  and  ethmoid  bones  are  very  various  in 
this  genus,  lurnishing  us  with  illustrations  t»f  most  of  the  types  found 
throughout  the  order,  which  are  usually  characteristic  of  higher  groups. 
The  names  of  the  fauna'  in  the  accompanying  tattle  refer  to  the  species 
of  IJanidie  as  given  in  the  second  column. 

A  coincidence  between  the  coiulition  of  these  itrefrontal  bones  and 
the  regions  inhabited  hy  the  sjtecies  is  evident,  as  well  as  a  certain  suc- 
cession in  the  hitter:  Neotroiiical  lirst,  Paheotroitical  last. 


KiinidiL',  Groui)  IV 


Gi'ograpliicitl  (imtiiliU' 
tiitii. 


.  rrcliiinlals  lyin^  along 
caiilliiiM  IKS  I  la  1  i  h, 
Ni>|iaiMtr(l  liy  illiiiloid 
tliiiiii;;li<>iit, 
n.  KlliiiHpiil  c  arlila'iinniis. 
aa.  Ktliiiioiil  iiiojn  tiii;i  a 
sliiii't  ilislan<'<>  lirvdiiil 
Ir  iiiKiiiaiiftals. 


naa.  Ktlitnuiil  pri>cluii  il  far 
l)el\V(;iii  piiliiiiital.s. 


Other  nioups. 


I'diiuln 

li'tiiia  ii.riirliiiitclKt ,  Souili  1: 

Uftfi-iuihitinif  I'iU'tttti  . . .    I'ala'dt 

N.  'h  lli/liiiiiiiii  (vim  11};)   ill) 

A'.  ( U.  I  liiiiltiliarica ilii 

Ii'iiiiii  fimdndi Scnilli   I 

(  S.  ij.  Jlj/laiaiiii,  in  (jcii      I'alauli 
j  a.  IJ.  A  fiioldim    , .  do 


':tliiii|>iaii 
pical. . .. 


li.   I'refrontals  siiliti'ian;;iilar,     liunu  li'nijxirnriit     ...  I'ala'otnipical  and  Ni' 

not  iiiiili'd  liy  Hiitiiri!  aictif. 

iiiriliall\ .  oi'   ill    run      1{.  I'Ki-iitcnta    Pala'arctic 

tai't  Willi  triiTiliiparir-     Jt,  rii-fgciiis Xi>ai'ctic. 

tul.  h'.  l-.tllllllllt do 

/i'.  f'ftft'  hitinn  ■ do 

h'. I'liaiiiijihhiiliK.  ^\mi  .  I'alaotrnpical  Alpliu' 

C.    I'rpf'onlalM    nioio    or  liss    lli  tfiualiinKii    iiatiilen-     South  Kthiopian 

iiiiitrd  hv  siiiiiic  nil  di-        .w'v. 

ally,      iiiit      liiiii'hiiii:    h'liiiii/nsclijtiln  ,|  do 

ri'iiiitopaiii'lals. 

Ihi,i-ii,iliis-.a  a/rlcniia 

liiiiKt  i.i'i'iy/iYiiii.v Klliio])ian 

li.  ;lf(l'-ttis do 

Ii.  fi'iriiui  .  ..    ...     Pidii'otropii'iil 

/i'.  r!)i(iiiiiilihiclin do 


KiifffigloinittiF.  (ir.  II. 

lllllill'V  (lllDSl), 

('fixliliiialliidit'.  Or.  II. 
I>i'iitit,liiitid(i: 
i'fiiiliijiliii/ii. 
A(';l"J//l)l/». 


C!i»tignathu$, 


D.  I'l'driiiital  iiiiilcd  li\  su- 
tiiic.  and  ini'"r  or  less 
ronipli'trly  in  rnntacl 
with  (rontopaiiilals. 


/i'.  (jriiiiiiiriiH i do  , 

l{.  Iiixii'liti-tiihi i do 

ti.  nirniiiiild  ! do  . 

1\'.  eliiviiliif'jii I do 

Oxyiilusbim  lima   I do 


Scytoint, 


K)i;l!l,ttiiiiii(Ia;  (Jr.  I. 
Jltit'i'iiiihr. 

Vi/sliijiinlliuhe,    Gr.    I 
and  IV. 


The  North  American  Kaiiu'  belong  apparently  to  thirteen  species. 
Three  of  these  present  us  with  six  subspecies  additional  to  their  typ- 
ical forms,  whose  distinctive  characters  approach  those  of  species.  Two 
of  the  si)ecies  of  the  West  Coast  are  not  distinguishable,  excepting  as 
subsi>ecies,  from  two  of  the  Pahearctic  realm,  which  rauge  from  Eu- 


THE    n.\TRACIIIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


395 


rope  eastwards  to  tlie  Sierra  Nevada  or  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  In 
this  j-enns  is  repeated  the  plienonienon  observable  elsewhere,  that 
the  species  of  the  Atlanti*!  Coast  region  are  more  ditlerent  from  tbose 
of  the  Old  World  than  are  those  of  the  Pacific  coast. 

The  longitudina'  dorsal  iid;,'esc(Mistitulea  peculiar  featun'  not  found 
in  any  of  the  other  j;enera  of  Ilatraithia  Salientia  of  the  United  States. 
They  exist  ill  most  of  the  species,  with  tiie  exception  of  It.  catcsblana 
and  l\.  monte:ii)uac.  Sometimes  the  skin  above  is  perfectly  smooth, 
sometimes  roughened  by  tubercles;  the  same  species  will  occasionally 
present  both  extremes  under  different  cir<!umstan(;es.  Tlu;  vocal  sacs — 
one  on  each  side  of  the  throat — are,  when  inflated,  visible  externally 
in  /»'.  rirescens,  areohita,  and  moiitczuiiKi' ;  i)ossibly  in  others.  Tiie 
amount  of  web!)ing  between  the  toes  varies  from  the  fullest  condition 
in  />'.  cdtcshiaita,  scptcntrionaUn,  and  boijlii,  to  the  half  webbing  of  li. 
arcolala. 

The  distinctive  characters  of  the  sjjecies  are  derived  from  the  com 
])arative  bidk  of  the  body  or  limbs  ;  the  presence  or  absence  of  dorsal 
ridges  ;  the  comparative  length  of  fore  arm  and  hand  ;  of  femur,  tibia, 
foot,  and  body;  the  amount  of  weltbiiig  between  the  toes;  the  compara- 
tive length  of  the  third  and  fifth  toes  (the  fourth  being  always  longest); 
the  shape  of  the  tongue;  the  position  of  the  vomerine  teeth  ;  the  size  of 
eye  and  tympanum,  etc.    The  colors  ma.\  present  dark  blot(;hes,  areo- 
lated  or  not,  reticulations  or  marmoratioiis  on  a  light  ground,  or  light 
sinuations  or  sj»ots  on  a  dark  ground.     Many  species  Iiave  a  light  line 
along  the  .jaw,  which   begins  distinctly  either  at  the  nostrils  or  under 
theeye.   Those  in  which  this  line  is  wanting  are  E.cafenbiand^monfezunKC, 
areolatii,  scpfenfrionalis,  Idi/JH,  and  some  vaiieties  of  clainata.     Speci 
mens  vary  much,  even  of  t  he  saiiu' species,  with  latitude  and  external  cir- 
cumstances.    As  a  general  lule,  those  from  the  north  are  larger,  darker, 
ami  more  pustular,  so  much  so,  that  for  li.  cideshiaiut,  patustris.  cin'scens, 
and  chnnafa  it  is  <piite  easy  to  establish  two  or  three  different  races, 
some  of  them  even  raised  to  the  rank  of  distinct  s[)ecies.     As,  however, 
all  intermediate  stages  may  be  detected  on  a  close  examination  ot  many 
specimens  from  the  same  locality,  alrliuugh  a  general  adherence  to  the 
tyiK- is  preserved,  it  becomes  imi>ossible  to  assent  to  the  retention  of 
several  long-established  species. 

The  following  tabular  analysis  gives  in  a  synoptical  form  the  most 
salient  features  of  the  different  species.  It  is,  however,  impossible  here, 
as  elsewhere,  to  indicate  characters  which  shall  apply  with  mathemat- 
ical accuracy  to  all  s))eciinens  of  the  same  species.  The  dimensions, 
pro|)ortions,  color,  and  other  characters  may  vary  to  a  considerable  ex- 
tent, and  it  is  only  by  striking  the  balance  of  all  the  features  of  a  spe- 
cies that  we  cau  detcrmiuo  its  true  position. 


■E'HI 


1  j 
is 


'I 

I  ill 


]'•  i 


39G       lUiiJ.KTiN  ;u,  rxiTKi)  .statko  national  MrSKUM, 

I.   lli;i'l  of  cxtfiidiMl  liiiiil  liiiil)  ii'atliin^^  Icmr  licvoi  d  rxtrniiity  of  imi//.li';  vomcriiio 
t<>i>tli  fiilirrly  lii-t\v<M'ii  I'lioiinii'.     (No  lilack  <'ar-|ialcll.) 

Dorsal  (It'iitiiil   |ili('ir  timi,  usually  iiumi'  than  two  Itcl  ween  tli"  lateral  oiioh; 

spotH  usually  siiiallfr,  riniiult'il ;  males  witli  vocal  sues A',  rinbccns, 

II.  Ileol  of  cxtemled  liiiid  liiiil)  not  reaeliliifj  end  of  nin/./lo  ;  voiiieriiie  teetli  lietweeii, 
l»nt  projeetinj;  itosterior  lo  posterior  Itoider  of  (dioana'.     (No  black  ear- 
pateli.) 
n.  Mules  witli  an  external  voeal  vesicle, 

A  dorsolateral  deiinai  fold,  witli  olliers  lietweiiii ;  tlirce  phal<tii){eH  of  fourth 
toe  free  from  wel);   lejjs  cross  liarnd I!,  ttvinlata. 

Dorsolateral  fold  only;  two  ]diulan^ies  of  fourth  too  freti  from  wed);  lictd 
scarcely  reacliitiK  lynipanntn,  wliieli  is  nearly  as  larjje  aseyc  ;  brown,  with 

HTuall  ^ray  (or  in  life  irieen)  spots 11.  moulcznnuv, 

oa\.  No  external  vocal  sacs  in  males. 

Four  dernnil  dorsal  ridges;  two  plialunnes  of  fonrtb  toe  free;  colors  pale 
with  rows  t)f  lai'ne  <| ""<''" l*^  lirowii  spots li.  inilimli  in. 

Dermal  fold,  si/e  ot'  tympaniini,  and  extent  of  widi  variable;  lenj;tli  not  ex- 
ceeding <>  c(nlimeteis;  larj;e  dark  spots  on  liack I',  n<iil(iiliiinittHii. 

A  «lor8oluteral  dermal  told;  web  Icavin;;  t  wo  phalaii^eH  of  I'onilb  loi<  free. 
?io  dorsal  spots  ;  size  not  exceed  in;;  H  centimeters J!,  i  hdiKtta; 

No  dorsolateral  dermal  fold;  \\i'\>  i/i i.iritHii  leaving  one  phalange  of  fourth 
digit  free  ;  length  reaching  'M  centimi'ti;is Ji,  vtitoibidna. 

III.  Ileol  not  reaching  end  of  mn/zle  ;  vomerim-  teeth  behind  choaiue.     (A  black  cur- 

patch.) 

Usually  two  phalangesof  fourth  digit  free;  inteinal  cuneiform  tubercle  small 
J{.  Itmpotaria. 

Usually  three  |»haluiiges  <>{'  fourth  digit  free;  iiiteriuil  cuneiform  tubercle 
Inrgu  uiul  prominent ;  middle  of  buck  rurely  Hpottcd  ;  small,  si/e  .''>  centi- 
meters   //.  riiiildhrigi  Hhi/i, 

IV.  Heel  reaching  or  exceeding  end  of  iiiuzzle,  vomeriiio  toeth  behind  chounu'.     (A 

black  ear  patch.) 
•     oc.  Tympanic  disk  distinct. 

Head  short,  obtuse,  entering  h-ngth  ;{.5  times;  third  phalange  of  fourth  too 
bordered  by  web  and  last  two  free;  cross-bands  of  tibia  imperfect  or 
very  few,  dorsal  spots  small  (in  Ainei  ican  subspecicis) A'.  (Kjilin, 

Head  obtu.se,  entering  length  about  three  times;  palmatioii  1  <iyring  pe- 
nnltimat(>  phalange,  leaving  the  last  one  free;  dorsal  spots  liirge  ;  size 
large,  reaching  I'i  centimeters A',  (tidnloni. 

Head  acute,  three  times  in  length;  back  without  largo  spots;  wt!b  borthir- 
ing  uiitepenultimate  phulauge,  leaving  two  (reo;  small,  length  .">  centi- 
meters   It.  nilra lica. 

aax.  Tympanic  disk  conceabd. 

Head  obtuse;  p.itmation  extending  to  base  of  last  phalange;  skrii  thick, 
glandular;  size  small J{,  boylii. 

It  may  be  seen  from  the  above  table  that  the  species  of  Kaiia  found 
ill  North  Ameiica  are  (;lo.sely  related,  and  that  their  discrimination  re- 
quires clo.se  attention.  More  or  less  numerous  exceptions  to  the  dcflui- 
tive  chariicters  above  given  exist,  and  increase  the  difficulty  of  distin- 
guishiiij;  ihem.  Thus  the  hind  legs  of  the  liana  palmtris  are  of  variable 
lengths,  iibout  half  the  specimens  Iniving  them  long,  as  in  //.  riresccns. 
In  the  latter,  the  vomerine  teeth  in  the  subsi»ecics  Hriu-hycephala  fVe- 
quently  are  placed  a  little  posteriorly,  as  in  the  Ji.  palmtrh.  The  latter 
again  sometimes  has  four  dorsal  ridges,  as  in  R.  virencens.    Sometimes 


niV.    UATUACIIIA    or    NOUTII    AMKKIC'A. 


397 


the  vomoriiie  teeth  in  liana  teiiiporaria  itnfiosa  iiro  not  apiniMiiably 
iiiorc  posti'rior  in  position  tiian  in  h'aiia  scpttnhionalis,  in  wiiicii  case 
tlio  spi'cirs  api>r()acli  cacli  oilier  xciy  eiosely.  The  Hand  scptcntrionaliH 
violati'S  tiie  (;Iiaiaeter.s  wliieh  (li.slin;;ni.sli  the  li.  clamata  and  R.  cutes 
h'utua  IVoin  eaeii  otiiei',  ami  "-ouhl  alVoid  aitoniph'fe  eonnection  between 
tliein  were  it  notfi.rit-i  inlc  rior  size;  l>nt  even  tiiis  point  does  not  in. 
vai'ialtly  hoM  f;<><"l>  '^^  'i  '''\^  sin-eiincns  of  R.  cltnnata  tlo  not  exceed  it 
in  tliuiensions,  Tliree  specriiiiens  liave  heen  found  which  rehire  very 
eiosely  tlie  R.  sili'atica  und  U.  ranlahrificnsifi^twty  of  whieli  are  referred 
to  llio  foruu'r  and  one  to  I  lie  latter  specMes  on  o'her  characters,  which 
are  not  nnnierons.  A  snbspeeies  latireiiiis  of  R.  cantabrUjensh,  froai 
Alaska,  approaches  the  R.  temporaria  in  its  wide  palniation ;  and  there 
is  a  specimen  (".)l'J(l)  which  is  (piite  intermediate  between  the  R.  agilis 
and  the/i'.  (hai/toni.  The  chain  of  allinities  indicated  by  these  intenne- 
diuto  specimens  may  be  sketched  as  follows: 


Hrpionfrioniilis.' 

Ti'mjjpr!mii  pn'tiosa. 
Canta1)ri(;('iiNi.s. 

SUvatic 

Those  series  are  not  probably  };eneti(%  as  some  of  the  species  have 
been  nu>st  likely  derived  troiii  the  Old  Woild,  The  R.  ficptentrionalis, 
however,  may  lie  very  j)robal)ly  ancestral  to  the  forms  of  the  (Jates- 
biana  series,  and  perhaps  of  others. 

The  species  of  Kaiia  are  well  protected  from  enemies  by  an  extremely 
aciid  secretion  of  the  skin.  An  animal  of  nuich  snperticial  sensitivci- 
iicss  is  not  likely  to  take  a  tVojj:  into  the  month  a  second  time.  Do- 
iiiesticated  doj^s  and  cats  avoid  them,  but  snakes  evidently  have  no  such 
scruiiles  against  feeding  on  them. 

KANA  VIHESCEXS  Kalm.* 

Rosa  til  Nnrra  AmcMicii,  iii.  l''t)l,  ]>.  41! :  SchrobiT,  iIim-  Nutiirforscher,  xviii, 
1782,  p.  H.') ;  I'l.  IV.    (tai'iii.iii,  Uiiil.  lOssi-x:  Inst.,  xvi,  p.  11. 

liciui  iidliriiin  "  Kiilm,"  Schrclur, /.  t'.,  ncchdlmii  :  Diuiilii)  (Ktiliii),  Hist.  Nut.,  Uoptil., 
VIII  (1S0:{),  l-.i2,4:W;  i  U.  llist.  Nat.  Kiiiii.,i't<-.  (180:{\  (i;? ;  Harlan.  Sillim.  Aiiier. 
Jour.  Sci.,  x  (Ir'-Jo),  1>.  1.  ;  .Iinini.  Ac.  ^ar.!^'.•i.  I'liila.,  v  (l-^-JT),  :i;i7;  1  li.  Med. 
and  I'liyw.  Ki'i>t.(lf;;{r)),  10-,'--Jv!4  ;  .Sloicr.  Kciit.  Ma^s.  IJcpi:!.  (l-^:{lt), -2:57  ;  Ilolb.,  N. 
Ani.T.  lliip.,  l8t  cil.,  I  (Hliti),  81»,xiii;  L  l).-i(l  »•«!,  iv  (IsJJ),  Dl,  xci ;  Dmn.  «& 
iJil)r.,Erp.  (Jon.,  VIII  (1-<41),  :!.Vi;  TliDinpson,  Nat.  Hist.  Vt.  (lS4-.>),  120 ;  Do  Kay, 
N.  Y.  Zool.,  Ill  J842),  XX,  tig.  49;   Flalli.w.,  rrocccd.  Ac.  Pliila.  (ISo)!),  111. 

/i'((»(i  iniiKttim  (water  iVoy),  Catcwliy,  (-'arcil..  II  (174:i).  70;  Klein,  Quadruped,    p.  119. 

Jiduit  itipiiiii  Gni.,  eil.  I.,  .Syst.  Nat.  (17-''\  lO.Vi,  2'^;  lionnaterre,  Eneyclop.  Meth. 
Eipel.('17.-''.t),  .5,  IX,  lig. 2;  Sebueider,  Hist.  Aiiipli.  fase,  I  (171)1)),  15:5;  Shaw.Gon. 
Ziu)!.,  iiirAni(pli.(H02\  KT). 

Rana  ntiiciil'iriit  Harlan,  Sillirn.  .Joiirn.,  x  (1825),  (JO;  Jonrn.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.,V  (1827), 
■  337;  111.  Med.  and  Thys.  Kept.  (1835),  102,  223. 


Plates  50,  ligs.  1,  2;  51,  tigs.  1,  9. 


I     t 


m 


■■■■I  I 


rv 


' 

1 

.•  _    1. 

;! 

■t 


i;i 


t 

-;.    , 

1 

1 

'     i 

[ 

Z^^LLl 

I 

1.^ 

'i 

i ! 


398  UULLUTIN    31,    UNJTKD   «TATi:8    NAllOiNAL    .MU«liUM. 

liana  r('/\/;(H/((H(i  Lniii.,  Syn.  Rcpt.,  p.  HI. 

liana  jKilusiri.  (iiK'^riii,  Icoiioj;!-.  Iicpl.,  Pl/Jfi,  fig.  1. 

Iliiiia  oxiirhiihchuH  Mallow.,  I'loccrd.  Ac.  I'liilii.  (IS.'iC),  p.  115. 

Uana  lialuiidiiri  Ualid,  II.  S.  .\Ii'x.  IJoiiml.  .*^iirv.,  IJopl.,  p. 'J7,  IM.  ;$(!,  ilg.  7-10. 

Voiiioriiioi  teeth  in  two  seiircel.v  ui>lit|iie  jiioups  between  tlie  elioaiiro. 
Head  iiitxleiate;  snout  ratlu-r  pointed;  inteioiitital  si)a(!e  liaU'a.s  broad 
as  the  upper  eyelid;  tympanum  distinet,  nearly  as  larjje  as  tlie  eye. 
Fin;jfer.s  nu)derate,  llrstextendiu};' beyond  seeond;  toes  not  quite  webbed 
to  the  end  ;  snl>artienlar  tid)ereles  of"  linfjeis  .and  toes  well  developed; 
inner  metatarsal  tubercle  very  small,  blunt ;  no  outer  one,  Tin'  hind 
limb  being  carried  forward  along  the  bodv,  tin.'  tibio  taisal  artienhi- 
tion  reaches  nearly  the  tip  of  the  snout.  A  prominent,  inirrow,  gland- 
ular lateral  told.  Olive  or  grayish-brown,  »'lianging  to  green,  above, 
with  regular  oval  or  roundeil,  medium-sized,  daik  brown,  light  edged 
spots;  legs  ero.ssbarred ;  beiu'ath  imnnu'idate.  Male  with  two  gen- 
erally well-developed  voeal  sacs.     North  ami  Cei.tral  Anu'rica. 

There  are  ft)ur  subspecies  of  the  liana  ririNccus,  which  i)ass  into  each 
other  by  occasional  internu'diate  specimens.     They  dilfer  as  Adlows: 

Head  cntiTiiiK  length  of  licail  ami  Ixidy  1  wo  ami  a  liaif  or  less  I  lian  tliieiv  tiiiu's  ;  iiufU'H 
with  iNtt'i'iiai  vt'siclt'H;  iiiii//l(^  iiioii'  aciimiiiatr  ;  no  cidss-liais  on  tiliia;  Npots 
Hnialler Jl.  r.  KjilniiocrplKila. 

Head  entering  length  of  head  and  tiody  two  and  a  half  to  nearly  three  tiines  ;  no  ex- 
ternal MX'al  \('sieh's;  niu//le  more  or  le.-<s  aeiimiiiate;  siidts  less  distinct;  tihiit 
generally  ernss-liarreil;  no  longitndiniil  hand  in  front  of  temiir. . .  A",  r.  nuHtricola. 

Ilc.id  ncunMiiate  hnt  shorter,  entering  the  length  three  times;  males  with  externiil 
vocul  vesicles;  iipots  smaller,  nit  si  di -' iiictly  yellow  'K>nlere<l;  cross-hars  of 
tlhiii  generally  interrupted;  a  longii  luliiial  hand  on  the  front  of  the  lliigli. 
A',  r.  rircHci  iia, 

HeadHhortiir  and  inoro  obtuse,  entering  the  length  threes  iiud  a  half  times;  males  witlj- 
oiit  or  with  rndimeiital  external  xucat  vesicles;  dorsal  spots  larg<'r,  withdy  yellow 
bordored  ;  tibial  eross-hamls  <'omplete  ;  no  longitudinal  hand  on  the  fionl  of  tliu 
thigh II.  V.  hvavliycviihala. 

The  last-named  subspecies  is  the  oiu'  I  called  li.v.  bcrlanderi, hwt  it 
turns  out  that  the  typitial  si)eciinens  »  '  that  species  belong  to  the  sub- 
species Virescens.  The  hitter  is  tlni  liana  iitricularia  of  Harlan,  but  it 
is  also  the  true  R.  viresecnn  of  Jvalm. 

The  characters  which  distinguish  the  id)ove  snbsi)ecies  iire  not  with- 
out excei)tions.  Some  si)eciinens  (No.  i;!,'}?-)  from  Wheatland,  Ind., 
are  intermediate  in  the  length  of  the  head  between  the  longer  and 
shorter  forms.  Qnitt;  trustworthy  is  the  non-barring  of  the  tibia  in 
separating  the  /i*.  /•.  sphenovephala,  but  it  is  less  constant  in  the  R.  v. 
virescens.  Thus  in  the  K.  r.  vin'svens  two  specimens  (.'5131)  from  Saint 
Louis,  Mo  ,  aiul  one  (">t'J!))  from  (irand  Detour,  111.,  have  two  complete 
tibial  cross-bars,  and  No.  .'>;}().'{  has  three;  No.  lOOtG  has  only  one.  In 
the  R.  r.  brarln/cephala  tliere  tire  two  or  thiei!  siitdi  bars,  but  in  the  fol- 
lowing specimens  there  is  but  one  complete,  or  all  iwo  inteirupted:  Nos. 
4794,  34'i7,  .3418,  IMMJS,  849!),  1 1!)J»).     The  spots  are  siniiller,  and  like  the 


THK    HATRACMIi.V   OF   NORTIF    AMERICA. 


399 


liirjjcr  spotted  Viroswiis  in  H.lOl,  3295,  1)317,  luid  3320.  In  4.")JH,  from 
Mi'xico,  tlio  iios(!  is  iiciitc  as  in  It,  r,  rircscenH. 

This  sjH'cies  lins  tlio  widest  laiij^e  of  any  North  Aiacricaii  I'm;;.  It  is 
r.Miiid  from  the  Atlantic  coast  to  the  Wicna  Nevada  Mountains,  and 
IroMi  Athabasca  Lalve,  in  the  north,  to  (xuateniahi  inclusive  to  the  south. 
It  does  not  0(H;ur  on  the  I'ai.iiic  coast.  The  (^oniinon  .Mexican  form  A'. 
r.  <(i(slricohi  (!ope  has  bi'eii  misnamed  A'.  Iccoiiiri  liy  most  modern  writ- 
ers.    The  latter  name  belongs  to  the  A'.  dniijUini. 

Ml'.  (Jarnian  has  Ml  the  Inilletin  of  the  l-'ssex  Inslitute  called  atten- 
tion to  the  fact  that  the  name  K.  halccina,  l)y  which  this  Ki»ecies  is  gen- 
erally known,  which  is  supposed  to  have;  been  ;;iven  by  Kalni,  does  not 
occur  ill  the  wiitiiigsof  that  author,  who  really  calls  it  A',  rirescviis.  In 
a  letter  to  nie  he  slates  the  case  as  follows,  lie  beyius  with  a  (luotation 
from  Kalm : 

111!  K('!*;i  til  Norni  A  ncricii,  iii,  ITlSl,  |i.  ((!.  Dcras  I'lir;;  ar  .sinnt.sii;  {jrrtn,  wtriiild  liiir 
ocli  (lar  iiii'il  l>riiii,iklij{a  Ihifkiir.     •     »     » 

Ddtiiiilt' kiniiia  liailiis  :  Ifaiiii  vircsr.'iis  i)]antis  ((^tradactylitj  li.ssin,  italiuix  pentiv- 
(liiutyliH  HOiiiipaliiiiitii,  iiiaculii  (it'pre.ssa  fiisca  pniic  ooiiliiiii. 

The  para^'raph  from  which  the  above  is  (juoted  begins  with '*  Sill- 
liilppetassor  kallades  har  af  deSvenskaen  art  af  yrodor,''i'tc.  The  name 
liana  lu'lecina  <loes  not  occur  in  the  text.  The  lirst  appearance  of  this 
name  that  occurs  tome  is  in  '•  Der  Naturforscher,"  xvill,  1782,  p.  185. 

Sclireber  here  figures  the  species,  on  Plate  iv,  so  well,  llierecau  be  no 
mistake.     II. •  refers  to  the  synonymy  as  follows: 

Dor  Pipfroscli,  li'mia  ;>i/>i(»v,  S.  Tal),  iv.  h'niKi  (Kjiiaticd.  Catt'sb.,  C'arolin.,'i,  p. 
7(1.  lab.  TO.     Ki.KiN.,  (Jiindiiii).,  \i.  1  Hi. 

KaiiiV  viirHociiM,  i)lanlis  (iniiss  licisst'ii  :  paliiiis)  trtradactyli.s  lis.sis,  paliiiis  (iimss 
lit'lsMcii :  plaiiiis),  pt'iitadai'tylis  .scmipaliiiatis;  niaciiia  dcpro.s.'ia  t'linca  ixme  ocuiinii. 
Kalm  Hcsa  til  Xorra.  America,  lorn.  :t,  />.  '111. 

liana  hah'cina,  Sill-hoppcfossor,  Kalm,   /.  c,  ]).  ■•'>. 

Where  Sclireber  yets  his  h'an((  halccina  from  Kalm,  I  do  not  know. 
It  isnot  in  tlu^  Ivcsa  of  llaile,  17.").{-I7(il.  We  do  not  lind  it  in  the 
translation  by  Forster,  1772,  in  ICnyiish.  I'ossibly  it  may  occur  in  the 
translation  by  Murray,  '•'Utingen,  1754-'0-t,  Beschreibuiig  der  Ucise, 
etc,,  which  is  not  at  ham. 


I 


'  '.\ 


J 


, 

1 

■     I 

',  I 

i 

i ; 

1 

.1 

•I 

1 

I 


Eana  rircscens  sphcnoccphaln  Cope. 

Rana  oryyln/nrha  Hallow.  I'loccod.  Ac.  I'liila.  (K>ti),  p.  It.'.     Not  of  Sniidiivall. 

The  typical  forms  of  this  species  come  from  Georgia  ami  Florida. 
These  look  like  ji  different  species  from  that  which  is  found  throughout 
the  interior  of  the  continent,  and  represent  the  R.oxyrhynchaoi'  llul- 
lowell.     I  des(!ribe  a  specimen  from  the  former  State. 

Viewed  from  above,  the  muz/do  is  elongate  and  acuminate,  and  the 
narrow  apex  is  rounded  and  i)r()jects  well  beyond  the  lower  jaw.  The 
nostril  is  at  a  point  half-way  between  it  and  the  anterior  border  of 
the  orbit.    The  canthus  rostrales  are  well  within  the  plane  of  the  lips, 


il 


'  ( 


n 


^11 


I 


ill 


400  BULLETIN   31,    UNITED   STATES   NAIIONAL    MUSEUM. 

and  are  nearly  parallel.  The  iiitororbital  spaco  is  coiisidt'rably  nar- 
rower than  the  width  of  a  superior  eyelid.  Tin^  tynipani(!  dislv  is  round 
and  is  a  little  larger  than  the  eye.  Tiie  vo'nerine  teetii  form  tran.sverso 
patches  entirely  between  the  ehoana?;  that  is,  their  posterior  edj^esdo 
not  reach  tlu^  line  conneetinj^  the  posterior  borders  of  tiie  choaniu. 
The  ostia«pharyngea  are  considerably  smaller  than  the  choanal 

The  first  is  considerably  longer  than  tiie  se^'ond  linger  and  ecpiuij 
the  fourth.  The  heel  reaches  eight  or  ten  millimeters  beyond  the  end 
of  the  nose.  The  palmation  is  rather  narrow  and  leaves  three  phalan- 
ges of  the  fourth  toe  free.  The  internal  eiineirorm  tubercle  is  small, 
but  is  prominent,  and  has  an  aiaite  edge.     No  external  tubercle. 

Between  thedorsttlateral  dermal  folds  there  are."*:  thedursal  region, 
four  thin  dorsal  plica'.     i)n  the  pelvi(!  region  the  external  two  are  rn 
dimental,  while  the  middle  pair  are  distinct,  and  near  togetiier  or  on 
each  side  of  the  urostyle. 

In  this  specimen  the  dorsal  spots  are  suboval,  are  rather  large,  and 
are  not  yellow  bordered.  The  dorsolateral  fold  is  yellowisli-browu,  and 
there  is  a  series  of  brown  spots  of  irregular  size,  but  smaller  than  the 
dorsals,  just  exterior  to  it.  JJelow  these  the  sides  becunne  yellowish,  like 
the  belly, and  have  small  brown  spots.  Adark-brown  band  extends  from 
the  nostril  to  the  orbit,  and  is  (!ontinued  from  the  latter  round  the  poste- 
rior border  of  the  tympanic  disk.    A  similar  baud  extends  from  the  infe- 


6 

7 
Flii.  l)!i.  liana  vlntrcns  hiiltcii'iciphitla.    Nii.  ll!)iri.     NusUvillo,  (in. ;  }. 

rior  edge  of  the  orbit  to  the  lower  edge  of  the  eai' drum.  The  lips  are 
brown,  with  small  yellowish  spots,  and  the  superior  brown  is  bounded 
above  by  a  narrow  yellow  line,  which  commences  beiow  the  front  of  the 
orbit  and  continues  below  the  tympanic;  drum  to  above  the  posterior 
edge  of  the  humerus.  Uelow,  everywhere  light  yellowish,  unsputted. 
Posterior  faces  of  Icmora  brown,  with  paler  coarse  vermiculations. 
Femur  with  tlireo  brown  spots  above,  and  a  longitudinal  brown  band 


% 


Ci 


THE    BATRACIIIA    OF    NOUril    AMERICA.. 


401 


connecting  the  extonial  witli  tlio  groin  luitciioily.  Tliis  band  is  not 
present  in  all  of  tlie  individuals  of  this  form.  Four  brown  spots  on  the 
anterior  and  on  the  posterior  edges  of  the  tibia,  leaving  the  greater  part 
of  the  «|)i)er  surface  uniform  light  brown.  Two  brown  spots  on  the 
tarsus  and  two  on  the  external  metatarsus.  A  brown  band  on  the  hu- 
merus covering  tlie  elbow,  one  spot  on  the  back  and  one  on  the  front 
part  of  the  forearm. 

ileasunmvnt'i  of  2so,  11U16. 

31. 

LfiiijUi  "f  lioinl  .'111(1  body OTf) 

AVitllli  of  licad  at  posterior  cdfjtos  of  tympana 0'jr> 

Li'iij;tli  of  head  to  posterior  edges  of  tyiniuaiiiv 0J7 

Length  of  fore  limb o;i(i 

Length  of  fore  foot 014 

Length  of  hind  l.mli  to  groin ]-^0 

Length  of  tibia OWJ 

Length  of  tarsiiH 0-J2 

Length  of  remainder  of  foot 0;'8 


Cfttn1i>)iiif 

No.  of 

iiiiiiilier. 

H|)l>f. 

97!) 

1191« 

:n-ji) 

11477 

Uil.-iO 

yCHK 

12 

Locality. 


Kdit  Siielliiit;,  iliiiii... 

Nashville,  (i:l 

I'mirie  Mcr  Uiiiij;i',  l.a 
Siiiiil  SiiniPii's  Island,  liii 

Wlicallaiiil,  Inil 

l.llu'ltV  I'l"'    llv,  (111.     . 

N.w  (iili  La 

Gi'or{£iaiia,  rla  


When  .ol. 
lectfd. 


1S8U 


From  whom  icctivi  il 


Dr.  (icii.  Sill  Uley  . .. 

W.,J.Ta\l(Pi' 

.larnr.s  I'"airin. ...... 

.MM'aslrll     

Itolit    l;iili;\\av  .    - . 
Dr.  W.  l..,I.iius  .... 
Di.  l;,  W.  Scliiif.lill. 
W.  Witti'fcli 


I 


N'aliiri'  of 
slJi-iinifii. 


Alcoholic. 
Do. 
Do. 
l)o. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


'•-■~\"- 


n 


Rami  virescens  vircscens  Kalm  (Cope). 

This  subspecies  d liters  from  the  A*,  v.sjihenocephnla  in  the  relatively 
sliorter  head,  being  exactly  intermediate  lictween  that  form  and  the  7i'. 
r.  hruchiiccphala  in  tiiis  respect.  The  hind  leg.s  are  als(»a  little  shorter, 
the  heel  reaching  exactly  the  end  of  the  inii/zle.  The  muzzle  is  also 
rather  shorter,  and  the  dimensions  generally  are  rather  smaller.  Tiie 
webis  rather  larger,  asthe  antepenultimate  phalange  i.s  widely  margined, 
so  that  two  phalanges  only  can  be  said  to  be  entirely  free.  The  spots 
are  rather  smaller,  and  separated  by  wider  intervals. 

In  the  coloration  may  be  noted  as  characteristic  the  presence  of  a 
longitudinal  brown  band  on  the  front  of  tlie  thigh,  in  front  of  thespots. 
This  is  rarely  absent.  Less  constant  is  the  presence  <»f  a  brown  longi- 
tudinal stripe  on  the  external  edge  of  the  tibia.  Then  there  is  always 
present  a  longitudinal  brown  band  on  the  front  of  the  humerus,  coni- 
niencing  proximally  and  varying  in  length. 

Dr.  IJolbrook  describes  the  colors  in  lif«!  as  follows; 

Body  green  above,  with  ovate  sjjots  of  dark  brown  margined  witU 
yellow;  yellowish  white  beneath. 
lUSl— liull.  34 26 


.;v*  I'l. 


J.  : 


!lli 


402  BULLETIN   34,    UNITED    STATES    NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

Tbisis  Olio  of  onrmostbeantifiil  species.  There  is  an  ovate  bluek  i>\H>t 
on  the  top  of  each  orbit;  a  very  briglit  bronze  line*  begins  at  the  noso 
and  runs  to  the  eye;  a  second  line  of  yellowis'  rt'hi;e  extends  from  tln^ 
uoso  to  the  shonUler ;  the  hitter  is  h'ss  extensive  in  the  nuile  aniniiil, 
ending  at  the  vocal  sac  Tlie  upper  jaw  is  dark  colored,  with  seveml 
yellowish-white  spots;  the  lower  jaw  is  almost  white.  The  eyes  aie 
large  and  prominent;  the  i)upil  is  black;  the  iris  of  a  brilliant  golden 
color,  with  a  l'»'tgitudinul  black  band  passing  through  it.  The  tym- 
panum is  finely  brimzed,  with  a  yellowish  spot  on  its  center.  The  supe- 
rior surface  of  the  body  is  bright  yellowish-green,  marked  with  ovate 
sjtots  of  (lark  olive  margined  with  bright  yellow;  these  spots  are  dis- 
posed in  two  rows  on  the  back,  and  in  two  others  less  distinct  and  less 
extensive  on  the  sides.  From  *he  posterior  part  of  each  orbit  runs  tin 
elevated  line  or  cutaneous  fold  of  a  bright  yellow,  terminating  near  the 
posterior  extremity  of  the  body.  The  inferior  surface  is  silver-white  at 
the  throat  and  yellowish  white  on  the  abdomen.  The  anterior  extrem- 
ities are  bronze  green  above,  marked  with  several  blotches  of  dark  olive, 
one  of  which  is  very  regularly  found  at  the  elbow;  their  inferior  snr 
face  is  whitish.  The  posterior  extremities  are  bright  green  above, 
mark«'d  with  dark  olive  oblong  blotches  and  transverse  bars;  the  inferior 
surface  is  pale  flesh  color  and  quite  smooth,  except  at  the  posterior 
part  of  the  thigh,  where  it  is  granulated. 


r 

Mi 

en 
wa 


Via.  100 •  Jlanavireieentviretcens.    No.  8809.    Tickfan,  OporRiaj  J. 

This  species  is  especially  an  inhabitant  of  swamps.  It  is  found  in 
great  numbers  in  tho.se  that  border  the  large  erecUs  iind  rivers  of  the 
Atlantic  coast,  and  is  comparatively  lare  inland,  where  it  gives  place 
to  other  species.  With  the  Acris  (jryllus,  it  is  the  first  si)ecies  heard  in 
spring,  and  although  its  voice  is  not  loud,  the  iu)i.se  produced  b_\  thou- 
sands of  them  is  deafening  when  heard  (tlose  at  hand,  and  is  transmitted 
through  the  atmosphere  for  many  miles.  It  may  be  imitated  by  the  sylla- 
bles "  chock,  chock,  chock."  As  a  harbinger  of  spring  it  is  always  wel- 
come. 

•  Thia  liuu  is  yellowiBli  in  the  young. 


H 


THE    BATRACIII\    OF    NORTH    AMEFUCA. 


403 


Tliis  species  is  found  iiloiij;'  tbc  eastern  and  southern  coasts  from 
Maine  to  tbe  mouth  of  the  Itio  (Irande,  and  up  the  Mississippi  to  south- 
ern Illinois,  and  in  the  intermediate  country.  On  the  plains  and  west- 
ward and  southward  it  is  replaced  by  the  following  subspecies. 

The  Eana  rirescens  virescens  is  the  7i^.  utricularia  of  Harlau. 


i 


liana  viri'sccns  rircscenn  Kalni. 


Catftlojriio 
miinlicr. 


4G!I8 
lilU 
3428 

8079 

3430 
3U9 
3431 
3425 
E197 
0343 

3430 
8239 
4K30 
8809 
3)29 
9342 
34r)() 
3442 
4871 
9257 
9073 
25liO 
31113 
13.V.I3 
13372 
1  tr).")2 
32H2 
11480 
1U04(! 
1(11147 
11. -.25 
111107 
1 1907 

3692 


No.  of 

H|II'C. 


1 

7 

10 
3 
6 
2 


1 
1 
1 
2 
1 
II) 
1 
2 

T 

4 


Locality. 


Wnsliiiigfon,  D.  (' 
lticol)()i()iit;li.  (ill. . 

I'rllrtaculil,   Kill     . . 


Soiitlii'iii  IllinoiH. 
KoitSniilh,  Ark. 
Ku.sMi  llvilli',  Ky  . 

Ciiilisli',  Pa   

Saint  Louis,  Mo. . 
('Iiaili'simi,  S.  (/'  . 
Taos,  \.  .Mi'X . 


Wlipii  col- 
lected. 


From  whom  received. 


Natiiro  of 
Rpecimeii. 


A  t  lial)a  Hc  a   II  i  v  cr. 

liiitlrtli  America.  I   

TarboroM;;li,  X.  C    !   

Cairo,  111  1 

Ilrookvillo,  I'.i 

Tiekfaw,  La  Dec.  22,1876 

(iraml  Detoui',  III     

(iraiiil  C'otcaii,  La     

Soutlicrii  Illinois      

Saint  Aii^iisliiie,  I'la  . ..  i   

Mexico 

WatliiiiL'lon,  U.(J I 

Caiio.lll         .. 

Soiitlicni  lllinoi.s ! ... 

Madrid,  N.  Y    


John  Little 

rrol'.S.  I.  liiiinl 

Hr.  ,T.  K.   ILiiiimond, 
S.  A. 

li.  Kciiiii<'ott     

Dr.  li.  K.  Sliiimard  ... 

Dr.  nihil  

I'rol'.  S.  F.  liaird 

Dr. (i.  Kn^clnianii  ... 

Dr.t".  Cirard 

Dr.  H.  C.  Varrow 


1{.  Kciiiii(  iitt. 
J.  L.  liridjier  . 


1(^77 


(!) i. 

Wheatland,  Illd... 

Dalla.s,  Tex      ...j 

Matamoi'os,  Mexico 


Mount  (!ariiiel.  111 

...  do      

New  Madrid,  Mo 

NaMhville,  Ca      ... 

r.  S.  .\rseiial,  Washiiii;- 

Ion,  !).(.'. 
Iiiilian  River,  P'la  .   


1880 
1879 


Dr.  K.  Ilaymoi.d 

Heaii  and  Max.soii 

Dr.  I'.  K.  llov 

St.  Charles  Coll 

'  It.  Kinnii'otl 

K.  K.  Smith 

,  Lieut.  I!.  C h,  U.  S. 

'  Dr.  1'.  II.  liean 

It.  Kennieott 

I do 

j  I'.K.  Hoy 

'  (?)   

■  Kcdit.  Ridfiway 

'  K.  D.Cope  ...' 

Lieut,  ii.  Ciiiiih 

'  (!) 

Ihihl.  It  id;;\vav   

'         .  do ' 

I?). 


.v.. 


W..LTa\lor 

Dr.T.  ILHcan  .... 


(1.  Wurdeiiiauu. 


Alcoholic. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 


liaua  rirescens  brachi/cephala  Cope. 

Iktiiia  iKtlcchia  hcrlaiidicri  Cope,  Chock  LLsl,  liatr.,  lieptiL  N.  Aiiier.,  p. 32;  ncc  Eana 

Inrlaiidicii,  Hairil. 
Hdiiii  hiilrc'nia  Binili'nj;('r,  (.'at.  IJatr.  Sal.  Hrit.  Mas.,  -^       ■.  p.  41:  Broecbi,  Misioii  Sci. 

<1(^  .Mcxiiiiic  ]?atiii('ii'iis,  ]).  10, 

This  is  the  most  widely-distributed  form  o\  ,..e  Rana  virescens,  as  may 
be  seen  by  the  accompanying  list  of  specimens.  It  differs  from  the  R. 
V.  virescens  by  appreciable  characters,  but  these  occasionally  present 
such  exceptions,  that  I  am  unabh^  to  separate  them  tis  a  .-ipecies,  as  has 
been  done  by  Mr.  Uouleiiger.  The  (tharacteis  already  ascribed  to  the 
sp('(!ies  belong  to  this  I'orm,  but  tlie  further  dilferences  are  as  follows: 

I  .select  as  typical  a  .spetMineii  from  ihe  Yellowstone  River  (No.  .5303). 
The  muzzle  is  less  elongate,  and  the  extended  bind  leg  brings  the  heel 


III 


m 


31 


H 
as 
F 

to 
in 
lii 
til 
ul 


404 


JJILLKTIN    ;il,    UMTKl)    SJ'ArKS    NATIONAL    MUSKUM. 


' 


ot! 

hJ 

Bfl 

Hi! 

1 

; 

He 


tui 

apt 
is ) 

i 

oir 
art 

Sll( 

fir 
Lo 
til) 
tlie 
lo\> 
4?  J] 


to  its  apex,  but  not  1)('.\  oiul.  Tiie  tyinpaiiic  disk  is  two-thirds  the  diain 
eter  of  tlie  eye.  Tlic  la-act  is  sliorter,  entering  the  'oiigi-i  of  the  head 
and  body  three  and  a  half  limes.  The  dorsal  deraial  jilicu;  are  thicker 
and  there  are  but  two  between  the  dorsolaterals;  usually,  however, 
there  are  four,  as  in  tlie  other  sub-speeies.  First  finger  longer  than  sec- 
ond. Web  leaving  two  free  phalanges  of  the  fourth  digit,  but  so  repand 
as  to  give  the  antei»enultiniate  phalange  only  a  wide  border.  Thi- 
inner  cuneiibrin  tubercle  is  rather  small,  but  has  a  rather  prominent 
compiessededge.  External  tubercle,  none.  A  thick  tarsal  fold.  There 
are  no  large  warts  on  the  skin,  but  there  are  occasionally  minute  warts 
and  folds  on  the  superior  face  of  the  tibia. 


Flo.  101.  Ranavirescfiia  hriu-h!ii\pUaht,  Nii.  l(i!V.'2.     Fint  Wallii  AValla,  AViisli.  Tcr. ;  \. 

In  life  the  color  of  the,  superior  surf  ices  is  green.  The  <lorsolateral 
ridges  are  liglit  yclhnv,  and  so  is  a  stripe  from  the  end  of  rhe  muz/le, 
which  passes  above  thc^  li])  and  below  the  eye  and  tympiinum  to  above 
the  middle  of  tlie  humerus.  Tliere  are  two  rows  of  large,  rounded 
dorsal  spots  between  tlie  dorsolateral  ridges,  wiiicli  are  edgi'd  witli 
greenish-yellow.  Tliere  ixw"  two  similar  rows  on  ea(!h  side,  of  w  Iiich  the 
inferior  is  the  smaller,  which  are  not  regularly  arranged.  There  is  a 
si)ot  on  each  eyelid  and  one  on  the  end  of  the  nose  above.  There  is  a 
light  band,  fre(juenlly  broken  into  s])ots  near  the  edge  of  the  upper  lip. 
There  is  a  brown  .spot  on  the  elbow  and  <uie  on  \\w  front  of  the  cubitus. 
The  bands  seen  on  the  front  of  Imiiieriis  in  li,  r.  rircscrus  is  here  an  illy 
defined  si)ot.  On  the  superior  face  of  the  femur  theie  are  three  br(»wn 
spots,  but  there  is  no  longitudinal  brown  band  in  front  of  the.se  sjiots, 
as  is  usual  in  the  two  other  subsi»ecies  of  the  li.  rircsccns.  There  are 
thre(^  com])let(^  wide  brown  cross-bands  on  the  femur,  and  sometimes 
four.  I'recpienlly  theic  are  one  or  two  spots  on  one  or  both  faces  of  the 
tibia  1)esides  the  three  bands.  The  posterior  face  of  the  femur  is  green- 
ish-yellow, coarsely  marliled  with  brown.  All  the  si)ots  and  bands  are 
narrowly  yellow-e<lged.    Int'erioi"  surfa<;u.s  light  yellow,  unspotted, 


> 


it-' 


'" 


.^ 


(liaii) 

head 

licker 

over, 

II  sec- 

TliP 
ineiit 

warts 


THE   BATRACIIIA   OF   NORTH    AMERICA.  405 

Mvasunmiiiln  of  Xo.  ;i3()ll. 

M. 

Lt'ii{,'th  of  head  and  body OUO 

Witlth  of  lifiid  iit  poslt'iior  fdj^cs  ol"  tyiiipaiiii U'^t) 

Ij('ii};th  of  head  to  iiostorior  odj;c.s  of  tympana 023 

Lcn^'thoffoirli'K 043 

T,(Mi},'tli  of  foic  foot. Olt) 

L('iii,'(Ii  of  hind  h'j;  to  {jroiu , IfJIJ 

Lcn;itli  of  tibia 028 

LtMi^^th  of  tarsus 024 

Lenj;tli  of  remainder  of  foot 044 

This  is  the  cominon  and  only  speeios  of  Ivuna  found  between  the 
eastern  part  of  the  Great  IMains  and  tiie  Sierra  Nevathi  Mountains.  It  is 
eoniinon  wiierever  there  is  siiilicicnt  watei'  to  supply  its  necessities.  In 
some  of  the  Western  towns  it  is  eaten  in  the  restanraiits,  and  I  have 
not  nntre(niently  found  it  excellent  food  when  the  larder  of  uiy  expe- 
ditions in  search  of  fossils  has  run  low. 

liuna  rivencciis  hracliyciphala  t'opc. 


Catiil.v^'.ic 

1 

X((.  of 
Hpoe. 

'* 

1 
U 

2 
1 
5 
0 
3 
C 
10 

Lociility. 

WlHll    col- 
llTlod. 

From  whom  roctiviil.      , 

.   I 

Xatiiro  of 
Nliouimou, 

3294 
3203 
8305 
8200 
3300 
32DS 

Allnii|M('riMii\  N,  Mt  x. .. 

HroNv  nsvillr,  ToX   

1,1(111   Uivtr,  Tex 

4l.)      

.>i.  ('.  IJ.  li.  Ki- ilv       . 

Capl.S.Vaii  \  lirl.r..-.  .\ 

IH.C.  K.  l:.  Ki'iim  ilv 

do     

.Mccdiolio. 
ilo. 
Do. 

Do. 

San  Antonio,  Tex.   

CliiU'Iio  I'^sroiidiilo  .. 

i.ioiil.  1!.  CiMich,  f.  S.  A  ..: 
J. 11.  Claik 

Liiiil.  K.  l!iinii>,  C  .S.  A  .. 
\V.  ll.Slu'.ld   

Do. 
Do. 

8302 

8501 

841)8 

San   I'cdro,  Gila  Kivi  r, 

N.  Mcx. 
San  .liian  Itivrr,  X.  Mex. 

'I'ao.s,  N.  Mi'x 

Al)i(iiiiii,  N.  .Mrs   ...    .. 
Saiila  I'r,  X.  .Mrx 

Do. 

Do. 
Do. 

8100 
8500 
5450 

Si'iit'.  — ,'  1874 

Dr.  O  l,o,  w 

do 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

3375 
5273 

Kent  llallas,  Tex   . 

Dr.  Ceo.  S;i(kU'V,  r.S.  A. 
Dr.  1!.,1.  I).  liwiii.U.S.A 

W.S.  W 1 

II.  !'..  Molllianwn 

W.S.  W 1 

11.  li.  MolUiauscn  .          .   . 

Do. 
Do. 

3350 

I'laltc  Kivt  T,  XtOir  .   ... 

Do. 

328K 
3342 
0340 

Kill  Hank  Crcok   

Do. 
Do. 

I'oit  I'nion.  X.  Mrx 

liclvviiii     I'ml    Million 

nnil    I'oit    Union,  X. 

Mix. 

Colorailo  liivor     

Sand  llill.s,  Ncv 

Mriliiinc  l!o\v  Cnok   . .. 
Yt'IloWHtont!  Itivi'T 

Do. 

3380 

Do. 

9347 
Q:I4C 
331)4 
3303 

'   ll.liMnllliausou 

Ilr.  V.  V.  Ji  'vd.n 

W.S.  Wood  '      

Dr.  1'   V    llaxdcii 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

3350 

do 

lici 

1)0. 

0330 

ilo        

.r.  S.  llr.iuiic  

T.  (  'ullr,  llsoll     .  -    .  _ 

Do. 

3341 
3351 

Sai*   Lake  Valley,  Ctnli 

Do. 
Do. 

3353 

24(1    i.iili'.s    Iriiiii    Fort 

Kc  iiii\ . 
nnnicilli.  Ill    

.       W.S.  Wood     

Do, 

8439 

Dr.C  1!  K.  K.nnirlv.   ... 
.1.    I'olt.s                .     .■     .... 

Do. 

4548 

Do. 

3290 
3365 
3348 

Ilradwati  r-<  ol  'I'riiiity. 
(Jliiliiialiiia,  Mixiio  .. .. 
l'(dc('iiMk  of  riatto.... 

C  i|il    Jidiii   Cope,  r.  S.  .\. 

Dr.  C.i;.  l;.  Kuniifilv 

W.S  Wociil 

Dr.  lie.  Vairow 

11.  W.  lliiishaw      

Dr.  11.  ('   Yarrow 

.     do 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

8054 
0044 

g:i44 

8101 

I'tah 

Koit  (iailand,  Colo  

Taos,  X.  Mi'X 

Utah     

Port  IIiiinii,Micli 

(JiiiliiT,  Canada 

Ijaciiii'   Wis 

187  J 

All?;.  — ,  lh74 
i                 187;; 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do 

3413 

do.    

Do. 

3410 

do   

Do. 

3I'JI 

..    ..  do       

Do 

34'J7 

do 

K.  Ki'iinicotl . .         

Do. 

4528 

Itcil  Kivor  of  Xoitli 

Pi'ovo,  Utuli       

'l»72 

Do. 

8080 

Dr.  U.  C  Vurrow 

Do. 

1 

^W 

' 

1 

• 

i 
1 

■';»■ 


\'i 


li 


i 


t 


I  1 


1(1 


406         BULLETIN   31,    UNITKD   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

Ii'tiiKi  i-irincciix  hritchijccjihahi  Copo — Continued. 


Catn1o);n«  I  No  of  I 
number.       speu. 


Locality. 


rt'lipii  col- 
lected. 


4794 
8325 
0672 
9382 
14500 
14501 
3349 

8753 
3:)'20 
837,1 
0339 
8.'17d 
0343 
3418 
0008 
12583 

IIO'JO 
14173 
3422 
0738 
9346 
3320 
60C1 
3361 
8368 
9459 
11490 


2 
4 
1 
1 
4 
1 
8 

1 
1 

5 
1 
5 
2 
o 

1 
4 

2 
1 
6 
1 
1 
2 
1 
3 
1 
2 
7 


An;;.— ,1874 


NubiiiMkii.  ... 

Koit  I'iiTio.  Nolir 

('ain|i   (>i'itleiiil('ii,  Ari/,. 

Lake  Siipcrior 

(!) 

lii'dfonl,  Iowa 

Upiirr  Sli.ssissippi  and      

\  ellowstone. 
WclistiT  Cilv.  Iowa...   May  —,1878 

Ki)it  liipli'S'.  Minn 

Scl)cc  I'ond,  .Mo    I  Oct.   24,1873 

Sdnlli   Kiiilt 

Sc  l)ii'  I'linil.  Mo 

Aliii|niu,  N.  Mex  '   

Ciiliiniliiis,  S.  ('  ;   

Middli'lown.  (,'ivnn 

Jolm  Day  liivui.  On ';;on 


From  whom  received. 


Natnri<  of 
fcpecimon. 


Dr.  Geo.  Suckley,  U.  8.  A 

l)r.  KvaiiH     

-I.  II.  Uuttcr 

K.  Kcnnicott 

(0   

Jordan  &  Mccik 

Ur.F.  V.  Hayden 


N.  Hii.iiidai'v  .Surviv 

Oliiry,  111    ' '. . 

Ktaniiii^liaiii.  Mass  . . 
Wchstcr  Citv,  Iowa. 
Sand  Hills,  Nclii-  .... 

Fori  Tnion,  Dak 

Soiilli  I'ass 

I'oloCiv.k,  N'.br  .    .. 

I'latti>  Hivcr     

Head  <it'   Vcllowstone 
N.W.  Houndarv 


188.-> 


(Ilias.  Aldricli  

Dr.J.IIead,  U.S.  A 

H.  A.  Leonanl 

Dr.  F.V.  llayd.n 

II.  A.  I.eoMui'd 

Dr.O.  l.ocw 

I'ror.  li.  l.rsiincrcux 

F.D.SIimI 

Oapt.    (.'lias.   Bcndirc,  U. 
S.  A . 

Dr.  K.  CiMKH,  U.S.  A 

.lolin  and  Clias.  Walker  .. 

Trot'.  S.  F.  Uaird  

nias.  Aldrich 

Dr.  F.  \'.  Havden 

K.J.  Dini^  ' 

('.  MiCartliy 

W.S.  Wood 

do 

Lient.  F.  V.  Hayden 

Dr.  E. Cones...! 


AlcoUolie. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


RANA  PALUSTULS  Lo  Coute.* 

liana paUintiia  Lo  Conto,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  V.  i,  p.  282;  H.arl.in,  Silliin.  .Joiirn.,  X,  p.  .'jU,  ■■jn<l 
Jonrn.,A('.  I'liila.,  v,  ]>.  liUO  ;  Diun.  it  Hibr.,  p.  U.jii;  HolUr.,  N.  Amcr.  H('rp.,iv.  ]i. 
9r>,  I'l.  •-*:{;  Dti  Kay,  X.  V.  Fiuin.,  Koptil.  p.  (Vi,  I'l.  G2.  lig.  (i;  Lc  Cont.-,  I'iocmmI. 
Ac.  I'liila.,  185,'),  p.  4'J4;  Wcid.,  Nova  Acta  Ac.  Leop.,  xxxii,  p.  HI;  Giintli., 
Cat.,  p.  14. 

Rana pardaViH  Ilarlau,  Amor.  Jouru.,  x  p.  .oO. 

This  species  ai)i>roaclies  near  to  the  subspecies  braehycephala  of  the 
Rann  virescens,  although  tlie  distinction  from  the  typical  subspecies 
can  be  readily  perceived.  Jn  general  it  displays  little  variation  of 
characters,  excepting  in  the  length  of  the  hind  legs.  Here  about  half 
the  specimens  show  a  length  which  allows  the  heel  to  reach  the  end  of 
the  muzzle,  v*'..  ie  in  the  other  half  it  attain.s  to  different  points  from 
the  front  of  the  orbit  anteriorly  {c.  g.  No.  3401). 

The  muzzle  is  always  more  obtuse  than  in  the  It.  virescens  rirescens,  and 
generally  a  little  more  so  than  in  the  li.  v.  hrachyivphalu,  but  not  always. 
I  describe  a  specimen  from  Garrison's,  New  York,  as  typical.  Muzzle 
flat  above;  rather  truncate  in  profile,  giving  the  head,  when  viewed  from 
above,  a  broadly  obtuse  acuminate  outline.  The  nostril  isu  little  nearer 
the  end  of  the  muzzle  than  to  the  orbit.  The  tympanic  disk  is  two- 
thirds  the  diameter  of  the  eye-fissure.  The  vomerine  teeth  are  in  trans- 
verse patches  between  the  nares,  but  the  posterior  edge  line  piqjecits 
behind  that  which  connects  the  posterior  edges  of  the  choana'.  The 
ostia  pharyngea  are  larger  than  the  choaiue.    There  are  no  external 

'  I'late  57,  lig.  X 


r 


vo 


V 


nr,<  of 
:iiiieii. 


liolic. 


Ti 


f 


TIIK    IJATUACUIA   OV   NORTH    AMERICA. 


407 


vocal  vesicles.  A  {jflatKluhir  ridj^o  extends  from  the  iiiUUlle  of  the  iu- 
fiTior  eiljje  of  tlie  tyiiipiiiiii;  drum  to  ii  point  iiljove  the  middle  of  the 
humerus.  There  are  four  thick  glaudiihir  folds  on  the  back,  the  exter- 
nal or  dorsolateral  commencing  above  the  tympanum.  Tlio  tiiickness 
of  these  ridges  is  much  greater  than  in  the  7i'.  vircscens  vinscciis,  but  iu 
some  specimens  of  tlie  K,  v.  hrachycepliala  they  approach  very  closely  in 
form,  and  are  in  fact  not  distinguishable  from  those  of  individuals  of  this 
species  where  the  ridges  are  narrower  than  usual.  In  a  few  individuals, 
of  which  .lie  specimen  described  is  one,  there  is  another  pair  of  ridges 
near  the  middle  line  of  the  back.  In  all  the  specimens  these  a  repre- 
resented  in  the  ju'lvic  region  by  a  pair  of  approximated  ridges  on  each 
side  of  the  urostyle. 

The  interorbital  width  is  two-thirds  the  width  of  an  eyelid. 

The  tubercles  of  the  palm  are  well  developed.  Tlie  first  (second)  fin- 
{;er  is  longer  than  the  second,  and  equal  to  tlie  fourth.  The  internal 
cuneiform  tubercle  is  small  and  weak,  and  is  without  acute  edge.  There 
is  a  trace  of  an  external  tubercle.  The  toes  are  nut  fully  \vebl)ed  ;  the 
edges  of  the  web  are  deeply  scalloped,  leaving  two  phalanges  of  the 
fourth  toe  free,  an  1  leaving  only  a  narrow  border  to  the  distal  half  of 
the  antepenultimate  phalange. 


V-sh 


Fui.  lOi.  nana palustiig.    No.  13403.    Gairi.son's,  N.  Y.;  }. 


Miasurvmciita  of  Xo.  I;J403, 


LciiHitli  of  head  aud  body 

Width  of  head  at  posterior  t'd-^es  of  tympana. 
Liiii;th  of  lu-ad  (o  [)08U'iior  edges  of  tympana. 

Li'iifrtliof  fore  limb 

Length  of  fore  foot 

Length  of  hind  leg  to  groin 

Length  of  tibia 

Length  of  tarwns 

Length  of  remainder  of  foot 


M. 

.070 

.0-^7 

M'i 

.o:?7 

.016  ■ 

.115 

.04'.) 

.0-20 

.039 


\ ' ) 


rl: 


hi 


>l 


1 


it 

ri 

■'vll 

^^^  I 

408       lUJLLirriN  3i,  united  stativS  national  muskum. 


i  ^ 


Dv.  riolbrook  thus  describes  the  colors  in  life: 

liody  pule  brown  above,  witii  two  h)nj'itu(liiiiii  rows  of  s(iUiiro  Hpots 
of  a  dark  brown  color  on  the  back  and  on  each  Hank;  yellowish-whitc 
beneath  ;  posterior  half  of  the  thighs  bright  yellow,  mottled  witii  black. 

Tiie  head  has  a  dark  brown  s^tot  on  tlu^  top  of  each  orbit  and  another 
near  the  snout,  with  an  indistinct  dark  line  extending  from  the  nostrils 
to  (he  orbit  of  the  eye.  The  ui)per  jaw  is  yellowish-white,  spotted 
with  black  ;  the  lower  is  white,  and  spotted  in  like  manner.  The  eyes 
are  hirge  and  prominent,  the  i)upil  black,  with  the  iris  of  ii  golden 
color;  the  tymjjanum  is  bronze,  with  ji  spot  of  a  darker  shade  in  the 
middle.  A  yellow  line  begins  at  the  eye  and  runs  below  tiie  (yni- 
panum  to  the  base  of  the  anterior  extremities.  The  sni)erior  surface 
of  the  body  is  pale  brown,  almost  covered  by  oblong  s(piare  si)ots  of 
very  (hirk  brown,  arranged  symmetrically  in  two  lines  along  the  back. 
We  sometimes  find  two  of  these  scpiares  conlluenf.  A  i)right-yellow  lon- 
gitudinal line,  but  not  raised  in  a  ciitaut'ous  fold,  as  in  litnui  rir<:sccns 
begins  bt'liind  each  orbit  and  extends  to  the  posterior  extremity  of  the 
body.  IJi'low  this  line,  on  eacli  tlank,  are  two  otiur  roAs  of  siiuare 
brown  spots,  the  superior  row  beginning  on  a  level  with  and  behind 
the  tympanum,  the  inferior  row  is  less  regular,  iVccpuMitly  consisting 
only  of  small  si>ots,  disitosed  without  order.  Tlui  interior  surfacte  of  the 
neck  and  abdomen  is  yellowish- white,  except  at  the  posterior  part,  where 
the  yellow  is  nu)re  decided.  The  anterior  exticmitics  are  yellowish 
brown  above,  marked  with  a  few  very  dark  blotclics;  th(\ir  lower  sur- 
face issilverwhite;  the  lingers  are  lour  in  nund)ci',  iVee,  of  a  light  brown 
color  on  the  ui)per  and  yellow  on  thcj  lower  surface.  The  posterior  ex- 
tremities are  brownish  above,  with  transverse  biuids  of  dark  bidwn  (!on- 
tinued  *  the  toes.  The  inferioi' and  posterior  jtait-iof  the  thigh  are 
grannl.iied,  and  of  a  bright  yellow,  with  black  spots.  The  inferi(»r  sur- 
face of  the  leg  and  tarsus  is  yellow. 

This  species  is  characteristic  of  the  eastern  district  of  North  America, 
as  it  ceases  to  be  found  so  soon  as  the  Central  Plains  are  reached,  it 
ranges  this  entire  district,  extending  as  far  muth  as  Hudson's  Bay. 

Ill  its  habits  it  is  not  gregarious  like  the  /»'.  rirenvcitu  t'//r,v««.s,  and  is 
even  more  solitary  than  the  A',  r.  bniclii/nplialK.  it  pietcis  cold  springs 
and  stri'amlets,  but  is  of  all  our  frogs  the  most  frecpiently  seen  in  the 
grass.  It  is  the  most  abundant  species  in  the  Alleghany  ^Tonntains. 
Next  to  the  J{.  silrafiea,  it  takes  the  longest  leaiisof  any  of  our  species- 
its  note  is  a  low  prolonged  croak,  somewhat  resembling  the  sound  pro- 
duceil  by  tearing  some  coarse  uiaterial. 


1 


-, 


-i 


It 


IS 


%- 


THE    IJATKACIIIA    OF    NORTH    AMKRICA.  409 

h'tiiin  ixihislrin  Lt<  C'oiilr. 


(!;ltjll(ii;llO     Xii    "f 

millllllT.  HIM'C. 


Locality. 


Wli.n  cm]. 
kctt'd. 


Kioin  "liom  irci'ivril. 


3K).'> 

■1 

341 '-> 

10 

:ui<) 

1 

;uii 

•  1 

lUII" 

1 

;iio7 

1 

31110 

1 

H:I4:i 

1 

?40:! 

4 

;i4ii9 

:< 

.14(111 

1 

»4lil 

:i 

n.140 

u 

yilO.') 

I 

51 5:1 

1 

3ti>U 

1 

3134 

1 

0;!HH 

3 

3417 

1 

WJl 

3 

IMUJ 

1 

;i;ijH 

1 

lllld! 

1 

lU'.l'J 

1 

("ill HhIc,  I'll Piof.  S,  V.  liainl  

....do d(i   ..    

M.ailvill.',  I'a    do 

I'liiladil|iliiii.  I'a T.  II.  Iticliiird 

I''iamiii;;liairi,  Mass    rrnf.  S    F.  I  la  icl 

U'luliinnldii      Couiiti',    ;  (;ol.  li.  I,.  C.  Wailcn 

W.stpoif.X.Y I I  Trnf.S.  r.niiird  .   

Kiiixloii,  .\.  <;     J ,  J.  \V.  Miliii'i- 

Saint  l/oiiis.  Mo , Dr.  (ii  (i  KmlicIiiiiuim 

Uooi  llivcr.  Wis Till V  — .  18.".;)    I'rof.  S.  V.  liainl 

Ditinit  liivi  r.  Mill)       .      An;;.  — ,  1i<r)3      do  

I'liiii  io  .Mil' Itiiiitfi-,  l.a. I  Ja.i.  I'aiiii'  

I'lail  Uivor,  Miss Mi-is  Hili'ii  Tiimiisini    .. 

Haiiiiiiiduc,  I'a 
Toledo.  Ojjio  .. 

'i'\  TIT  Spi  ii,._'s    'I'l'iiii..       I'lid'.  I!  Owi  II 

W.Ht   I'liila.lclpliia,  I'a   .,   \   W.S.  Wood     

I'lipi'i- Wisciiii.sin  Kivcr |   It.  KiiiTiicolt   . 

I'lc^ioii  Cpiinl » ,  Va    I'rot.  K.  1!.  .\iidii'\v.s 

James  I'.a\,N.li  i ('.  Kn^xltr   ...    

Hi    I  i  (.'I     

<,>iiasipii'loii.  Iowa  I [  K.C  llidwidl 

tiaiiisoii's,  N.  V I   'I'.  Itoosovcldl 

(I) ..  ;  {!i  


.1  Apr.  11!,  1^7;    IM-.T.  II.  Hi  an 

.' ,    ,T,  I!  -I'r.iMl.lv 


Niiliirc  of 

K]WVlltlUII, 


Alcoliolle. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do, 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do.     ■ 

Do. 


HANA  Ain;OLA  TA  I'.il.  &  Ciinl. 

Proiieptl.  Ac.  IMiilii.,  IHiVJ,  ji.  IT:!;  liaiiil,  I'.  S.  Mcx.  l!i>iiii(l.  Smv.,  Ucp- 
tilt's,  11.  ',N,  ri.  :!(;,  Wat*.  ll-l-J;   lionh.nH..,-,  Cai.  ISiitr.  .Sal.  Hril.  Miis., 

Head  liirjj';  vomoriiic  tcctli  oitpositc  po.sterior odj^e  of  clioaiiio;  tym- 
|)iiiii(5  disk  two-thirds  tlic  (liiiiiictt'r  ol'  eye  or  less.  A  stioiif''  fjlandular 
dor.solatcral  dcniial  i'old  on  cacii  side,  and  iiiiiiiorons  shorter  ones  011  the 
h.U'M  hctwceii  thoin.  First  (in<i»'r  h»iiji('r  tiian  st  cond.  Threo  ithalaiigi's 
of  front  toe  free.  Males  with  an  cxtt'inal  vocal  vcsiclo.  Fled  of  ex- 
tcndiii  hind  Icj^' reach  in;;' <  nly  toeye.  I'alination  shoi  t.  Groiiiid-(!oh)r 
lijiiit,  with  numerous  roiiiuh'd  s[tots  on  the  back  and  side.s.  Upper  li^t.s 
Kpottetl,  not  li;;iit  or  (huk  honh'red  above  or  on  tlie  iiiar;;in.  Hinder 
h'^s  with  niimeroiis  l)rown  cross  bars.     Lower  surfaces  unspotted. 

This  well-marked  sjjecie.s  is  related  to  the  A'.  pnUisfris,  but  is  easily 
distin^i'iiished.  It  presents  three  well-marked  snbsi»ecies,  wlio.se  char- 
acters I  now  '^Wi'i 

Li'ii^tli  of  liciid  to  jio.stciior  ('(lo(>  of  tyiniiiiiiii  tlm'o  (iincs  in  totiil ;  tyiiipiuiic  di.sk 
roiiiid;  (loisal  spots  wi'll  .si'imrati'il ;  nostril  t'luiidistaiit  lift wocii  end  of  iniizzlo 
and  r\i' li.  r.  anvlata. 

LcMintii  of  lii'ad  two  and  a  half  tinii's  in  the  total;  tyniiianic  disk  a  verticai  oval; 
dorsal  Hiiois  well  separated;  nostril  eiinidistant  between  end  of  nnizzlo  and 
<^ye 11.  r.  icnopus. 

LiMiglh  of  lieail  one-thiril  of  tot.'il  ;  tyniiianiedi.sk  varialilc  ;  doisal  spots  so  liii<;'e  as 
to  leave  only  eireles  of  the  lioht,  i^round-L'i>lor;  nostril  ne;ifereye  than  end  of 
iniizzlo  in  tliu  yonn<^ li.  v.  circulosa. 

But  few  si»ecimeiis  of  the.se  subspecies  have  been  as  yet  found,  but 
the  chamcters  presented  in  the  above  table  will  appear  of  iinportauco 


v^ 


:\ 


l\ 


>f\l 

410  lUJLLKTIX   31,    UNITED   STATES    NATIONAL    ML'.^EIJM, 

to  tliosu  faiiiiliiii'  witli  tho  subjiHit.  It  is  not  iinpossiMe  that  oiu'  or  tlu' 
oflicrof  tlio  siibspocics  may  come  to  bo  rocogiiizefl  as  species,  but  I 
scarct'ly  aiitlci[tato  that  such  will  be  the  case.  As  a  whole,  the  linna 
arcithtin  is  jirctty  well  distiuj-uislied  by  its  very  sliort  palmation.  N(!ver- 
tlicii'ss,  I  liave  sei'u'a  speclnu'U  IVom  (luatemala  witli  simihir  po>toiior 
feet,  which  is  otiierwise  not  (liU'erent  iVom  tlie  R.  rit'eHvem. 

liana  arcotata  arcolata  lid.  »Sj  (lird. 

liaita  aiivlain  l?ainl  &  Ciiranl,  I'rocfod.  Ac.  Pliila.,  K)'i,  \>.  17:?;  Bairil,  U.  S.  Mtix. 
Hoiui.l.  Suiv.,  I'l.  ;!(!,  li^M.  11,12. 


Fig.  103.  Rana  arenlata  arealata.    Xo.  3304.    Imlinnnlu.  Tot.  ;  \ 

Gciu'ral  shape  slomler  and  limbs  elon^jated.  Tiie  lieel  of  the  extended 
hind  l('fj  reaclu's  lialf-way  between  orbit  and  nostril.  Head  about  as 
broad  as  lon.i,s  (pnte  deep.  Sides  ol)Ii(iue,  with  the-  nostrils,  as  viewed 
from  the  sideof  head  ol)li(iue,  a  little  below  the  upper  prolile  or  canthus 
rostralis,  and  with  a  inarfjinal  papilla.  A  .^lij^lit  excavation  between  nos- 
tril and  eye,  continued  under  the  latter,  alonj;  upper  I'df^eof  maxillary,  to 
the  t,vm|>anum,  but  si^arcely  helow  it.  Top  of  the  head  slij;htly  j;rooved, 
or  concave  longitudinally.  I'^yes  large  and  .prominent ;  in  the  middle 
third  of  the  side  of  the  head;  nostril  midway  between  it  and  tip  of 
snout.  Tympanum  cir(!ular,  not  two  thirds  of  the  diaiiu'ter  of  the  eye, 
not  extending  back  to  angU;  of  jaw,  but  nean'r  this  than  to  (',\e,  nearly 
smooth  centrally.  Upper  maxillary  large;  no  glandular  ridge  of  skin 
on  it.  Very  well-developed  vocal  vesicles  on  each  side,  their  center.s 
opposite  th<'  posterior  end  of  mandible. 

Internal  nostrils  very  large,  oi)en,  transversely  elongate,  with  a  very 
shallow  groove  extending  to  the  side  of  the  Jaw.  The  vomerine  teeth 
are  well  developed,  on  two  oblique  protuberances,  nearly  in  contact  be- 
hind, and  placed  between  the  nostrils,  the  |)osterior  edges  of  which  are 
about  opposite  the  anterior  canthus  of  the  eye.  The  tongue  is  large, 
fleshy,  longer  than  broad,  with  the  coruua  small  and  wide  apart.  Tho 
Eustachian  apertures  are  nu)derate. 


> 


Tf 


*  •* 


lU' 


na 


or 


•J 


TlIK   IlATUArillA   OK   NORTH    AMKIUCA. 


411 


Tlie  upper  parts  ^I'liejall.v  aro  sinodtli,  tlici  sidos  apparcntlj'  soino- 
vliar  (Mirrugati'd  (sciirccly  pustular),  tlnaijjli  liow  iiiucli  is  owiiij^f  to  tlio 
iili'dliol  (tail  not  !)('  easily  (IctciriiintMl.  The  po.stcrioi',  inferior,  and  su- 
perior faces  of  the  thiylis  are  j,'raiiulated;  tliis,  however,  not  exteudinjf 
to  the  body,  wiiicii  is  iufeiiorly  entirely  smooth.  A  rather  l)road  but 
low  fold  of  skin  may  be  tra(;ed  from  above  the  tym])ainim  along  the 
hack  nearly  to  the  thigh.     A  small  ridge  behind  the  tymi»anuni. 

Thtnnner  toe  does  not  reaeh  much  beyond  the  middle  of  tho  meta- 
tarsal of  the  fourth.  Tho  web  is  but  sliglitly  developed;  it  extends 
fully  only  from  the  penultimate  articulation  of  the  outer  to  the  ante- 
lienidtimate  of  the  fourth  toe;  from  this  to  the  pciuultimate  of  the 
third;  from  the  niid<lleof  the  tliii'd  phalange  of  this  (counting  from  ti[)) 
to  the  se(!ond  articulation  of  .second  ;  fiom  third  Joint  of  second  to  flrst 
joint  of  fifth;  in  each  ease  extending  a  little  beyond  as  a  narrow  mar- 
ginal niend)rane.  The  terndnal  two  and  one  liaif  phalanges  of  tbo 
longest  toe,  however,  are  almost  entirely  free,  and  one  and  one  half  of 
the  rest.  Tho  membrane  is  more  cut  out  on  the  inner  edges  of  the 
joints  than  the  outer,  by  nearly  one  phalange.  The  cuneiform  bone  is 
slightly  developed.     No  tubercle  (»i)posite  on  the  outer  edge  of  sole. 

Upper  parts  lirownish-olive,  minutely  and  obsoK'tely  mottled  with 
lighter.  The  entire  upper  i)arts  and  sides  are  covered  by  a  number  of 
dark  brown  blotches,  with  light  yellowish  center;  they  are  subcircular, 
and  smaller  than  tho  tympanum.  They  are  most  distinct  and  crowded 
anteriorly,  and  do  not  invade  the  outer  ridges  of  skin.  The  ground- 
color of  the  ui)per  surface  of  the  fore  limbs  and  the  sides  of  the  head 
is  yellowish  brown,  with  vermiculation  of  brown,  as  also  some  distinct 
blotchesof  the  same  on  the  former.  The  hind  legs  have  numerous  par- 
allel and  transverse  dark  brown  bars,  three  or  four  on  the  thighs,  four  or 
livoon  the  tibia,  three  ()n  the  tarsus,  and  several  om  the  edge  of  the  loot. 
These  bars  are  broader  than  their  interspaces,  and  are  margined  by  a 
narrow  yellowish  line,  so  that  the  interval  between  two  adjacent  light 
lines  exhibits  a  brown  ground  lighter  than  the  dark  bars  just  described, 
and  also  transverse.  Indeed,  they  may  be  described  as  narrower  bars  of 
lighter  tint  between  the  dark  bais,  parallel  to  them,  and  «ei)arated  by 
narrow  yellowish-Rrown  lines.  Tlie  lower  parts  are  yellowish-white, 
unspotted,  including  the  interior  and  inferior  surfaces  of  the  limbs.  A 
few  scattered  blotches  are  .seen  on  the  throat  and  chin.  The  buttocks 
are  yellowish  white,  witii  a  few  ol)solete  dark  blotches,  smallest  on  tho 
posterior  eilge.    The  central  third  of  the  tyiui)anuni  is  white. 


Inches. 

Hoily ;!.()0 

Foiniir 1.  'J,') 

Tibia \.\h 

TarsiiH VT) 

Hi  ml  foot 1.4(> 

DiHi'i-cnco    lictwci'ii    sliorti'st 
aucl  longest  toes 1.02 


I  Inches. 

1.00  I  Totalhindleg 1.48  4.44 

.4',>  I  Foil- lcj;fi:>:!i elbow :!8  1.14 

.  Js     Hand 'l^  .()9 

.•J.-.  !  Widtii  of  iie.id :jr>  1.04 

.  I'.l  I  Ciic.id  ofjaws :{.'■)  1.0(5 

Tymiiannni 08  .23 

.  3 ) 


I 


;ai 


rl 


f 

'     f 

■     ;..    , 

■^ 

■'M:  \ 

: 

■  '■ . 

'\ 

I 

'1 

I 

■  .1 


■hi 


412  BULLETIN   31,    UNITED   STATES    NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

Rana  areolata  nreulula  Uaird  H  Girurtl. 


(!ntnlnciu< 
iiuinbrr. 

N.).of 

HpOO. 

Locality. 

Wli.ii 
collected. 

Fioiii   wlmiii   iccplvcd. 

Natiiii'  of 

HpCCllllUU. 

3;in4 

1 
1 

IndiniinJA,  TcT  ,, 

,1.  n  Clark 

Alcoholic. 

118U7 

NiiHliviUo,  titt 

1H80 

\V.  .r.  Tiivlor 

Do. 

m\ 


Rana  areolata  aeaopua  Copo. 
Proceed.  Aiuer.  IMiilonopli.  Soc,  1880,  p.  517. 

This  singular  form  iiiiiy  be  known  at  once  by  tlio  sliort  and  sqnat 
form  of  the  body  as  compaivd  with  tlui  size  of  the  lioail,  it'scmblinjj  in 
tliissonio  of  tlio  Anstralian  CyKtismitliida'. 

Tiie  muzzle  is  not  prominent,  and  does  not  project  beyond  tlic»ii)per 
lip.  The  eantiius  rostrales  are  straij^ht,  and  tlie  top  of  tiie  head  is  Jlat. 
The  tympanic  disk  is  a  vertical  oval,  of  whicii  tiie  sliort  diameter  is 
one-half  the  lengtii  of  the  eye.  Tlie  edjjo  of  tiie  vomerine  patciies  of 
teeth  are  a  little  posterior  to  the  line  eoiinectinn"  tli«^  posterior  border  of 
the  uares.    The  latter  are  about  as  larjje  as  tlie  ostia  pharyii^i'ca. 

The  dorsolateral  plandular  ridj-'e  is  tiiit^k,  and  extends  a  little  beyond 
the  sacrjil  diapophysis.  There  are  si.x  or  seven  rows  ol  short  loii<,'itudi- 
nal  glandular  tubercles  in  the  space  between  them.  There  are  similar 
elongate  warts  on  the  sides.  The  posterior  and  posteroint'erior  faces  of 
the  femora  finely  granular;  rest  of  the  inleiior  sui faces  smooili. 

The  first  finger  is  longer  than  the  second,  and  «'(pials  the  fourth.  The 
heel  of  the  extended  hind  leg  reaches  to  the  middle  of  the  eye.  The 
foot  is  of  moderate  length.  Three  of  the  phalanges  of  the  f'oiirih  digit 
are  entirely  free,  and  the  web  is  excavated  to  opposite  the  middle  of 
the  first  phalange,  extending  as  a  margin  on  each  side  of  the  distal 
half.  The  inner  cuneiform  tubercle  is  not  large,  and  has  an  acute 
apex;  no  external  tubercle.    A  slightly  defined  tarsal  dermal  ridge. 

In  alcohol  the  ground  color  is  light  brown,  with  the  tloisolateral 
ridge  and  the  inferior  surfaces  straw-color.  The  spots  are  a  darker 
brown,  and  do  not  appear  to  have  been  yellow-l)<)rdered.  The  dorsal 
sjwts  are  irregularly  rounded,  and  are  in  three  or  four  longitudinal  rows. 
There  are  two  rows  on  the  top  of  the  muzzle  and  head,  crossing  the 
inner  edge  of  the  eyelid.  There  are  two  Rjmts  near  the  external  edge 
of  each  eyelid.  Spots  on  the  sides  smaller,  in  about  four  lows.  The 
lores  and  upper  lip  are  rather  coarsely  marbled  with  brown;  gular 
region  faintly  speckled  with  the  same.  No  band,  but  a  sjxit  on  the 
front  of  the  humerus;  a  spot  on  the  elbow,  and  three  cross  lines  on  the 
fore-arm.  Four  narrow  cross  bars  on  the  femur  and  five  across  the 
tibia.  Three  cross-bars  on  the  external  side  of  the  tarsus  and  five  on 
the  external  face  of  the  fourth  toe.  The  i)osterior  face  of  the  fenmr 
has  numerous  rounded  brown  spots  on  ti  light  ground. 


T 


TUU    UATUACUIA    UF   MUUi'll   AMEIUCA. 


413 


■iy 


Fiu.  104.  Rana  areolnta  imopui.    No,  4743.   Mhtunoiiy,  Fla. ;  \. 
MsaHUfvintittn  of  No,  4743. 


if. 


LPii>,'tli(.nu!a(laii(l  lioil.v OfiU 

Willi li  i>t'  lu'ail  lit  |Mi.sti'iior  (■(lj;('H  tyiiiitaiiii 020 

Li'iiKtii  "f  li<M(l  to  itosttsrior  cilyes  tyiiipana 0*24 

Iii'n<;tli  of  toro  Wir 02G 

LiiiKlli  'if  l""i''  loot :.  .  t)12 

LcM;{tli  of  liiml  leg  to  j{roiii 074 

LiiiKtIi  of  liliia 024 

Li>ii  ;l  li  of  tarsus 013 

Lcii};tli  of  rest  of  foot 025 

Tlu^  only  si>t'ciiueu  of  this  .siibsi)ecios  wbicb  I  Lavo  seen  is  the  fol- 
lowiiijj: 

It'anit  anohilii  (iHopita  Copo. 


Cntnloctie     No,  of 
iiiimlii'i'.       .spue. 


4743 


1 


Locality. 


Wlifii 
ciillcctod. 


From  whom  received. 


Micnnop),  Fin Dr.  T.  II.  Bean 


Nature  of 
Hiibt'iiiiua. 

Alcoholio. 


1) 


I.  ,  »  ' 


liana  arcolata  circidosa  Uw.q  and  Davis.* 

Rice  ami  Davi.s,  in  .Ionian  Man.  of  Vert.  Ha.st.  N.  Amer.,  cd.  ii,  1878,  355. 

Two  .specimens  of  this  form  are  l)efore  me  antl  yiokl  the  following 
characters:  Tiieir  peculiar  eoloratioii  li'wvs  tiieni  an  eiegaut  a|)pearaii<',u, 
and  one  quite  different  from  tliat  presented  by  any  other  North  Ameri- 
can Itana. 

Lenfjtli  of  liead  one-tliird  of  total.  Ileel  of  extended  hind  leg  reach- 
in};-  to  the  front  of  the  orbit ;  muzzle  rather  elonj>ate,  but  little  produced 
beyond  the  edye  of  the  lip,  the  extremity  slopiii}-'  obliijuely  upwards  and 
posteriorly,  so  as  to  shorten  the  .sujjerior  plane.  The  nostril  has  an 
elevated  i)osition  and  a  suprolateral  presentation;  it  is  a  little  nearer 
the  orbit  than  the  end  of  the  muzzle.  The  membranum  tynipani  is  a 
vertical  oval,  with  the  short  diameter  only  half  the  length  of  the  eye 
fissure.  The  heel  of  the  extended  hind  leg  reaches  to  the  anterior  border 
of  the  orbit.  The  i)osterior  edges  of  the  vomerine  patches  are  behind  the 
borders  of  the  choanie. 


'  Plate  .M,  (iff.  10. 


;  . 


i 


414 


BULLETIN  34,  UNITKD  STATKS  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


Ot 
H« 

He 

1 

\ 
He 


tin 

iH  i 

r 
Oil 

an 

17> 

Lo 

tib 
the 
lo\^ 
479 


Tliere  is  a  stronjj  (lorsoliiteiiil  <;liiii(liiliir  ridj^c  on  cadi  side,  and  be- 
twoeti  these  tliere  are  from  six  t  >  eij;ht  narrow  {ilaiuliihir  folds  not  so 
much  broiven  up  as  in  tlie  E.  a.  trsopus,  bar  rcadii.v  beeoiniiif;'  indistinct 
in  alcoliol.  The  dorsolateral  fold  extends  nearly  tt)  the  groin.  IJelow 
it  th'e  sides  are  crowded  with  lonyitndinal  glandular  folds,  more  or  less 
broken  up. 

The  first  finger  exceeds  the  second  and  equals  the  fourth.  The  internal 
cuneiform  tubercle  is  quite  small,  and  has  a  free  ajiex ;  no  external 
tubercle.  The  web  is  shorter  than  in  the  other  subspccaes,  being  sital- 
loped  nearly  to  the  line  of  the  base  of  the  first  phalange,  which  it  only 
margins  for  ])art  of  its  length,  ceasing  near  the  distal  end. 


6  ^  ^^  7 

Fio.  105.  Bana  arcolata  circ'ilnga.    No.  278.    Mua.  Champ.ii!:!!.  111. ;  }. 

Color  in  spirits,  light  br(»wnish-yellow  or  straw-color,  above  find  be- 
low. The  entire  upper  surface  and  sidt's  are,  however,  so  tiiickly  covered 
with  large  reddish-luown  spots  as  to  rediuie  the  ground  color  to  a  mt 
work,  forming  a  j>attern  of  numerous  irregular  or  creiiate  circles.  These 
are  in  three  rows  between  tiie  dorsolateral  iidg*'s,  wiiicli  are  of  the  light 
groundcolor  for  most  of  their  length.  There  are  no  light  bunds  or 
lines  about  the  head,  but  the  lores  ami  upper  lips  are  closely  and  rather 
coarsely  marbled  with  I'.rown  and  yellow.  The  lower  lip  is  less  distinctly 
marked  in  the  same  way.  At  the  orbits  tlicic  are  ihree  rows  of  Inrgo 
siiots  like  those  of  the  back,  the  exterior  ones  on  I  hi'  eyelids.  The  foro 
legs  are  marbleil  like  the  lores,  with  a  faint  suspicion  of  cross-lvars. 
The  thigh,  tibia,  tarsus,  and  external  toe  are  cruss  banded  with  nucIi 
wide  brown  bars,  thiil  the  intersi)a(!es  are  very  narrow  an;]  often  inter- 
rn|)led.  There  arc  tliric  wide  and  two  narrow  bars  on  the  thigh,  and 
no  longitudinal  markings;  tluri'  are  six  liars  across  the  tiliia  of  dilfer- 
ent  widths,  and  three  across  the  tarsus;  inferior  surfaces  unspotted. 
The  lateral  spots  become  more  sparse  and  more  widely  s|)aced  near  to 
the  abdomen;  thigh  posteriorly  with  large  brown  si»ots,  on  a  straw- 
colored  ground. 


so 
►w 


^'' 


'■  ,^ 


THE    BATRACniA-  OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  4.15 

Measurements  of  Xo.  9386. 

M. 

Length  of  head  and  body OoO 

Width  «)f  head  at  pooterior  odgc  of  tyiiii)aiiiiiii 011)5 

L(n;,'th  of  head  to  posterior  edjjo  of  tymiiaimm  019 

Length  of  foro  leg 02vJ 

LiMifitli  of  foro  foot on 

Length  of  hind  leg  to  groin 073 

Length  of  tibia 02-1 

LiMigth  of  tarsns 014 

Length  of  rest  of  foot 025 

Since  the  above  wa.s  written  I  have  been  able,  through  the  kindness 
of  I'rofessor  Forbes,  «)f  the  university  at  Chani]»ai{jii,  III.,  to  <'xaniine 
the  type  specimen  of  Messrs.  Jtice  and  Davis.  It  ditfeis  considerably 
from  the  specimens  above  described,  as  follows:  The  muzzle  is  not  pro- 
tuberant, 80  that  the  nostril  is  t'(|ni(listant  between  the  end  of  the 
muzzle  and  the  eye,  as  in  the  subspecies  Areolata.  The  tympanic  disk 
is  nearly  round,  and  its  lonj;'  din  meter  is  three-fourths  tiiat  of  the  eye. 
This  specimen  has  twice  the  bulk.  In  other  respects  it  does  not  diH'er. 
A  very  stronj;  glandular  thickenino'  of  the  skin  extends  from  tlu'  eye 
alove  the  tympanum,  and  then  descends  posterior  to  it.  The  eyelid  also 
is  thickened. 

Two  specimens  (No.  138L*S)  from  Olney,  111.,  also  ie(!t'ived  since  the 
jibove  description  was  written,  explain  these  discrepancies,  Thelaiger 
of  the  two  agrees  with  the  tyi)e  in  all  respects,  l)ut  tiie  smallei',  which 
about  ecjuals  the  type  in  dimensions,  has  the  elongate  muzzle  of  the 
small  ones  that  I  have  described  above.  In  both  the  tympana  are  three- 
fourths  the  orbit,  and  in  neither  is  it  decidedly  oval. 

Jioiia  (iirohila  circnlosa  K.  &  D. 


Ciitalojuip 
'luiubcr. 

Xo.of 
spic. 

Locality. 

Whiii  col- 
lottt;(l. 

Frimi  wlioni  ivcoivod. 

Niitiiro   of 

BllUCiUI'JU. 

gns6 

2 

Ilnlii'i t  KiTinicott 

,I()Liliaiiil('li;illi'H  WillUiT 

lilS'.'S 

OllH-V.  Ill  

Do. 

Rana  areolata  capito  Le  Conte. 
Proceed.  Ac.  I'liila.,  !>."),  p.  4*25,  Plate  v. 

Not  having  at  hand  the  only  known  specimen  of  this  form,  I  copy 
the  description  given  by  V^  Conte.  The  proportions  given  by  this  author 
imlicate  that  it  is  intermediate  in  pn^portions  between  the  subspecies 
vEsopus  and  tiu^  others.  Thus  the  width  of  the  iiead  in  the  latter  enters 
the  length  2.3;{  times,  and  in  the  R.  a.  areolala  three  times.  In  R.  a. 
capita  it  enters  '2.S  times.  The  spots  are  snmlU'r  than  in  R.  a.  circKlosa, 
but  larger  and  more  numerous  than  in  R.  a.  (vsopiis  and  R.  a.  areolata. 

Above  very  rough,  dark  gray,  or  slate-color,  speckled  with  bhuik, 
with  six  rows  of  roundish  rows  ou  the  back;  sides  si)eckled  and  irregu- 


\  j  ; 


I 

I 


■  '■i 


m: 


R 


otl 

Ho. 


Ilei 


Hoi 


Hea 


f-i 

1 

f 

tur 

81)6 

M 

18  a 

1 

1 

1 

out 

1 

a  10 

1 

8llO 

1 

sop 

■;/■ 

vin 

i 

Luv 

'. 

tibi 

tlHV 

; 

low 

i 

47J)^ 

416  BULLETIN   34,    UNITED    STATKS    NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

larly  marked  with  spots  of  the  same  form  ami  color ;  from  the  orbits  to 
beyond  the  middle  of  the  body  rmis  a  broad  rai.sed  line  or  cutaneous 
fold,  and  another  from  the  corner  of  tlie  mouth  to  the  insertion  of  the 
arm.  Beneath  smooth,  yellowish  white,  speckled,  spotted,  and  varied 
with  dusky  ;  top  of  the  head  coarsely  punctured,  back  and  sides  luber- 
culoiis.  Head  very  large,  broad,  and  blunt ;  a  deep  concavity  betweeu 
the  nostrils  and  the  eyes.  Iris  <>(dden,  mixed  witli  black.  Tympanum 
of  the  color  of  the  body.  Lower  jaw  with  a  small  protuberance  or  point 
resembling  a  tooth.  Arms  and  legs  above  gray,  speckled,  and  barred 
with  black  ;  beneath  yellowish  spotted  ami  varie<l  with  dusky,  the  ;\el- 
lowish  color  more  decided  at  the  axilhe  and  groins.  Hind  pait  of  the 
thighs  granulate.  Fingers  slightly  i)iilmate  at  the  ba.sc;  the  hist  longer 
than  the  second.    The  second  toe  twice  as  long  as  the  tirst. 

Rana  arcoJaia  capito  Lo  Conto, 
liKSKUVE  SKRIKS. 


CntnlociH"  !  No.  of 
uuiiibiT.        spec. 


5903 


Loi^alitv. 


UicebiirouKli,  On 


Wh.ii 
cuUccteil, 


Iicmi  wliuiii  ivi't'iveil. 


XIaj.  J.  LoCoiito. 


Niiliin*  of 
HiH'ciiiifn. 

Alcoholic. 


KANA  SErTENTHKJNALl.S  Baird. 


(riato8(i.) 


Proceed.  Ac.  i'liila.,  Idi")"),  p.  5L 
Garuicr,  American  Nivturalist,  1683,  p.  IM5. 
Sana  aiiiiiaia  Bainl,  /.  c. 

Body  rather  broad,  stout,  and  d<'])ressed.  Head  rather  narrow  ;  nos- 
trils large,  midway  between  tip  of  snout  and  eye.  Tympanum  variable, 
at  hnist  half  the  diameter  ol  the  eye.  Vomerine  teetli  minute;  the 
patches  are  on  a  level  with  the  posterior  margin  of  the  inner  nostrils 
(which  are  rather  large),  and  are  sejiaraled  by  coiioideriible  intervals. 
Tongue  moderate,  the  ('((rnua  well  developed. 

Skin  rough  and  irregular  above  and  on  sides;  not  |)ustu]ar  nor 
tuberculated  ;  beneath  entirely  sniootli.  Buttocks  hut  slightly  granu- 
lated. A  well-d«'tined,  rather  broad  ridg»^  commences  behind  the  eye 
and,  bifurcating,  the  sIkuI  braiicii  curves  round  the  tympanum,  pas.ses 
oblicpiely  down  to  the  inseition  of  the  aim.  thickening  in  its  descent, 
and  meets  a  similar  thickening  from  liie  rictus.  These  tworidgesaro 
separated  by  a  groove,  which  ctmimemu's  at  the  eye  and  runs  above  and 
behind  the  tympanum.  The  main  luanc'i  proceeds  along  the  sides  to 
about  opposite  tlie  sacrum,  where  ii  is  lost.  No  other  ridges  are  to  bo 
Been. 

The  fore-arm  is  short,  considerably  less  than  the  hand.  The  femur 
aud  tibia  are  about  equal,  less  than  half  the  length  of  body  and  less 


f 


nos- 


■1 


\ 


THE    1$ATKAC1IIA    01'    NORTH    AMERICA. 


417 


tlian  tlio  liiiul  foot.  The  liist,  tliini,  and  fifth  toes  are  equal.  The  ter- 
minal Joint  of  the  second  too  is  fre;',  as  are  the  inner  edges  of  the  ter- 
minal Joints  of  the  second  and  thinl,  and  the  outer  edges  are  margined 
to  near  the  tips.  The  cuneiforni  process  is  well  developed,  and  the  sole 
has  no  distinct  tubercles. 

Color  above  and  on  sides  light  olive,  with  short  and  coarse  vermicu- 
liitions  of  lighter,  most  distinct  anteriorly.  On  the  sides  and  lower 
half  of  the  back  are  several  snbcircular,  large  blotches  of  dark  brown. 
Logs  with  few  blotches ;  no  bands.  Buttocks  yellow,  with  short  ver- 
iiiiculato  dark  blotches.  IJenoath  uniform  dull  yellow.  No  light  strii»e 
on  jaw. 

Compared  with  specimens  of  7k'.  clamata  of  the  same  size  from  the 
north,  this  species  dilfers  altogether  in  color,  in  larger  eyes,  longer  Au- 
gers, longer  but  less  webbed  foot,  etc. 


IucIkh. 

Totiil  Icn<;tIiof  body l.DJ 

Fori'-arm 2-< 

Hand 50 

I'fiiiiir 1)7 

Tihiii '.ll* 

Tarsus U) 

Uiud  IcK 2.>i\ 


1.(1(1 
.11 
.  'J(i 

.r)i 

.2\ 
1.48 


luchos. 

Hiiidfoot 1.0:^  .53 

rx'twcf'ii  oiitstrotclied  ariiiB..  ii.  7()  1.44 

Cliorii  of  iiitipcr.jaw 70  .'.iG 

Widtli  (ifupiicrjaw (M  .33 

Eyo yC)  .13 

Tyinpanuin 15  .08 


y  ill.  \on.  Jttiiia  f!c]ifiulrionali3.    7^o."A'20.    GarriHon's  Crock,  N.  Y. ;  ]. 


Mature  specimens,  formerly  described  under  the  name  liana,  sinuata, 
present  the  following  characters: 

Hody  rather  stout.  ICyes  large;  tympanum  three-fourths  as  large. 
Vomerine  teeth  small,  ranging  with  the  centers  of  inner  nares.  An  in- 
distinct fold  of  skin  on  each  side  of  ba<'k ;  none  intermediate;  granu- 
lation of  buttocks  indistinct.  Femur  not  half  the  length  of  body  ;  hind 
foot  considerably  longer  than  the  tibia.  Above  and  on  sides  i)urplish- 
brown,  with  sinnatimis  or  coarse  vermiculatiouB  of  yellow.  Ueueath 
silvery  white.      Legs  transversely  barred. 

Female. — Jiody  moderately  stout  and  depressed;  limbs  not  much  de- 

ve!oi)ed;   femur  and  til)ia  about  eipial,  not  half  the  length  of  body. 

Head  rallicr  longer  tiian  broad.     Xostrils  nearly  intermediate  between 

the  eye  and  tip  of  snout  (projected  on  axis  of  body),  or  nearer  the  latter, 

1951— Bull,  Hi 'Jl' 


Ji 


■i-» 


;    "I 


^1| 


,      ! 


i 


;e*! 


418  BULLETIN    31,    UNITED    STATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 


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out  I 

are 
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virei 

Loil; 

til)i£ 
tlie 
lowi 
47!)4 


situated  on  tlio  caiitlius  rostralis.  The  hollow  of  tlii>  face  aiiteriitr  (o 
the  eye  is  very  shallow,  and  scarcely  traceable  under  the  eye  juul  tyia- 
panuui.  Eyes  larg^i;  contained  three  times  in  chord  of  ui^ier  jaw  aiitl 
one  diameter  from  the  tip.  Tympanum  small  (females  only  seen),  about 
three-fourth  the  size  of  the  eye;  behind  not  reaching  the  end  of  the 
jaw.  Patches  of  vomerine  teeth  very  small,  circular,  approximated, 
and  situated  on  a  level  with  the  centers  of  the  inner  nares.  These  arc 
large,  oblong,  and  widely  separated.  Tongue  rather  small,  narrow. 
Eustachian  ostia  large. 

The  skin  is  moderately  smooth,  but  on  very  close  examiiuition  is  seen 
minutely  and  closely  dotted  all  over  with  small  pits,  and  among  theso 
on  the  under  surfaces  are  scattered  small  glandiform  elevations,  whicli 
on  being  emptied  are  represented  by  the  pits.  This  is  sometimes  seen  in 
other  species,  but  seldom  so  distinctly,  and  may  be  caused  by  some  pe- 
culiar and  temporary  condition  of  the  skin.  There  appears  to  be  a  very 
low  and  scarcely  distinct  dermal  ridge  from  the  eye  along  the  sides,  but 
none  intermediate.  The  granulation  on  the  buttocks  is  very  low  ami 
indistinct. 

The  fore-arm  is  shorter  than  the  hand ;  the  femur  is  not  (piite  half  the 
length  of  the  bodj',  aiul  is  about  as  long  as  the  tibia.  The  hind  feet  are 
unusually  long,  considerably  exceeding  the  tibia.  The  feet  are  veiy 
fully  webbed,  coming  near  li,  catcsbiana  in  this  respect,  the  web  extend- 
ing between  the  tips  of  the  toes,  slightly  excavated  in  the  inner  e<lges 
of  the  second  and  third.  The  terminal  joint  of  longest  toe  appears  to 
be  entirely  free  and  the  second  is  rather  narrowly  margined. 

In  alcohol  the  color  everywhere  above  and  on  sides  (even  over  tyni- 
pauum  and  on  buttocks)  is  dark  purplish-brown,  coarsely  and  irregu- 
larly siuuated  with  bluish-white,  which,  as  far  as  Professor  Daird's  re- 
collection of  several  years  goes,  is  yellow  during  life.  Beneath,  silvery- 
white  on  throat  and  chin;  duller  behind.  The  joints  of  the  hind  legs  are 
distinctly  banded  transversely  with  dark  blotches  with  bluish-white  mar- 
gins, as  on  the  back,  and  separated  by  lighter  intervals.  The  sides  are 
darker  than  the  rest  of  the  body,  and  on  the  groin  are  seen  a  few  light 
spots  rather  than  sinuations. 

The  specimens  described  (all  fenndes)  were  caught  in  Garrison's 
Creek,  near  Sackett's  Harbor,  in  the  sununer  of  l.S5(K  They  were  in  a 
marshy  piece  of  ground,  about  a  mile  from  the  lake,  and  attracted  im- 
mediate attention  by  their  peculiarities  of  color,  so  dillerenf  from  any 
other  American  species : 

IllcllPB. 

Total  length 2.  '<;-)  1. 00 

Arm  fiom  elbow tlO  .10 

Foinm- 1.10  .lit 

Tibia l.dj  .  ic, 

Tarsus r>(i  .  -i'l 

Hind  foot 1.18  ..Vi 

The  variations  of  the  liatm  scptcufrionaUs  are  greater  than  those  of  any 
other  North  Anicvicau  species  of  the  genus.    There  i.s,  however,  no  coin- 


Total  

Chord  of  lioiid . 
Width  of  brad. 
Ky(^ 


Inches. 
..  1.70 
..  ,H0 
.  7") 
. .     .  ','7 


Tynipanuin iJO 


.7C 
.35 
.3.') 

.la 

.09 


ii(»r  (o 

t.Vlll- 

iw  it  ml 
iiboiit 

of  till' 

inuti'd, 

UUTOW. 


^ 


f 


THK    JSATIIAOIILV    oK    NOUTll    AMIUilCA. 


U9 


(•iiloncc  botwecMi  llieiii,  so  that  tlicy  can  not  be  lefja riled  as  inilicating 
subspecies.  Tlio  tympanic  disk  varies  yreatly  in  size,  the  males  having 
it  larj,'er  than  the  eye,  Jinil  the  females  smaller  than  the  eye.  Fn  this 
vt'spect  the  species  displays  its  near  allinity  to  the  li.  chnnata  and  li. 
(•(tte.sbiana.  Some  specinjcns  have  a  dorsolateral  dermal  j^landular  ridj;e, 
and  others  have  none,  sncli  dillerence  bein<;'  exhibited  by  si)ecimen8 
from  the  same  locality.  The  spottinjf  of  the  dorsal  surfaces  varies  very 
iiiiich.  In  some  specimens  the  spots  are  not  closely  placed  ;  in  otliers 
they  leave  only  narrow  lines  of  the  lighter  ground-color  between  them. 

Taking  all  its  characters  together,  this  s[)ecies  occu[)ies  a  position 
intermediate  between  nearly  all  the  North  American  species  of  the 
gt'MUs,  and  from  some  such  form  it  might  be  supposed  that  all  the 
Kauiv,  of  the  northern  hemisphere  have  been  derived.  The  present  dis- 
tribution of  the  species  is  entirely  northern. 

J)r.  J.  II.  Garnier  has  given  a  detailed  account  of  the  habits  of  this 
species  as  observed  by  him  at  Lucknow,  Ontario.  Jle  calls  it  the  mink 
frog,  and  says  that  it  emits  the  odor  of  the  mink  on  being  Imndled.  It 
is  an  aquatic  si)ecies,  never  seeking  its  food,  which  consists  of  insects 
and  small  fishes,  on  land. 

IlaiKi  KqilviitrloiiuliH  IJuiril. 


<',it;il(i;;uo 

No.  of 

iiiiiiilii'i'. 

spec. 

:ir'o 

5 

34:13 

15 

noo5 

•JO 

13821 

1 

130-J-J 

1 

537» 

" 

Lociilitv. 


When  col- 
I.cl.d. 


ricim  wliiiiii  loccivi'il. 


I 


r 


linrriscin's  CriMjk,  N.  V  J Pinl'.  S.  I'Miaii;! 

M;i<Iii.l,  N.V !.... I (I,. 

l.ucliiHiw,  Oiitai ill |s>*;i     ,1.  11.  (iaiiiii  r  ... 

tlo i  ISKi  ilii 


.(I<i 


Selkirk  SfKl.'Miciit. . . 
Kurt  idiiluy,  Ittiiiu  ... 


]XKi  \ do 

j  1!.  Kcmiiiolt 

I  Dr.  .1.  1''.  lluiul  .. 


N 

at  IMP 

of 

« 

i(  I'liii 

I'll. 

A! 

coliol 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

iu. 

] 


.7G 
.35 

. :».'. 
.I'i 

.01) 


KANA  CLAMATA  Daudiii.* 

llisl.  Nal.,  Ifi'iilil.,  VIM  (l-<0:!),  101,  i;il  ;  I  1..,  Hist.  Nut.  Kaiii.  (l<0;t),  54, 
ri.  \vi,  li>;. ',';  Marl.,  Sillim.  Aim-r.  .Idiini.  Sci.,  .\  (l"^','.')),  (i:i;  1  1>., 
.Jourii.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liila.,  v  (IfiT)  :{:ir> ;  1  !>.,  Med.  iV  I'liys.  Ucs. 
(I-':!.")),  1(11,  2-H\;  Diiiii.  iV  15il)r.  (Uaiul.),  Krp.  ticii.,  viii  (1811),  :}7:{. 

Ixtinn  (liiiiiiliiiix  Danilin,  in  Soiiii.  A  Lat.  Ili.st.  Nat.,  K'ciitil.,  11  (l-^ll','),  l.')7 ;  Mcircin, 
Tent.  Syst.  Aiiipli.  (l-Jd),  17.')  ;  Hollir.  (lii)M'.),X.  Amcr.  llcri).,  1st  cd.,  m  (18i8;, 
Ml,  I'l.  -Wii  ;   11)., 'U  cd.,  IV  (l-<4-J),  S".,  ri.  XX. 

liana  fonliiinUi  Lii  CdiiIc,  Ann.  N.  Y.  I-yc,  i  (1^-.')1,  '-'"•'-;  Mollir.,  X.  .\incr.  Hcrji.,  1st 
cd.,  Ill  (1S:W),  .<),  I'l.  XVi;  1))., -Jd  cd.,lV(|.-^l'.>),  S7,  ri.  XXi;  Storcr,  Mass.  Kept., 
Uciilii.  (H;W),  •,':■.!;;  'I'lioniiisi.n,  M.'d.  llisl.  Mass.  {[-^ii),  1J() ;  Do  ICay,  N.  Y. 
Zoo].,  Ill  (1>I'J),  I'l.  x\i.  li--.  :>\,  A. 

Haintiiii  iiidiuioln  Kalin.,  Ani'.al.s  of  Nature  (1820),  No.  '>'<  (Lake  Cliainplain). 

h'a  III  iiirliiiiiilit  (Raliii.)  Hail.,   in  Sillim.  Amci-.  .Imini.  Sci.,  .x  (1--J."i),  (II;  Jonrn.  Ac. 

Nat.  Sci.   I'liila.,  v  (1H,!7),  liiili ;  1  1).,  Med.  Ar  Tliys.  lies.  (Ik;.")),  U).',  O'J.-i ;  Tliomp- 

Hou,  Nat.  Hist.  Vt.  (18 1-2),  121. 

*l'latesr.i,  llg.s.  y-:!;  7.'.,  lios.  I'.t,  ;t:l. 


i     L 


1^ 

!  i 


420 


15lILIii:TlN    :!l,    rNITKI)    SIATr.S    NATIONAL    MUSKUM. 


liana  Jlaviriridix  Harlan,  in  Sillini.  Aincr.  .loiiiii.  Sci.,  x  (l"^',';")),  5^ ;  1  I).,  Jiturii.  Ac 
Nat.  Sci.  riiila.,  v  (lSv!7)  :!:W  :  1  1..,  MlmI.  &  Pliys.  Kcs.  (USir.),  UCi,  yjo. 

/I'aiia  horicoiiiiiais  llolbv.,  X.  Anicr.  llcip.,  1st  cd.,  iii  (iHliS),  1»1,  xviii ;  1  I).,  y<l  fd., 
IV  (1S4'J),  1)1,  -will ;  Thomiison,  Nat.  Hist.  Vt.  (IHl'i),  li>l ;  He  Kay.N.  Y.  Zoo!., 
Ill  (lf^4-->),  (il,  XXII,  lij,'.  (l-i. 

Itana  xir/vivauN  Aj^assiz,  Lako  Superior  (l^riO),  liT'J,  vi,  li;;s.  I,  .'i. 

j¥«/('. — ]Jo(ly  and  limbs  very  stout  and  nias.sive;  not  niuch  depressed. 
Legs  short ;  liead  subacute,  rounded,  a  ery  deep.  Nostrils  large,  oval ; 
situated  oil  the  rounded  and  indistinct  canthus  rostralis,  nearest  to  the 
snout,  and  distant  from  the  orbit  by  half  the  diameter  of  the  eye.  Ex- 
cavation anterior  to  the  eye  shallow,  scaniely  distinct  in  passing  under 
the  eye  to  the  tympanum.  Tynipamim  very  large,  one-fourth  greater 
than  the  eye,  and  extending  (piite  ujt  to  it,  and  pas.sing  beyond  the  ar- 
ti(!idation  of  the  Jaw;  one-half  the  length  of  line  from  commissure  to 
the  tip  of  snout;  its  central  third  elevated  in  a  shallow  prominence. 
Eyes  large,  contained  two  and  three-fourtli  times  in  chord  of  lower  Jaw 
and  two  and  one-fourth  in  that  from  (commissure.  IJead  rather  larger 
than  broad. 

In  the  female  the  tympanum  is  much  smaller,  though  still  large;  about 
three-fourths  diameter  of  eye,  and  distant  from  the  latter  by  nearly  half 
its  own  diameter.    The  average  diameter  in  males  is  11""",  and  in  fe- 


males 8" 


Occasionallv  this  character  does  not  hold  good,     A  male 


(No.  ;>1(!2)  has  the  diameter  only  S""",  while  three  females  (Nos.  3407, 

'Silo,  and  ',)~)2l)  have  disks  of  10 in  diameter.     In  this  species  and  in 

the  li.  catvshiana  this  membrane  reaches  a  larger  size  than  in  any  other 
species  of  liatrachia. 

The  top  of  the  head  is  i)lanc,  without  any  concavity.  The  tongue 
is  large,  ileshy,  rather  narrow,  and  free  bi-hind  for  one-fourth  its  length. 
The  interior  nares  are  large,  and  open  posteriorly  nearly  opposite  the  an- 
terior canthus  of  the  eye.  The  vomerine  teeth  are  in  two  oblong  [)atches, 
inclined  backwards,  where  they  are  nearly,  if  not  (piite,  in  contact,  and 
l)osterior  to  the  posterior  margin  of  nares,  though  anteriorly  about  on 
a  line.     Eustachian  openings  large. 

Skin  more  or  less  inammi Hated  above  and  on  the  sides  by  ijoarso 
pustuliform  i)rominences,  largest  on  the  sides;  these  occasionally  are 
in  the  form  of  regular  asperities,  rougli  to  the  touch;  tiie  amount  of  this, 
however,  depends  somewhat  on  the  conditions  of  preservation'.  From 
the  eye  extends  a  prominent  ridge  of  skin,  which,  after  passing  above 
the  center  of  the  tympanum,  bifurciites,  one  short  branch  passing 
round  the  tymi)auum,  and,  thickening  below,  slops  above  the  shoulder; 
beneath  this  for  its  whole  length  jiasses  a  welldetined  furrow  indenting 
the  ibid,  and,  proceeding  directly  downwards,  .separates  the  thickening 
Just  described  from  a  corresi)on(ling  and  eiiual  thickening  Just  behind 
the  Jaw.  The  long  branch  of  the  ridge  or  fold  of  skin  behind  the  eye 
proceeds  along  the  sides,  occasionally  interrupted,  and  is  lost  on  the 
posterior  fourth  of  the  body,  thoso  of  opjio.site  i^ides  parallel  and  wide 


I 


In.  Ac 
|<1  I'll. 

I^OIll. 


t 


TilK    HATRArillA    OK    NORTH    AMERICA. 


421 


iipai't.  Tliero  iir<"i  no  other  ri(l}j[('s  of  skin  iis  observed  in  li. palnslris; 
but  ii  distinct  broad  j^roovc  or  I'linow  may  bo  tiaced  down  the  middle 
of  tlie  back. 

Tlio  forearm  and  hand  are  of  nearly  e(|nal  U'nytli ;  the  tliird  linger 
h)n^a'st;  the  first  and  fourth  nearly  e(|nal,  and  longer  than  the  second. 
The  hind  legs  are  short;  the  tibia,  femur,  and  hind  foot  about  equal, 
and  less  than  half  the  lengtii  of  the  body.  The  third  toe  is  longer  than 
tlie  fifth.  The  web  between  the  toes  is  well  developed,  and  extends 
iiotn  tiie  terminal  knobs,  except  on  the  inside  of  the  second  and  third 
toe.s,  where  it  is  excavateil  to  tlie  lirst  articulation.  The  lirst  and 
second  Joints  of  the  longest  toe  are  not  webbed,  but  are  narrowly 
inargine<l  to  the  tips. 

The  general  (tolor,  as  preserved  in  alcohol,  is  of  a  dull  greenish-brown 
or  brownish-olive,  with  simple!  subcircidar  blotclu's  on  the  back,  sides, 
and  buttocks,  and  imlistinct,  sometimes  much  broken  fascire  on  the 
limbs.  There  is  in  some  an  obscure  yellowish  line  along  the  sides  of  the 
jaw  and  reacihing  to  the  arm,  and  a  dark  mark  from  the  commissure  to 
the  arm  beneath  this  line.  The  edges  of  the  Jaw  are  blotched  with 
brown;  beneath,  yellowish-white.  In  other  specimens  the  blotches 
above  are  finer  and  niore  (Mowded,  and  the  chin  ami  throat  coarsely 
reticulated  or  blotched  with  brown,  the  same  marking  visibh^  obsoletely 
on  the  under  surfaces  of  the  thiglis.  The  blotches  of  sides  of  body  uro 
sometimes  much  larger  and  more  distinct  than  elsewhere. 


Fin.  107.  /^aiiiJ  r/'imn^rt.    No.  :)r>01.    Kiitnw,  .\I:».;  J. 

Tiie  bars  on  t  lie  legs  are  sometimes  replaced  entirely  by  small  blotches. 
The  females,  as  already  stated,  differ  in  having  a  smaller  tympanum, 
though  neither  here  nor  in  the  males  is  the  jnoportioiuil  size  always  the 
same.  The  body  is  more  swollen  behind;  the  head  narrower  and  not 
so  deep,  and  the  thumbs  less  thickened. 

In  life  this  species  is  dark  olive  i)osteriorly  above,  which  color  grad- 
ually passes  into  a  brilliant  green  anteriorly.  IJelow,  wiiiie;  the  throat 
citron  yellow. 


\> 


U 


I 


■  I  ■  j 

Ml  > 


■  t 


"  "51 1 


422  HULLETIN    :{l,    UNITEO    STATES    NATIONAL    MUSKUM. 


Illclll  M. 

Total  length ','.  iltl 

Arm  from  elbow 1 .  'JO 

Fomiir 1.  10 

Til.iii 1.10 

Tarsus 7(! 

Foot I.  If) 


Illrlll'H. 

1.00     Tdtalof  liiiid  fool, J.  70 

.10     Chord  of  lu'iid 1.  M 

.17     Width  of  li.-ad 1.10 

.17  !  Tympanum 1/ 

.W     Eye :W 

.  U) 


.  ■17 

.ii; 
.  in 


Female  {('url'mle,  I'ti.). 
Total ;!.:iO     1.00     Total  of  lo}; r..  00    l.,M 


Femur I.Tm 

Tibia I..'-..') 


.  17     Tympanum IW 

•  ■17 


U) 


A  Cixrlislo,  Til.,  specimen,  when  living:,  was  colored  a.s  follows:  Al)ov«i 
and  on  sides,  greenisli-biown,  with  rounded  brown  spots  iinilbrnd.v  dis- 
tributed, and  about  as  lar^ic  as  the  pupil  of  the  eye;  about  twenty  be- 
tween tlio  lateral  folds;  head  and  body  anteriorly  bright  giass-ji'reen  ; 
beneath  },'rcenish-white,  unspotted,  the  color  of  the  sides  fading?  into  it ; 
the  buttocks  mottled  with  brown  and  yellowish  white;  femur  and  Ici;- 
with  three  or  four  traiisverso  dark  bands;  fore  limbs  with  scattcn'd 
blotches  not  banded  ;  iris  black,  mottled  with  };()lden. 

The  specimens  from  I^ake  Superior  arc  typesof  the  7»*.  nigricans  of  Pro- 
fessor Agassiz,  which  I  can  not  distiufjuish.  They  exhibit  a  {ireatcr 
amount  of  black  mottlin{>' and  blotches  on  the  inferior  surface  than  usual, 
but  this  is  shared  by  individuals  from  more  southern  localities.  Speci- 
mens from  IMaine  and  Louisiana  are  still  darker,  the  buttocks  beinj,' 
nearly  uniform  black. 

In  carefully  comi)arinn;  quite  a  number  of  specimens  from  the  South 
and  North,  I  (ind  it  imi>ossible  to  establish  dellnite  characters  by  which 
to  distinguish  a  Ii.  foufinalis  from  I\.  dninaUi.  At  first  sight  the 
Southern  individuals,  which  happened  all  to  be  of  mediuni  size,  ap- 
peared to  bo  more  free  from  the  coarse  pustulations;  but  on  the  other 
Imnd  to  have  the  line  asi)erities  more  numerous  and  closer  an<l  the  head 
rather  narrower;  but  the  same  conditions  were  seen  in  some  North- 
ern si)ecimens.  The  tympanum  is  very  large  in  the  males,  though  vary- 
ing with  the  individuals.  As  in  the  Northern  specimens,  some  are 
nearly  immaculate;  others  mottled  above  and  below,  and  of  various 
shades  of  color,  from  black  above  to  olivaceous.* 

This  is  csi)ecially  a  species  of  an  aquatic  life,  not  hunting  on  land, 
but  haunting  all  kinds  of  waters,  from  si)rings  to  river  banks.  It  lives 
singly,  in  pairs,  or  in  small  companies,  but  never  in  swarnys  like  the 
R.  vircsccns.  It  is  not  noisy,  contenting  itself  with  an  occasional  nasal 
"chung,"and  frequently  uttering  a  sharp  cry  as  it  plunges  into  the 
water  to  escape  the  pedestrian  on  the  bank.  It  is  a  good  leaper  and 
swimmer. 


*  Professor  Haird  had  an  opportunity  of  examiuing  tlio  upecimcns  from  which  Dr. 
Ilolbrook  made  his  description  and  tigure  of  11.  chimitans  without  Hooiug  occasion 
to  clinngu  the  oitinion  ahovo  expressed. 


I. 


<  I      ' 


THE    HATRACIIIA   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 

Uaiia  vlaimila  l^iiiuliii. 


423 


II':    ^"'r 


y:   V 


./•  I 


I;  'h: 


H. 

(» 

I,.M) 

1 

.:w 

0 

.:!7 

/ 

.10 

H 

.  Ill 

.  10 


( t^^. 


4- 


CatAloRuo 
nuInb(^^. 


3502 
:i4(I0 

auri 

3t7H 
3173 

3Ih:i 

3170 
34ri0 
34i'4 
34H8 
3I(W 
3177 
34(>ri 
3475 
3543 
3472 
3487 
3511 
34Ht! 
3lim 
3501 
3470 
3407 
3500 
3482 
3476 
3185 
3174 
34;!5 
35i):l 
3520 
31!I2 
3103 
350:t 
3rp2l 
OlliS 
07:12 

«:ioi 
13000 
3003 
13504 
3521 
35IS 
3518 
6374 

11532 

1002 
11300 
11470 
11008 
1140I 
1U45 

3335 


3528 


No.  of 


5 
4 
5 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
I 
1 
1 
R 
4 
1 
(t 
17 
3 
1 
I 
! 
1 


Locality. 


Wlu'n  o((l- 
loctuil. 


I'l'naaiiol.i,  Fla 

Hoot  K.,  Kikctno,  Win 

<lo 

MailUoii,  Wis 

Kiiiiil  (III  Iaw.  Wilt 

lloclu'stci.  Win , 

Aztiiliiii,  Wis 

Waiiki'.slm,  Wis 

Kliziibrtlilown,  N.  V  .... 

Wintiiort,  N.  Y 

WiiMliiii^ton,  1).  (J 

CailiHio,  I'll 

.Ir. 

ll.. 

Mfadvillf,  I'n 

<lo 

Qih'Im'O,  (;iina'la 

Mount  Hollv.  X..T 

('iiiiilii'ilaiiif  Ciiiiiity,  Mil 

(.'laiUn  (Jounty,  Va 

I'liiirlH  Mur  Ui)ii);<i,  I,a.. 

Eiilaw,  Ala , 

I'm  t  lliii'iiii,  Mii'li   

Ki'lioit  HiviT,  Midi 

Amlrrsiiii,  S.  (! 

Kciiiii'liaiio,  Mi^ , 

I'lirla;:!'  County,  Ohio. .. 

('oliiinbiiM,  Oliio 

lli;;lilan(l  (Joiiiity,  Oliio 

,S(iiiilii. Ill  Illinois  

WtMlhi'r.ilield.Coiin  ... 

Salrni,  N.(; 

Aii\  I'laiiH'H  KiviT,  III  . 

Willow  <!ii.(>l;,  Vv'iH 

Missomi  

SoMllicrri  Illinois 

I'Viriy  Landin;;,  \'a 

Simtlii'in  Illiiioi.s 

U]i|nT  Wisconsin  Itivrr. 

I.iK'know,  Ontario    

Wcallii  rsliclil,  Conn 

(0 


Jlay— ,  1875 


From  wboiu  rccoivt'd. 


Dr.J.F.namniond.U.S.A. 

I'rof.  S.  Kllaiitl 

<lo 

«b. 

lU'v.  A.(!.  Itarrv 

I'rof.  S.  I'".  Uaiitl 

do 

Unv.  A.C.  Harry 

Prof.  S.  K  liaiid 

do 

J.  II.Kiobaid 

I'rof.  S.  K  liaiid 

do 

do 

I'rof.  Williams 

J.  K  Thickston 

I'rof.  S.  I'MJaird 

do 

do 

Dr.  C.  15.  U.  Ktmneily 

.fames  Fairio 

I'rof.  A.Wincb.dl 

I'rof.  H.  F.  I5aird 

do 

MissO.  Paino 

I'rof.  (;.  (Mrard  

I'rof.  S.  F.  liaird 

I'rof.  I..  I.,i'S(iiieiiUX 

Fred.  MatliiT 


Naturo  of 
npuciiuru. 


C. 

.T. 

U 

K.^ 

l)r 

U. 

II. 

I!. 


hlo  idvilli',  I'a  

Wi'stcrn  Mississi]!))!  .. 

Saint  Louis,  Mo 

Soulli  of  IIi;;lil:iMd,Can 

ada. 
Mii'bipicoten,      L  ako 

Snpi'rior. 

Carlisle,  I'a 

Milt<m,Fla 

WaukfCan,  III 

Naslivillc,  (ia. I 

!) 


1881 

"isf^o 


Wriubt 

T.  I.iiicback 

ICciinicott 

IV.  A.  C.  Harry 

.I'.It.lloy 

Kcnnicott 

W.  ilcnsbaw 

Ki'nnioott 

..do 

If.tianiicr 

Wriijlit 


r.  Tliirkstou 

.I'.H.Hoy 

'.  ( ieoruo  Fnuloiuann . 
DivxUVr...... 


Woods  lloll.  Mass 

Soutlinrn   I'ai'illc   Itail- 

ro.ad  Survey. 
Madrid,  X.Y 


1885 


G.  Rarriater 

Prof.  S.  F.  Raird 

S.T.  Walker 

.Tames  Milner 

W., T.Taylor 

(!) : 

11.  S.  Fisb  Conimissiou 
II.  li.  Mcdlbausen 


Prof.  S.  F.  Buird 


Alcoliolic. 
I»o. 
1)0.  ' 
Do.  cT 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do.  d- 
Do.  9 
Do. 
Do.  9 
Do. 
Do.  fT 
Do.  9 
Do. 
Do.  d" 
Do. 
Do. 
Do.  9 
Do. 
Do.  9 
Do.  9 
Do.  9 
Do.  rf 
Do.  9 
Do. 
Do. 
Do.  9 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do.  9 
Do.  9 
Do. 
Do.  9 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do.  (f 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 


'■i 


:      '-'Bit. I 


424  BULLETIN   3J,    UNITKD    STATES    NATIONAL   MUSKUM. 


RANA  C'ATESHIANA  Slii.w.' 


Rana  caicsbiana  Sliiiw,  (ion.  Zool.,  Ill,  Ainpliihia  (Idd','),  IdC),   I'l.  xxviii;  Lo  Conic, 

rrocctd.  Ac.  I'liihi.  (18.'),-)),  p. -l-.';), 
t  liana  liouiis  Lucop.,  Hist.  Nat,  QiuuLOvip.  (1st  cd.  171W  ?),  cd.  Dctcrvillc,  i  (isi'.i), 

270,  :!15. 
Eana  inphna  Ilail.  {uvc  Linnicns),  Silliin.,  Aiiicr.  Joiirii.   Sci.,  x  (IHi,")),  (W;   //»., 

Jonrn.  Ac.  Niit.Sci.,  I'liila,,  V  (l.-",'7),  ;;;!.',;  //».,  Med.  iV,  I'liys.  Kcs.,  H;i,->,  Ull,'J-jr); 

(Lat.)  lloll).  N.  AuHT.  Ilcrp.,  1st  cd.,  in  (1-;!H),  Ml,  I'l.  (c.c),  xv  ;   /^.,'Jd  cd.,  iv 

(1842),  77,  I'l.xviii;  (L).StorcT,  Mass.  Kept.  (1«U)),  2;!.-) ;  ( L)  Tiiompson,  Nat.  Hist. 

Vt.(lSll),  111);  I>()  K.iy.N.  Y. /ool.,  iii  (lsi,>),(;n,  I'l.  xix,  lij;.  I  - ;  Ciivicr,  lJc;,'nc 

Animal,  ii,  Hi(i;    illustiatcd   cd.   D"Oili.,  I'l.   xxxvii,   i\'^.  'J;  ISaird  iV   (iiiard, 

Kcptil.,  Captain  Marcy  (18rj3),2i;i. 
Kann  miitjtcus  Mcrrcm,  Tcntanicn  Syst.  Ainjili.  (H-JO),  75;  (JiavcnlKtrst,  Del.    Mns. 

Vratisl.(l.S21»),  10;  (Catcsl)y)  Diini.  &  liHir,,  Kip.  (it'n.,  viii  (l-'U),  ;!7ii;  Wa;;!., 

Syst.,  p.  20;{;  Tsclindi,  Hatr.,  p.  7;>. 
liann  nvaiHihtvla  Ilail.,  Silllni.,  Anicr.  .loiiiii.  Sci.,  x  ( I ^^2.') ),:")'.) ;  //<.,  .Idiiiii.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci. 

Pliila.,  v(18-i7),  :i:!-^;  //).,  Med.  vV  Pliys.  K'cs.  (is;?:,),  I(i:{,2-,n. 
Eana  maxima  amiricnna    aiiitatica  C'ltcsliy,  ('an)l.,  ii,  17i;{,  I'l.  — ,  p.  7'J  (not  Jiaiia 

»iiH,f//'(;i?,  as(|iiot»Ml  liy  ]>iiin  iV  l?il)i'.). 
liana  codSjJtJsa  Lo  Coute,  I'rocecd.  Ac.  I'hila.,  1855,  p.  4'^5. 


m 

i 


Fig.  108.  liana  catmhiana.    No.  1U9!);  {. 
Plates  50,  (i^.  :i;  51,  li^'s.  -1-8;  5,5,   lij;s.  O ;  Cfl;  07. 


Mii.-j 


,  Sci. 


'"i 


TITR    HATUAClin    OF    NOllTII    AMHUIOA. 


425 


L:ir;{i.'.st  of  ill!  llu'  Ni)rt!i  .ViiiLMiitiiii  spocies.  IJody  very  Ixilky  uiul 
clumsy;  It'frs  tlii(!k  \\\v\  slioii.  .Iiiws  lu^irly,  if  not  qiiito,  us  wido  as 
{\w  U'ligtli  of  cdonl  of  iii»iM'r  j;i\v  anil  wider  tiiaii  tlio  loiij^itiidiiial 
axis  of  head;  inii/-zlo  s  iWtniiiiMto  ;  sides  ol»li(|ue.  Nostrils  ohliciuo,  a 
littlo  below  tlio  cd;;e  of  tli<»  cantliiis  nostralis,  half  Wiiy  between  tho 
ti|)ot  snout  and  anterior  caiitliiis  of  eye.  Tyinpaniiin  lar;4(^,  sli^^litly 
oviil,  lonj^er  diameter  somewhat  ol)li(|ue,  eifual  to  the  diameter  of  tho 
eye;  ;;raniilated  and  sli;;htly  raised  for  the  central  two-thirds;  smooth 
exteriorly.  Internal  nares  ellipticjal,  transverse,  wider  apart  than  are 
tlKM'xternal ;  tiieircenteis  opi)i>si!e  a  point  about  one-third  from  theoyo 
to  the  outer  nosti'il ;  a  siiallow  ;;roove,  extetidin,i,'  to  tho  rami  of  tho  jaw. 
Vomerine  teeth  in  f  wo  patches,  with  four  or  tiv(^  teeth  in  each  i)at('h  ;  tho 
liases  of  these  anteriorly  (»it])osite  tluMU'nters  of  tiie  inner  nostrils,  and 
sei)arated  from  eaiih  otiier  by  the  s;ime  interval  as  from  the  nare.s. 
Hiistaehian  tnbt's  l.irj;(',  nearly  opposite  tiie  ocnters  of  lympanuin. 
Ton;;iu^  elonj:ated,  broadest  at  the  stem. 

A  fold  of  skin  extends  from  fiie  posterior  ('anthus  of  the  eye  above 
tlio  tympanum,  and<Mirvinj;  round  it  proceeds  directly  downward  to  be- 
hind the  posterior  extremity  of  the  lower  jaw  ;  it  then  passes  ar()und  tho 
insertion  of  the  fore-arm  (distant  about  half  the  <liameter  orbit)  and  is 
lost  on  the  breast.  This  fold  is  only  consj)icuous  to  the  lower  end  of 
tlie  tympanum  ;  it  is  aceompanit'd  all  the  way  hy  a  groove  on  its  lower 
e(lj,a',  both  being  scarcely  traceabhi  beyond  the  point  above  mentioned, 
excei)t  in  very  wiiU  preserved  siu'cimens.  Theie  are  no  other  folds  of 
skin;  esi)ecially  noneon  the  si(b>  (»f  (he  back.  The  skin  above  is  slightly 
shagreeneil  by  moderate  asperities,  whicih  increase  posteri(nly.  I>eneath 
smooth.    Tlu^  posterior  laces  of  tho  buttocks  rugose-granulated. 

Tho  tliird  finger  (the  second  from  outsi<le)  is  h)ngest,  then  fourth, 
first,  and  second.  AH  are  without  any  membranes  or  web.  Tho  tibia 
is  not  quite  half  tho  length  of  body.  The  fourth  t(»e  is  longest;  tho 
tliird  ratlier  longer  than  the  liflh  ;  then  second  and  lirst.  All  are  cloft 
(except  as  to  membrane)  nearly  to  the  base  of  tho  metatarsals,  deepest 
along  the  first  and  lifth.  The  web  tills  up  the  entire  interval,  extend- 
ing from  tip  to  tip  of  the  toes;  the  outlines  lu'arly  straight  when  out- 
stretched. 

The  color  above  is  olivaceous-brown,  with  darker  blotches  about  lialf 
tho  diameter  of  the  oyo  distril)uted  pretty  uniformly;  o(;casionally 
in  conta(!t  ami  conlluent;  the  outlines  obsolete  or  n(»t  clearly  marked. 
Tho  buttocks  ai'e  similarly  marked,  witli  tlie  1)lotches  nearly  black.  Tho 
jonits  of  tho  fore  leg  have  each  one  or  two  bars  or  blotches;  those  are 
ntoro  distinctly  transveise  on  the  hind  legs,  where  there  are  three  or 
four  on  each  joint.  Membiane  of  himl  foot  finely  mottled.  The  lower 
l)arls,  including  groin,  are  silvery  white,  with  similar  coai*se  blotches 
or  mottlingsof  obs(!olescent  brown,  though  not  ((uito  so  much  crowded 
as  above;  this  pattern  pervades  the  whole  inferior  and  interior  faces  of 
body  and  limbs,  leaving  no  portion  unmarked.  Tho  tympanum  is  rather 
darkest  in  the  center. 


nA 


CI 


/; 


I 


';     I! 


}k 


1 

■ 

1 

; 

'4 
r. 


H' 


M 


1 


426 


lUILLKTIN    31,    lINITi:i)    STATI'St    NATIOXAL    MlISKUNt. 


Ill  tlio  iiiiilo  (he  tyniiiiiniiiii  is  iiiiicli  liir;;<'r  tliiiii  in  (lie  ('ciiiali's,  and 
ljirj,'er  than  (lu'  I'.vi',  oxtciidinH'  to  (he  pttsteiiof  vwd  ol'  (lie  jaw.  In  I  lie 
males  the  diameter  of  the  (yiiipanii!  disk  is  ul»oii(  L'O""",  reaeliiii;;'  li.")"  ■" 
ill  hirj^e  animals.  In  tlu^  feiinde  the  diaiiictcr  is  ahdiit  11""";  liiit  I  have 
observed  a  inahi  with  the  tliaineter  (Hily  !(•"'"'  and  a  Cemale  with  (he 
diameter  as  large  as  the  average  of  males.  Such  eases  are,  however, 
not  very  eoiiimon.  I(  may  be  observed  here  (lia(  Ihesnpposilion,  ap|)ai- 
ently  entertained  by  some  writers,  (hat  (he  /i*.  chtUKda  jiossesses  (lie 
largest  tympani(;  disk  in  (he  genus,  is  n(i(  (•orn'e{,  as  it  is  as  large  in 
the  present  speeies. 

The  largest  spe(!iinen  of  (his  sjx'eies  in  Ihe  Nadonal  Museum  is  the 
No.  10880,  from  South  Carolina.    Its  dimensions  are  as  follows: 

MviiKKri'iiii  Ilia  \o.  l(W~'0.  M. 

Length  of  lii'iul  and  luxly I'.'n 

Width  (if  Iic'iul  at  jioHti'iior  ed^^t's  tympiiiii<!  disk t'TO 

Lenirtli  of  luiiid  to  iiostcrior  cdgcH  t,viM|ijinic  disli (iii,'> 

Diiiiiictcr  of  tyiiiiianic  liisi; flv-T) 

Lenj^tli  of  foro  Icj;  from  axiliii d'.ll 

Loii;^t,li  of  i'tmi  foot 0 10 

LiMi^tli  of  liiiid  leg  from  jjroin    t.'H"' 

Lpiij,'tliof  tiliia (iTt 

Li'i)j;th  of  tarsus Oil 

Lpiij;tli  of  rfiiiaindfr  of  hind  toot OHO 

Total  oxpanso  of  palmation O.-O 

A  large  speeimeii  from  Tensaeohi  has  (he  head  radier  more  I'ioiigated, 
being  longer  than  broad;  tli«^  (ympannm  normal.  The  paladne  lectli 
arc  in  (wo  [tatehes,  elose  together;  the  prominonees  of  bone  on  which 
they  arc  situated  are  in  contact  at  their  bases ;  (he  (ongiie  broad,  short, 
and  with  longcornua.  The  skin  is  niinutely  shagreened  above;  less  so 
beneath.    The  toes  rather  long.    JJody  less  blotched  beneath,  especially 

on  the  abdomen. 

MmsitrcmeHts. 


Inrliis. 

Totallength 4.10     1.0( 

Femur '2.  10 

Tibia 1.110 


IllfllOfl. 

Total  hind  hg ("..70 

IH  !  Arm  Crom  clliow l.HO 

II!  I  Chnrd  of  nmicr  jaw 1.7'2 


Tarsus (if)      .  l."> 

Hind  foot 'J.  It!      .  U» 


Width  of  licad l.tIG 


l.r.'2 
.11 

.as 


Most  sj)eeimens  from  Carlisle,  Pa.,  agree  in  general  characters  with 
the  one  described,  although  one  has  the  skin  more  pustular,  with  the 
upper  parts  of  an  ob.scure  (erruginoiis  color,  obsoletcly  varied  with  oli- 
vaceous. The  head,  too,  is  decidedly  longer  than  broad.  Another 
specimen,  4  inches  in  (he  length  of  body,  with  broad  head,  has  tln^  up- 
per parts  olivjiceous  green,  with  (juite  small  indistinct  blotches  of  pur- 
plish-brown, not  very  close  to  each  other.  Voting  specimens  generally 
are  of  this  color,  the  blotches  reduced  to  distinct  black  <lo(s,  scattered 
uniformly  over  (he  back,  and  the  lower  parts  yellowish  anteriorly,  with 
very  obsolete  indications  of  the  blotches.  Tymi)aiium  very  large.  The 
It.  cons2>ersa  Le  Conte  was  based  on  such  a  specimen. 


«     I  •* 


h,  Jiii.i 

I'll  llio 

llil\C' 
Itll    lllO 

|v<'\(  r, 
(i|)|);ii. 

I'M    t\u> 

V'tii'  ill 
lis  tJu- 


.1/ 

.1:10 

.(CO 
.  Olij 

.  oj-r, 
.  (1 10 

.  071 

.on 

.  (»S(I 
.  OMJ 


("Cfll 

liicli 
i(»r(, 
M  so 
iillv 


11 

:«) 


'- 


n 


1 


TIIK    Il.VTllACiriA    or    NOIITII    AMRRFfA. 


427 


III  tlicNorlli,  a.s.sociafcd  witli  spL'ciiiieii.sof  tlic  (larU-ldotcluMl  viirit'ty, 
iii'i'  otluT.s,  Home  of  «;oiisi(li'riil)lo  kI/o,  with  tlio  skin  (iiiito  siiiootli,  iiiul 
not  at  all  imstiilar.  llroatl  Imad,  above  yello\vi.slij,M('eii,  without  spot.s 
or  baml.s  anywhere;  heiieath  yi'llowisii  white ;  throat  hiijjht  yellow. 
Others  aj;'aiii  show  blotches  on  the  biitto(!ks,  then  on  the  inside  of  the 
le<:s,  then  elsewhere.  It  is  impossible  to  draw  out  any  (!on.staiit  char- 
acters whereby  to  define  anyone  condition  of  marking';  much  depends 
upon  the  locality. 

Tlie  yoiin;,'  speiMineiis  as  a  ;;eneral  riih^  liave  the  head  narrower  than 
I  he  a<lults,  and  il  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  tadpole  sometiim's 
attains  a  very  ;;reat  size  before^  any  transformation  is  elVected.  The 
poiii  at  which  this  takes  place  doubtless  allCects  the  tjeneral  proper- 
ti(tiis. 

Small  Ni)e<*iiiieiis  from  I''ort  Smith,  two  and  one-half  inches  long,  Jiro 
similar  to  those  from  Carlisle,  I'a.     Skin  pustular. 

li'aiKi  (■((li'ihiinni  Shiiw. 






(Jalilln;:!!!' 

No.  ()f 

imiiiiIm  r. 

HpfC. 

1 

;i:.i:i 

1 

;i:.:il 

■IH:ir. 

I 

;i;i:i7 

I 

;i;r.'i 

- 

:ij:i!( 

1 

;i."iii) 

1 
1 

;i.iu 

1 

llli^H 

;i 

0UI7 

1 

:mui 

1 

8:1  to 

rp'.iw 

1 

;i:iio 

1 

:i:i:u 

3 

;ijn7 

4 

;):>:i:t 

:t 

;i'.iH 

1 

liTll 

I 

;i:.(iH 

1 

:ios7 

1 

:i(;!)i) 

') 

:i;i:i8 

i 

:i:i:u) 

1 

o:t!»'.> 

!-• 

o:)!»:t 

1 

3s;ii 

3 

33:12 

1 

352a 

1 

3;i."iO 

1 

Oll><J 

1 

riiKii) 

1 

•Jt7r) 

1 

35()3 

1       1 

lOHMO 

I       1 

»;iH9 

1       1 

OJ.IO 

1 

ll.'.U 

•> 

lu:i4(i 

1 

1 1  ID!) 

0 

lllilO!) 

1 

Ultl 

2 

31:1.-1 

12 

3.-|48 

'.! 

1 

1 

I.iii'itlity. 


WIllMI 

I'dllrc  cil. 


l'"i'()in  wliorii  i< ci.'ivid. 


Nat  II  I'll 
lit'  Kiirciiiiciu 


Ciiilisl,.,  I'.i 

r.iiiii ;hiii- ('iiiiiiiv,  r 

l''ii\liinv:li,  I'u  ..'..... 

l!io(pKvillr,  I'.i 

l!i(l  l;iMi-,  A  I'U    

I''(iit  Siiiilli,  ArU 

I'laiiir  Mir  lliiiiu 
Siiiiil  Liiiii.4,  Mil  . 
KIri'liiiliiimJl,  (i:l 


I.i 


I'riif.  S.  K.  Baiiil  1  AlHiuloUc. 

..  ill) Do. 

Sliiiw Do. 

Dr.  1!.  Iliivinoiid Do.  cf 

(.'iipt.  I!.  li..Miir(v,U.  S  A.  Vi>.(f 

Dr.  I'..  KSIiiiiiiaiil |        Do. 


1: 


,  Wi-i 


I'l'iiHai'iila,  Kla  . 
MiiaiiMii.v,  l''la 


Tarlii 


iiiiili,  N.  0 


Cliarlr'<tiili,  S.  (' 
Sail  Dic^o,  Cal 


l.alii',  .\.  V 


Kli/.aliitiitiiwii,  N.  V 
Wrslimrl,  N.  Y. 


.laiiirs  Kainii 

Dr.  (i.  Kii^iii'iiiaM 
I'liif  .S.  1'.  liainl. 


ilii 


Dr  1!,  W..I,irivv. 
Dr.  T.  11.  li.aii  .".. 
>r.  L,  Itridurr 


I'n.f.  S.  1''.  l!airil 

I.ii'iit.  IJ.Coiuli,   U.  .S.  A. 


I'rof.  S.  I'-,  liaiiil 


('(iliiniliiiH,  <  tliio   rrol.  I,.  I.esi|ii(iiriix. 

MaiiiMla,  Ohio rniC  l).  11.  AiiilreWH. 

KlMi:l,(tlli(l 


I'nif.  S.  K.  Hainl 


Miiliilr,  Ala    ! I'ilclioil V 


Wrslrili  Mi.ssiiini 
(iiiat  tJnrk 


SI 


lawilrl 


Vill.i 


Dr.  I'.  It.  Iluv...- 
II.  li.  Miillhaiisi'ii 


•III 


.ShawiicK  Mission 


Dr..r.  (I.t'imii 


Monlircllo,  MisH Mi.ss  H1I111  I'l 


Sllilry  l.alii 


W.  .S.  Woml 


Saint  l.iiiiis,  Ml) ! 1   do. 

Tvvi'ii  S|iriii;;.s,  'rcnii 
Vi'lliiw.stoni'  Kivcr... 

Ni'W  Oili'.iiis,  l,a   

Miiniit  CarinrI,  III 


St.  .IoIhi'm  Kivir,  Kla  . . 
lilark  Kivcr.  Klvria,  (  Cii 


Oaklrv,  S.  ('. 


i  I'rol'.  K.  Owrn 

I    Dr.  I\  V.  IlavdcM 

May  'J!l,  l>^7."i  j   Niw  Orlians  Academy. 
Nov.  — ,  1K8I  ,  L.  M.  Tiiniir 


1874  i  (;.  I! 


riiwM  tiDoiii 


lllc 


l.ilicrlvt'iiiiiitv,  lia 
Wasliinnton,  D.  ii  .. 


Arlin^tim,  Va 


SoiiMiliainpton  Ooiiiil  v, 
Va. 

Wvtlicvillc,  Va 

S.  1'.  U.K.  Survey 

Soutlicni  Illlnom 

I'"rainin;:liaiii,  Mas.s 

Montreal,  1).  C 


I'riif.  S.  I'.  ISaiiil  . 

i   V.  W.  Ilavward.. 

I  .Maj..!.  LeCiintc 

1.S77     Dr.  T.  II.  liean  .. 


(?» 


l.HT'.t     Wi  liain  rainier  , 


(.') 


,— ,  1,S70     I..  Kiinilieii 


188.-.    fid.  >r.  McDimald 

I  II.  II.  MolUian.icn. 

K.  KeunnieiiLa,... 


S.  K.  llaird. 


])o. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do.  O 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do.  c/- 

Do. 

Do.  9 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do.  g 

Do. 

Do. 

Do.  g 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do.  cf 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do.  cf 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do.  ?</• 

Do.  cf 

Do. 
Do. 
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Do. 


m 


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i 


- 1 


428       Tuir.LF/riNr  :?i,  united  statks  national  mfskum, 

Tltis  isiR'cii's  prc'lers  liirf^vr  hodio.s  of  watt'i',  iiiid  cspociaMy  liinints  llic 
sliores  wheio  tliickets  iiiul  uiuU'ibrii.sh  iiiiikti  tliem  inaccessible.  It.s 
vui(!0  is  lainiliar  to  all  (IwcIUts  in  tlie  country,  liavinj^  nuicli  tlio  tone 
of  that  of  a  bull,  but  with  a  bcttcr-defmcMl  enunciation,  it  unvy  be  im- 
itated by  uttering- ;.  bass  "br'wuni"  several  times  in  succession,  with  a 
hoarse  voice,  in  front  of  an  enii)ty  cask  or  other  revei'berating  cavity. 
Familiar  imitations  of  it  aie  the  words  "bo  drowned''  or  "more  rum.*' 
Th(^  voice  is  not  uttered  until  the  arrival  of  warm  weather,  and  is  con- 
tinued duriuf''  the  evening'  throuj;hout  its  continuance.  It  may  be 
heard  for  a  distance  ol' several  miles. 

])r.  .1.  II.  (iarnier*  points  out  the  relationship  between  this  species 
and  the  li.  damnta  and  U.  scpfciitriotKilifi,  in  the  lollowinj;'  lanynajic: 

"(1)  They  have  no  chant  amour,  or  love  notes,  in  spring'.  ('J)  They 
retire  early  to  hibernate  with  the  lirst  autumnal  frost.  (.»)  They  live  in 
the  water  and  lie  in  wait  for  their  food,  but  do  not  hunt  for  it  on  land. 
They  i)oise  the  body  on  any  lioatinj''  weeds,  lie  on  the  bank  or  any  bit 
of  stick  or  loj4'  that  suits  their  purpose.  (I)  The  tadpoles  of  A*.  cdteNhidna 
and  R.vUinintu  reipiire  two  years  to  mature,  ami  the  '  mink  fro;"'  [R.  scp- 
It'utrioHdlis)  retpiires  the  same  period.  (."»  and  <•)  The  foot  is  bioadei'  in 
proportion  than  in  tlu'  rest  of  tlu'  lamily  (Jgenus),  and  the  second  toe 
is  proi)ortionally  stouter,  a  i»eculiarily  empliatieally  distinct,  which  can 
b«^  seen  at  a  ylance.  (7)  When  captured  they  sometimes  utter  a  cry  of 
distress  (juite  dilferent  from  their  ordiiiaiy  croakiiij;'  notes,  and  I  have 
often  seen  the  bullfroj''  ( /i'.  cdlcshidnd)  ojien  his  nuMith  and  scream  for 
over  a  minute.  (S^  AVIien  they  jiive  their  note  it  is  always  i»ro(luced  by 
inllatinji'  the  throat-jjouch  and  suddenly  expellin;^  the  air,  whereas  in  A'. 
riri'scoiSj  etc.,  there  is  a  jiouch  near  the  an,i;le  of  the  Jaws,  (sn  either  side. 
(1>.)  They  are  all  tin}>ed  more  or  less  with  yelh)wish}jreen  on  the  chin, 
which  soon  shades  towan's  the  throat  and  breast,  and  the  belly  is  whde, 
or  nearly  so." 

RANA  MONTKZfM.l-:  Itninl.f 

Iioiia  moiili:ii;ti<i  I'minl.  rnicccd.  Ac  I'liihi..  \'-'i'>.  [i.  i'>l  :  (nranl,  }\  S.  Mcx,  nomid. 
Siu-v.,  Ji'optil.'s..  )..  -JT,  ri.  :!(i,  li;,'.  l-C;  liicMclii,  Miss.  Sc.  Mrx.  li.itr.,  \>.  II,  I'l. 
IV,  li-.  a. 

The  jieneral  form  is  rather  squat  and  li(>avy;  in  this  respect  re- 
semblfii*;'  the  Northern  bull-fro,i>-,  or  Rdiui  cdtcshidiid.  Like  it,  it  is  with- 
out any  lateral  riil;;(' of  the  skin  on  the  i>ack,  or  if  such  l)e  present,  it  is 
interrupted  and  soon  disappears.  The  head  is  depressed,  the  an.nles 
all  rounded,  eanthus  rostralis  not  distinct ;  the  nostrils  situated  a  little 
below  its  highest  part,  al»out  halfway  between  tnee.\e  and  tipofsnout. 
The  t(ti»  of  the  head  is  slightly  convex  between  the  eyes,  without  any 
groove.  Tiiere  is  a  slight  depression  behind  and  below  the  exterior 
nostrils,  and  which,  proceeding  backwards,  beconu's  obs(»I('t('  iu'low 
the  anterior  eanthus  of  the  orbit  and  then  leappears  below  (lie  middle 


*Aincrican  NiUmiili.st,  1-^s:!, 


HI-'. 


t  I 'la I.'  51,  llg.  !',>. 


fl 


TIIK    J5ATUA(;illA    OF    Nctl.'TII    AMICUICA. 


429 


of  the  eye,  wliciico  it  passes  n\o\\^  tho,  np[)('r  vaga  of  the  maxillary 
lioiie  as  a  well-dcrmeil  /;roovo  i'.\teii(liii,n-  bcMieatli  tli'^  lymi)aiiui»i. 
Tliere  is  no  fold  of  skin  passing  over  and  behind  tho  tynii)annui,  as 
in  A',  catesbiana.  The  tyniiKinuni  is  moderate,  snbelliptical,  with  the 
'  .  ^'  longest  diameter  longitudinal,  the  center  above  the  angle  of  the  mouth, 
its  anteiior  edge  rea<!hing  within  one-third  of  a  diameter  of  the  eye 
from  the  eye.  The  rim  is  well  defined,  being  slightly  raised  above  the 
H'vel  of  the  tympanum  itself,  which  is  nearly  smooth,  exhibiting  only 
a  slight  granulation  in  the  center.    The  tongue  is  broad,  short,  subor- 


rf-v 


Fid.  lOlt.  lidiia  iiioi)tc:uiiiiv.    Valley  of  Moxico;  }. 


bicular,  ami  with  the  ciornua  distant  and  <|nite  small;  it  is  free  on 
the  sides  an«l  behind  for  two  thirds  its  length.  The  internal  nares 
are  small,  transverse,  exteriorly  produced  into  a  groove  extending  some- 
what oblicpu'ly  backwards  to  the  edge  of  tho  maxillary  bones ;  their 
centers  nearer  the  anterior  eanthus  orbitalis  than  to  the  exterior  nos- 
trils. T!ie  vomerine  teeth  are  situated  on  two  protuberances,  which  are 
inclined  l)ackwards  at  an  acute  angle,  and  placed  with  their  anterior 
bases  in  a  line  with  the  anterior  edges  of  the  internal  nares;  the  teeth 
themselves  are  lew  in  number,  minute,  and  range  oblicpiely  on  the  pos- 
terior portion  of  the  crest  of  the  jjrotuberances.  The  teeth  on  the  edge 
of  tiie  ui»per  jaw  are  well  developed,  and  extend  to  the  inner  edge  of  the 
angle  of  the  mouth.  The  Eustachian  openings  are  large,  and  at  least 
twice  the  diameter  of  the  ehoana'.  An  external  vocal  vesicle  of  con- 
siderable size  is  seen  on  each  side  at  the  angle  of  the  Jaws,  as  large  as  a 
very  large  jiea  after  being  contractted  by  alcohol. 

As  already  stated,  there  are  two  «listin(!t  ridges  of  skin,  one  on  each 
side  the  back,  commencing  above  the  tymi»anum.  They  are  I'recpiently 
interrupted,  and  do  not  reach  the  groin.  The  upper  i)arts  are  gener- 
ally smooth,  but  with  warts  on  tlu^  sides  of  the  body,  where  they 
are  llattencd  at  top;  occasional  warts  are  scattered  over  tho  back, 


!  ;^ 


<  M 


>     (• 


t' 


r 


t'l! 


r 

1 

1 

i 

; 

, 

1 

430       iJULLKTiN  ;m,  unithu  statks  national  muskum. 

tbouyh  not  promiiieiit,  but  .siiiootlicd  over.  The  buttocks  are  apiiar- 
eiitly  smoother  thau  common,  the  usual  gnmnhitioii  being  scarcely 
discernible.    Tiie  under  parts  are  entirely  smooth. 

The  tinjirers  are  all  free  and  of  rather  unusual  length,  and  taper  sud- 
denly from  the  swollen  base.  The  third  is  longest,  the  (Irt  and  fourtii 
nearly  equal,  though  the  latter  is  rather  longer.  The  fourth  toe  is  loiij^ 
est,  fifth  and  third  rather  shorter.  All  the  terminal  phalanges  are  curved 
downwards  and  taper  to  rather  an  acute  tip;  the  web  is  more  cut  oui 
on  the  inner  edges  of  the  toes  than  on  the  outer;  on  the  latter  it  extends 
to  a  little  beyond  the  middle  of  the  last  phalange ;  on  the  former  scarcid.v 
beyond  the  last  Joint;  itiseverywheredecidedly  concave  when  stretched. 
The  cuneiform  tubercle  is  small,  and  there  is  a  slight  membrane  extend 
ing  from  it  along  the  inner  edge  of  the  foot. 

The  general  color  above  is  of  a  purplish-brown,  beneath  grayish-white 
or  ash,  everywhere  minutely  blotched  or  vermiculated  with  spots  and 
sinuations  of  lighter;  sometimcvS  more  in  irregular  spots,  sonu'times 
more  in  vermiculations.  Deneath,  these  light  spots  are  obsolete  towards 
the  chin,  but  they  are  very  distinct  on  the  side  about  the  groin,  and  on 
the  thighs  anteriorly,  posteriorly,  and  interiorly,  where  they  are  larger 
than  their  interspaces.  In  the  typical  and  best  specimen  the  ground- 
color of  the  entire  limbs  is  purplish-brown,  rather  lighter  beneath  and 
internally,  with  the  lighter  spots  scattered  everywhere,  and  very  obso- 
lete indications  of  transverse  bars  above.    This  ai>pears  to  be  a  male. 

A  fenuile  still  larger  than  the  specimen  upon  which  the  descrii>tion 
has  been  based  is  more  squat  in  ap|)earance,  with  the  warts  mon^ 
distinct  on  the  side  and  back,  but  with  little  or  iu»  granulation  on  the 
buttocks.  The  colors  are  much  the  same,  except  that  the  lower  parts 
are  lighter,  the  interior  faces  of  the  hind  legs  especially,  •  hich  are 
yellowish-gray,  with  the  light  blotches  very  obsohite.  The  light  s!»'?ts 
in  the  groin  are  of  a  pink  color,  which  may  be  the  general  hue  of  the 
spots.     lA'Ugth  of  body,  ^.(JtMnches. 

We  have  thus«lescribed  one  extreme  of  coloration.  Tii(>  other  is  quite 
ditferent.  Here  the  upper  parts  and  sides  an*  (covered  with  very  dark 
brown  blotches,  each  with  a  lighter  areola;  tiie  blotcdies  average  about 
two-thirds  the  size  of  the  tympanum.  Some  of  the  blotches  on  the  back 
are  considerably  elongated ;  those  on  the  sides  smaller.  The  ground- 
color is  of  alight  olivaceous-brown,  with  a  general  and  uniform  mottling 
of  lighter,  as  already  described.  The  inferior  parts  are  lighter,  with  the 
blotches  more  obsolete.  The  fore  limbs  with  several  obsolete  dark 
blotches,  the  hinder  with  three  or  four  transverse  bars  on  each  division; 
those  on  the  thigh  very  short.    Ilody  2.4i  inches  long. 

Specimens  are  found  in  every  stage  of  c<dorati<)n  between  these  ex- 
tremes. Sometimes  the  blotches  and  bars  are  barely  perceptible  when 
the  skin  is  wet,  and  again  they  are  more  distinct  or  not  at  all  visible. 
The  smaller  specimens  are  usually  the  most  blotched,  the  color  becom- 
ing more  uniform  with  increasing  size.    During  life  the  dorsal  spots 


f( 


fr 


ppar. 
ircciy 

nikI- 
Mirtli 

ir\('(| 
t  out 
X'lnls 
rccly 
lK'(i. 
loud- 


...i. 


fV 


THK    JtATIJACIIJA    OF    NOKTIF    AMFklCA. 


431 


may  bocome  a  {;ias.s-gro('ii.     in   most  spcciiiuMis  the  obliciuity  of  the 
pahitiiic  prot  liberal  ices  is  U'ss  than  deseribed. 

The  areohited  varieties  bear  some  resemblance  to  A',  arcolata,  IJaird 
iiiid  tlirard,  but  may  bo  distiiijjiiislied  by  the  white  spots  on  tiie  darker 
>;rouii(l  of  the  under  and  inner  surfaces,  the  more  fully  webbed  toes,  the 
shorter  limbs,  etc.  Iioth  have  the  lateral  vocal  vesciles.  A*,  arcolata 
has  a  decided  lateral  fold. 

Mnh: 


llK'llC'8. 

TcplJil  It'iiKtli ;i.-.'ti     1.(10      Hand 

TliiKli 1-J" 

'riir.^iiH 70 

Miiiil  foot. l.f.l 

I'oic-iiriii,  I'roni  I'lliow. 1.70 


Inc-lics. 

7J  .'j;j 

.11   I   lliinl  l(!j;(stiTtcli.(l) .».H|  l.r.l 

. -ii    Li'iiitiiioriitjiKi 1.0.'^  .:m 

.:.l     Width i.os  .:m 

.,■>:!      Lciifftli  of  eyelid :!0  .Oil 


City  of  Mexico — twelve  specimens,  .MaJ.  \\.  Kich;  six  specimens,  E. 
I).  ("oi)e. 

This  species  is  co  iimoM  in  the  valley  of  .Mexico,  where  it  is  used  as 
food.  The  unspotted  brown  variety  is  found  near  Guanajuato;  Dr.  A. 
Dtiyes, 

i;.\NA  TK.MPORAinA  I. inn. 

l}iu\(i  ttiiiiioiiiriii,  jiart.,  L.  Sy.st.  Nat.,  I'd.  Vi,  p.  'A'>7, 

Ilaini  miilii  l.aiir.,  Syn.  h'ei>t.,  p.  :10. 

L'aiKi  Umiioruiht  .Selineider,  lli.st.  .\nipli.,  I,  ]>.  11!!;  liUtr.,  Sal.,  p.  1(7,  and  liupt.  u,  j). 

1,")0;  Shaw,  Zool.,  iii,  p.  '.t7  :    l>aii(l.,  Kain.,  ]>.  IC),  I'l.  l.'>,  and  Keptil.,  vill,  p.  HI; 

Meirein,  Tent.,  p.  17.'.:   I'eiiii.,   I'.ril.  /ool.,  ill,  p. '.>;  .Jenyns,  liiit.  Vert.,  ]k  'MO; 

IJonaii.,  I'.ann.  llal.  ;  Scliiii/,  I'.iiiii.   llelv,,  \>.  14:!;  'r.schudi,  Hatr.,  p.  7'J  ;  Hell, 

Itiit.  K'eptil.,  i>.  ^1  :   Kiini.A   Uiln.,  n.li.V.t ;   Koch,  tier.  Senck.  lies.  (1  872'),  p.  ll't; 

ratio,  Vert.  Siii.sse,  in,  p.  :!•.'!:   \>r  I'.etta,  I'ann.  llal.  K'ett.  Anf.,  p.  (il;  Le.ssona, 

Atti  Ae.   Lineei.  Mem.  Cl.  Se.  I'i.s.,  I,  |>.   loiW,   I'i.  II ;  lioulen<,'er.  Vat.  l?atr.  Sal. 

Hrit.  Mils.,  ed.  II,  ls-,>,  p.  .|  |. 
7i(ni((,/'((rM()(/)(t  Millet,  Faun.  Maine  et  l.oin-,  ii,  p.dti:!. 
h'dliit  iiKiiitil  I'allas,  /.ooj;r.  K'oss,  As.,  p.  I'J. 
Hdiiii  iilpiiia  Ki.sso,  lliNl.  Nat.  Fur.  Mi'r.,  ill,  ji.  ".':> ;  lion  a  p,   .'.  •'. 
li'timi  s(oli(<i  l?ell,  /.  r.,  p.  loj. 

HaiKi  /(^(///)■(7M'»«'^  Sleeiistr.,  Aintl.  Her.,'.il,  \'ers.  Kiel.  p.  lot. 
li'ana/iiscii  De  risle,  Ann.  Se.  \at.,ser.  5,  .wii,  l.-^7;!:  I.eyilij;-,  An.  Hatr.,  p.  110;  15ou- 

leiif^er,  liiill.  Soe,  Zool.   Fianee,  187l>,  p.  Itll;   Ilcion  lioyer,  Hull.  Ac.  Htdj;.  (H),  I, 

No.  •.',  p.  lit'.t. 
Hiiiin  ttiiiiniraiiit  var.  iiltitiiir!iiii  i  Sehreih.,  llerp.  Fur.,  p.  I\!.">;  (iiinlli,,  Cat.,  p,  IG ; 

Kosel,  lli.st.  l.'aii.,  p.  1,  I'is.  is. 
Havii  ihihowHhii  CJiinth.,  Ann.  iV  Ma,^.  N.  1!.,  1-7(1,  x\  ii,  p.  :\-^7. 

Vomerine  teeth  in  two  small  oldi(iue  oioiips,  extending  beyond  the 
hinder  edjic  of  the  choame.  Head  moderate;  snout  short,  blunt ;  in- 
terorbital  space  as  broad  as  tlieuppei  eyelid;  tympanum  distinct,  two- 
thirds  the  diameter  of  the  eye.  l-'in^yeis  moderate,  lirst  extendin<j  be- 
yond second;  tv)es  at  least  two  thirils  webbed;  stibarticular  tuber- 
cles of  liiif^ers  and  toi's  moderate;  inner  metatarsiil  tubercle  small,  ob- 
tuse; outer  tubercle  none  or  scarcely  distim^t.  Tiie  hind  limb  beinjj 
carried  forward  alon;;'  th^^  body,  the  tibiotarsal  arti(Uilatioii  reaches 


if 


:    i) 


■  r 

.  ! 

1 

i 

'::■:* 

f- 

■:■■-' 

> 

,f ,' 


)   (■ 


I  Til 


JtiWfiiiraiaaaa^ 


432        jjULLirrix  ;ii,   uxitim)  siati;s  national  musku.m. 

lianlly  tlio  {i[i  of  tlie  snout.  A  modi'vatcly  i>i'oiiiiiioiit  j;lainliil;ir  liiteriii 
fold.  I'piuT  parts  jiiayisli  or  brown,  more  or  loss  sj)otteil  with  darl; 
brown  or  black  ;  a  more  or  less  intense  dark  temporal  spot ;  a  light  line 
from  below  the  eye  to  the  extremity  ol"  the  temporal  s[)ot ;  sides  of 
body  largely  spotted;  limbs  Iransveisely  barred;  beneath  more  or  less 
spotted.     ]\Iale  witli  two  internal  vocal  sacs. 

The  above  synonymy  and  (lescrii)tion  are  taken  from  Boulenger,  to 
whom  we  are  indebted  for  tlie  most  complete  studies  of  the  Kuropeau 
species  of  I'ana. 

Tlie  typical  foi-mof  tliis  speciies  is  distributed  over  northern  and  teiii- 
pcrate  Asia  and  Murope,  but  a  subspecies  is  (;ommon  in  tiu'  western 
regions  of  North  America.  Tiiis  lias  been  called  Ititna  ptrtioxa  by 
Messrs.  Baird  and  (lirard.   It  «liffers  Irom  the  Old  World  Ibrm  asfoUows: 

Ht'iid  rroiii  tliri'i'  and  (i\  c-liiitlis  to  (<iiir  1  iiiics  in  li'nj;tli ;  tciiiixiriil  siiot  iiioio  tlisliiii  t : 
/.'.  t.  I(  iiiiiiirariii. 

lloiul  from  tliict^  fii  tliitc  iiiid  livc-tcnllis  liiiu's  in  Icnjilli  ;  (cmiioial  spnt  h'ss  dis- 
tinct   /i".  /.  jinlinKii. 

lidiui  t)')iipi>rari<i  jtrrtiosa  Ihl.  vS:  (lird.* 

liaiitt  iintiimi  liaiid.  iV  (iirard.  I'roccfd.  Ac.  I'liilii.,  l>r>:5,  ]i,  ItT"';  Itaii'd,  rrmccd.  Ac 
riiiia.,  L-.V),  1..  W'^;  (lirard.  V.  S.  Kxjd.  llNpcd.,  llcip.,  p.  ','(1,  I'l.  -J,  ii;rs.  \:\-\<: 
Cooper,!;.  S.  I'.xjd.  Snrv.,  xil..  part  ii.  p.  iidi;  r>oiil('n;j;cr,  Hull  Sue.  Zitol.  I'r. 
l^ell,  p.'JiIri;  Cope,  I'roci'i'd.  Ac.  I'liila.,  L-i-^;{,  pii.viO, ;);!;  Anii'ricaii  Naturalist,  l-7'.i. 

p.  »:{.".. 

The  tbrm  is  rather  stout  and  the  head  is  not  sosmall  as  in  tho  typical 
1{.  l('mpor<(ri(i.  The  heel  of  the  exteu<led  hind  leg  reaches  to  the  postf- 
rior  border  of  the  orbit,  or  from  tiiat  jtoint  t(»  tiie  anterior  bordi'r.  The 
inner  cuneiform  tuberch^  is  snuill  and  obtuse,  und  there  is  a  snnill  ex- 
ternal one.     The  following  description  is  taken  from  a  female: 

IJody  stout,  depressed,  in  shape  much  like  A*.  ail<:shi<ui(i.  Head  oli- 
tuse,  rounded,  and  sublruncate.  Head  broader  tiian  long.  Canthns 
rostralis  not  distinct.  I'].\lernal  nostrils  small,  circular,  nearer  the  snout 
than  the  eyes;  a  shallow  groove  behind  them  with  a  mineU'  papilla,  as 
in  most  frogs.  Head  llat  between  the  eyes;  sides  oblique;  facial  exca- 
vation very  shallow.  lOyes  small,  contained  a  little  nKUcthan  three 
times  in  the  chord  of  the  commissure  and  three  and  one  half  in  that  ol 
the  lower  Jaw,  one  and  one-half  diameters  from  the  ti|».  Tym|»anum 
very  small  (in  small  s[)ecinH'ns  iinite  indistinct),  scarcely  two  thirds  the 
si/e  of  the  eye,  and  distant  from  it  by  nearly  a  diameter.  Tongue  very 
large  and  lleshy,  free  behind  tor  half  its  length,  inner  narcs  narrow, 
elongated  in  one  specimen  to  a  mere  slit.  N'omerine  teeth  in  two  small 
obli(ln(^  |»atches,  ap|)roacliing  behind,  but  separated  by  an  interval  (Mjual 
to  that  lietween  the  anteri(»r  extremity  and  the  inner  nares.  This  ante- 
rior extremity  is  on  a  line  with  or  rather  [ntsterior  to  the  hinder  border  of 
the  ii'.r.i  r  nares. 

Skin  everywhcic  thick  and  leathery,  minutely  pitied ;  on  the  sides 

d  posterior  pait  of  the  body  with  external  surfaces  of  liiinl  legs,  pus 

'  i'lad'  I'.l.  (in-.  I'.'. 


I 

t 
I 


i 


THE    J5ATHACHIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


433 


latcnil 
li  (IluIc 
•ht  lino 
idos  of 
;  or  lo^^s 

iiyer,  lit 

ml  U'lii- 
wostoni 
ti(is(t  h\ 
f«)llo\vs: 

t   less  ili>- 


(MmI.  Ar. 

liu^.  r.!-i-; 

/.D.ll.    1    1. 

1-alist,  1-7'.'. 


Iio  typical 
tlu'  po.stt  ■ 
(Icr.  Tilt' 
I  small  t'X- 

lli'llll  olt 

Cantliu.-^ 
rtlic  snout 
l»apilla,  as 
iU'ial  I'xra- 
lliaii  tlii'ci- 
iii  that  ol 
l\iiipanuiii 
( tliinls  tlif 
)nj;iu'  very 
cs  iiaiTow, 

I  two  small 
LMval  iMpial 

'I'lii.s  ante- 
i-  border  of 

II  tilt'  sides 
d  loys,  pus 


■•■■t 


* 


I 


filiated  with  small  as[)erities,  seen  even  on  the  interior  dij?ital  mem- 
brane. Those  on  the  buttocks  seem  to  rei)lace  the  usual  f>ranulation,of 
which  no  traces  are  visible.  Many  of  these  latter  pustules  on  the  but- 
tocks appear  to  consist  of  glands,  as  their  open  mouths  are  visible  in 
the  largest  specimen  on  the  inferior  surface. 

The  third  flnger  is  longest,  then  the  fourth  ;  the  first  longer  than  the 
second.  The  femur  is  shorter  than  the  tibia,  and  both  shorter  than  the 
foot ;  they  are  not  quite  half  the  length  of  the  body.  The  tifth  and  third 
toes  are  equal ;  the  foot  well  webbed.  The  terminal  jointof  the  fourth  toe 
is  entirely  free;  the  web  extends  from  the  tip  of  the  outer  toe  to  nearly 
the  second  articulation  of  the  next,  running  up  to  the  first  articulation, 
and  again  on  the  other  side  in  a  similar  manner,  narrowing  to  the  tips 
of  the  third,  second,  and  first  toes  on  the  exterior  sides,  and  on  the  in- 
ner, starting  from  the  first  articulation.  The  inner  edge  of  the  foot  is 
narrowly  margined.  The  cuiu'iform  process  i.>,  elongated  and  diminu- 
tivj',  with  a  small  tubercle  opposite  it  on  the  sole,  the  whole  of  which  is 
covered  by  asperities.     Inner  loe  not  one-third  total  length  of  foot. 

There  is  a  broad  depressed  ridge  extending  from  the  eye  on  each  side 
nearly  to  the  thinks,  becoming  indistinct  i)osterioiiy  ;  in  some  specimens 
perceptible  at  any  point.  No  other  ridges  are  visible,  except  a  slight 
glandiform  prolongation  of  the  upper  jaw,  extending  over  the  aim,  and 
interrupted  opposite  the  end  of  the  Jaw  and  above  the  shoulder  by  the 
groove  pa.ssing  behind  the  tynii)aiuini. 

(Jeneral  (!olor,  above  dull  yellowish-brown  (dead  leaf),  darker  on  the 
sides.  A  number  of  circular  l)iown  blotches  on  the  back  between  the 
ridges,  which  themselves  are  rather  brighter  than  the  rest  of  the  ground- 
color, and  not  invaded  by  the  blotches.  In  some  the.se  blotches  are 
very  few  in  number,  iiiid  in  none  are  they  in  any  definite  .serial  arrange- 
ments or  areolated.  The  outer  siufiUH's  of  the  limbs  are  blotched 
transversely;  a  dull  yellowish  line  along  the  upper  Jaw,  distinct  only 
under  the  eye,  nari'owing  behind,  and  terminating  above  the  arm ;  in 
young  specimens  an  indication  of  a  dark  area  back  of  the  eyes  and 
iiKiluding  the  tympanum,  somewhat  as  in  R,  si/lratica.  (Jnder  parts 
yellowish-white,  obsoletely  marbled  with  brown.  In  life  the  groin  and 
posterior  parts  of  the  abdomen,  with  the  adjacent  parts  of  the  thighs, 
are  salmon-<;olor.  I  took  a  specimen  at  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah,  which 
has  no  tra(!e  of  dermal  folds,  and  a  smooth  skin.  Sides  and  above  uni- 
form dusky;  thighs  below  anil  i)osteiior  part  of  abilomen  red. 

This  is  the  characteristic  Ivana  of  tne  northwestern  interior,  being 
accompanied  by  niifoci)! u iiihie unI s  iunl  liKNCdiiiinn  rctitstnm.  In  life  the 
posterior  part  of  the  abdomen,  with  the  inferior  faces  of  the  thighs,  are 
of  a  bright  salmon  red.  1  »)l)taiiicd  it  the  entire  length  of  the  valley  of 
the  Warner  Lakes,  but  not  at  Fort  Midwell.  I  have  found  it  to  range 
as  far  as  the  eastern  foot  of  the  Hocky  .Mountains  in   Montami;*  and 

".\iiirrii  Mil   N;il  iir.ilisi,  1-7'.',  (i.  IX). 

1<».-,l_Hi,ll.  M 'js 


I  i 


m 


'■  y 


hi 


.  ^ 


<m 


i 


7f 


434  BULLETIN    SI,    UMTKD    STATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

the  speciinens  assi^^iu'd  by  iiic  *  to  l\'<(iui  .septen  Irintudifi,  from  the  VoHow- 
810110  Basin,  may  hv  the  variety  (k'scribi'd  above  IVoui  Salt  Lake  City. 
I  do  not  iKMv  liave  them  before  me  for  decision. 

TIic  lial»its  of  the  Nana  pfetionn  are  entirely  aquatic. 


6  /     /  2 

Flc.  110.  Sana  tctnporariapretiota 

Fimalv. 
Inches. 

Total  length 'i.'\    l.Od 

Fore-ana  from  shoulder L  4(5      .;"):? 

From  elbow 1.  If*      .  \'.\ 

Femur \.'i\      .1') 

Tibia X.Wl      .  IH 

Tarsus "i'i      .tit; 

Himl  loot L  iVJ      .  .'if) 

I'utna  Iviiqiomriii  inuliusd  liainl 


No.  5973.    Gn'ROU ;  \. 


Inc 

Inner  too  from  tai"?n8 

Hind  lej? 4. 

Chord  of  jaw 

Width  of  head 

Leiijrlh  of  eye 

T,vin]iaiiiini 


lies. 

.ri4 

.19 

.4G 

1.(53 

.yi 

.:{;{ 

.y-j 

.3:$ 

.  'iti 

.  0'.> 

.18 

.07 

Catalo^iiu- 
uuinlii'i'. 


N"(i.  of 

.-.ll.T. 


I.iicalitv. 


Wlirn  nil- 
li-clcd. 


Fliiin  wIkmii  rcii'ivcil. 


Nittiiic  of 

spciiiriiii. 


.".97;i 
hti8:i 

am 

114UB 
8085 
3437 
3:i«o 
;i:iUti 
8<i70 

'.um 

;ia78 

11037 

ll.m'l 
110U9 

11513 
ll.-i'Jl 
11531 

14408 

10919 
10B21 
10023 
10924 
10025 
14400 


lu 
11 

2 

1 


Oct. 


C;iiiiji  Mor:;ii'.  ( in  ;;oii 
Souliii-ni  (jiilitoi  iiiii 

Nl'V;lilil     

1'm-.;i|  Sound,  ()ir:;oii 

I.akf  lalioc,  Ni  vaila    ..    Orl. 

Iti'il  i;ivcr  of  Noi  til    

Klatiialli  I.aki',  t)iryoii 

(.'I    

Santa  liai  Uaia.  Cal  

ril;;il  Soiiud,  ( >|i;;oii 

.St.  ('atlii'iinc'.-,  ( '.maila 

Xoiili   (d'   liivcr    Nil/ 

tll'i^Oll. 

riUPiI-    I'ilrliolr    l{.i>iii 

Villim  sloiio  r.iiU. 
Fort  ICIIh.  Mont 


-,  l*<7t'. 


1)>75 


('.  11.  Kcnm  1  Iv 

II.  \V.  Il(n>lia'w 

do  

r. s  !:\|d  Kxpcci. .  

H.  W.  lliMsliaw 

l;,  Krnriiidlt 

1)1.  ('.  (1.  Ni  will  iiv 

Id.  A.  I,   lli'i  I  man 

II.  \V.  II,llr.ll.llV     

Hi.  ('.  R  l;.  K.iiniMlv 

III.  I>.  \V.  Uradlc...' 

Dr.  liroiyc  Siuklrv 


<'.  llail   Miriiam 


Uplui-   I-'iiiliidi'    liasiii.     . 

V.llou^loii.'  r.iiU. 
l)t'.s  Cliiitis  Ui\  cr.  I  Iit;; 
Ci'ookrd  IIImc,  On;;   . . 
Moiiiiiaiii.f    iiiaf     fort 

Klaniatli.Oiri.'.  I 

Kcirl  Walla  Walla,  Wash.  I 


do  ... 

do  ... 

do  ... 

<lo  .... 

do  ... 

California 


l>^7i: 


1S7-J 

lh7.-< 
I.^7> 

1^7S 

l.-Kl 
l.-Sl 
IRKi 
I  KM 
1C81 


W.  I!.  I'I. Ill    

('.  llait  Mei  I  iani. 

II.  W.  Il.tisliaw.. 

do 

do   


Capt.  CliarliM  Bfiidiif,  V. 
S.  .\rinv. 

do  .; 

do 

do 

.1(>    

do 

Dr.  J.G.Coojur 


Alcoliolic. 
Ho. 
I>o. 
llo. 

Ho. 

Ho. 
Ho. 
Ho. 
Ho. 
Do. 
Ho. 
Ho. 

Ho. 

Ho. 
Ho. 

Ho. 
Ho. 
Ho. 

Do. 

Do. 
Ho. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


•  Aituual  Report  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Terrs.,  1871,  p.  4Gy. 


THE    BATUACIIIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  435 

RANA  C'AXTAniiKiKNi--  .;  J'.ainl. 

ProtTi'il.  Ac.  riiilii.,  l.-^.')l,  i).('>vJ;  lioiilcii;;^!-,  ISiill.  Soc,  Zool.  Franco, 
18^11,  p. 'JOit;  (It).  Cat.  JJatr.  «al.  lint.  Miis.,  !-<•,»,  p.  .|,-,. 

nana  sijlvdtica  De  Kay,  X.  Y.  Faun,  iii,   p.  Cil,  IM.  'JI,  '_>■,';  Hoiilenj^cr,   Hull. 

8oc'.  Z<)()l.  FiiUict',  l"*"'.),  ]).   171. 
IlaiKt  tiuiporaria,  var.  Hilralicd  pt.,  (Jiintli.,  Cat.  I$rit.  Miis.,  I-^IW,  p.  17. 
Jlaiia  tiiiiponiiia  caiiluliriijmtin  Cope,  Clicck-List  X.  Anier.  Hatr.  Rcptil.,  1^75,  p.  ',12, 

Tliis  species  (litters  more  widely  from  the  R,  temporaria  than  does  the 
R.pretiom,  so  iiuich  so,  that  I  now  follow  Professor  IJaird  and  Mr.  Bon- 
ieiij;'er  in  niaintaininf'it  as  a  distinct  species.  As  usual  with  the  si)ecie8 
of  their  }?enus,  it  pre.sents  such  variations  as  to  render  the  coinmou 
ori{j[in  of  all  the.se  forms  certain.  Thus  in  four  specimens  from  Lake 
AUoknagik,  Alaska,  the  web  of  the  hind  foot  is  as  fully  developed  iu 
the  R.  tcmporaria  pret'osa,  only  two  phalanges  of  the  fourth  toe  being 
fiec.  As.sociated  wifn  them  was  a  specimen  of  the  variety  R.  can- 
t((bri(ien,si,s  crittata.  In  the  specimen  (No,  5IG9)  from  Puget  Sound, 
Washington,  the  jwsterior  leg  is  remarkably  elongate,  reaching  the 
end  of  the  muzzle,  so  as  to  approach  nearly  to  the  R.  silratim. 

Two  (listinct  subspecies  and  a  variety  of  the  Rana  cuntnhrigensis  are 
known  to  me,  which  difter  as  follows: 

Only  two  plialaiiRPS  free;  no  longitudinal  stripcHou  back  or  tibia li.  c.  latiremis. 

Tlireo  i)liiilaii;fos  free  ;  no  lonf^itiulinal  strips  on  back  or  on  tibia R.  c.  vriltata. 

Three  jilialan^^es  free  ;  a  median  dorsal  and  an  anterior  tibial  lij;!!t  strii)e 

I{.  V.  cantabridyensia, 

Raua  atntahrigensis  latiremiii  Cope. 

ProetMMlin<j;s  Ainericaii  Pliilos.  Society,  Irr-'t!,  p.  iV20. 

Muzzle  rather  ol)luse,  more  so  than  in  the  typi(!al  h\  contabrifjf/ensis, 
and  widened  posteriorly;  its  length  at  the  i)ost»  rior  edges  of  tlie  tym- 
pana entering  the  leiigtli  of  the  iiead  and  body  three  and  a  half  times. 
Till',  tympanic  drum  is  very  distinct,  and  its  long  diameter  enters  tiiat 
of  the  eye  two-thirds  of  a  time.  The  nostrils  are  ecpiidistant  between 
the  orbit  and  tiie  end  of  the  muzzle,  and  look  upwards.  Tin- skin  is 
i|Mite  smootii  everywhere,  with  adosolatcral  tbhl  wlii«;h  is  easily  ol)iirer- 
alcd  by  iimnersion  in  alcohol.  Tlie  heel  of  the  extended  hind  leg  retiches 
to  till'  middle  of  the  eye;  the  second  toe  reaches  nearly  to  the  apex  of 
I  lie  Unee.  Tlu^  ]»alination  is  remaikably  wide,  leaving  but  one  free 
plialange  on  all  the  digits  except  the  fourth,  where  two  are  free.  The 
internal  cnneil'orm  tubercle  is  <piite  prominent,  with  an  obtuse  convex 
edge.  There  is  no  extermd  tubercle.  The  internal  finger  (index)  is 
short  and  stout,  and  is  very  little  or  not  at  all  longer  than  the  second 
(third)  finger. 

Color  above,  light  brownish-gray;  below,  white.  There  are  more  or 
less  nunuM'ons  blacik  spots  on  tiie  sides,  which  incline  to  fuse  more  or 
les.s  imperfectly  into  a  longitudinal  band  along  the(lor.solateral  dermal 


II 


J 


!  If 


IjI 


I 


436  HULLKTIX    31,    UNITED    STATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

fold.  There  are  in  sonie.speeiineiis  a  few  small  black  iiiaikH  on  the  back 
between  the  lateral  Colds.  A  dark  line  alonj;-  the  (^antlins  rostralis. 
The  black  "ear-patch"  Ik  reihuud  to  a  black  line,  which  i)asses  from 
the  eye  over  and  posterior  to  the  tympanic  disk,  and  ceases  opposite 
the  inferior  border  of  the  latter. 


TlO.  Ill,  liana  cantabrijennitlaliirmis.    No.  13723.    Alaska;  J. 

Measiiri'miiils  of  So.  l',Y!'i'S, 

M. 

Length  of  liead  .iiid  body 052 

Widtli  of  head  at  iiostorior  edge  of  tympniia 019 

Length  of  head  to  posterior  edge  of  tyiiipaiia 015 

Lengtli  of  fore  limb 0\J2 

Leiigtli  of  fore  fdot Oil 

Length  i)f  hind  limb  to  groin 071 

Length  of  tibia 020 

Length  of  tarsus Olvi 

Length  of  romaindur  of  foot OJa 

Jliina  ciiiitahriiiiiiHis  Ittliremin. 
CatMoKU..     Xo.of  Locality.  "''";",  From  «l,„m   nrcivr,!.         ^■»"!'■"  "f 


137'3 

1 

1 

1 
1 

Lakn      A  1  lokiingi  k, 
AliHka. 

tic. 

<lo 

,lo 

. . .  .lo  . 
.....1.. 
.....lo  . 

1882 

C.I 

..lo. 

...lo 

..lo 

K 

i  V 

Alcoholic. 

i:!72'l 

1        Po 

137'J'> 

Do. 

137'JO 

Do. 

Rana  caniahrujcnals  canfalfigenfiis  Baird.* 

Muzzle  Hat  and  rather  acuminate,  fjivinj?  the  head  a  tapering  appear- 
ance, its  length  entering  that  of  the  head  and  body  three  and  a  half 
times.  Tympanum  half  the  diameter  of  the  eye.  Nostril  equidistant 
between  orbit  and  end  of  muzzle.  A.  dorsolateral  glandular  dermal  fold ; 
the  skin  between  them  smooth,  on  the  sides  sparsely  tubercular;  first 
finger  longer  than  second,  ileel  to  middle  of  (ubit;  a  glandular  rib 
on  the  inner  edge  of  the  tarsus;  webs  of  toes  short;  inner  cunei- 
form tubercle  prominent  and  obtuse-edged;  a  minute  external  tubercle. 

The  coloration  of  the  typical  Ibrm  is  as  follows: 

General  appearance  of  /»'.  ni/lraticd  :  Above,  yellowish-brown  ;  a  dark 
vitta  through  the  eye,  margined  below  by  whitish  ;  lateral  fold  of  skin 
light  colored,  as  is  also  a  median  dorsal  line  extending  from  the  snout 
to  the  anus;  a  narrow  light  line  along  the  posterior  faces  of  the  thigh 

*  J'iat.-:.i.  tig.  i:{. 


it. 

.052 
.019 
.015 
.  0\ia 
.Oil 
.071 
.020 
.OIVJ 
.  0^'5 


|i 


THE    lUTRACHIA   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


437 


iiixl  lop;  tlic  sides  are  fVequently  black-spotted,  sometimes  onlv  mar- 
ble<l  with  brown  ;  the  spots  are  sometimes  fused  into  a  line  on  tlie  ex- 
ternal side  of  the  dorsolateral  dermal  fold  ;  the  femora  and  tibia'  arc 
indistinctly  cross-banded,  the  pale  line  on  the  latter  always  intermitting 
the  bands;  npjter  lip,  dark-edf;ed ;  lower  lip,  daik-edged,  with  light- 
colored  interruptions;  a  brown  band  on  front  of  humerus;  throat  and 
thorax  marbled  with  light  brown;  posterior  face  of  femur  light  brown, 
marbled  with  darker  brown. 


Fio.  110.  liana  cantabriijensia  canliiiii(jtju:ii.    Xo.  5!)25.    Fort  Simpson;  J. 

Alatniirciiit  Ills  of  Xo.  'J'.ifj'i, 

M. 

Lonyth  of  bead  and  Ijotly 050 

Will  111  of  licad  at  posterior  iiiarf^insor  tyiiiiiana 1117 

I^iii;;lli  of  head  to  [losterior  inar{;iiis  of  t,\  iiipaiia 014 

Li'ii;;tii  of  foro  liiiil> 024 

Ltiintli  of  fore  foot Oil 

hen;; ill  of  hind  liiiil)  to  {iroiii 072 

Leiijitli  of  tibia 022 

Leii;illi  of  tarsus 012 

Li'iijith  of  remainder  of  foot 024 

The  form  erittnta  is  probably  only  a  coh)r  variety,  as  it  displays 
no  jieculiarity  other  than  that  of  color,  referred  to  in  the  analytical 
tablt' given  above.  It  is  also  Ibnnd  at  soveral  localities  mingled  with 
riie  typical  form,  though  this  is  not  always  the  case.  Judging  from  the 
(•()lle(!tion  in  the  National  .Museum,  it  is  as  abundant  as  the  typical 
variety. 

nana  riiiilabriiidixis  (■milahriiniinin  Hainl. 

Ci.t.ln::uo     X...of  Localilv.  V"'!\  Kn,„,  «lu.u>  reoeivta.  -Vaturo  of 

iimiiliii.        sju'C.   I  ■  riillfitctl.  spciniien. 


3457 

4 

3458 

5 

aSHA 

5 

5024 

1! 

6037 

i:i 

3450 

r, 

6010 

3S 

3454 

17 

6145 

*> 

5025 

1 

14496 

1 

14100 

1 

14072 

1 

0383 

0384 

11515 

14407 


14 
1 

1 


Wostrni  MinHoiiri Or  1*.  I!.  Hoy 

I,ak«<  Wiiiiliiaosliisli    B.  1".  Uilcll 

Minn. 

.Iiiuir.s  liay.  I!.  Aniciii'ii    ('.  Dicxlcr 

Kurt    Itf.milnlion K.  Ki'nnirott  

.I;iMH'M  Hay.  li.  Anicric'ii ('  ltrr.\li'i 

Uccl  Uivci-  i>r  N'di  111 I!.  Krnniciitt 

I'Dlt  Ui'siiliitliin ilii 

North  Krtl    itivi  !• (l) 

llci (Ill 

I'oit   .Shnjison iln    

.\l;iskii  K.  W.  N'elsdii 

Clark  Cmiiilv,  111 Aiiix.      l**:'."      U.C.  IIimI;,'!' 

Southciii  Ala-kii 18.».'i      I.icut.  (iioii;i>  51.  Stoni'V, 

r.s.  N. 

Lake  Siipeiior I!.  ICiMiiiicott 

AtliiiliaMia    K   (.'i  

Al.c.r  N.lson    K..    llii.l-    Ui.  KobHt  hell  

Hon'a  liiiy. 
Fi>rt  Viikbii,  Ala.skn   ..  1*7!)     I,.  M.  Tmiiht 


Al 


I'liliolic. 
Vo. 


lh>. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
I.o. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 


iM- 


'i! 


ni 


m 


43S  nULLKTIX   31,    UXITKl)    STATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

/.'((»((  <(i)itHbriiie>iKi!i  rviltntd  Cope. 


Cntnlngiio 

N 

n.  of 

IIUIIll)!'!. 

•■*! 

MT. 

s.'inri 

O 

iwHr) 

tj 

fiOL':; 

M 

5:iH0 

O 

5:)ti4 

:! 

5«^!» 

1 

U4»') 

1 

e505 

1 

r.ifio 

7 

lliTL'T 

1 

Lodilitv. 


When 
coUicli'd. 


Fniin   wliom  id'eivtid. 


Niitnic  of 
h|ii'riiii('n. 


Mtiosc  Itivpr,  II.  Ami'iion 

St.  ('atliiiiiiic'N.  Caimdii  ..   Dr.  I).  W.  IU'iiiIIk 

XIiMi,-ii'lMlaiiil,r...\ini  rii'ii ('.  DicxliT 

MiKisc  Uivci,  li.  Ameiii'ii ilo 

Wi-llhy  Uivir U.  Kiiiniridt    ... 

liiitisli  .Aiiii'i  ica dii 

Xiiliilo  Itiv.r,  .\laska W.  II.  Dall 

Hi;;  Inland,  (iicat  Slave  , .luljii  Uciil 

I,aki>. 

I'li^lft  .Siiniid   I r.  S.  K^id.  Kxiii'd 

Lake     .\lliiklia;;ik,  1^^•J  C.  I-.  .MiKav 

Ala.'ika. 


I 

C.  Drixl.T '  Alccdicilk' 

It... 

Do. 

Do. 


Do. 
Do. 


If 


JJANA  ACJILI.S  Tlinmas.* 

liana  tnnixivnria  Millet,  Fatiiu!  Maine  el  Li'iie,  ii,  ]i.  (it)|, 

liana  ayitix 'V\w\\\i\s,  Ann.  .Se.  Nal.,  ^<'r.  ■!,  1\.   |i.  I!ti,"),  I'l.  T;   Falio,   IJev.  Maj;.  ZimiI., 

sdr.  'i,   XIV,  !•.  ^1,  ris.  (>  and  7,  and  N'eii.  ,"^nis>e,  iii,   p.  ;{:(;'.;  1  >e  I'InIi'.  .\nii.  Sei. 

Nat.,  ser.  .^),  XVII ;  De   Uetta.  Fann.    Iial.,  li'eil.   .Viif.  p.  ti.') ;  Lata.sle,   llerp.  (iir. 

!>, •,':{;!:   Leydi;;,    An.    iialv.,   \\.    \V.\:    \Assin\:\.   Alli   Ae.  J.incei,  Mem.  CI.  Se.  — Ii>, 

1,11.  1071,  i'l.  Ill:   Hdiilenoer  Knlj.  Soe.  Zool.    i"r,inee.  187;»,  i>.  IS!;  Catul.  lialr. 

Sal.  Hiit,  Mu.s.,  ed.  ll,  lS-»,  p.   H;. 
liana  h  mporariu  var.  arralin,  pt.,  (iiintli.  Cat.,  ji.  Iti. 
Haiia  ijracilii  I'alio,  Ifev.  Ma;;.  Zodl.  .ser.  )i,  x\y,  p.  -l. 
liana  limponirin  var.  aijilis  .<elireil>,  Help.  Km.,  p.  i'J.'i. 

Voiiicriiie  toctli  in  two  obli(|ii('  oxiil  j^Knips,  cxtciidiiiji'  lu'voiid  tin- 
bindc'i'  i'(lj;e  ol'  tlic  cliuaiiii'.  Head  (lci»rcss(  d  ;  .snout  latlitr  «'loii;;ati', 
siiltaciiiiiiiiate;  inttroi  Itital  space  narrower  tliaii  tlic  upitci'  cvt'Iid ; 
tympaiiiiiii  very  nearly  a.s  lar;;e  as  the  eye;  close  to  it.  l''iii;;ers  inotU'i- 
ate,  lirst  exteiidiiij;'  Iteyoinl  second;  toes  at  least  two  tliirds  wehltcd: 
Kubai  ticulai'  tubercles  of  liiigeis  and  toes  niiicli  developed;  inner  meta- 
tarsal tiibei(;le  rounded,  hliint,  ratlier  strong';  a  small  outer  tubercle. 
A  narrow  <;landular  lateral  fold.  Above  },'rayisli-browii,  dark  spotted: 
a  very  dark  teniporiil  spot;  ii  lij-lit  line  on  the  lip  from  the  tip  t)f  the 
snout  to  the  extremity  of  the  temporal  spot ;  hind  limbs  re<,Milai  iy  cioss- 
barred;  beneath  immaculate.  .Alale  without  vocal  sacks,  (lloulenyer.) 
France,  Switzerland,  2s'orth  Italy,  (ireece. 

Like  the  h'aim  ivrnporaria,  this  species  has  it.s  representative  on  the 
western  coast  of  North  America,  which  differs  from  it  in  some  minor 
characters.  This  form  has  been  named  liana  aurorn  i»y  Baird  and 
Girard,  and  1  rej^rard  it  as  a  subspecies  of  the  li.  a<jilis.  The  two 
forms  (litter  only  in  coloration,  as  follows: 

Black  ear-jiateli  well  defmed;  dorsal  .spots  di.siinel,  eoniparativcly  larj;e;  hind  linilis 
with  distinct  cro.s.s- liars Ji.  a.  af/iliK. 

Ear-jiatch  not  dark-colored  nor  well  deliiied  ;  dorcsal  spots  usually  minute,  or  waiitinj; 
ing;  cros.s-liar.s  of  hind  liinli.s  very  imlistinct /«'.  <i.  onroni. 


riiitu  7o,  lig.  ao. 


of 
JII'II, 


,u 


It 


THE    UATKACHIA   OP    XOUTIl    AMERICA. 


L'a)Hi  aqiVtH  aurora  T)(l.  Gird. 


439 


liuiifi  iiunird,  lid.  A:  (lird.     I'rocfcd.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philn. 

IJody  (l('presso<l,el()n};at('(l ;  limbs  I'loiijjiitifd  and  well  dcvoloped ;  head 
broad,  acuto,  rounded  anteriorly;  no.strils  elonj^ated,  situated  below 
the  crest  of  the  eauthus  rostralis,  half-way  below  the  eye  and  tip  of 
snout;  eye  moderate,  contained  three  times  in  theehord  of  tiieconiaiis- 
sure,  situated  two-thirds  of  it8  diameter  from  the  rictus ;  tympanum 
small,  but  Mttle  more  than  half  the  diameter  of  the  eye.  Inner  nares 
rather  elonjjated  transversely.  The  vomerine  teeth  very  few  in  each 
patch;  the  patches  quite  small,  somewhat  elliptical,  and  inclined  hiw.k- 
wards,  where  they  are  separated  by  an  interval  a  little  less  than  that 
between  the  anterior  e.xtremities  and  nares;  tlie.se  extremities  are  in 
a  line  with  the  centers  of  the  nares,  but  the  teeth  are  on  the  posterior 
niar;;ins ;  the  ])rotuberances  are  decidedly  posterior  to  the  nares. 
Tonj^ue  small,  narrow.     ICustaeliian  openin;;s  larj;e. 

The  skin  is  everywhere  free  from  asperities,  but  not  smooth,  and  on 
an  att<'ntive  examination  is  .seen  to  lie  minutely  pitted  all  over,  and 
with  coarser  indentation  on  tlie  upper  surfaces  of  the  limbs,  the  sides 
of  the  face,  and  alon^-  tliedors;il  fold,  which  aiipearsciuite  porous.  The 
buttocks  are  much  j;raiiiilatt(l.  ;.  ilmiacter  wliicii  appears  to  extend  a 
little  on  the  abdomen  and  sides.  .V  liroad  depres.seci  fold  of  skin  extends 
from  tlu'  eye  to  the  bind  lej;s.  This  is  distinctly  perforated  or  porous 
tlirou;;iiout  its  extent.  There  are  no  intermediate  ridges;  a  j^hunbilar 
lu'olonjiatmn  of  upper  jaw  to  the  arm,  interrupted  at  the  posterior  ex- 
tremity of  the  Jaw;  limbs  very  slemler  and  much  elon;;ated  ;  hand 
lon.i;er  than  the  Ibrc-arni  :  linuers  all  lonj;  ;  tliii<l  lon<iest,  foiiitli  next  in 
size,  then  lirst  and  second.  Kemnr  rather  less  and  tibia  more  tiian  half 
the  length  of  the  body;  hind  foot  an<l  til)ia  about  e(pial;  foot  tu)t  very 
broad.  I'ourth  toe  much  the  lonj;est,  ami  with  the  last  two. joint.s  en- 
tirely free,  as  are  the  terminal  joints  of  all  the  toi's.  The  third  joint 
of  the  lonj^est  toe  has  a  very  s!ij,dit  margin,  diminisliiuf?  to  the  .second 
articulation,  and  the  inner  sides  of  tiu'  third  and  .second  toes  are 
scarcely,  if  at  all,  nuirfiined.  Cuneiform  process  small,  soft;  no  other 
tulterdes  on  the  sole,  and  .scarcely  any  indications  of  any  under  the 
joints. 

Color  rthen  livinj;-  greeni.sh-yellow  above,  with  golden  retlections, 
maculated  with  black;  sides  of  abdomen  and  hind  legs  reddishorange  ; 
beneath  (hdl  yellowish-green,  nmculated  ;  digital  membrane  purplish- 
violet. 

Ill  alcohol. — Above  yellowish-gray,  brightest  anteriorly.  A  few  s(;at- 
tered  indistinct  blotches  on  the  ui»i)er  parts  and  sides  aiul  scattered 
black  dots  on  the  head,  above  the  «'yes,  on  the  snout,  and  along  the 
dorsal  ridge,  iieneath  yellowish,  with  ol)solete  small  blotches  some- 
what marmorated  anteriorlv.    The  mottling  is  visible  on  the  inner  faces 


1 


!  I 


■i  !* 


:! 


440 


lUI.LKTlN    ,11,    U.MTKU    STATK.S    NATIONAL    ML'.SKl.'M. 


ii 


i 


ml 


li'^ 


^ 


of  limbs.  I'aiiit  tniccs  of  two  or  tliri't'  lr;iii,s\»'r.s»'  fasciu' on  tlic  tlii;;Ii 
and  k>^'.  An  t)l).scui«-  intlication  of  a  ilaiU  area  alioiit  the  tynipaniiin 
sornt'what  as  in  A',  si/lnilivd,  and  an  intcriiii»ti'd  dark  line  from  cyt'  In 
nostril.  The  sidr  of  head  iUiti'rior  to  tlio  I'.ve  is  yi'llowish  oi-  ;;r»'t'nisli- 
yellow,  lint'ly  mottled,  narrowin;;'  beneath  the  center  of  the  eye  into  a 
somewhat  (listin(;t  line,  which  i»asses  bad  wards  over  the  maxillary  fold 
of  skin.  In  lar;;e  specimens  this  line  m  indistinct,  and  in  none  is  it 
traceable  anterior  to  the  middle  of  the  eye. 

In  small  specimens  from  Columbia  lliver,  apparently  belon^jin;,'  to 
this  species,  tli(^  trianjjnlar  dark  area  behind  the  eye,  ineludin;;  tym- 
panum, is  more  distinct,  and  beneath  it  is  a  yellow  line  commencing;'  be- 
low the  eye  and  reachin;;'  back  to  anus.  The  buttocks  are  brown,  with 
small  liijht  or  gray-colored  spots. 


Fio.  113.  nana  a;)Uii  aurora.     Nn.  3H77.    Astoria.  Oi.'goii; 


Iiii  Ihs.  liicliis. 

Total "J.'.if.  l.(M)  I  Fii.tt 1..".7  .'.:». 

Arm I.IK)  .t;t;  I  Sliiulfst  toe W  .17 

FoiD-anii (iii  .-i  i  l-iit •'>."•  1."" 

Iliuul '{>  .'Jti  Chord  of  jaw l.dC  .;!li 

Fciiiiir 1.  «»  .1-  Wi.ltli l.(»:t  .;;:. 

Til)ia l.r.4  .,V,'  I  K.v.' iW  .11 

TurwiLs H.j  .'JH  I  'ryiii|iaiiiiiii --  .i'/ 

liniiii  tifjilit  iiinnnt  \\\.\.  (iird. 


Cutalneuu     Nn.  iif  I 
niitiiltcr.    I    H)ii>c. 


3.163 


Loiulity. 


Wlu'iiiol- 

ll.'CtUtl. 


3371 

B407 
3»74 
0420 
M21 
KM^ 
3;i77 

11711 

3360 
S828 


Kicmi  wliiiiu  riMcivcd. 


N.iliiii-  c.f 
H|M'i'iiiii'ii. 

AU'iiliolit-, 
Do. 

Do. 
l>o. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


.Mcoliolic 


t  VIMM 

Alrolioli. 
Do. 


-. 


TIIK    nATKAClIIA    OF   NORTH    AMERICA. 


Ul 


. 


RANA  DKAVTHM  It.l.  A-  (Jird. 

Hdiia  ilrniiloiii  M.  &  fJinl.,  I'loccnl.  Ac.  I'liila.  (l-flW),  \>.  171;  fJirnnl,  U.  .S.  Exi)l.  Ex- 

,M',li.',  ll.Tp.,  1..  -ill.  ri.  II,  lif;-^.  l'.l--,M. 
/.',(»((   Iiroiihi   Mtl.  iV   (iinl.,  rroi'i'i'il.  Ac  IMiila.  (l-."i:!).  p.   IKH.  (iiiiitli.,  Cal..  ji.  1.'.; 

Itid.clii,  Hull.  Soc.   I'liilom.,  (F.l  i,  p.   ITK.  ami  .Mins.  Sc  Mcx.,  IJatr.,  p.  II,  I'l. 

IV,  f.  1. 
l.'iiiiii  iiiiiiicdiis,  Ilalliiw.,  rrocfcd.  Ac.  I'liila.  (Iti.M),  \>.W<;  Hoiilcnjjcr,  Mull.  .Soc.  Zool. 

li.  (Irt-'tl).  1>.  -"*  ;  llioi'clii,  .Mins.  Sc.  Mcx.,  Hair.,  p.  l.'i,  I'l.  IV,  li;;.  !!. 
i;,iiiii  liiiifiiiKs,  Mallow.,  r.  .S,  Kxpl.  .Siirv.,  x  (I'.V.'),  iv  Zoo!,,  p.  'Jd,  I'l.  x.  Ii>,'.  1. 
l!l)irlii:iii  hiiiijiiHH  Vanow,  Check  List  and  Calal.  of  .Spec,  of  X.  Aiiicr.  ikCptilcH,  Uiitr., 

(!■'-':!),  1'.  •"'"'•     ^''t  "'   I'liiiil  iV  Cope. 

Sp,  I'll. — l>(>(l,v  stout.  Ilciiil  bioailcr  ticiii  l(»iij;'.  I'l.vc  larj>i';  con- 
tiiiiK-d  two  iiixi  a  liall'  tiincs  in  clionl  of  jaw,  and  distant  oni'  halt'  time 
its  diamiiter  from  tlio  rictus.  Tympanum  tlircet'ourtliN  k'n},'tli  of  eye- 
lissiire.  I>ody  with  tubercles  above,  each  witii  a  jmre;  without  decided 
asperities.  A  ;;landidar  foM  alon^j;  ujtper  jaw  and  a  broad  depre.s.sed 
iid;;e  on  ea<!h  side  of  back.  l'"emur  and  tibia  nearly  equal,  about  half 
the  lenj;th  of  body,  shorter  than  hind  foot.  Hind  foot  well  webbed; 
terminal  Joints  free,  as  are  second  joint.s  of  second,  third,  and  fourth 
Iocs  on  inner  edjje.s.  Above  yellowish  olive,  with  blotches  of  darker, 
iiiteiper.sed  with  dark  dots.  Inferior  and  inner  surfaces  greenish  white, 
everywhere  obsoletely  blot(!hed  finely  with  darker. 

There  are  two  subspecie.s  of  the  linnn  drai/toni,  which  inhabit  diil'er- 
ent  /iiological  subrej;ions.    They  dilfer  a.s  follows: 

lliiiil  loot  Iwoaiiila  hall  tiiiien  the  length  ol'thrlicail;  skin  iiliove  tnli(>rnilar ;  a 
(l.iik  car-pat<'h  ;  larger 11.  d.  dvuyloni. 

lliml  liiol  fwico  length  of  head ;  skin  ahove  sniootli;  no  dark  ear-palcli;  sizo 
smaller It.  d.  om  u. 

liana  (Iroytoni  ihttytoni  IU\.  ik.  Gird.* 

IJody  stout  and  heavy.  Limbs  massive  and  well  (leveh)ped.  Head 
ratiier  Inoader  than  Ion-;-.  Nostrils  moderate,  with  the  usual  papilla 
behind,  situated  nearer  the  snout  than  the  eye.  A  trianytdar  exca- 
vation ill  iiont  of  eye,  extended  backwards  under  the  eye.  Eye  liirj^e, 
contained  two  and  one  half  times  in  chord  of  commissure,  one-half 
of  its  diameter  from  rictus.  Tympanum  small,  indistinct,  transversely 
el()ii<;ated;  rather  more  than  half  the  length  of  eye  (its  shortest  diameter 
about  eipnd  to  half  this  length).  A  glandular  fold  or  ridge  on  the  back- 
ward prolongation  of  (he  jaw,  interrupted  at  rictus.  Inner  nostrils 
elliptical.  N'omerine  teeth  in  two  series,  obtuse  angled  behind,  where 
they  are  .separated  by  an  interval  le.ss  than  their  distance  anteriorly 
from  nostrils,  the  ridges  ranging  with  the  centers  of  the  nares,  andtho 
teeth  on  a  line  with  their  posterior  margin.     Tongue  not  large. 

Hkin  thick  and  leathery  (apparently  the  ea.se  in  most  frogs  from  the 
I'acilic  coast);  above  it  is  uniformly  covered  with  deiuessed  and  soft- 
ened tubercles,  each  tubercle  w  ith  a  distinct  pore,  sometimes  with  a 

'  I'iate  .-,1.  li^.  II. 


>  ' 


•,, 


i      I 


4   .■  .  , 
J.    :' 


442 


lUI.LKTIN    :iJ,    UNITED    STATKS    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 


smaller  one  in  it,  especially  on  the  baek.  Fore  legs  sli^iitly  tubercnlar 
only.  IJuttocks  grannlated  ;  the  grannies  depressed  (not  tnberculai). 
On  each  side  a  broad  depressed  ridge  of  skin,  not  very  distinct  at  first 
sight,  extending  frohi  the  eye  over  tynipannni  in  a  line  slightly  convex 
above  to  near  the  groin,  where  it  is  interrni»ted,  and  then  takes  a  sud- 
<len  bend  npwards,  over  the  leg,  towards  the  anns,  ceasing  about  op- 
posite the  articulation.  This  ridge  is  sometimes  only  tiaceable  by  the 
cribriform  pores,  which  are  <'ro\vded  in  it  for  its  whole  length  ;  no  branch 
visible  back  of  the  tympanum.  A  glandular  fold,  as  already  described, 
back  from  the  jaw.  Tibia  altout  half  the  lengtii  of  the  body;  a  little, 
longer  than  the  femur  and  shorter  than  liiud  foot ;  third  linger  longest : 
then  fourth;  second  rather  shortest;  first  much  swollen  at  the  i)ase.  Ter 
niinal  Joints  of  toes  nearly  free  from  \vel»,  i'specially  on  the  inner  edge, 
which  is  the  cast'  with  the  inner  edges  of  the  secoixl  joints  of  the  second. 
third,  and  fourth  toes.  The  membrane  extends  along  the  outer  edge 
of  second  Joint  of  fourth  toe  for  a  short  distance.  Cuiu'iform  piocess 
moderate,  with  a  small  tuben-le  opposite  it  on  the  sole,  bounded  tuber- 
cles beneath  all  the  articulations,  except  the  terminal.  Tips  of  all  the 
fingers  and  toes  s(»mewliat  knobbed. 

('olor  above  yellowish-olive,  with  oltsolete  subcir*  iilar  iiidisliiut 
blotches  of  darker,  interspersed  with  dark  duts  of  the  same,  generaliv 
on  the  tubercles.     The  dots  appear  somewhat  condeiised  along  the  dni- 


.sal  ridm'.     A    few  indistinct    transverse  iaseiie  mm  tiie  lei:s. 


Ueneath, 


greenish-white,  with  indistinct  mottlings  nt'  dusky  preseiil  on  the  iiiiu  r 
faces  of  the  limbs,  leaving  no  portion  o\'  tin-  Itodv  iiiiieolor.     A   trace, 
perhaps,  of  a  yellowish  line  along  tlu' posteiini  portion  of  the  jaw.    JJut 
tocks  dark  bn/wn,  with  light  spots. 


With  a  general  resemblance  to  A*,  oiirord,  it  dilVers  in  being  more 
tubercular  and  pustulous  above,  the  shorter  liini)s,  the  smalh'r  but 
more  lidly  webbed  feet,  broader  iu'ad  ami  tiuigue,  etc. 

This  species  d i tiers  from  />'.  r/ff»»f»/'(  in  the  broader,  more  depressed 
body,  and  dorsal  fold,  large  foot,  smaller  tympanum,  etc. 


1^ 


'icnliii- 
cular). 
iit  firsr 

'OIIVCX 
il  811(1- 

[)iit  (»|». 
1>.V  til." 
naiicli 
•rilx'd, 
littl.', 
i«<'.sf : 
'1\t 

•('(lye, 
<»'«'(»II(I. 
r  cdoc 

(lOCCSS 
tlllx'l'- 

iill   the 


;   S' 


THE    HATRACIIIA    OF    NORTH    AMCHICA. 

Miasiivoiifnl-*  of  malt. 


443 


Totiil  Ii'n<jth 

Toivl.'^' 

Fill  r-,1  nil 

iliilid 

I'ciiiur 

Til.ia 

'I'llVSllS 


lllcllcs. 

:i.  •,' » 

1.0(1 

•j.(i;! 

.  7.") 

.  ti-j 

.i;i 

.H) 

.  •■>:> 

l.lil 

..'id 

l.)>«i 

.r,i 

.  -)') 

.  •,'(; 

Illlllcs. 

Hind  fdot l.-i  ..-(1 

Inner  toe (in  .  1-j 

Ilindlfji r>.(i-J  l.TIt 

C'Intrd  (if  ii|nit!r  jaw 1.  1()  ,  :{4 

Width I.IC.  .:i(! 

Evo Id  A-> 

Tyiiii>aiiiiiii  (loiij^  diaiii.) vii!  .  (^'-^ 


At  the  time  wIhmi  the  dc'sciiption  of  A',  hrontci  was  pivpari'd  the 
limits  of  vaiiat ion  of  the  species  were  not  as  well  understood  as  they 
liave  since  become  from  an  examinati»)n  of  many  specimens  from  dilVer- 
ent  localities.  On  this  account  the  species  was  established  on  speci- 
mens of  small  size,  (!ollected  by  Dr.  Le  ("onto,  but  which  1  consider  to 
belong  to  the  Ji.  dntjiloni.  The  color  above  is  a  dark  olive-lnown, 
with  numerous  unif(»rndy  distributed  darker  and  well delined  circidar 
biotches  about  the  si/e  of  the  puitil,  and  most  of  them  with  a  rather 
lijihter  center.  They  are  principally  etnbraced  within  the  lateral  ridf^es, 
tli()ii;;ii  some  are  exterior  to  thetii.  Tlu^  buttocks  are  dark  brown,  with 
well  (Idined  sjtots  and  dots  of  yellowish,  smallest  tiear  the  anus.  The 
tiaii>verse  bars  on  the  lej;sare  numerous,  narrow,  and  well-delined.  three 
to  live  on  the  tibia.  A  narr()w  and  well  »U  iined  greenish-white  line  along 
the  n|tper  Jaw  tVom  beneath  the  eye.  and  a  light(M' tinge  along  the  lateral 
ridge.  IJtiieath  yellowish,  maibled  with  itrown  on  the  whole  under  and 
inner  surfaces. 

I.'diiii  ilniiiliiiii   liaiidiV  (iiiard. 


il 


II  * 


C.llaln-lh 
llllllllll'l. 


:i:ci 

'.ICO 

::::7ii 
iii;i7 


No    nf 


l.ili'.(]il\. 


Wlicn  ,  nl. 

llLtfll. 


!■  IcHll  «  llnlil  Irri'iviMl. 


I)|-.  i;.  Siiniiicls Mi'iilHilii' 


8;uo 


I'it;iliuii;i,  ('ill 

riiLiii  SiMiiici  i»i-  ('.  i;,  I;   KiiMiiih 

I  'ill  i  lorn  1.1  \    I.   ill!  nil. 1 11  .    . 

Kllli.niilip,  ChI Hr  lti..\li' 

S.iii   I'lalH  isni.  Cal I'nilni  Slalis   IC\|i|iii  in;; 

l!N|M'lliliilll. 

I'n'f«iiliii,  Cal    I,!i  111  W.  I'     Tiiptt  liiiil;;!' 

Mniinlains    i.  ar     t'oit    11.  W.  Ilm^liaw 

Iriull.  Cul. 

Calil.iliiia lIl.J    li.  I.irnlili'  


N 

allllr  nl' 

s 

I'l  nin-n. 

\ 

I'lilinlii'. 

Ho 

Do. 

Ho 

i>,i. 

lln. 

Dn. 

Ii'(iii<(  ilrtijiftDii  inicii  ('o|»e. 

Yarrow's  IJrp.  Kx))!.  Sniv.  W.  ot'jdiitli  y\n\,  /iiDJdov,  vol,  v,  p.  .VJ-,  1^1. 
',•:.,  li-s,  I-;!. 

Head  oval;  muzzle  sloping  to  the  lip.  Diameter  of  tympanic  mem- 
brane eipial  distance  between  nares  and  between  nostril  and  orbit,  and 
three  foui'ths  the  dianu'ler  of  the  orbit,  or  the  distance  from  iiaies  to 
margin  of  li|»  in  front.  V»»ineriin'  teeth  in  faseiciiili  behind  the  line  con- 
necting tlu^  posteiioi'  borders  (»f  the  clioi  inc.  A  dermal  fold  on  each 
hide  of  the  Ikk^L,  and  a  shoit  one  b>'hind  the  angle  of  the  mouth,  with 


li 


^  I 


444 


IRLLETIX    :JI,    UXITKD    STATES    NATIONAL    MUSKKM. 


some  .scattered  warts  on  the  sides;  skin  otiieiwise  entirely  siiiodili. 
Toes  obtuse,  with  wide  webs  reaeliiii<,'  to  the  base  of  the  penultiiiiiito 
phahmye.  One  hjnjjf  metatarsal  tnberele;  one  fold  on  the  tarsus;  a 
dernnil  border  on  outer  toe.  The  heel  extends  beyond  the  end  of  tiie 
muzzle. 

Lijiht  brown  above;  below,  yellow.  Three  rows  of  rather  distant, 
solid,  small  black  spots  between  the  dorsal  folds;  two  or  three  rows  on 
each  side;  none  of  the  spots  yellow-bordered.  Head  unspotted;  no 
band  on  the  lip.  A  brown  vertical  i)and  on  the  front  of  the  hiuneiiis. 
Scattered  sjjots  on  tibia  and  femur;  clouded  spots  on  the  iH)sterinr 
face  of  the  femur.     Size  of  h'aiut  claiitdta. 

This  frof;-,  of  which  a  female  si)ecimeu  was  obtained,  combines  charac- 
teristics of  different  jjroups;  its  coloration  resembles  somewhat  that  <>t 
the  eastern  or  tyjucal  form  of  h'aiia  rirescciis,  but  the  full  palmation  of 
the  hind  foot  is  that  of  7>'.  moiitezunuv  and  Ji.  catisbiana.  It  is  also  <piile 
similar  to  the  7i*.  draytoni,  which  is  the  R.  longipen  of  Ilallowell.  The 
feet  are  shorter,  the  hind  feet  beiiif,'  twice  as  long  as  tlie  head  to  tiie 
posterior  border  of  the  tympanum,  while  in  1\.  d.  (hai/ioni  it  is  two  and 
live-tenths  times  as  loufj.  The  li.  oiica  lacks  the  black  cUoek-patch  ol 
the  R.  <L  dfaijtoni. 

Utah,  187- ;  J)r.  U.  C.  Yarrow;  alcoholic;  female. 

HANA  liOVMI  liainl. 
Procccil.  Ai'.  I'liila.,  l-.'p."i,  p.  (i2. 
lidtut  pachydtrma  Copp,  Proceed.  Ac.  I'liila..  l--':!,  [). '.'.'>. 

Tymi)anum  small,  very  indistinct.  A  broad  deprcss«'d  rid{;e  of  skin 
on  each  sidcofback.  .Sivin  linely  tubercular  above.  Head  broader  tiiiiii 
lonjj.  Tibia  and  femur  more  than  half  the  length  of  body ;  the  lattci 
the  longer.  Hind  foot  less  than  half  this  Ien;jth  ;  webbed  entirely  to 
the  expanded  tips;  outer  toe  decidedly  lonjrer  than  the  third.  .\ii 
elonjrated  tubercle  at  base  of  inner  toe,  with  another  op|)ositeit.  Abo\i- 
dull  reddish-olivaceous,  with  indistinct  blotches  and  dark  spots  on  the 
back  and  fa.scia'  on  the  legs,  lieneatli  yellowish,  mottled  anteriorly. 
Inner  faces  of  le;';s  immaculate. 

IJody  rather  stout.  Limbs  well  devel(»ited.  Tibia  and  femur  very 
long.  Head  short,  broad  ;  outline  rounded,  although  the  tip  is  rather 
acute.  Nostrils  small,  situate*!  on  the  crest  of  the  decided  canthus  ros- 
trails  about  midway  between  the  eye  and  the  tip  of  the  snout,  lives 
huge,  situated  far  back;  contained  three  times  in  the  chord  of  the  Jaw 
and  one  and  a  half  diameters  from  the  tip  of  snout;  less  than  half  a 
diameter  from  the  rictus.  A  moderate  excavation  in  front  of  tin- 
eye.  Tymi)anum  very  small  and  indistinct,  not  half  (he  diameter  ot 
the  eye,  covered  with  the  small  tuln'rcles  of  the  skin.  A  slight  fold 
of  skin  above  it  and  proceeding  toward  the  arm,  met  by  an  indistinct 
thi(;kening  of  the  skin  from  the  jaw,  us  in  the  typical  species.     Tongue 


I* 


THE  BATRACHIA  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


445 


SIIKKlill, 

Itiiiiiite 

irsils;  ii 

of   till' 


t 


liir<;o,  tlc'sliy,  with  a  rouiuled  iiotdi  bfliind,  leaviiij,'  the  posterior  coriiua 
as  two  short  obtuse  i)rocesses,  ilitl'eriii^'  iroiu  the  cormia  of  the  typi- 
cal KnuK  ;  the  tongue  free  posteriorly  for  lia'f  its  length.  Internal 
nares  small,  distant,  elongated  transversely.  Voniero-palatine  teeth 
in  two  longitudinal  series,  approaching  each  other  obtusely  behind,  and 
separated  by  a  considerable  interval ;  anteriorly  these  teeth  (of  which 
there  are  oidy  three  or  four  in  the  lineal  series)  do  no  quite  reach  the 
level  of  the  inner  nares. 

The  skin  is  thick  and  coarse,  above  finely  uneven  ;  smooth  and  even 
below.  Above  and  on  sides  thickly  sprinkled  with  minute  tubercles,  even 
on  tympanum.  A  broad,  dei>ressed,  scarcely  distinguishable  ridge  from 
the  eye  along  the  sitles,  indicated  in  the  shrunken  specimen  more  by  a  pe- 
culiar pitted  api»earance  than  in  any  other  way.  On  the  sides  are  sev- 
eral circular  areas  of  moderate  size  marked  in  the  same  way,  probably 
large  pustulations  in  life.  The  anteroinferior  face  of  buttocks  with  dis- 
tinct i»orous  pits;  the  posteiior  laces  granulated.  The  arms  are  well 
(leveloi)ed  ;  the  forearm  and  hand  about  equal ;  the  third  linger  longest ; 
the  inner  very  much  swollen  at  the  base,  which  is  dark  and  horn  like. 
I'emur  (Considerably  more  than  half  the  length  of  body  and  longer  than 
the  hind  foot:  the  tibia  still  longer.  The  feet  are  broad;  each  toe 
slightly  dilated  at  the  rounded  tip,  with  epidermis  thickened  and  horn- 
like: the  fourth  toe  is  longest;  the  outer  considerably  longer  than  the 
third.  The  web  extends  compU'tely  between  all  the  tips,  so  that  there 
is  nothing  free  but  the  very  extremities.  There  is  an  elongated  un- 
armed tubercle  at  the  base  of  the  inner  toe,  au'l  a  smaller  oiu*  oi>posite 
to  it:  well-developed  tuberch's  are  seen  undei'  all  the  articulations. 
The  transverse  apophyses  of  the  sacral  vertebra  not  dilated. 

Above  dark  reddish  or  yellowish  olive,  very  obscurely  nutttle«l  with 
darker,  and  a  faint  indication  of  yelNtwish  along  the  region  of  the  lat- 
eral ridge.  Some  whitish  spots  (Ui  the  sides,  and  scattered  black  dots 
above  on  the  tubercles.  Legs  transversely  and  obsoletely  banded  with 
darker.  Meneath  yellowish,  with  obscure  mottling  on  the  throat.  No 
trace  of  a  light  line  on  the  jaws,  which  are  mottled. 

A  tadpole  of  this  sjiecies  nu'asured  three-fourths  of  an  iiu;h  to  the 
anus,  and  two  inches  to  the  tip  of  the  tail,  and  yet  the  f«)re  legs  had  not 
been  jtrotruded,  although  fully  formed,  showing  a  considerable  growth 
belbre  maturity. 

The  specimen  above  described  is  from  VA  Dorado  County,  Cal.,  and 
was  for  a  long  time  the  «)nly  one  in  our  collections.  During  my  expe- 
dition to  Oregon  in  l.S7!>  I  rediscovered  it.  and  found  it  rather  abundant 
in  the  mountainous  n'gions  of  northern  Califoinia.  The  folhtwing  is  a 
des(!ription  of  a  specinu'U  from  r>aird,  on  the  Met  "loud  IJiver.  one  of  the 
heads  of  the  Sacramento. 

This  species  lielongs  to  the  littna  ti'mpnnnua  gioup,  and  must  l>e  com- 
pared with  h'ana<t;iil is  aurora  Hd.  Gird.,  and  /»'.  h  iiiporaria  iiretiima  IJaird 


:|ii 


•1 


.lii 


^ 


44G 


HULLKTIN    ;tl,    UNITED    .STATKS    NATIONAL    Ml'SKUM. 


iiiKt  (linud.  Till' vomciiiic  tt'ctli  iirc  <>pi)()sitt' tlic  po.sU'iior  bonh  r  of 
tlic  (.'lioMiiii',  and  lonii  two  slioit,  olilicnic  series,  (liiccfcd  inwaids  ainl 
backwards.  Tin*  toes  arc  wi'l»l>ed  to  the  terminal  i>lialanj;(>  ol'  ilic 
tbiiilii  di;:it.  Tiie  liind  lej;' extended  reaches  the  extremity  «)f  the  mn/.zli' 
with  the  heel.  There  are  two  plantar  tubercles.  The  internal  is  nar- 
row, rather  prominent,  and  with  obtuse  extremity  ;  the  other  is  at  the 
base  of  the  tburth  n)etatarsal  bone,  and  is  rounch'd. 

The  muzzle  is  obtuse  and  the  head  rather  wide.  Its  <rreatest  width 
nt  the  position  of  the  membranuni  tympani  equals  the  len^tii  from  tlie 
end  of  the  muzzle  to  the  line  conneetinjj  the  axilhe  in  sonu'  specimens; 
in  others  to  that  connectiiifj  the  middle  of  the  humeri.  The  skin  is  on 
Jill  the  superior  surfaces  thick  and  j;laiulular.  This  condition  is  espe. 
cially  nujrked  in  the  dorsolateral  fold  of  each  side,  which  is  so  thickened 
in  front  as  to  resemble  a  paratoid  {^land.  This  becomes  less  visible  in 
alcohol.  The  tympanic  inenduane  is  either  entirely  concealed  or  is  rep- 
resented by  a  dei)ression  only.  The  skin  (toveriufj-  it  is  rou^heiu'd.  A 
•jroove  extends  downwards  and  backwards  from  it.  JJetweeu  this  and 
the  canthusovis  is  a  <flandular  thickeninji-,  and  behind  it  are  two  others, 
one  above  the  other.  I'osterior  to  these,  on  the  sitles,  is  a  succession  of 
rounded,  r»  ut;;hened  warts,  similar  to  those  on  the  toads.  Similar  waits, 
but  less  promiiu'iit,  are  .scattered  over  the  dorsal  region,  ami  are  numer- 
ous near  the  extremity  of  »he  co:cyx.  The  skin  of  the  sujierior  surfaces 
of  the  liead,  body,  and  lindis  is  minutely  but  very  distinctly  roughened 
by  small  warts,  each  of  which  gives  exit  to  a  pore.  Inferior  surfaces 
smooth.     Length  of  fingers,  beginning  with  the  shortest,  1,  L',  4,  .'{. 

Tile  color  is  dark  brown  or  nearly  black,  with  indistinct  <larker  spots 
on  the  itack  ;  sides  lirowii.  Axilla  and  gr(»iii  yellow,  marbled  with  black. 
Thighs  above  light  or  dark  brown,  with  lliree  darker  cross-ltars.  Tiiiiic 
similar,  with  tliie<'  ci(»ss  bars.  Thighs.  Itehitid.  l»lack,  coarsely  vermicii- 
lated  witli  yellow,  or  yellow  cI(»M'ly  sjiotted  w  itli  black;  lielow,  liglil 
yellow,  spotted  with  i»idwn  on  the  giihir  icgion  and  on  front  of  feiiiora- 

Tlie  spfciiiii'iis  fr;;iii  Ashland  a^jit'c  with  those  iiom  the  McC'loiid.  t'\. 
cepi  that  they  ;•;»•  nearly  black  ;ibove  and  i!o  not  e\liil)it  the  dois.d 
sjiois. 

!  coiiiiiare  this  siiecics  with  the  lidiiu  ilnnifinii,  iVoni  the  llussiaii  IJivt  r, 
near  the  coast  of  ('a  11  torn ia.  That  species  has  but  one  palmar  liilieiele. 
tin-  internal,  which  is  of  similar  proportions  to  that  of  the  A*.  /«>(///'/. 
i'lie  skill  is  not  thickened,  and  is  iinieji  less  glandular  everywhere.  Tiie 
iih'mi)iaiiiiiM  tympani  is  entirely  distinct,  i'he  posterior  faceol'the  femur 
is  not  vermiciilated  with  yellow,  but  is  covered  with  large  black  masses. 
The  whole  of  tlu'  under  surfaces  are  brown  spotted.  There  are  tour 
brown  cross  bars  on  the  tibia;  traces  of  the  fourth  sometimes  appear  in 
the  /»'.  hni/lii.  From  Ik'tant  prvtinsa  it  dilVers  in  all  tliesi'  characters, 
besides  those  that  belong  to  the  latter;  /.  c,  the  fasciculated  vomerine 
teeth  and  the  short  hind  legs. 


^  ■• 


THE    liATUACIIIA    OF    NOllTII    AMERICA. 


447 


* 


Fill.  ll'i.     Rana  hniilil.    Xo.  3^70.    Natiital  Hize.    El  Dorado,  Cal. 


.Vidsiircuii  nil  nl'  yo.  'A370. 


M. 


Loiigtli  of  lioatl  and  hotly  , (145 

LciiKtli  oflioiKl  to  lint!  Loiiiiectiiij;  ciiiitlins  ovis 0i;i2 

Willi li  of  ln'ii(l  !it  liiu!  comiectiii};  caiithu.s  ovis Oil) 

Lfiiytli  of  inuz/lf  to  lino  of  iiiitcrior  cauthiis  octilaiiiiii 0t)2 

l.(ii;,'t li  of  fore  k'}i O'JTo 

L.n^'th  of  foot 014 

Ltii<,'tii  of  liiiiil  1«'H 0753 

Lcii;;tli  of  hind  foot 034 

L(ii;;th  of  hind  foot  without  aNtraj;alu.s 023 

liiuia  lioi/lii  Utl.  &  Gird. 


C'at.ilM;;ili' 
liiiiiilicr. 

No.  of 
xiiec. 

K\  Uo 

Itairil 

Cal. 

Locality. 

lailo  r'al 
.Shasta  C  1 

unit  y . 

Wlirii  col 
Kclcil. 

From  wliom  received. 

Xaliire    of 
specimen. 

3370 

i:ia2« 

.1  Dr.  1).  r.  Biivie  

.    {'.  II.  Towii.sciid 

1 

.\lc.  type,  S. 
Ale.   ■ 

111  iidilition  to  the  above,  I  olitaiiicd  live  speciinon.s  from  IJainl,  and 
two  from  A.slilaml,  OicjiOii,  at  the  northern  ba.se  of  tlie  Siskiyou  A[oiiii- 
taiiis,  which  fonn  the  boiimhiry  between  :)re;j:on  and  (Jabtoniia. 

KANA  ."^ILVAIICA  l,.c. 


Haiiit  fiilriiliai  \.v  ('.,  Ann.  N.  ^'.  I.\  r.,  M  1  ".'•">),  ■,'"''J;  Harlan,  .sillini.  Anicr.  .lonni.  Si'i.,  x, 

(l-,'.'i),  .".■^;  1  1>.  .lonrn.  Ac  Nat.  Sci.  I'liila.,  \  (l-Jo),  :!:!■<:    1  li.  .Mtd.  ami  I'liys.  Kes. 

(IS!.-.),  lo:i,-J',M  ;  lloll.r.,.\.  Anicf.  Hfrp.,  l.sl  »d.,  i  (is:!:;),  ;i.-,;  I  1.., -Jd  ..l.,  i\ ,  as|-j), 

it'.t,  xxi\  ;  .^tof.r.  Kept.  Mass,  K.'i.iii.  ( ISUt). 'J:!'.!;  Dnni.  A  liihr.,  viii  (Hll>,  :?(1-J; 

He  Kay,N'.  V.  Zoo!,,  iii  ^lsl•.>),  iM.  xxi,  11^;.  .'>!,  .ind  \\,.'in;  Tlioni|)son,  \at.  Hist. 

Vi.  (l>f,'),  1-Jl  ;    Wi'iil.,  Ni.^a  Aila  Ac,    I..m)|..,  wwii.  Ill;   De  IMe,  Ann,  .Sci. 

.Nat.,  Ml.  .">,  x\ii;  l!i>uleno;i'r  Catal.  lialr.  Sal.  iirii.  Miis.,  is--,',  p.   IT, 
lliiiia  jii  iiii'-iilraiiirK   Harlan,  .'^illini.  .Vincr.  .lonin.  Sci..  \  (  HvJ.-i),  ,->";   linn  lender,  Hull, 

Isipc.  /iiul.  I'rani'c,  i  l"'T'.t),  H", 

I'xnly  rather  broad  and  miieh  (h'pres.sed ;  anj;alaled  by  the  hiteral 
radie.s;  the  whle.st  portion  Jii.st  anterH)r  to  the  fore  le^.s.  IJmb.s  h)ng 
and  sh'tnU'r. 

Head  pointed,  broad  ;  the  sides  oblitpiely  shypinj;-;  eyes  not  visible 
from  beneath;  ilistanee  between  the  anterior  cauthi  about  two-tiftUs  that 


I 


1  ■  i 


448 


lUI-LKTIN    ;il,    UNITED    STATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 


bi'twotMi  tlic  rami.  Loral  s])aco  riitlier  excavated  or  eoncave.  Nostrils* 
iiiotk'rate,  rather  ()l)li<|uc;  situated  helow  the  caiitlms  rostrahs,  so  us 
to  be  fully  visible  beneatii  the  outline  of  the  profile;  they  are  situated 
halfway  between  the  auteiior  <'aiithus  of  the  eye  and  the  tip  of  tlic 
snout,  and  not  so  far  forward  as  the  til)  of  the  lower  Jaw;  they  are  sep- 
arated by  about  the  diameter  of  the  eye,  or  onefbnrth  the  distance  Iw- 
tween  the  rami.  Kyes  large,  projecting,  their  centers  nearer  the  hin-c 
of  the  Jaws  than  the  end  of  snout,  the  jmsterior  njargins  above  the  ric- 
tus. Tympanum  moderate,  its  i)osterior  edge  on  a  line  with  the  jiostc- 
rior  end  of  jaws,  its  center  raised,  its  longest  diameter  vertical,  ami 
about  two-thircis  that  of  the  eye.  The  light  line  under  the  eye  is  piu- 
longed  into  ii  thickened  glandular  fold  of  skin  which  is  interrujitcij 
abruptly  above  the  insertion  of  the  arm  ;  the  middle  of  the  interval  be. 
tween  this  interruption  and  the  end  of  the  snout  opposite  the  cent*  r 
of  the  eye.  The  distance  between  the  rami  rather  less  than  to  the  end 
of  suout.     Ui)per  Jaw  projecting  moderately. 

The  tongue  is  elongate<l,  much  longer  tlian  broad,  free  behind  t'w 
more  than  half  its  length  and  on  tlu*  si<les  to  the  tip;  the  two  cornua 
moderately  prominent.  Internal  iiarcs  moderate,  (;ir(;ular,  and  neanr 
the  anterior  eanthus  of  the  eye  than  to  tiie  external  nostrils.  Teeth  in 
two  small  slightly  elongated  patches,  jihuted  with  their  axes  a  litth"  in- 
clining backwards  and  aI'Miif  intermediate  between  the  nares,  their  an 
terior  edges  being  in  tiie  sann'  line.  They  are  al)out  as  far  apart  behiinl 
as  their  anterior  edges  are  from  the  naies  on  either  side.  The  teeth  n| 
the  ui>per  Jaw  extend  back  to  the  gape  of  tin.'  mouth. 

The  skin  of  the  ui)pt'r  and  exposed  portions  of  Ixxly  and  limbs  is 
more  or  less  roughened  by  minute  and  close-pressed  tubercles,  with 
here  and  there  a  largi'r  interspersed.  These  do  not  appear  to  beat  ;ili 
glandidar  or  excretive.  They  are  largest  and  most  prominent,  on  ilif 
sides  and  the  posterior  portion  of  the  back,  where  they  are  generally 
black.  The  posterior  and  inferior  face  of  the  thighs  is  granuiited  inr 
about  two-thirds  its  length,  as  well  as  a  small  portion  «)f  tlu'  bi'lly  nn 
the  i)ubic  region.  The  sides  are  scanjely  granulated,  although  coarsely 
pustulate;  all  the  rest  of  the  lower  parts  of  Ixuly,  including  the  con- 
cealed surface,  are  perfectly  smooth.  The  skin  of  the  thigh  is  pierctd 
by  innumerable  line  pores. 

As  already  stated,  there  is  a  fold  of  skin  as  a  continuation  of  the 
light  stripe  along  the  edge  of  the  upper  jaw,  and  extending  to  a  point 
just  above  the  middle  of  the  arm,  thickened  behind.  A  rounded  df 
l)ressed  ridge  or  fold  of  skin  commences  at  the  posterior  end  <tf  tin- 
eyelid,  and,  curving  a  little  downwards  to  the  tympanum,  sends  oil  ,i 
short  branch  along  its  posterior  border,  then  continues  along  the  si*'  ^ 
of  the  body  (over  the  extremities  of  the  transverse  processes  of  tin- 
vertebra),  ceasing  at  the  insertion  of  tin-  hintl  leg. 

The  fore-legs  are  wt-ll  developed  :  the  foie  arm  shorter  than  the  hand. 
All  the  lingers  are  perfectly  fie*'.     'I'lie  third  linger  is  longest,  the  lir.st 


) 


TIIK    IIATIJACIIIA    or    NOlM'll    AMKIMCA. 


44  JJ 


fostrils 
8,  so  as 
iituatt<l 

of  Ihi' 
ire  sei>- 
nice  Ix'- 
e  liiutio 

tlie  lit •• 
le  i)ost<'- 
cul,  ami 
e  is  i>i«i- 
LTinpttil 

ITVal  hi'. 

le  ceiitt  1 
)  the  eiiil 

ehiiHl  t'oi' 
()  corniia 
(I  iiearti 

Tee  til  ill 
I  littU'  in 

their  an 
rt  behiiiil 
e  teeth  nl 

I  limbs  i- 
i-eles,  with 

0  be  at  all 
III  on  lilt' 

{.'generally 
lui'ited  i'tr 
le  Vielly  till 
f\\  coarsely 
vr  the  eon- 

1  is  i»iereiil 

tion  of  the 
r  to  a  point 
inuMletl  (If 
end  of  tilt' 
sends  olV  a 
i;;;  the  sit'  -^ 
>sses  of  llif 

(II  the  liaiiil. 
•St.  the  lust 


f 


I 


tl 


aiitl  fourth  etiual,  the  second  k-asl.  All  are  thickened  at  base  and 
laiteriiij,'  to  tips,  ami  have  a  bntb  mnler  each  Joint  ami  several  on 
the  iialm.  There  is  considerable  |»o\ver  of  opposit''»n  in  the  inner  (in- 
•'ers.  The  tibia  and  femur  are  considerably  imn-e  than  half  the  li'iif-th 
of  the  body.  The  formei'  is  lonj^cr  than  the  lbt)t ;  the  femiii  in'  icdi- 
ate.  The  Ibiiilh  toi;  ltin>;est;  the  thinl  lather  lon;,M'r  than  i  ,-  liftli, 
ami  extendin}-'  to  the  middle  of  third  phalan^'c  (frt»ni  tip)  tif  ItJiiyt'st  ; 
the  second  ami  fust  successively  shorter.  All  the  metatarsals  are 
scpaiateil  by  almnl  half  their  distal  extremities  and  (he  interval  fdleil 
l»y  iiiembraiie.  'I'he  web  extends  (rom  tlu'  lirsl  joint  (l'it)m  tii»)  of  tlu' 
outer  to'^  to  the  second  t»l'  llie  Ibnith  ;  from  this  same  Joint  to  the  (list 
of  (he  thinl  toe;  from  the  second  Jt)int  of  (he  third  to  the  (irst  of  the 
second;  from  the  second  of  (liir  sectuitl  (cxtcmlin.u  by  a  very  narrow 
web  (o  (he  (irst)  (o  (he  (irst  of  the  (irs(  ;  the  oudines,  when  stretched, 
very  concave,  t'lon^a(ed,  and  radier  sharp.  The  (ermiiial  phalanjjes  of 
all  llie  Iocs  and  the  last  (w(»  of  (he  lon<;est  aie  thus  free.  The  eiinei- 
foiin  lU'oeess  is  well  de\('lt>ped. 

rpper  par(s  a  yellowish  ;iray,  tinj,;'ed  with  brown  t»ii  the  siiles.  The 
sitle  t»f  (he  head  beli>w  tht^  candiiis  rt>s(ralis  amlhUeral  folil,  inclutling 
tyiiii'aiinm,  is  of  a  dark  redtlish-brt»wn  (sometimes  black),  e.xtemlinj;' in 
an  at'iib^  anj;le  to  a  termination  just  above  the  inser(it)n  t»f  the  arm  or 
|iostt'rit)r  edge  of  the  maxillary  fold.  Hilges  of  both  jaws  dark  brown, 
a  linlc  molded.  A  yellt>\vishwlii(e  line  from  (he  (ip  oC  the  snout 
]»aiallcl  with  the  mar;4in  of  (he  upper  jaw,  aiitl.  iiinmn;;  over  the  max- 
illary (bill,  (ermina(es  widi  it.  .Vll  (lie  lt»wcr  and  iiUerior  faces  of  the 
boily  are  yellt)wish-wliite,  widi  an  obscure  motdinn  of  brown  tui  the 
(hroat.  .\  few  s('a((creil  spo(s  o(' black  on  the  sides  and  (lie  posterita' 
por(it»ii  of  (he  back,  principally  on  (he  larger  (iibercles.  There  are 
dircti  or  (bur  transverse  dark  l»ars  across  the  faces  of  the  thighs ;  the 
po>teiitir  faces  ai'c  iii(i((lctl  with  obscure  brown,  t>n  a  yellowish  ground; 
the  bit>wn  aggregaletl  in(o  a  iiiigart)uiid  (he  anus.  The  inicritu' sur- 
faces of  the  (arsus  and  (ore  aim  tiark  brown;  an  elongad'd  bit)wn  spot 
a(  (he  proximal  extremity  tif  the  arm,  i'x(emliiig  obliipidy  I'unn  the 
lower  jaw. 

Stdiie  specimens  tVom  Itacine  liavi' (he  btnly  radier  stou(er  ami  (he 
legs  sli()r(t'r,  the  web  of  himl  fce(  radier  int)re  ile\ clopetl.  A  number 
t)f  faint  white  spots  on  (he  posterior  face  ttf  the  bii((t»cks.  Odiers  from 
(he  .same  lo(;ality,  however,  have  the  characd-rs  as  given  abttve.  Oc- 
casionally the  membrane  of  the  (bo(  docs  nt)(  exd-inl  bcyoml  (he  (hirtl 
joint  (Crtmi  tii>)of  (he  lt)ngt  st  ti>e,  ami  in  the  (y|)ical  specimen  from 
Carlisle  it  only  reaches  (t»  the  second  joint  by  a  narrow  margin. 

A  specimen  from  (t)iii'betr  is  radier  darker  (han  usual.  es|»ccially  tui 
(he  siile,> .  ami  has  (he  (ee(  wehbetl  more  (han  is  descrilied  abov(>. 

A  ft'inah^  specimen   from  West|>tu(.  N.  V.,  is  s(t)u(cr  ami  the  head 
broailt  r  than  in  a   male.     The  legs  are  rather  slit)i(er.     'ihere  is  less 
gramilation  on  the  pubis,  while  the  granules  on  (lu'  posleroinferioi' 
1951  — IJull.  ;5I LM> 


i 


4 


450        miLLETiN  ;ii,  unitkd  .statks  national  MI'SKUM. 

surface  of  Mil!  Ill ij;lis  sue  iiioriMli'iMcsst'i),  luigt'r,  iiiid  iiioic  st'piii;it«(| 
tliaii  usual  l).v  till*  iiili'riiindiato  valli'ys.  No  ai>|Meciai)li' dilli  rt'iuc  in 
tbu  .size  of  lliu  tyiiipunuui. 


Fn;.  115.  Utina  gilraliea.    No.  :i:!88.    (Jiit'lu'c,  I).  C. ;  1. 
Miaxuremiiilx. 


Illl'llCS. 

Total  (liody  Htrai>,'lit('iii!(l).. .   I. '.».')  I. (Ml  |  L('k-- 

Foic-arm :i'.l  .17      Tarsus 

llaiitl r.d  .','.")  :  r<M>t 

ISffwi'im     tijts     (>r     e.\U'mlf(l 

ariiLs :f.  10  i.rv.i 


liii'lii'.t. 

1.1(» 

".C, 

1.(1(1 

Total  liiiiil  Ifj; :i.  CCi     I 

Width  oflicail :!  t 


Tliigh. 


1.  Kt      .')()  I  Chord  ol'iaimiH :!l 

h'diia  nilfdtica  Lc  Coiito. 


r 


1^ 


(.'iiliilci)!iii' 
iiuiiibcr. 


.i:i»u 

XIKH 

:i:m7 

HMHf) 

;i:i!)2 
3:t!iii 
:i:i'.i8 


11008 
MIIIU 

i:i.T.':t 

1I47!» 

iisrj 


No.  of 

BJd'C. 


:i:ioo 

:i;iHi 

:i:is7 

it;i«7 

.'■U7 

8:177 

.'i::8l 

9.1X1 

7H:ifl 

.'t7;i.''. 

Ml  7 

•» 

5U22 

1 

I.iic  alitv. 


liitiil. 


l''iuiii  « liiiin  ii'ci'jviil 


Wn.Htpiiit,  N.  Y Piof.  S.  F.   r.aiicl 

(Jiii1p.4'.  Canaila iln   


(jllr 

AiiiliT.'iiiii.  .•».  •' Ml»sli    raiiii-  

Uaciiic,   Wi.t  Ill    I',  l;.   liny 

(,'lai  kn  {.'iiiiiil  V,  Va K    Kiiiiihiiil    

CiiiliHlr,  I'a    ■..    I'ml.  S.  K.   liainl     

Yi'llciw  Ciiili.  Ohio ilo 

Toledo,  Oliio I.I!.   1  1.  iiilili  V     

Carlisle.  I'a I'k.I.  S.  K  liaiiil   

ilo  .    ilo   

ilo  I <lo 

l'|i|M'r  Wi.sroiisiii  Itivii    I    K    KiiiiiiiotI    

I,.'tko  Siipft  ini-   , Itai'iialinl.'4    -    

.Siai  linniii'.'li.  Mo    I'.  S.  FIhIi  CommU.HJoii. . 

Sclliirk  Si'llli'iiii'iit 

.\lhaliasia  Kivcr    | 

W'asliiii'^loii.  1».   (?  I    

OL'ilciisliiiiyli,  N.  Y j 

Ilinoi.H 

Moii.so    UlviT,     liriti.sli    

.Aiiiiiira. 
l'niiii(iiMjr;;i''.s(;oniitv,     May—  l""" 

M.I. 


1)1.    Iv  ColM'-i.  r.  S.  AlMlN 


i;.  Ki'iiiiKM^ii   . 
(M)ii  xl,r 

Dr.  T.  II.  liean 


Kirislon,  \.  (!  ..  .  . 
Saint  l.iHiiH,  Mo.  . 
Wlii'allaiiil,  IimI  .. 
W.isliiiiMtdii,  !).(;. 
lli'iiiliM'k  Lake 


I-iviriy.tlon  Couiity,  N.  V 


(?) 


Ia».  \V.  Miliin     ... 

Dr.  (ill).  I'jii:li'iii.iii 

lh8l       Kolit.  l:'il;:»  l\    

'  t'o.  SliorinaKi-r. 


18«0      S.  C.  Hrown 
.:  (0 


N'atiiii  «t 
^pt  rillitri. 


Alroliolii' 
Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
I.ai  \a' 
Alroliiilic 

Do. 

Do. 

])o. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

l>o. 

Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


i 


i 


4. 
V'i»'in;i'  ill 


lllL'lu-M. 

!.!(• 

.  .Ml 

.  fiCi 

.•J'.t 

.    l.dii 

.M 

.  ;i.c.(; 

l.-- 

.    .:!,! 

.  (i,'i 

.     .  M 

.C.T 

.N 

■AtUM    u\ 

"1 

M  1  Hill  II 

Al 

rohi'lic. 

.... 

III!. 

Do. 
Ilo. 
Iln. 

;;;■ 

Do 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

l.i 

II  \ii-. 

AUoliC'lii'. 

Do. 

] 

Do. 

n.. 

1 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

my 

Do 
Do. 
Do. 

... 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Do 

.  .  .  . 

Do. 
Do 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

^ 


I 


TIIK    ISATKACIIIA    OF    NOIM'II    AMKKIUA. 


IMU'AIMTrii.VTION. 


451 


Till!  iiiiiiilK'iM)rexi.stiiii;siH'ci('.s  dI"  l»;iti';H!lii;i()r  North  Aiiiericii  known, 
jiiid  di'scrilu'd  in  (lie  luccetlinj;  i»a;;e.s,  aiul  tlie  faiiiilics  to  wliicli  tliey 
bt'Ioiij;-,  arc  as  lollowvs  : 


Cloiip. 


l'l..|.iil;l 


I'loilclil 


Tolal 

'I'liU  liVHloniiilH 


Siilli'iitiik 


Total 

(ilHIIll  totlll 


l''ulllil>'. 


I'l'dtcillll' 


( 

I     CrvptoliiitiirliiihK  . 

.\iii|iliiiiinii|ii'  .... 
j  Dr.sinomiiilliiilii'  . . 
■»     I'lillioiloiili.hi'   ... 

.Viiilil.vsioniiila^  ... 

rii'UiiiilL'liiliU   


I   iiiiroiiiii.i' 

j      Si  ll|llliii|loililhl' 
< '\  K|i;:iialllillil' 

.      ll>liila'.. 

Kll^V  HtOTllillif. 

I     riiiN  iilM'iila   .. 
[     Kaiiiihi: 


(iriiiTii.      S|Mciii.s. 


I   ' 
I   I 

il 


ill 


•i 
1 

:i 

21 


1 

•t 

Hi 

nil 

3  ' 

2 

I 

11 

♦» 

« 

4 

17 

1 

1 

1 

i;i 

I'J 

Ml 

1U7 


1   I 


H 


n;i 


, 


I; 


-   '. 

.    1 

1^  I 


(  1 


J 


ADDENDA. 


H 


Tiie  followins:  notes  were  too  lute  for  insertion  into  tbo  bo'j'  of  the 
liooU: 

AMIJLYSTOMA  TlfiRIN'KM  fJioeii.  (p.  HI). 

Don  .Tos(''  M.  Velasco  assorts  tliat  tlie  Sircdtni  vtcrinnnis  {S.  Inimhohltii) 
iiii(l('r;fo«'s  a  nictaniornliosis,  lint  lie  nowlicrc  (l('S(!riI)('s  tlie  ailnU.  He 
tliil  (»l).s('ive  in  187S*  the  nietamorpliosis  of  the  Amhli/stomd  tiyrinum  in 
,s|i('('ini('ns  from  Lake  Santa  Isabel,  three  miles  north  of  the  City  of 
>l('\i('o.  It  (loos  not  appear  that  he  discriminates  between  the  two 
species,  so  that  when  he  states  that  the  S.  mcxicaiiUN  is  found  in  Lake 
/iimitiin^'o,  thirty-two  miles  north  of  the  ('ity  of  Mexico,  we  are  not 
ceihiin  whether  it  may  not  be  the  .1.  tijiriiium  to  which  he  refers. 

The  Sirrtloii  firacih's  ix\n\  S.  licliennides  of  ISaird  are  both  larval  forms  of 
tlie  .1.  lUjriuum. 

Dr.  li.  \V.  Sim  fold  t,  IJ.  S.  Army,  thus  describes  the  metamori)hoses 
of  the  yt»H/>///s^)»m  tiyrhnnii,  i\n  observed  by  him  at  F(Mt  Wingate,  N. 
Mex.  (S(Men(;e,  September,  l.SSr»,  p.  203): 

'•(1)  Axolotls  are  more  readily  converted  into  And)lystomas  if  kept 
ill  wiiter  containing  but  little  air,  and  I'ice  irrsa. 

"(L')  If  traiistoi'mati(Mi  is  forced  up  to  a  certain  point  in  development, 
tile  reptile  arrives  at  the  higher  form  without  any  fiiitlicr  iiiterferen(H\ 

"(.'i)  Axolotls  live  in  the  water  with  apparent  comfort  a  <'oiisiderable 
and  varying  length  of  time  after  their  gills  have  been  absorbed. 

''(1)  After  the  nietamori>liosis  is  eomi)leted  their  power  to  return  to 
the  wa'.er  again  to  live  seems  to  depend  upon  the  moult,  and  whether 
they  have  lived  in  moist  or  dry  places  since  the  metamorphosis. 

''(."»)  r.y  varying  the  conditions  under  which  tUese  animals  live,  we 
<'iiii  at,  our  ]>leasiire  retard  or  accelerate  their  development  to  the  higher 
stiiges. 

"(<•)  Young  Axolotls  are  more  easily  transformed  than  the  older  speci- 
mens, luit  this  rule  also  depends  largely  upon  the  conditions  under 
which  these  animals  live. 

"There  is  another  very  important  fac^tor  that  enters  into  this  meta- 
morphosis that,  so  far  as  the  previous  accounts  go,  is  not  touched 
upon,  and  that  is  the  (pu'sticm  of  their  diet  during  the  experiments. 
Axolotls  aie   very  voracious  creatures  and   eminentlv   cannvorous. 


'  I<:i  N.itMr:il('/ii,  iv,  l-TH. 


453 


'\^\ 


1' 


.('  1 


ifri 


454 


I!UI,I,r,TIN    :(l,    IMTKl)    STATI'.S    NATH)\AI.    MI'SKI'M. 


They  iirc  vci.v  ToikI  of  raw  meat,  atitl,  iipoti  tlic  sli^rlitcsl  pnivoration, 
tlio.v  will  I'ccil  upon  each  otlici-.  So  I  have  IoiiikI  diiriii;^'  tli(^  coiii'str  til' 
my  cxiu'iiiiu'iits  tliat  — 

"(7)  TIk^  iiu'taiiioi  pilosis  is  liastt'iicd  by  n';'iilaily  supply  in;;  I  lie  an 
iinals  with  |)l(>iily  of  pn>j)(M'  (ooil.     And  wliat  is  .still  nioic  intcrcstin;:, 
wiicn  tln-y  arc  tints  tivatcd  it  niarUcdIy  atVccts  tin'  appearance  <•!'  tlir 
(ranslornu'd  A nil)ly stomas. 

"(S)  If,  durin;;-  the  proct's-i  of  I'orcin;;  the  (ransforniatittn  of  Axololls, 
the  animals  are  re;;nlarly  siipplietl  with  the  requisite  amount  of  fre>li 
liK'at,  the  translornn'(l  Amlilyslomas  ar<>  very  inmth  lar;;er  and  stron;{<  r 
than  those  which  are  transformed  without  havin;;'  leeeived  any  food. 
In  the  ease  of  . I.  tii/riiiinii — those  that  received  food— the  Iransforninl 
aninnd  w<»uld  hardly  have  been  leco^iiiized  as  th«^  same  species;  the\ 
were  not  only  hn};t'r,  hut  of  a  very  deep,  muddy,  black  cttlor,  without 
spots,  while  i\n'.  others  were  mottled  with  bri;;ht  yellow  ami  a  pair 
brown. 

"(!))  The  depth  of  the  water  has  a  womlerfnl  intluctuM>  upon  the  nn>tii 
inorphosis  ;  and  the  fact  is  well  known  that  the  deeper  the  water  in 
which  the  Axolotls  live  the  slower  their  transformation. 

"Temperature  is  am)tlier  imptutant  factor  in  the  chan^ic,  ami  lis 
moderate  increasj'  s'-ems  to  hasten  tln^  transloiination. 

"Now,  the;  most  intercstin;;  part  of  all  is  to  watch  the  operation  of 
these  laws  that  I  have  ;>iven,  in  nature,  and  the  manner  in  which  tin' 
metamorphosis  of  Axolotls  is  there  ell'ccted. 

"  It  would,  indeed,  be  hard  to  tiud  anywhere  a  nnue  perfect  and  beauli 
fnl  example  illustratin;;'  the  extremely  .sensitive  balance  that  may  exi>l 
between  the  surroiindiu;;  cimditionson  the  one  hand  and  their  ellcci 
np(Mi  an  animal  or;;anism  on  the  other.  This  year,  fei-  instance,  tiic 
poml  that  I  have  observed  ^rradually  dried  up;  the  north  half  of  ii 
entirely.  This  took  a  number  of  weeks,  but  durin;;  that  tinn*  all  lln' 
modilications  of  which  the  metann)rpho.ses  of  Axolotls  are  subj«>cl  In 
or  capable  of,  were,  so  far  as  their  necessity  p)es,  most  lucidly  demon 
strated.  A  slnillow  corner  of  this  pond  would,  after  a  torrid  day  oi-  twn. 
dry  up,  whereu|)on  all  the  Axolotls  that  happened  to  Ik>  cau;;ht  witiiin 
its  limits  would  be  found — perhaps  seveial  hundreil  of  them  — under  tin- 
dt'-bris,  rapidly  assuming;  tln^  Amblystoma  form. 

"  Nund)ersof  (he  .same  ;;enei'ation,  however,  in  deeper  parts,  would  be 
unafVected  by  th(M'lian;;'«>(d' enviroinnent  so  sud<lenly  pi'ccipitated  upnn 
their  brethren.  If  the  dryin;;  up  continued,  these  transfoiined  aninmls 
<put  the  site,  and  during  the  next  few  days  could  be  foninl  under  lo;,'s, 
an«l  in  other  suitable  places  at  some  considerable  distam-e  from  it.  On 
the  contrary,  shoidd  a  rain  in  the  mean  time  till  the  pond  a;;ain  ami 
Hood  over  (heso  shallow  parts,  the  transformations  were  checked,  and 
those  with  ;,'ills  and  braiu'liia"  in  all  sta^jes  of  (dian^je  once  mon^  took 
to  the  water.  When  huddled  to;j;ether  in  the  .sliallow  places,  the  lar;:c 
and  strong;  ones  devoured  the  smaller  and  feebler  forms;  luid  the  ditVcr- 


%' 


Tin:    IIATUACIIIA    OI"    NOIMII    AMKKICA. 


r.r 


45/ 


(M'lltioil, 

oiusi^  of 

;  till'  :iii 
rn'stiii::, 

•('  <»r  iIm' 

\X()l(>tls, 

i.r  I'lfsii 

slioii;;cr 
lliy  I'lMiil, 
list'tinnnl 
ii's;  tlit'.v 
,  witliiiiil 
il   a  p;ilf 

tll(>  MIClil 

waU'r  in 

,  aiiti   ils 

('ration  III' 
alii(;li  till' 

lul  Ix'aiili 
mav  ('\i>i 
iicir  i'tVirt 
tancc,  till' 
liait'  of  II 
iiu>  all  till' 

SIlltjtM't     111 

ly  (Iciiiiiii 
ay  or  twn. 
•hf  witliiii 
•  mnU'r  till' 

,  WOlllli  111' 

atcil  ii|iiiii 
m1  aiiiiiiiils 
iidcr  lo;;s, 
)in  it.  On 
a<;'aiii  ami 
I'ckt'd.  ami 
iiion^  |iii>l< 
,  tlu'  lar-f 
tlie  (lillVr 


i 


cut  iipiH'araiH'c  of  tlio  two  was  very  strikiiifj  upon  the  most  siipcrllcial 
I'Naniinatioii. 

"One  (lay  in  .luly  the  wliolc  north  half  oC  tliis  pond  su(l(h'nly  ran 
dry;  and  I  ninst  coiit'css  the  si^'lit  its  liottoui  presented  dnrin;;  the  t'ol- 
lii\\iii;,' day  was  one  of  the  most  extraordinary,  and  at  the  same  time 
most  interest  in  <;,  that  I  ever  beheld,  and  after  what  has  Iteen  said  can 
he  hfttcr  inii'^iined  than  described.  It  absolutely  swarmed  with  these 
cicaliires,  whose  orj;anizations  were  a(;commodatin<;  Ihemsel  es  to  th(^ 
new  coiiilitioii  ot  alVairs  as  rapidly  as  tin'!  laws  <;(»\('rninn-  the  changes 
|ii  I'Miilti'd.     The  study  would  have  furnished  food  for  a  small  volume. 

"Axolotis  are  also  alVeeted  by  the  (;haracter  of  thi>  ponds  ov  swamps 
ihtv  live  in,  the  sanu>  spe(Mes  sho\vin<;all  manner  of  shades  in  their  col- 
Illation.  Those  in  shallow  ponds,  with  little  or  no  ve;;etati(Mi  and  hard 
clay  bnttoms,  ;,M'ow  to  be  veiy  lij,dit  colored,  and  long  retain  their  larval 
forms. 

»•  No  doubt  many  such  ponds  as  I  have  described  exist  all  over  this 
South  western  country,  and  a  nH)meiit's  reflect  ion  will  mak(;  it  clear  to 
lis  hiiw  the  metaniorphnsis  of  this  (feature  tends  to  save  thousands  of 
ihcir  lives  when  the  region  is  visited  by  a  protiacted  drou;;ht  and 
their  places  of  water  resort  tail  them  The  preservation  of  the  form  is 
linn  liy  to  a  great  extent  protected." 

A  g I  many  of  the  adults  piocured  by  Dr.  Shul'eldt  dilVcr  from  the 

I  \  piral  to:  III  in  the  shortness  of  the  tail ;  its  length  from  the  posterior 
(III)  of  the  vent  e(pialing  the  length  from  that  point  to  the  axilla. 

("IIONDlJOTfS  (•IN(ifLATfS  <'(iih'(|).  100). 

The  following  tigiues  of  this  specie.s  were  unavoidably  omitted  from 
Ihi'ii  proper  jilaccs  in  the  text: 


I'l'..   110    Chilulii.liii:  riiiinliltiii:.     N'ci  liThfi.      A  lilicv  illi-    S.  (".  :   f. 

Sl'KI.ERI'KS  HI:HI:R  naii.l.  (p.  17-J). 

Dr.  Chailes  (1.  Abbott  informs  mo  that  this  species  has  a  distinct 
whistleliUe  voii^-,  and  stales  that  Mr.  John  niirroiighs  has  also  heard  it. 

AMI'IIU'MA  MKANS  flanl.  (i.. -JK;). 

SiiliDirliinilnfi!/. — The  bulbils  arteriosus  is  of  considerable  length,  and 
then  gives  olVau  aorta  bow  on  each  lide,  and  bi  In  icatcs  almost  imiucdi- 


•J 


^5 


:   ! 


•   :> 


afi] 


I 


M 


4  '! 


I 


i.'i: 


i; 


>i) 


i'.i:i,!.KTi\    M,  r.Mri:i»  stai'ks  national  miskim. 


atoly  Ih'.voimI.    Tlic  laif^c  iho't)  v  riirlrri  fiiU-rs  llir  laivt'  iimii'lc  opposift' 
tlio  iiiidtlli' <>('  IIk^  U'liiitli  of  tlic  vciitiicK'.     Tliosc  \t's,s('ls  at  tlicir  cai' 
iVv.w,  tciJiiiiiatitnis  aif  distiiictlv  seen  in  the  lai};<'  iH'ricanliai!  sac.     Tlie 
rrna  jioitiv  is  very  larj;«',  and  rxtcnils  alonj;  tlic  dorsal  side  of  tlic  livn- 
proximally. 

'I'Im'  stdiiiacli  is  scarcely  distiii}:iiislial>Ic.  Tlicaliiiiciitaiy  canal  is  only 
convoluted  in  tlic  poslcrior  two  litllis  ol"  its  lcnj;tli,  tlic  rcctnni  hcin^dis 
liiiji'iislialilc  liy  its  snpciior  diameter  and  its  alisence  of  llexun'.  'I'iic 
livei'  is  larj;eand  not  divided,  and  tj-rndnales  ratlier  abrnptly  where  tin 
convolntions  of  tlie  alimentary  canal  commence.  It  is  attached  to  the 
median  line  I>y  a  lulil  of  peritonenni  by  <»ne  «'dj;c,  Its  middle  line  is 
grooved,  and  fhe.nrooxe  is  occupied  hy  a  vessel,  and  by  the  edj^e  of  the 
ineseiitery,  wliich  extends  to  the  intt-stiiies.  In  IMal*'  \li  it  is  cat  at 
the  proper  point  to  display  the  larue  j;all  l>ladder  (//). 

Tiie  Inii,i;s  are  nt)l  so  lonf;as  in  Simt  litrnlin(i,\\i}{  e.xlendinj^  bi^vond 
the  liver.     'I'hey  are  of  sid»e(|nal  lenj^th. 

The  testis  is  sin;:le  and  very  elongate.  It  extends  from  the  extrem- 
ity of  the  liver  to  neai'  the  ontlet  of  the  vas  deferens.  ParalUd  to  it.  and 
in  part  attached  to  it,  is  a  slendei'.  flat  body,  which  I  f'lppose  to  l)e  the 
cnrjuis  adiposnm.  The  I<idi;ev  is  an  elonj^ale,  oval,  ami  tial  body,  empty- 
in};' by  a  veiy  short  iirelci'  into  the  cloaca.  Its  n  iiarcri licntcs  are  dis- 
tinctly visible  from  the  inferior  side.  Tin- Mnllerian  duct  extends  alonj,' 
its  exteiior  bender  and  anterior  Itt  it  between  the  Innj;  and  the  dorsal 
jicritonenm  a  Ion;;' distance  anteriorly;  that  is,  as  far  as  the  proximal 
fonrlli  of  the  Icnjilh  of  the  stomach.  The  iirinaiy  bladder  is  remarka- 
bl;         ii;;ate,  extending;  forward  to  the  distal  end  of  the  liver. 

Tile  spleen  is  elon;;ale,  but  not  so  mnch  so  as  in  Sin  n  lnccrtiiKt,  (Mpial 
in;::  abont  one  third  of  the  stomach,  and  Just  reachinu  the  <;allbladdcr. 

Ox/<y»/()f/;/. —According:  to  Mr.  I'.  A.  I, mas,  who  drew  the  plateof  Am- 
pliiuma  for  the  present  volnme,  the  iliac  bones  weic  nnsymmetricalix 
attached  in  the  s|tecimen,  the  om'  to  the  sixty-third  and  the  other  In 
the  sixty-fonrlii  \ertebia  (Plate  x). 

l'(*/(7'. —  I'rof.  .1.  A.  Ii'ydcr,  ol'  the  I'liiversity  of  TennM  Ivania,  has 
hejit  this  species  in  captivity.  I  le  stall's  I  hat  lis  \  oice  is  so  lonil  that 
it  can  be  heard  from  (»nr  ronni  to  anotiier  of  the  bnildin;;  of  the  sclioni 
of  biolo;^y. 

SII.'LN    I.ACIIM  INA    ~\K  •-'•.'il.  ) 

Si)hni<'hii(tli>(t!/. — Tiie  branchial  arteries  leave  the  iiiilhiis  oi'tiriosiis 
ii»'..r  to.yethcr.  scarcely  formiii;,'  a  Innitiis  loniiiinnis.  The  branchial 
veins,  on  the  her  hand,  unite  on  each  side  into  a  hinicKs  coiniiiiniis  ov 
aorta  r  lo!,  which  nnilcs  wit'i  that  of  the  opposite  side  to  foi'm  the  aorta 
a  considei'able  distance  aiiteiioi'to  the  hiilhns  arti  rinsKs.     The  valve  of 

the  bnllms  is  a  lon^iiliidinal  elevation  conlainin;;'  six  ;,M'ooves.  on» i'- 

respomiin;;' to  each  aiirrin  hr<iiicJii<ills,     (IMat''   N\i.  li;,^  .^kj.) 

lio  ,\  bin,i;s  extend  from  Ih"  heart  to  Ih  cloaca.  The  stomach  is 
scarce'     distinguishable  from  the  intestine.      I'lie  latter  i.^  Iar;;e,  and  is 


h 


> 


Tin;    I{ATI{A(  ]'l\    OF    NOKTir    AMKinCA. 


457 


iiH)(h'riit«'ly  (Mtiivnliitcil.  The  xrsscis  of  tlu' iiifsciitr.y  iin' Iarj;o.  Tim 
iiK'st'iiteric  vein  niiis  aloiij-' tlu'.  inferior  t'(lg(»of  an  flonj^Mtc  body,  wliicli 
is  fillicr  tlie  spleen  or  llic  itaiiciras.  It  extends  from  the  stomach  for 
a  distaiKH' ('(pial  to  one  third  thclen^'tli  of  the  visceral  cavity,  terminat- 
in}i  ni^ar  tlu'  anterior  testis.  The  liver  is  laif;('  and  lon<;,  extondin;; 
fiom  the  heart  lo  near  th(^  aideiior  testis,  it  is  divided  by  a  median 
jiroovt^  for  most  of  its  length,  in  which  the  base  of  the  mesentery  is  at- 
tached cardiad  of  the  lar;>e  jriiHbladder.  The  anterior  part  of  the 
liver  forms  a  median  lobe,  which  extends  for  a  short  distance  below 
the  alimentary  canal. 

There  are  two  jiairs  of  testes,  the  anterior  the  longer.  The  kidneys 
aretlat,  oval  bodies,  lyirig  on  each  side  of  the  mid<lleline,  immediately 
altovt^  thci  rectnm.  They  open  by  a  short  ureter  into  a  fold  of  the 
cloaca.  The  nrinary  bladder  is  laijie  and  loii};,  ext»'nding  forwaids  as 
far  as  the  anterior  extremity  of  the  anterior  testis.     (I'latc;  XLIV.) 

SALIKXTIA. 

r/.v(rr^f.— The  corpora  adiposa  are  elongated  transversely,  and  fre- 
quently fissured  at  the  distal  extremity.     (Plate  l-Vll.) 

T\h'  (liirfiis  iiiiilh ri  is  present  in  Uiifo,  S«',apliiopus,  and  other  genera, 
}[f,f  but  is  wanting  in  IJaiia,  excejtt  Hanu  rircsccns  (Sedgwick). 

The  uiinary  itladder  is  large,  and  is  extended  from  side  to  side  of  the 
iiirerit)r  part  of  tiie  altdominal  cavity.  Its  anteroposterior  extent  is 
small. 

The  K'ev.  \V.  .).  Holland  informs  me  that  he  has  observed  in  Jn])an 
arlioreal  ntsts  of  iSatiachia  Salientia,  in  which  the  embryos  developed 
into  tadpoles,  which  reached  a  length  of  nearly  an  inc^h,  before  leaving 
the  nest.  The  nests  are  made  in  willow  trees  at  a  distance  of  from  Ili 
to  11  le«'t  attove  the  watei'.  The  drii'd  remains  of  a  nest  containing  a 
good  many  «'iried  ova  and  tadpoles  was  sent  nu'  by  Mr.  Holland.  Tiu^ 
latter  are  distinguished  by  the  presence  of  a  laige  jiersistent  foodyolk, 
as  in  various  kSalientia  of  divisi(»n  11  of  the  table  on  pages  UoS  and  2'M. 

IllTO  L:iur.  (p.  lif.l ). 
Insott  at  bottom  of  page  L'Ol  in  table  ofsi)ecies: 

<  (lie  iiiilaliUsMl  tiiliriclc;  cMiiii.'il  crests  icirullcl,  not  i)r(i(lu('c(l  posteriorly; 
linitiie  (lesicniliiiLj:  iiiii//.li'  iirodiie;  il  beyond  iiioiith;  slxin  Riiiootli  lie- 
low;  a  JMteial  liaiid />'.  nrlinniin. 

One  nielalaisai  tulienle;  nial  eresfs  Kcpiirated,  Hemliiii;  a  Inaiieli 
inwanls  |M.>sleT  iorlv  ;  paiotoid  ^land  liiaii;;nlar ;  a  l.ileial  li^lit 
lianil 1>.  i(tlUci}).H. 

lUI'O  AKrNCrs,  sp.  nov. 

This  very  distinct  spec'ies  has  the  craniid  (!rests  of  the  n.Ic)tfi(ii)iosuK 
type,  more  es]>ecial!y  resendtliiig  the  /.'.  l./nirlnii.  M  dilVers  «'specially 
from  thai  species  in  the  very  short,  wide  head,  witli  depressed  muzz'e 
overhanging  the  month,  in  the  perfectly  smooth  inferior  surfaties,  jind 
ill  tlie  coloration,  as  •  «'ll  as  in  various  minor  djtaiis. 


I 


n 


IS 


::i 


M^ 


; 


1^  I 


J  .     ■! 
i        ■    l' 


IH- 


■I 


j  I 


i 


I 


!    I 


^  i 


•InS 


r.i'Lij/riN  :ii,  rxiTKi)  statf.s  national  MrsKi:M. 


TIh'  Iii'iid  is  wilier  tliaii  Itiii;^',  llic  widtli  ciilciiii;;-  tlir  lt'ii;ith  -.'_'."i 
tiiiu's,  wliili'  till'  lt'ii{;llu'ii(crs  it  tlin'c  tlmt's.  Tiir  ciitiir  luolilc  is.sti'Oply 
(h'ciirved,  and  terminates  in  ii  ])i'(>niinent  muzzle,  wliieli  i>r<»jeets  e(»ii 
siderahly  Iteyond  the  upper  lip.  The  nostril  is  lateral  and  nearly  termi 
iial.  The  li|)  horiler  is  directly  below  a  ])oint  halfway  between  the 
nostril  and  the  orbit.  The  maxillary  bone  is  somewhat  contracted 
to  the  lip  bordei.  The  prefrontal  bones  are  obtusely  an^ulated  above, 
but  the  (rranial  crests  commeuco  with  the  frontoparietal  bones.  They 
are  ])ai'allel,  rather  near  tofi'elher,  and  are  well  distinjjuished  eveiy 
wliere.  They  form  a  ri;;lif  an;;le  with  the  postorliitals,  beyond  which 
they  arc  not  produced,  nor  is  theie  any  tendency  to  conllnencc  poste- 
riorly. A  short,  robust  sui>ratyinpanic  ii(l;;e.  Orbit  hii[;(' ;  tympanic 
disli  oblique,  the  lon^  axis  directed  upwards  and  forwards,  and  a  little 
shorter  than  the  eye  tissure.  Skin  above  with  small  warts  at  consider, 
able  distances  apart;  lu'htw  everywhere  smooth.  Taiotoids  indistinrt 
in  the  specimen,  theirsupi'rior  l)ordersstronj,dy  diverj;»'nt  from  liiemiddli' 
line  posteriorly.  Jiindts  rather  lonj;.  Thi^  mu/zh^  marks  the  middle  ol 
tlu>  lore-arm,  and  the  distal  en<l  of  the  tarsus  of  the  extended  limb  . 
l''irst  lini^er  lon;;er  tiian  se(H)nd  ;  second  connected  with  first  and  tliird 
liufiers  by  a  short  wel).  1', 'mar  tultercie  lon^^er  tlian  iism;i1.  Toes 
closely  bound  toyetiier,  tho  Iburtli  considerably  hniuer  than  any  of  llic 
others.  The  internal  cuneiform  tubercle  has  a  free  ediL;t',  whicli  is  imi 
black;  the  i  xlernal  tubercle  is  small,  'i'iie  femur  is  bound  t(»  tlie  mid 
die  by  the  skin  td"  the  side  of  the  body. 

Miitmiri  iici'^. 

V 

Lt'n;;lli  <tC  iirmt  ami  liody nil 

Iirii;;lli  of  luad  lo  iiul  dl'  <  itsis Oln.'i 

Willi li  111'  lif.id  III  r.inlliiis  mis .01'.!.". 

Willi li  iif  lii'iiil  lii-iwriii  (111 (its iiiM 

bcilKtli  of  I'mv  If;; '. il.'lt 

l-lMl^lll  of  lolO  I'llllf .       JUi 

l.rii^tli  <>r  liiiiil  \i''^  from  ilium (Mil 

I.I'Il^lll   111'    llillll    loot (C.'"! 

I,rii;flll  of  llillll  fool  lis.s  lai'Slls ei'.l 


Vi-    117     t!„i„n<h,,>i' 


Nil,  II  lii'i 


The  {I'eneral  coloration  is  rather  b^lit  lead  ei»l(tiii|.  ;iiid  bi  lowcii-ai  \  el 
l(»\\ish  white.     The  small  warts  above  aie  red,  wiiii  a  lilack  iinjx  at  the 


• 


cniii 

II    the 
ilftcil 

'riic.v 

very- 

wliicii 

t(»S(('. 

)aiiic 
litfll' 
idcr. 
stiiicl 
liildl.' 

(Ili'ol 
ilillr  . 
tliiKI 

I  (ICS 

of  llic 
i-<  iidi 
'  iiikI 


.1/ 
.1/11 

.  1 1 1 1 1;, 

.  nii.t 
.  n.'K 

.(Mil 

.Ill;* 


/? 


TIIK    IJATIlAfMlIA    OF    N(»1MII    AMKUICA. 


459 


liasc.  No  iiicdiaii  (loi'Siil  biiiKl.  .\  li.i;Iil  hiiiid  cniiiiiifiircs  on  the  scap- 
iil;i  and  fxlcuds  lu'arly  to  the  j^ioin.  It  is  hoiiiidnl  a'oovc  by  scparato 
Idacki.sli  spots,  and  Itclow  l>y  similar  spots,  wliicli  aic  idostT  tojictlior. 
'riicsf  Coini  the  suiM'iior  border  of  a  lead  coi.iicd  band.  This  disappears 
lit'Iow  ill  a  crowd  o!"  small  black  spo*s,  wliicli  j;id\v  smaller  and  disap- 
pear on  tlie  sides  of  the  abib)men.  The  iiite;;iiiiieiit  thus  marked  is 
areolaled.  AH  the  lighter  parts  of  this  region  ari^  dotted  with  small 
pink  spots.  Posterior  laces  of  loic-arm,  lemur,  tarsus,  and  external 
inetataisi  blackish,  with  small  yellow  speckles.  The  limbs  have  on  their 
iij»]ter  siirlaees  brown  cross-bands  with  jtiiik  points  in  tlieni.  Anterior 
lace  of  tarsus  witli  a  brown  spot,  and  several  on  the  external  dibits. 


Ciiliili'i;"''       Nil.  "I' 
iiiinilii'T.         H|ii  li. 


I.M.MlilV. 


Kriuii  «  lidiii  iicciviil. 


Natlllr  III'  s|ll'C'illli'll. 


HUM 


1         'r.  \u 


(i.  II.  l;;ii;s,la'..- i  Al.ulicli, 


This  species  is  well  characterized  by  ihe  lenj;tli  of  its  le;;s,  the  short 
ami  peculiar  lorm  of  iis  hend,  the  sniootimess  of  its  lower  surfaces,  ami 
tlie  color,  'i'hoii^h  not  stated  on  the  label,  the  specimen  desciilied  is 
piobalily  lidin  (lainslioro,  in  Central  Northern  Texas. 

liVI.A  AMtKK'SdMi   liMinl  (|i.  :!i;r,). 

The  1,'ev.  Dr.  .bihn  ]].  reters  inlorms  me  that  he  took  a  specimen  of 
this  rare  tree-fro;,niear  !\la\'s  Landinj4',  N.  .1.  This  is  the  third  individual 
tliat  lias  been  foiiiid,  and  Ihe  locality  is  not  far  from  that  at  which  l>r. 
I/cnt/.  tcok  Ihe  second  one.  Dr.  Deters  found  the  specimen  on  Ihe 
^n'oiind  near  a  piece  of  water.  Its  note  is  unlike  that  of  /////"  rcisirolnr, 
beiiii;  a  hoar>e  iicep-jx'cji,  or,  aecordiiij;'  to  Dr.  Abbott,  a  keek-keck. 

(•!H»i;(»l'IIIM  S  NKil.TI'ls  l.r.  ('.  (|..  :!;{-V 

Tiie  folhiwinj;'  drawin;4s  leprcscnt  the  pai'ls  of  the  type  specimen  of 
the  torm   r.  ;;.  rc/'/'»co.v».v  ('opt>,  from    l-'lorida,  which  was  not    inserted 


Fi.J       II-         fir  li'l^lnhis  nihil" 


xiiy.      Viillliil    V\:\. 


at  Ihe  proper  place   in   Ihe   text.      Tiie  type  .-•;> 'clineii   is  in   m\  juivat*' 
eolleclion. 


..-■    1 


;  ' 


.il 


I      -i 


n; 


M 


■\m 


m 


ut 


4G0  lU'LLKTIN    ;M,    UNITKD    states    national    Ml'SKUM. 

ACh'l:.  (iKVI.Ll'S  hoc,  ('.  (p.  :W»). 

Prof.  A.  VI.  \('iiil'  (ells  me  tliat  he  lias  seen  a  few  siK'ciiiuMis  of  this 
spocii's  near  New  Haven,  C'onii..  and  that  lie.  roiisiders  that  place  to  li(> 
ahoiit  the  iiortlieni  limit  of  its  liiii^e. 

AMIMIIGNATIiODONTIDj:. 

The  foiiowiii};  lij;iire  of  the  inouth  and  feet  «tf  (he  (irypisnis  vhihriiiiis 
Cope,  ill  illustration  of  the  above  t'aiiiily,  was  omitted  from  its  proper 


Fi^.  Hit.   Orypignm  innbrlinm.     Kio  .lamiro;   |. 

pajje.     The  speeimeii  (ij,Mire  is  from  llio  Janeiro,  and  is  in  the  Mnsenni 
of  Comparative  /oiHoj^v  of  ('aml)rid};e. 

r.rroNin/E  (p.  2(50). 

For  the  jienericr  name   OUoiis,  in  the  key,  substitute   }i<iii)topliri/nr 
(Ithr.  (I'ST.'J),  wliieh  has  two  years  priority. 

CYSTICNATniDvKip.  :!i:t). 
Insert  under  /////oJcv,  immediately  after  Malnrhiiloth s,  the  fullowinf;: 

Viimciiiir  liTlli  iniNciit llalniihi/la  Iii-ll. 


L 


X 


:'r;i 


IMBLIOGUAIMI  Y. 


l>;,iiB._\VorkHoii  natural  liintttry  \>t  n  uoiicinl  oi   ^ico^jiaiiliiciil  iliaiaiU'i'  ami  ixipular  li'xtbouka 

Mic  Illlt   illl'llllll'll.  I 


Abbott  (CliarlisC.)  Notfsoii  tlic  lialiits 
(if  tlic  Savaimali  Crickft  Fro^  [  ./c/i'* 
M'(7Ji7(ni'<,  Ita it'll ] ;  in  Aiikt.  Natiu'iili.sl, 
vol.  Hi,  l-f^J.S.'pt.,  i>i>.  707-711. 

Ri'ccnt  iStiiilics  of  tlic!  Sjiiule-foot 

Toail;    Aiiiericiui   Naturalist,    1881,    p. 

ior.">. 

Albiecht  (1'.)  Note  siir  Ic  basioueipital 
tk'H  liafrauiiMis  Aiioiin-.s,  iivoc  fij;. :  in 
Itiill.  Mils.  K'oy.  Hist.  Nat.  lM>i.,  t.  ',», 
No.  '.',  pp.  l'.).VJOO. 

Allen  (llaiT.)  Tlic  Spinal  Conl  of  15a- 
tiac'liia  anil  lii'ptilia;  in  J'ror.  Acail. 
.Nat.  Sc.  riiila.,  lrt-<:{,  pp.  .')(;,  .".7. 

Aicliarow  (J.)  I'rluT  ilir  Aiifsaiijjiinj; 
aiis  ilfn  LyniplisiickiMi  ili's  I'rosi'lirs; 
in  /Nrbi'it.  il.  natni'forscli.  (Ji'srllsrli. 
Univ.  Kasan,  T.  IH,  •,».  lift.,  Kasan, 
l--^7.     (Hpi..) 

I'l'lirr   ilio  Anfsani^nnj;   aiis   itcn 

.suhrntanrn  Lyniplis.'ickiMi  bri  ilrni 
riosclir;  in  Arch.  f.  Anal.  n.  I'liys. 
physiol.  Aljth..  1887,  pp.  :{77-:{8". 

Aubert  (Hrrm.)  roller  das  Vrrlialton 
ili-r  ill  saiH'rstDllTri'irr  Lnft  jiaralv- 
sirtcn  rrilscliii  ninl  i.'in  ilaianf  };i';{riln- 
ilrlfs  I'iiifarlii'H  Vi'rfahrmi  ilii  lii'llcx- 
incrlianisiiiiMi  l»oi  crhalU'ni'r  l.rri'<;liar- 
lii'it  ili'i  niotorisrlii'ii  Nrrvrii  uinl  «lrr 
.Miiski'ln  slunili'nlan<r  /ii  l.'iliinrn;  in 
Aivli.  f.  il.  };''■-<•  l'li>siol.,  rilil,!;i'r,  •.'7, 
l>il.  11,  1-,'.   lift.,  Pit.  .")(;(V-.")7C). 

Baud  (S.  F.)  Wnvision  of  tin-  North 
Aniinican  Taih-tl-Hatracliia,  with  ilo- 
Hcriplioii!!  of  iiiMv  ;;iMiera  ami  spi'cii's; 
in  Journal  Acail.  Nat.  Sti.  I'liila.,  vol. 
l,'-MHerii's,  18  U). 

Ill  Ili'i'k(J.  G.)     Ii'oiii)i;raj>liic  En- 

ryrloi>,iilia  of  Scii'iu'i-.  Liti'ratiiri',  anil 
Art,  vol.  ',>,  18.-,1. 

Descriptions  of  New  Cloncr.a  anil 

Speei's  of  North  '  iierican  I'ro^^s.  Pro- 
ceed'iiy;H.\rail.  I'nii;'.delphia.l8,")|,  p. .">'.», 


Baird(.S.F.)  IJeiitilesof  the  1'.  S.  Surveys 

for  K.  I{.  to  the  I'aeilie,  '  >eeail.      Ueporl, 

vol.  Id.  l-,-,7. 
Reptiles  of  the   iiiiiiiidary  ;    l'.   S. 

and  Mexican   I>i)iiiiilary  Survey,  vol.  •,*, 

Irtoi). 
•  anil  Girard  I  Charles).    Character- 


istics of  some  new  Kepliles  in  the  .Mii- 
seiiin  of  the   Siiiitiisonian   lii>til  iilioii  : 
I'roceeds.  .Vcail.   riiiladelphia,    1~.VJ,  |i. 
(;8. 
i>e.scriptioiisof  New  Siiecies 


of    licplilcs     collected     hy    the    Fnited 
States    llxiilorin^     K.xpeilitiiin,     iimler 
coimnaiiil  of  ('apt.  C.  Wilkes.  F.  S.  N. ; 
loe.  cit..  l-.VJ,  1).  171;    l-'.'.:i,  p.  1-Jlt. 
List  of  Keptiles  collected  in 


California  liy  Dr.  .1.    I..    Lecont";   loc. 
cit.,  \<>:\,  p.  :UM). 
Bailout  \V.  II.)     Mif^ratioii  of  I'rojfs;  in 
.\iiieric;iii  NatiiralisI,   vol.  "Jl,  No.  l,  p. 

Barboza  du  Bocage  (.I.-N.)  lieptiles  et, 
ISatracieiis  noiivcanx  d'Aii^oIa;  in 
■Join.  Sc.  Math.,  I'liys.  c  Nat.  I.isI).,  No. 
•-'i>,  pp.  '.»7-'.>;i. 

(l!  IIt'|itll.,  I  II.  s|i.,  Iialrai'li.) 

Barfiirth    (D.)      Fxiieriniciitelle    I'nter- 
siiciiuiijfcn  iiher  die    N'erwandliiii;^  der 
I'riischlarven;    in  Itioloi;.  Centralhl.,  (>. 
Hd.,  No.  2tt,  i.p.  <;(HM;1.'5. 
(NaUiil'i)r.si  liii-Vfisaniiiil.) 

I'cher    Versiiche    ziir    Verwand- 

liin<j[  der  Kau!iiiiuii|ien;  in  Taf^elil,  .V.t. 
Vers,  deiitsi.li.  Natiiif.,  p.  l:>ll,  Aiiat. 
An/..,  1.  .lahrg.,  I'J,  pp.  :!1 1-:!17. 

Die  \'erwandliinj;  der  Kaiilipiap- 


jien;     .Viis/.   in   Der  Nalnrforseher,   I'J. 
Jahi'^'.,  No.  :;),  pp.    I'.Hl,  UU. 

( Nat  iirforsclier-Vi'r.sa  mini.) 
\'ersncho   iibor  die  Verwaiidliinji 


i!er  I  roschlarveii ;  in  .\rcli.  f.  inikrosk. 
Anal.,  •,':».  lid.,  1.  int..  ).,     l-,'3. 

•ICl 


.:8 


^.'■1 


!»' 


402 


HIJLLKTIN    Id,    I'MTKl)    STATIvS    NATIONAL    MISKI'M. 


I 

ir 


h 


(Ic 


Bai'furth     (l>.)    l>i(<     K'iickliililnno 

l''ruN('lil:irv<'iisrli\v:iii/i'.s     iiinl     dii'    so- 

l^iMiaiiiilcii    SaiTo|>liiMlrii,    mil    Vj    'I'liC. 

/fcirf.,  pii.  :!i-i;ii. 
])i()  ]tf;;('ii('riiti()ii  dcs  Aiii|iliil)icii- 

NL'liwiiii/.e.s;    ill  Aiiat.  An/..,  !!.  Jaiir;;., 

No.  1 1,  pp.  KKi-IO.'i. 
BaBsi((iiiis. )  Motlilica^ioiuMiiorroloiriclK^ 

(lei  };l(ilitili  i-ds.si   dc]    saiij;!!)'   <li   lJaii;i; 

note  prcvtiitiiia.      .Moilciia,    I-'"'*,  Hvo, 

'i  pp.     I'^str.  (lalhi  IJassi'^iia  di  sc.  nicd., 

anil.  'J,  Xo.  ;t. 
Baur  (G.)     ri'lici'dic  lloiiKPlo^icii  ciiiij^ci- 

Hchadidkiioeiicn  dcr  .Stt'H;'ii;i'pIiali'ii  mid 

Kfptilifii ;    in   Anal.    Ajiz.,    1.    .lalii;;., 

No.  V.',  pp.  ;!I--;mII. 
IJt'itragt>    /ur    Morplioiffiiir     dcs 

Cai'ims  II.  TarsiiH  dcr  N'filcliratcii.     I. 

TIumI.  Itatracliia.   .h-iia,  Hf^T,  i^vo,  j>.  ss. 
Bayer  (I-'rz.)     Pitl<i<ilialiii(liii>~   hohvminis 

V.    M.    alls  dcr  liraiiiiUolilc  von    Kicii- 

di'iiliain,  mil  1  'I'af. ;   in  Sit/.;isli('r.  d.  k. 

IhIIhii.Cch.,  I'ra;;,  l-iHi,  pp.  •JHI-'J'.W 
Bedot  (Miiiir. )     lifclificlics  siir  Ic  drvcl- 

oppc'iiHMit  di'M  iiorfs  Npiiiaiix  dn/    ifs 

Tritons;   avfc   1    jd.;    in  lirciicil  Zonl. 

Siiissf,  t.  1.,  No.  'i,  jip.  Itil-lS-'. 
Arch.  Se.  I'liys.  Nat.,  (iciicvc  (:'.), 

t.  11,  No.  '2.  pp.  117-1 4(;. 
Bedriaga  (J.  vuii).     Die  Amidiiliicn  nnd 

Itcptilicn  (iricclicnlands;  in  Zool.  Any.., 

No.  l;!7,  PI).  -ilC-'i'-'d. 

Die     Ainidiihicii     nnd     IJciitilicii 

(iricclicnlands;  in  liiiil.  Soc.  Iiiipi'r. 
Natural.  Moscou,  l-^.-l.  No.  'J,  pp.  21-'- 
;!l(t. 

rebcr  die  IJc^attiin^  Iici  ciiiij;cii 

f^cscliwjinztcii  Ampliiliicn  ((Himsolt  i/a 
IttDjnimiillcri);  in  Zool.  Anz.,  No.  ll.'i, 
pp.  l!.")7-li.")!l. 

(Sir  Z.  A..  Ni(.  Ill,  II.  'Jl').").) 

IJuitriiyc   /iir   Kcniitniss  dcr  Am- 


BelK'I'lios.  ) /,o4do;;y  ol'lJic  vova^c  oi' i  h,. 

I'.caj;lc,  vol.  :•>,  IJciililcH,  p.  :i1,  Alllpliilii.i ; 

London.  l^l>. 
Bclloiici  ((i.)     Siilla  rc;;ioii(!  otiica  die 

I'esci    1!     dei;li     AlllUii;     ill     Ucndicoiil. 

Acciid.  Inslit.     IJolof^iia,   1"'S1-'.-,',   pp. 

•Jl-'Jti. 
' Sulla  pnidii/ione  dei  j;lo1)iili  r(»>i 

iicirAxololl;   ill   Jicndic.  Aecad.  Sc.  In- 
j      .stit.  l!o!oj;na,  1h-((;-'h7,  p.  :!:!. 
i Siii    nuclei    poliiiiorli   dcilt^  cciliili' 

Nc.ssiiali    dejfli    Anlil>i.      l!olo;^iiii,  l-~i\, 

ivo.     (.Mem.   Ai'(!ad.   Iii.sliL    lloloiriia.) 

(Ilpp.,  -'tav.) 

.Siille  comiiiissiire  cerdtrali  aiilcii- 

!       or!  de<>Ii   .Viililii  c  dei  K'cltili.    Con  lav. 

Jiolo^na,  1>77,  •Jvo(i(lpp.).     Kslr.  d.iilr 

Mem.  Acead.  Sc. Inslit.  I'.olo.nna  (  1),  t.  -. 
Inloino  all.'i  cariocinc.si  nella,  >!■.; 

iiieiita/.ione  dell'  novo  <li  Axidoll.    i;.'- 

la/ionc  lial   'riincliosis   in   Alti   IJ.  Ai  ■ 

cad.  l.iiK'.  (:!), 'J'raiisiiiiti,  vol.  s,  No.  1. 

p.  IM. 
Bergeiidal  (D.)      r),is    Knoclicn;;e\velM' 

dcr  Ain]iliiliien.    Alistr.;  in  .\iiat.  An/., 

i,p.i-;». 

Betta  (lld.de).  I'lospctto  sistel.ialini 
dci;li  .\niplii1ii  cnid]N'i ;  in  Moiio;rr:irM 
dc;4li  .\nipliilii  niodcli  ilaliani,  l*-ii|. 

I'^.-iiinad'  Ilalia.  jiarle  1\",   K'etlili 

cd  Aiililii,  1H71. 

Sulla  <|ncHtion(>  delle   |{ano   rosse 


pliiliicn  nnd  Kejitilicn  dcr  I'anna  von 
("orsica.  MitliTaf. ;  in  .\r(di.  f.  Natni- 
KCHcb.,  4!).  Jalirg.,  l-'-li,  1.  Wil.  (IriH^, 
Nov.).  pp.  l'.M-141. 

Ik'itriij^o   /iir    Kcnntni.ss  der  Am- 

plii'oitMi  nnd  Ucptilicn  dcr  I^niiia  von 
Corsica.  (Sdilu.s.s) ;  in  Ardi.   I'.  Natiir- 
Sesch.,  41».  Jaliif,'.,  'J.  Fill.,  pp.  14.V17:!. 
(S.  Z.  A.,  X(>.  lliH.  |i.  LW.) 

Prof.  Nanck's  MitllieiliiiiK  iilicr  dii 


rortpllanziin^  dcr  Tritonon;    in  Zool. 
Anz.,  4.  Jalirj;.,  No.  7'.),  ]ip.  1.">7-1.VJ. 
Tlios.)    A  llislorv  ol"  lirili.sli 


Bell( 


ili.sli  Kep- 


lilcs;  8v(),  London,  18;!1). 


d'  I',iii'opa.     Vcnc/ia,  18-7,  "^vo  (1(  i))!.). 
BiedennaniuW. )  rclicrinorplioloi^isclie 

\  eiiiiidi'riin;;cii   dcr  Ziini^endrilHeii  des 

Frosdicshei  liciznn;rdcr  Driisciiiicrvi'ii. 

Mit  I  Taf. ;    in   Sil/^her.  Akad.  Wi>s. 

Wien,  iiialli.-nal.Cl.,:i.  Alilli. -^i'..  I?d  ,1. 

'J.  lift.,   PI).  ('.7-s;i.     A|iart:    Wien  (('. 

(lerold's  Soliii  ill  Ccimni.),  I "'■'•.',  "vo  (•.':'. 

P)).),  No.  CO. 
Birge  (I'..  A.)    Die  Zaiil  dcr  nciioii  I'asein 

nnd  die  motorisdicii  (!anj;licnzelleii  iin 

lllickciimaik  dcs  I'rosdies;  in  Arcli.  I'. 

Aiiat.  II.  I'liyH.,  pliysiol.  Alitlicil.,  l"^-.', 

\>\K   rj.'i-l"^!).    Aii.szii};;    in  lliolo;r.  Ccii- 

trallil.,  2..Ia]iri,'.,  No.  22,  jip.  (WiMWS. 
Note  on  the  Fiincticnis  of  I  lie  Spinal 

Cord  ill  tlie    I'rojr;    in  Aiiier.   Moiillilv 

Microsco]).  Joiirn.,   vol.  2,  No.  11,  pi). 

21(1-21:!. 
Blancliard  (Rapli.)     Snr  les  elands  do.i- 

cale  el    peiviemie  el  siir  la  papille  dmi- 

calc  des   lialraeicns  nrodcles ;    in   Zeol. 

Anz.,4.  .lalir"^.,  No,  7;t,  pii. '.1-14  ;  No.  Tl, 

pp.  :54-;t!}. 


'?• 


Mil;    l!ATUA(;|IIA    (U"    .\(»KTII    AMKI.'ICA. 


wrd 


] 


Bl.iiichaid  (l.'.il'li.)  l^ii'l.|iir.-,  mills  all 
Miji'l  (li  r  MilUli'  <li'  .M.  Lalasli'(/t)<>l. 
All/,.,  No. -<'■') ;  ill /"<'l.  All/.,  11.  .lahi-};, 
No.  •-'•':i,  i>ii.  :!"''<,  :'>'''.i. 

■ Siir  l.'i  iin'st'iicr  (III  (Jia|iaiiil  vitI 

I  /;«/(»  riiiiliH,  Lam.)  m  I'laiicc ;  in 
liiilLSoc.  Zotil.  Fraiiri'.T.  i:{,  No.  •,',  iip. 
iiil,(17. 

Ki''|ioii.si'  a  la  criliiiuo  <lf  M,(i.-A. 

i;.piii.Mij;.T,  r.  (J,,  i.i..:w,',  ;(•.':!. 

Blnuci.I.)  I'l'lii'i'  (Irii  liaii  tier  Nascii- 
N(  lilc'iiiili.'iiit  lici  I'lsclicii  II.  .\iii|iliil>ii'ii. 
Viiiliiiif.  .Mitilifil.  ;  ill  /old.  All/..,  .">. 
.Iiilir^'.,  No.  l-.'7,  |.i>.  (mT-CCO. 

Bliiinin  ( — .)  Ziirlitiinjj;  lies  iiu'xifaiii- 
>i  lien  Kii'iiiriiiiinlclis  Asolotl;  in  I'J, 
l!(  r.     M.iliiir.     (lis.     Itaiiilirr^     (l'"''''''!- 

MlllIlT). 

Boas  (•).  K.  V.)  liiilia;;  til  Kiiinl.sUalM'ii 
mil  Ciniiis  iirliiiii>iiix  iim  ,\rli'iii'liiiiTiir 
lici-,.\iiililiiliiillii'.  .Mriiri'axl.  KJOlirn- 
li.ivii,  Host  o;;  ,<Oii.  !>-!,  -'vo  ('.IH  pp.  I, 
.M.  1. 

-  i'.cilrii;,'!'  /iir  ,\ii;;iiil(i;;ii'  ilcr  .\iii- 
j'hiliit'ii.  Mil  :t  'I'af.  ;  ill  Morpliiil. 
.hiliili.,  H.  15,1.,  •.'.  llfl.,  pp.  IC.'.t-l,-^:. 

I'l'lirrilrli  ('iiiiiii  iillciiiisiis  mill  ill!' 

Ai It  lii'iilioj^cii  ilcr  .Viiipliiliii-n.  Mil  :! 
Taf.  II.  .')  Ilnl/si'lin:  in  .Morplioln;;. 
.I.ihili..  T.  Hil.,  :!.  int.,  pp.  l-H-,-.?-.'. 

Bijcage  [  l!ailpo/a  tin,  ,1.  \'.)    K'rptis  i'  \u\- 

pliiliiips    lie    S.    'rimiiii' :     in    .liiiir.   Sr. 

.Miilli.   riiys.  Nat.   Aiail.   I.ishoa,  T.  11. 

N(i.  I'.',  iip.(;."i  Ti'. 
Boettger   lO.l     IHc  l>iiiiilii'ii  ii.  Ainpli 

liicii    Mill   Ma(la;;aMai  ;    lln.    I'laiikfu 

a.  M..  1-77. 
ISi'lirllt  iild'lilir  l,iistllli;;i'n  ill 

lliTprtolo^ii-  wiiliriMiil  ill's  Jaliri'H  1-rtl; 
III  Al'i'li.  1'.  Natiii'j;rsi'li..  ni.  Jalil};.,  .'>. 
lilt.  ('.>.  Mil.,  •>.  int.),  pp.  •,'.V.'-:i-J7. 

I'l'liridicw  irlitij;>t('ii  UlitiMsrliirilr 

iliT  Hiiif  ilriitsrlii'ii  Raiia-Arti'ii ;  l)rr 
/.oolocriHiIii'  (laitrii.  l-'s.",,  p.  ',';{;(. 

AiifzlililiinL;   iliT  Vim    ilrii    I'liilip- 

piiii'ii  lii'kaiintrii  I>i'|it  ilicn  niiil  Hatra- 
rliicii;   in    liiiii'iit  Sriuki'iili.   iial.(irs., 

I'laiiki..  i-.>i(i,  pp.  ;i|-i:;.i. 

(Ull..;|l.   Krptil..  L'T  Hji    AlM|lllili.) 

licTJrlit  iilirrilii'  Li'istiiii;'iMi  in  iliT 


Ili'Ipitiiloi^ii'  waliM'llil  ilrs  .laliii's  \f^>7>; 
ill    .\i(li.     r.    Na*m';;rsrli.,   .'-J.    .lalir;;., 

I--CH1''-'),  •-'.  Ii'i..  1.  lift..  i.p.'j:i:!-;!:!i. 

I'.rni'iiti'  Aiir/iililiiiii;  iliT  IJt'ptiliiMi 

iiiid       I'atrarliii'i'       ili's       rliiiii'sisclii'ii 


BoettgeriO.)  Vri/rirliiii.>silii\im  lltrin 
|lr.  Ilrinr.  .Simi'iil  li  ails  I'm  I  iii;a  mill  \  im 
ili'll  A/oirll  lllll;;rliiarlltl-n  Ki'ptilirll 
mill  l>,'iti','irliii'r;  in  Sit/;;.slii'i'.  k.  piriiss. 
Akail.  Wiss.,  Hi'iliii,  l^^-^",  No,  l','.  pp. 
17.-)-l'.t|. 

IJi'biT  ilii!    Ki'ptilirll   mill  liatra- 

rliirr  TranHi-asiiiriis;  in  Zoiilnj;.  An/.., 
11.  .I.ilir;;.,  No.  •,'7!t,  pp.  •J.V.I -or,:5. 

-  —  ViT/.t'iclini.ss  ilrr  von  llrnii  \).  von 
Oi'i-t/xMi  aii.s  (irii'i'lii'iilanil  mnl  Klrina- 
sii'ii     niit;<i'1irai.'lilrn     Itatr.'irliii'r    miil 

K'rptiiirli;  III  Silz^sliiT.  k.  pirilss. 
Akail.   Wiss.,  r.iTlin,  1---,  pp.  K'.'.i-HC. 

(II  .\iii|iliili.,:i'.>  |1  n.  si<.\  K<'|ilil.i 

."^tnilii'li  .•111  iialaiirklisrlirii  l.'i'|>til- 

ii'ii  unit  Aiiipliiliirii ;  in  I'.K-'Jl.  Hit. 
(Mliiil.aili.  X'l'i-.,  pp.  Hl-'.l.'.. 

Maii'i'ialii'n    /iir  lii'rprtolojji.sclicn 

I'amia  miii  (.'liiiia.  1 1  a. )  l.istr  iIit  /wri- 
trn  Morlli'liitol  ll'srlii'ii  Si'iiilimn  siiili'Iii- 
lirsisrllrl'  Kl'irrlll  llirl'l'.       1i.)  liatrarlllrr 

( I'liisilii'  mill  Kiiiti'ii);  in  'Jii.-'i"^.  Itrr. 
( (Mi'iiliacli.  N'rr.   r.   N;itiiik.,  pp.  .M-lil'J. 

lli'iprtolonisrlii'     iiiittlii-ilmii;i'n  ; 

ill  -JO.  n.  ',':!.  I'.iT.  Olltiiliaili.  ViT.  f. 
N,it  ink.,   pp.    I  17-iriri. 

( .\iii|iljil>Li  I  I    Kiptilia   'J  II.  .sp.) 

nil'  III  ptilirii  mill  Aiiii)lliliirii  von 

Maroicii.  Mil  1  Taf.  ;  in  Aliliaiull. 
S.-mki'iilii'i^'.  iiat.  (!i  s..  i:i.  l!il.,  1.  lift., 
pp.  '.Ci-llC.  Apart:  I'laiikl'iirt  a.  M., 
M.    lUi'.strrwi'i;    ill    ('oiiiiii.,    l-'-l{,    Ivo, 

I.  •.>..')(). 
jrelli  (AHV.)    Kiii'irlii'  intorno  alU-  ilif- 
'••ri'lizr   ostrolii;;irlir  ili'lli-   1,'iniii    /'(iscd 
.laliiini':    in    i'loll.    Miis.    /mil.,   .Vii.it. 
Coiiip.,  'roriiio,  v.il.  1,  No.  11  ^l(i  pp.). 

Born  ((!.)  TrliiT  lliippi'lliililllli;;i'll  lirilll 
I'lii.sih  mill  ili'ti'ii  lliilstrlimij;.  Si'p.- 
Aliilr.  aus  il.  liri'slaii.  iiivtl.  /I'itsrlir., 
l--J->,  No.  It  ^Ci  pp.). 

(Viirlr.  in  il.llis.  I',  vat.  Cult.) 

I'l'liiT   ili'li    I'.illtlilss    it.'f    Srliwrri' 

aiil'ilas  I'ro.sclii'i.  Si'p.-Aliilr.  aiis  Urrs- 
laii.  ,'irstl.  Zi'itsilir.,  l,-*-^!,  No.  •<  1 1 1  pp.), 
-\  o. 

I'l'lii  T   ilir    Nasi'iiliiilili'ii    mill   ileii 

riir;iiii'niiasrny;aii^  ili'i'  Aiiipliiliirii. 
Morpliiiliij;isrlirs  .lalirlmrli,  p.  ."i77,  l-7(i. 

Ilyliiiili/atiim  lu'lwi'rii  Ainpliiliia. 


Ivi'icll 


Ihnl. 


pp.  lo:!-iiti. 


Alistr. ;  in  .Imirii.  K'.  Mirmsi'.  Sue.  Lon- 
.Imi,  1~S7,  !>.  I>,  iiji.  ■.!7(l,  :171. 

( Airli.  f.  iiiikio.sk.  Anal.     S.  Z.  A.,  Xo.  239,  p. 
704.) 


r  i 


I    I 


;  I 


ii 

!    t 


It 


H  > 


! 


I   : 


'   i 


464  lUIIJ.llTIN    111,    UNITi:i)    HTATKS    NATIONAL    MI'SKUM. 


Boni  ((i.)  Ilcilrii,nt'znili,isliiriliiiiiij;/.\vi 
.sclicn  ili'ii  riiilii'iinisi'ljcii  Aiiinriiarli'ii, 
in  :  I'lliiLji'i'M  Aicli.  f.  <1.  jjcs.  I'li.vsiiil.,  I!".'. 

M.i.,  '.t.-ii.iifi.,  1.]..  ir.:!-r)H. 

Iiilliit;ii('(!  of  (iravily  (III  llic   Troy; 

Ovum.  Ali.str, ;  in  .loiiiii.  II.  Microsc. 
Soc,  l.itniloii  (•,'.),  vol.  Ci,  p.  (i,  ]i|i.  ;t:i'.i, 
!>|(t. 

(An  li.  r.  iiiiknisK.  Aii.il.)     S.  Z.  A.,  Xc  'Jd'.', 
p.  177. 

I''.ili)'l)iip|it;lbil(lilii<;li('i  li'iiiiii  I'lisi  II 

Kiit'M.     Mil    Aliliild.;    in  Zmil.   An/.,  I. 

Jiilir^.,  Nil.  T-^,  p|).  i:iri-iri'.». 

Wcilcrc  l>i'ilr,"iL'«' /Ml  ItastaidiiiMi"; 


Boiilengcr((i.  A. )  NutcKnn  a  Soiilii  .\ i-. 

ii'.iii  I'ki;;  lately  livinj^  in  llif  Soiici  \'.s 

(■altlcnsl    /'/(///'((//(/ (//I  M/  lllljIDlllDlllll  illlis   I, 

Willi  1  pi.;  in  Priic.  Zonl.  .Snr.  Loiiilun, 

\->-<>,  i.  pp.  •,'(;!, viiM. 

('alalo;;ii(r  of  llir  Hal  lacliia  Salicn- 

tia  in  III)'  ciilli'i'tion  of  tin-  lliili.sli  Mn- 
.sciiiii.     •,'(!  cil.,  !--•.'. 

Di'sci'iplions   111'    new     Hpccics    of 

Ikcplilt'saiiil  Italracliian.s  in  Ilit-  ]!l'iti.^|| 
Miisciiiii.      I'l.    I,   Annals  Ma};a.s.   Nat. 
Hist..   l<-:i,   p.    nil;  I'l.  II.   in  Ann.  of 
Nat.    Ili.sl.  (."i.  1,  vol.  l;t,  May,   jip.  I'.'.Hi 
:ilH;  rt.  Ill,  l<ic.  (it.,  1-^-T,  p.  .-.(I. 


/wisclicn  (Icn  cinlitiinisclKii  Annri'ii. 
Aicli.  inikr.  Aiiat,,  XNvii,  pp.  (ili'.>,'J7l, 

pis.   X    XII. 

Boscd  ( I'.d. )     Cataloi-uc  dts  Kcplilcs  el 
AinpliiliiciiM  (It!  la  IN'iiiii.siiii'  ilxriiini'  el 
ilcH  ili'H  |{iil('ar(.'M;    in   liiill.  Sdc.  /mil. 
Friincc,  ."i.  ••inn,,  .S.-(i.  p.,  pp.  'JKi-j-T. 
(.'i.'i .s)).,  'Jii  Anipliili.,  :i,'i  lii'iiiii.) 

( 'cinccciniics  y  ailiciiini'.s  al  Cala- 

1(1^11  (Ic  lii.s  K'cplilcs  y  Aniiliid.s  (111  ll.s- 
jiana,  l'(irtn;;al  ('•  i.slas  lialcaics  (iim 
a  lain.);  in  Anal.  Sue.  l^sjuifi.  Ilj^i. 
Nil!.,  T.  Id,  cuad.  I,  !■[•.  .-^'.(-I  I','. 

Boiiillot  (.1.)  Siir  ri'iiillii'linm  .s(''(i<'i(Mr 
dii  reiiidcN  lialnicicns,  in:  (J(>ni|il.  icnd. 
Acad.  Sc.  Paris,  T.  ;»."i,  Nn.  II,  pp.  Cii:!, 
I'liM. 

Snr  ri'pitlK'Jinin  si'in'lcnr  dn  rein 


<  >n  a  i'dllcci  inn  (if  l'"r(i;;,s  IVdin  Yiii  i- 

inannas,  lliialla;.;.i  lii\cr,  Nditlicin 
rein.  Willi  •.'  pi.:  in  I'nic /ikiI.  8dc. 
Ldiiildii,  iss:;,  iv,  pp.  (i;!.")-!'!:!:^. 

('atald"ne  (if  the  Ital  racliia  (iiaili 


cntia  s.  C.'indata  and  Itatracliia  Apdd.i 
in  tlic  ('(illcctidii  (if  the  liritisli  Mii.sciiin. 
'.'d  I'd.     Ldiiddii,    l-'^!,  "^vd  (i;t((  pp.,  ',( 


-^ Ndlcs    nil    little    KlldWli    .Species  (. I 

I'mjjs:    in  .Villi. df  Nat.   Ilist.  (.'i.),  vdl. 
II.  .Ian.,  pp.   Ill   I'.). 

(I    ll.:.p.l 

|)('Seiiiitidii   (if   a    new   Species  ot 


des  liatiaciciis.     V.  K.  Sue.  liidl.  (-j.iii, 

PI  I.  :!-J."i,  :!'.'i;. 

Siir  ri'pitlii'iiiini  .st'civlciir  dii  rein 


liiifd  fnini  .Japan  ( //./o;  iii(i.si(.s,  n.  sp.  i 
Willi  I  pi.;  in  I'rcic.  /(kiI.  .Sdc.  Lnn 
ddii,  1-^.-:!,  ii,  pp.  i:!;t,  i  in. 

Ii'fpdit  (111  a  Cdllcclidii  (if  K'epliles 


de.s  ISatraciens;    in  (-'(impl.  i-eiid.  .\ead. 
He.   I'aris,  'I'.  '.i7,  Nn.  17,  ]ip.  ;»l(»-'.»l-^. 

8ur  ri'pitlK'Iiiiiii  ix'cri'leiir  (111  rein 

des  Itatr.ieiciiM;   in  .Fdnrn.  de  .Mici(ij;r., 
fi.  anii.,N(i.  II,  pp.  .'■>7I ,  ."i7.">. 

(riinipl.  lend.  Ac.  .Sc.  I'.iris.   S.  Z.,\.,  No.  i;i(i, 
p.;il.) 

Boiileiiger  ((i.  A.y  ritnde  siir  les  (in-, 
iiiinillcs  rdiisscs,  Hami  li  iiipiinuhi ,  el 
deser.  d'esp.  iKillv.  liiill.  de  |a  Sue, 
/d(ild;;icpie  de  I'laiicc,   l,-7l(. 

On  tli(^  I'ala'arctii^  and  Jliliidpinn 

Spiu'ie.s  (if  r.iifd,  w  Itli  :!  jil. ;   ill  Pi'deeed. 

/(Mil.  Sdc.    Ldiiddii.    |.~H(),    jv,    pp.   ril.'i- 

ril7. 
Dcscriptidii  (if  ii  new  fJeiiiis  jind 

Siieeies  (if  l''nij;s  <if  Ihe  I'aiiiiiy  K',iiii(l;e   '< 

IXnctiraliiH   mani(iiilif,i\\    in   Ann.  of         dWsie;  liiill.  Sue.   /ooIom.  do    I'rance. 

Nat.  Hist,  (.'i.),  vdl.  1(1,  , Inly.  p.  ;;,-,.  |       [sSCt. 


and  Itatracliiaiis  fidin  the 'rinini' l.aiil 
Islands,  fdiined  liy  .Mi.  II.O.  I'dilies. 
With  ','  pi.;    in    I'liic.    /odl.    Sdc.    Lnii 

d(in,  Is-^;'.,  iii,  pp.  :!rt(;-:{,s,-<. 

I)iaH;ii(ises   of   New    1,'eptjles    ami 

Ilalrachiaiis  IVdin  the  Siildinon  Ids.: 
I'nicecds.  /odi.  .S(ie.  Lenddll,  I'^l,  p. 
•J  1 1). 

-A —  Desci'iptidii  of  a  .Now  I'ldji  df  llie 
^enils  Mcf^aldpliiss;  ri-dcceds.  /nol. 
Sdc.  J.ondiin,  1 — .'i,  p.  .S'lil. 

— ^^  Descriptidii  of  .'I  new  species  dl' 
fill;;;  fidiii  .\sia  .Miin^i;  ridceeds.  /dol. 
Sue.  hdiiddii.  l.'S.'i.  ','•,'. 

A  desci  ipt  ion  df  the  riennaii  Kivci- 


l''r(iK  (li'iiiiii  (■■■<iiili  iilii,  var.  ridibiiiiihi. 
I'all.'is)  ;  rrncceds.  i'cidl.  .Soe.  I.onddii. 
|-<M.-,,  p.  (ilitJ. 

N(if(>  snr   lis  ( Jreiioiiilles   K'un.s.scs 


Tin;    IJATKACIIIA    OF    NuKIII    AMKUICA. 


40.') 


.    ) 


• 


. 


Boiileiiger  (<<.  A.)  riisl  Ifcimil  mi  aildi- 
tiiiiisti)(lic  llatracliiaii  Cnllri  rioii  in  ilic 
Niiliiiiil  lliftloiy  Miifo'iiin.  Willi  I  |rl,;  in 
I'roc.  Zool.  iSoc.  Lontliiii,  l-^tJ,  \i.  iii.pp. 
Ill-lli). 

(  I  II.  H|).  ;    II.  H-.  (.it'lllimln"'.) 

Remarks  on   Siiccinu'nH  (if  Htma 

((nvi/isexliiliiltMl  in  I Im  Society's  (iai- 
ilcns,  Witli  1  pi.:  ill  Tror.  Zool.  Soc. 
l-oiiilon,  I'Hl,  p.  ii,  pp.  -il-.'/Ji:). 

On  a  new  species  of   ll\la   from 

I'tiit  llaiiiiltoii,  (,\>rea  [ //.  .s/.y;/,,  hi], 
iiaseil  nil  an  esaniple  liviiii^  in  tiie  So- 
ciety's Cianiens.  With  I  pi.;  in  I'roe. 
Zool.  Soc.  I.onilon,  l"'-'7,  iv,  pp.  r>''-'-.'iTl'. 

On  new  Keptiles  ami  Italracliiaii.s 

tmni  N'orlii  Itorneo;  Annals  Ma^as. 
Nat.  Ili^t..  1.-i-7,  p.  ;i.'). 

On  a  larti  lliiiiniaiayan  Toad  ;   lor. 

cif.,  H"<7,  p.  w:>. 

l)esci'ijitioii  of  new  or  lillle  known 

SiiMlli  .\llieriean  l'ldL;s  of  llm  ;;eliela 
raliiiliciila  and  llyla  ;   loc.  lii.,  1>~T,  p. 

Deseiipt  ioiisof  t  «  o  new  .\iistialiaii 

Finns    \  l.iiiliiiiiliiiiiiilis    Jill' Ik  rl,     (  I'uiiii 
ricliiridiKi  \;    in   .\iin.ofN'al.  I  li.-il.  ((>. ),   , 
vol.-.',  All;.^,  pp.  \\>,  ii:!.  I 

On  a  livin;;  Npeeiineii   of  .\i  iinini^  ' 

liirin,  Daiid.;  in  I'roe.  Zool.  Soe. 
London,  Is."'*,  iv,  p]i.  .'"idli,  fiiil.  I 

Deseiipt  ion    d'niM)  esp    iionv.   de 

'J'riton  (Moiilandoiiii ).  Avec  I  pi.:  in 
Itiill.  Soe.  /o(d.  I'ranee,  .''i.  Ann.,  .".  (i. 
p.,  p.   1(11. 

(S.  /.  .\.,  No.  T.'    p.  M  ) 

On  the  exist enei'  of  t  wo  .s|ieeies  of 

Aipiatic^  Fioir.s  in  North  (iiiinany;  in 
The  Zoologist  (:l),  vol.  H.  .luiie,  pp. 
•^•,'0-v!-J-,'. 

{liiimi  mi'iili  iitii  liijiicii  ai.il  U.  fni-lin.) 

Slipph'tllelil  a   rdnde  ,snr    les  (jle- 

noiiilles  rons.s(vs;  in  ISnll.  Soe.  Zool. 
France,  .''».  ami.,  o.  (!.  p.,  pp.  i*()7-V'()i>. 

Description  of  a  new  Fro;.;  <d'  the 


Bouleiigcr  (O.  A.)  On  .some  Kepliles  and 
liali.icliian.s  IVoni  lL;iiarasse,  I'ernam- 
Iiiu'o.  With  I  pi.  :  in  Ann.  id' Nat.  (f.), 
vol,  •,>,  Hist.  .Inly.  pp.  |i)-|:!. 

(  I    II.   H|l.l 

l^neli|ins  iiidls  en   ■  ■|Minse  a  l.i  note 

de  M.  le  Dr.  1,'.  Ulam  I,  ml  siir  la  ida.ssi- 
liealion  des  r.atracieii>.  linll.  Soe.  Z. 
I''r.,  .\i.  pp.  :!'J0,  ;!-.M.  \V\\  /.m.I.  l.'ee. 
xxii,  Ifept..  )•.  •-'.'.  I 

Seconil  contrihi.tioii  to  the  llerpe- 

tolofjy  of  the  Soloimni  Ids.  ;  I'loe.  Zoid. 
Soe.  I.diid..  l~-7.  p.  :'i!!:i. 

De^riiplions  of  new    IJcptiles  and 

Hatiarlij.iin  I'lnin  M,id.i;;,isear.  With 
•i  pi,;  in  .Villi,  (d'  Nal.  Ilisi.  (H),  vol. 
1,  F<dir.,  PI..  101    liiT. 

ill  II.  M|i  I 

DiMiipl  Ions  of  new    li'i'piih's  ami 

I'atraeliiaiis  olilained  liy  11.  ( i.  I'mlies 
in    New   (iiiinea.      Iliiil..    May.   pp.   ;!|:>- 

;iii;. 

i'J  II.  S|i.,  II.  ;;.,  ( ',llllllii||.i.  .\lll|lllill.l 

.\  lisi  of  K'ept  ill's  and   It.iliai  hiaiiN 


olilained  liy  11.  11.  .Iidinslon  on  tlio  It'iii 
del  h'ey,  ('anielooiis  District,  W.  Africa; 
in    I'lcir.   Zool.   Soe.    London,   1"''"^7,    iv, 

p)l.    ."ill  I,  .Mi."). 

('■'•  I-  II.    s|i.  {.    .\|ll|l||ill.| 

On  ,1  rare   .Vmeiican    Newl,  Muhjc 

nil  riiliiiiKitls,  {'ope:  in  .\iiii.  of  Nal. 
Hist.  (t'«i,  vnl.  I,  .Ian.,  p.  •-'!. 

Nole  Mir  le  I'eloliate  hlllll,  a  pnipo.s 

de  la  reeelite  enmiilllliieat  inn  de  .M. 
Ileinn-lioyer  .siir  le  I'l  liilnili^:  hilifniiis; 
ill  Kill!.  Soe.  Ziinl.  I'r.,  T.  l:!,  No.  ."., 
pp.  II.'),  I  111. 

Ijicoh'  nil   iiioi    siu    Ifs   pieleiidns 


earacleles      ditlrleliiiels     till       rdoliale 

dTtalie.     Ihiil..  No.  Ii,  |..  ic,;;. 

—  Deseriptinii  of  a   Hew  ^eliii-  of  Cie- 

eilia   I  F.pierioiiops  I  :    in   .\iiii.   nl'  Nat. 
lli.st.  (.'.).  vol.   II,  .March,  pn.  -JO',', -JlC!. 
A    SNIlopsis   of    the    Reptiles    ami 


f;eiiiis  Mej,'alo|ilirys  [Fea];  in  ,\nii. 
Mas.  Civ.  Stor.  Nat.  (iemiva  (v!).  vol.  1, 

pp.  fii-i,  :>i.\. 

An  acconnl   of  the  K'eptiles  and 

Ihitrachians  olitaiiied  in  Teiiasserini  hy 
M.  L.  Fea,  of  the  (iiMioa  Civic  Miiseiiin. 
Witli  ;t  pis.;    ill  Ann.    Miis.  Civ.   Stor. 


Itatrachiaiisof  the  I'niviiice  U'io  Oramltt 
do  Sill,  liia/il;  ill  Ann.  of  N.il.  lli.st. 
(.".).  vol.  H,  Dec.,  pp.   !•,>;!- 1 1."., 

(lii;  Kr|lli!.,  -7  .\lllpllil).l 

Deseriplinii    nf    a    new  species   id" 

r'rnj;  I'loiii  Madagascar  \  Hiiiin  ijiiUii- 
lnlii\:  in   ,\iiii.   nf  ?\at.    Hist.    (nl.    vnl. 


7,  May,  jip 


:io,  :;(il. 


Nal.  Cicmiva  (•.'), 


Iv         pp.   .17  L 


Nnlesiir  la  jinsil  ion  de  roiUlce  anal 
;  lis  III  arils  lU-:^    ISalraeieiis  d'i;ii- 
■/..  V 


(III  (II. 1  .sp..  Ueptil.;  21  |:i  II. I  sp.,  .\iiipliili  I  rope.     Hull.  Soe,  Z.  Fr.,  .\i,  p.  ill 

r.).ji— iJiiii.  ;j4 :]() 


'* 


(* 


r 

1 


'  I 


K- 


]   I 


i   -'i 


\^  I 

i  (i 

1 

i 

4()(!  nULLKTIN    III,    IIMTKI)    .SIAiKS    NAIIONAL    MTSKIIM. 


|i     I 


Botilengcr  ((i.  A.)  Di-Hiripliiin  nf  a  m-w 
(JiMiiis  ami  SptTi-'M  III'  l'"ioi{s  ill  till-  I'aiii- 
il.v  ll.vliilai  [  I'liriiolnilii  foiliriiK].  Willi 
liK. ;  ill  Ann.  Nat.  ilint.  (.'i),  vol.  I", 
Ort.,  pp.  :!.'il-;i'.H. 

Oil  tlin  "11111x111^"  lialtitNtiC  Drii- 

ili'<iliiitt>.H,  a!4  iili.si'i'vril  l>y  A.  Kappli-r:  in 

Ann.  lit' Nat.  Hist,  (li),  vol.  I,  .1 pp. 

•I.VI,  I.V.;  .Inly.  pp.  l'-'-M--':i. 

On    ni'w    ItatiacliiaiiM    t'liMii     Ma- 

larca.  Willi  I  pi.  ;  in  Ann.  nl'  Nat. 
UiHt.  (.')),  V(il.  Ill,  May,  pp.  ill.'.-:!!". 

l.'i  II.  H|i. ;  II.  li..  I'lii  \  iirlla.l 

On  t\v(i  I'lirnpran  .Sprcics  uf  liiini- 


liinator.     Willi    1    pi. ;    in  IMoc   /ixi 
Sill',  hiiniloii,  1H.-|(J,  iv,  pp.  I'.l'.l-.'.dl. 

Ilcsriiptiidl     111"      II      lli'W      taiird 

Italracliian  fioin  Curra  (  lliiniiliiii» 
Icirhiiy,  witli  riit ;  in  Ann.  of  .Vat. 
IUM.  (.")),  vol.  r.»,  .Ian.,  p.  DT. 

(AiiaiilrM.  Ilaiiil.  <'lian;;i'(l  In  .Aiilinlax.! 

|)i'Hciipli(>ns  111' (  I )   iH'u    liia/iliaii 


IlatrarhiaiiN;    in  Ann.  nfNai.  Mint.  {*'<) 
vol.  I,  .Marcli,  lM,-><.  pp.  l-T-l-'.i. 

,\    list    of    lialrai'liiaiis    IVoni    llic 

I'i'ovinco     .Saiitii     (,'atli:irina.     Itra/ll 
Ihiil.,  .Iniii",  IS-s,  pp.   ll.-,-ll7. 

CJl  i*|i,  I 

Bourne  (\\(.  (Jililis).  On  ccriain  .Mmor- 
iiialitit'.s  in  tin*  coininon  l''i'o<;  (Hiiiiu 
timponiyiii).  I.  'I'lii!  Oi'i'iincin  r  of  an 
Ovott'sti.s.  "J.  .MiMoiiii.ililics  of  till- 
Vfilcliral  Colninn.  Willi  1  jil.  ;  in 
l^nart.  .loiirii.  of  Microsc.  Sr.  I'.S.,  vol. 
;il,  .Ian.,  pp.  m:!-^.-!. 

Branco(\N'.)  Il'e'm.sin  hurariai.  ii.  ;,'.,  n. 
Hp.,  fill  ntiicr  .Slf^occplialr  ;iiis  ilcin 
milfn'n  Kotliliif^cinlin.  .Mil  1  'I'af. 
In:  .lalirli.  k.  prnis.s.  ;;i'ol.  Lamlcsansl. 
f.  l'^"^!!,  lip.  'J",'-:!'.».  An.s/.  von  Danu's; 
in  Nell,  .lalii'li.  MiniT.,  (it'ol.  n.  I'ali'- 
iint.,  H".-'.  1.  ltd.,  1.  lift.  (Dec,  l*s7). 
p.  117. 

Braim(Aii^.)  l.'eluT  die  Vaiicliitcii  dcs 
I'Ifsii.s  liiinliosacralis  von  iv'ana.  Iii- 
an<;.-I)i.ss.  lionn,  If^.-^d,  ■■'vo  ciii  pp.). 

Brocchi  ( — ).     Ktiidcs  Hiir  Ics  liatra<'ii'ii.s 
[Mi-.\i(|iic  ft  Ann  r.  t'ent.  ] ;   in  Mi.s.sion  \ 
.Scicntif.  an  Mcx.,  Kculi.  Zool.,  :i.  p.,  '2.  ! 
.sect,  (li;!  pp.,  'J I  pl.s.}.  [ 

Brunii  (All),  von).  Flimincii'pitlu  1  in 
den  ( J,ill('nj;iiii<;('n  dr.s  ]''roHclu'.s ;  in 
/ool.  An/.,  (1,  .lalilj;-..  No.  1  IS,  p.  .|K!.       | 

Burfuitli  (D.)  Kxpcrinniitfiic  I'ntci- 
siielinnficn  iilKirilir  Froselilarvtii.  Iii(d. 
Ceutiali)!.,  vi,  pp.  C.OlMii:!.  i 


Buifiiith  (l>. )  Vt  iMmlii' lltxi  (lif  ViiMaii- 
dlnnijdi'i'  I'ro.si'lilarvi'ii.     Anat.  An/.,  i, 

pp.  ;tii-:ii7. 

Cad  (.loll.)  I'l'lii'i'  dii-  Ci'iitirii  mill 
Lcilnii^'slialin<'ii  iiii  Kiicki'iiniaik  ili". 
I'ldHclii's.  Mit,  I'inciii  IIm'iiis  ijlii-r 
Li'iliiii;;sli.iliii('n  iiii  K'iirkriiiiiaik  mhi 
Kaiiinrlirn  mid  Kat/r.  Mit/,' litli.  Tal. 
Wiiivlinr;,',  Stalnl,  l-s|,  hvo  (.'.0  pp 
.Si-ji.  .Midi',  .'ins:  \'('iliandl.  |>liyH.-iiiril. 
(Irs.  Wiil/lini;;,  N.  I'.,  l--.  lid.,  M.  ll.  Ull 

Calinels  (H.)  f'WV  Ic  vrnin  dcs  I'ali.i 
rii'iis;  in  t'onipl.  rend.  Ac.  Sr.  I'aii>, 
t.  D",  No.  .I,  pp.  WM}-:w.  Alfslr.  .loiiiii. 
R.  Micros',  Soc,    (•.'),    vol.  'I,  p.  ;i,   p|i. 

iti'iii,  :;r>i. 

rivolnlion      dc    I'l-pillii  limn  ilis 

<{liiiidcs     a      M-nin     dn      Ciapatid;  iii 

Coiiipl.  rend.  .\c.  .'^c.  I'aiis,  T, '.i.'i,  .\n 
■•'I,   pp.  1(11(7    IlKi'.i. 

Camcinuo  ( l.ot. )  l.a  L'dint  IuIiihIH  I'lmil 
cii;;.  ncl  Nciiclo;  in  llnil.  .Mils.  Zoi.l 
.\iiat.  Com  p.  'I'oi  ino,  \cil.  ■.',  No.  "Jii  ( I  p.  . 

l»CM'ii/ioiic  di   mi  ;iiriiio  anoininn 

di  /I'diKi  (.vcii/ni/ii  l.innco  :  in  lioll.  Mns. 
/ool.  Anat.  Conip.  Tor  ino,  \  cd.  It,  No.  IM 
(•J  pp.). 

Iiitoino  alli'  Ncolciiia  cd  alio  s\i 


Injipo  dci;li   .Vnlilii;    in   Alli  ,\cc,id.  .-r. 

Toiino.    vol.  I'.t,  (lisp.  I.  pp.  -I-IH!. 
h'cclicnlics  Mir  la  piolonuai  ion  ilc 

la   vie    Inancliialc    dcs    Ampliiliics;    In 

Arcli.  Hal.  dc   Itioloj,'..  I.  ."i.   fasc.    1,  pp. 

",".»-lir.. 
■    .*<m    !i'    dcs  clop)icniciil    dcs    .\iii- 


]iliil»ics  cl  snr  cc  i|iic  Ton  a  iiomnii'  ilic/ 
cnx     la      Ncolcnic;     in    Aich.    Ital.    i!c 
Itiolo;;.,  t.  .■',  fa.sc.  I.  pp.  ','T,  ','*. 
Kicciclic   intoriio  iilla    \  ila     lii.in- 


(  liialc  dcj.'li   ,\nlilii.      Kcla/ionc   del   M. 
Lcssona;    in   At!i  \i.  .\ccad.  .Sc.  'roiiim 
vol.  IS,  (lisp.  7,  pp.  7. "•."1-7 .">-'. 
I'clicr  die  ilalicnisclicn  I'.nproclii'. 


Artcn.     /.Old.  .\n/..    1.  .laliry;.,   No.  ■■■((. 
pp.   1-lt.  1--1. 
/)'(//"((    fiiiill^.    V.    infia.  /i'((»(i  emu- 


Itiilii. 
Di'lla  Mclla  scssiialc  dcf^li  Anillii 

iii'odcli.     Con   li.;.;    in  Alli   .Vccad,  .Sc. 

Torino,  vol.  Id,  di^p.  •,»,  pji,  'Jll-'.*','.'). 
Os.scrva/ioni   intonio  ad  iiii   indi- 


vidiio  niostinoso  di  /////((  riiidis  Lam. 
Con  lifjf^.  Torino,  l"^-i((,  8vi).  Ilsli. 
da«;li  Atli  IJ.  Accad.  d.  Sc.  Torino,  vol. 
Iti,  disji.  I.  Dec,  is.SO,  pp.  -;t--7. 

(I'lia  Hula  '^aiiilia  postci  iiiir.) 


k 


Tin;    IIATUAt'lllA    OF    NolMII    A.MKKK'A. 


467 


f. 


Camorniio  i  I.'m.  )  If.TliiirlM's.sm  Ics  vaii- 
;iliiiiiN  ill'  /,'((»((  I*!  ((/i  h/(I  I'l  (111  /liilii  riii- 
tlii  thins  li'  lijissin  ili'  l.i  MrililniiiiU'i'. 
(•,>:!  \t\i.)  Kxlr.  <l<'  I'Amsoc.  iVaiiv.  l'""'- 
rjivaiiif.  il.  Hf.,  ('oii;;iiH  il'AI^')  1,  l^"!. 

Kciliriiln's  Hiir  Ifs  varialiiMiH  <lc  la 

Hiiiiii  isriiliiiln  ct  ilii  llii/it  liiiilin  ilaiiM 
II'  lias^iii  ill'  la  Mt'ililiTiaiHT.  I'aiJH, 
!—'•.>,  -i\:)  (I  I  pii). 

(AsMcii'.  riiiiii,    i>'iiii   lavaiir.  il.  sc.  Ciiii.^ics 
ilAIU'T.  I'"*l» 

Kiccirlir  iiiliiiiiiMilla  tli->lliliii/iiiiii- 

jrro^iialiratitjjli  Aiililii  Ami'ii  in  Kniopa. 
('(in  I  caila.  'rcnino.  II.  I.ikscIk  r. 
l-i-'ll,  -v(i  (I'l  |i|i. ).  I".str.  (la^^li  Atti 
All. 111.  1>.  Tdrind.  vdl.  l". 

Kiciiclic    iiildiiiii  alia  vita   liran- 

(  liiali'  (l(';;li  Aiililii  ;  il.  /ndl.  .\n/,..  i'<. 
.l:iliiH..  No.  I'li'i.  pp.  <Wr>-(W7. 

Iiiliiinii  alia  Xciitrnia  cd  all<i  s\i- 

liippd  ili';;li  Aiiiilii.  'rdijiid.  Ldi'scjicr, 
I--:',  -vd  (I".'  I'P'-  l^'^tr.  ila;4ii  Atli 
II.   .\(ca(l.  Sc.  'I'diind,  Vdl.  I'.'.  1--.I. 

It'lccri'lic    inliirnn  alia   vita   lir.iii- 


clii.ilcilcnli  Aiililii.  Ciiii'Jtas'.  Tdiiiid, 
I silicr,    1— :i.     ltd     O'l    I'l'-''      '•-•'• 

i|:lll('    Mini.     I{.    .\i  rail.    ."^i-.  'rdlilld,    Vdl. 

It  i(  TIT  III'  inl  drill)  alia  ili.striliii/.inni' 

<;i'd<4i'itlira  (li';;li  .^iililii  aiimi  in 
I'.iiidpa;  in  .\iii  K*.  .\i  rail.  Sr. 'I'ltriiid, 

Vdl.   |H,  ilisp.  •.',  pp.  '.'T  l-'.'-l'i. 

M(iiiiij;ralia     ilriili     .\iililii     aiiiiri 

iluli.'iiii.  ('  II  '.'  lav.  Tdiiiiii,  V.vm, 
l.di'scliiT,  H~ !.  Hd  ,  lull  pp.).  i;>|r. 
ilallii  Mriii.  I>.  Airail.  .<<■.  'I'drinii  (-.M.  t. 
:i.'i. 

CappniClli  (.\.  )      K'rclliTrln^  suv  Ir  Sfllill 

•III  Trillin  riistttlif) :  in  Anli.  Ilal.  Iiinl.. 

'I'.  I.  I'asr.  I,  pp.  :■,'  --11. 
Ciiiboiuiiei'  (  M. )     Nuti'  mi  tin'  lialiits  ami 

naiiii;,'     nl'     llir     Asiildll.    .(/ii/)///>7(»hi() 

nil  I iiiiiiii  II.     (  ^lall•^iat.  > :     in     I'mr.    l'. 

S.  N'iit.  Mils.,  vol.  ."..  pp.  •,'-Jl, '.".»•,'. 
Carliii  (  Will.   1',.)     ( ilisiTvatinns  <in  Sin- 

iloii     rii'liniiiidis  ;     ill     I'idc.    I'.    S.    Nat. 

•Mils.,  vol.  :!,  is-l,  pp.  |-j((,  I'Jl. 
Cntteiieo  (<i.)     Sviliipjid  c  ili.spdsi/.iiiiii' 

ilillc    ri'lllllr     pi;;iili-lltali     in'llc     lal'Vn 

ilrir.Vxdldtl.     IJdll.  Siii'iit..  viii,  p]>.  I'J- 

t('>. 
Chatiii  (.liia. )     IJi'dicrrlit's  punr  MTvir  a 

riiisiiiirc  (111   iidyan    dan.s   ri''pitlii''iiiini 

aiiilitil'   (li'.s    liatraciciis.     Avit    'J    pi. 

TaiiN,   (ianlhioi-Villar.s,    I<s;!,    Ito  (111) 

pp.). 


Chauvin  ^.Mari^»  vmn.  I'iImt  ilio  Kar- 
linii;j;  ili's  Miiiiiii'lii'iis  Mill  I'niliiit  mi- 
iiniiiiix.  Alls,:.;  in  NaliirldiM'Inr,  III. 
.lain-;;.,  No.  .Ml,  p.   ISI. 

iMiltlii'il. <li'rSi'i'iii>ii  I'lii  llnlili  iiUiiiMir   No, 

rclicr  llir    I'dl'l  plIail/IIIIL:    t.rs    .(/»- 

hlilsloiiiti ;  in  Zddl.  .\n/.,  ('>.  ,lalir;L;..  Nd, 

ir.i,  pp.  .m:!-.-!!.-.. 

\'iiiliin(i;;t>   Mittliriimi;;    iilirr   ilii< 

I'drtptlaii/mi;;    ilrs    I'mliim    uiiijiiiiiif. ; 
in  /ddl.  An/.,  N.i.  Ill,  pp.  ICid-:',;',-,', 

Clarke  i.'^ani.  I'.)  Tlio  i'ai'l\  tlfvildpiiKMit 
III'  till'  Wdltlian  Mdily  ill  .liiihlfistiimit 
liiniiliiliiiii.  With  :l  pi.;  in  Stinlics 
Hidlii;;.  Laliiirat.  .Idliiis  llopk.  rnivrr- 

sitv.  Vdl.  •.'.  \d.  I,  pp.  ;'>;•- II. 

Cope  I  I''..  |).)     (Ill  ilii'  rriinaiv  l)i\iHioim 

dl'  iIm'  .'<alaiiiaiiili'iil.i'.  w  illi  (li'si'ilplinnH 

III"  t  \Mi  iii'W  sprriis  ;   in  I'ldr.  Acail.  Nat. 

Si;i,  I'hila.,  p.  I-.'-,'.  l-.V.'. 
-^/ —  On   sdiiii'    iH'W    ami    litllt'-kiiiiwii 

.\iiii'iir.iii    .\iinra;   in   I'l'dc.   .Vcail.  Nat. 

Sii.  riiila.,  p.  l.'il,   isi'il. 
On  'rra'iliyt't'plialii-i,   Si'aiiliid|iiis, 

ami     dtlii'i'     Aiiiri'iian     liatrarliia;    in 

I'll..-.    Acatl.    Nat.    Sri,    IMiila.,    p.    lit, 

l-i;:!. 
On  till'  limits  ami  irlatioiis  nl'  ilio 

li.iiiii'diincs ;    ill    I'nii'.  Arail.    Nat.   .Sci. 

riiil.i..  pp.  l-l-HI!.  HC.I. 
.ski'i   II  dt'  till'   piimaiy  y;rdnps  nf 

Hull  III  hill    Siiliiiiliii ;     ill    'I'lic    .N'atinal 

llisldiy     l.'i'vii'w.    art.    ii,    jip.    ',IT-1','0, 

l-ii... 
On   .liiiiihiliiiiniis  iiiiiiiiliviii.'i,  il  new 


if 


liatiailiiaii  iVdiii  tin-  Coal  .Vli'asiiri's ; 
in  I'idc,  ,\iiiil.  Nat.  .Si'i.  I'liila.,  p. 
11! I,  l-r,.->. 

Till'  Urptilia  ami  Itati.irliia  nf  tlio 


Soiiiiran  I'rovinit'dt'lln'  Ncart  if  Key  inn; 

ridi'L-i'ils.  Arad.  I'hilailii..  l-<'l!,   p.  llOd. 

(.'oiiti  iliiitidii.s  to  till'   llcrpotdlo^fy 


ol'Tidpii'al  Aiiu'iii'a  ;  in  I'lnrrcils.  Arail- 
I'lny  I'liila.  ;  t  liiril,  Ki.">,  p.  I"'.") ;  foiirtli. 
i-ifiil,  p.  I'.':!;  til'tli,  Hili;,  p.  :!ir  ;  sixth, 
l-C.,-',  p.  Itii.'p;  ninth,  l^TI,  p.  •,'()(),  In 
rrociiils.  Aiiiriiian  I'liilos,  So<\  ;  8ov- 
iiilh,  l.-Ti'.i.  p.  IIT;  i'i;;litli,  1-^70,  ]>.  :)'>.l; 
tt'iith,  KT,  ]).  'S'l;  flrvintli,  IST',»,  jt. 
'Jiil;  twi'll'lh,  l"i-J|.  )).  1C.7:  thirtiM-nth, 
l-i-i,-,,  p.  '^71. 
A    ri'vit^W    dl'   till"    spri'irs    nf  the 


Amlilysloiniihr ;    in    I'ldc.    .\iail.    Nut. 
Sei.  Phihi.,  p.  Kid,  l>d7. 


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468        luiLLKTiN  ;m,  unitkd  statks  national  muskum. 


Cope  (E.  1).)  Oil  Mi(!  Htnicliuv  .-iiid  dis- 
tribution of  <r(!nt'rii  of  tlio  Airifcnms 
Auura;  in  Joiini.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'hiia., 
pp.  ()7-l»7,  liS(>7. 

On  till!  faiiiilii'H  of  the  llanifonii 

Amiia;  in  Joiiiii.  Ac.  Nat.  .Sci.  Pliila., 
pp.  18J-M5,  1837. 

Exaiiiiiiatioii  of  Rojitilia  aii<l  lia- 


J. 


tradiia  of  tlio  Ortoii  Expcd'ii  to  Ecua- 
dor and  Upp.  Amazon,  with  noton  on 
other  species;  I'rocceds.  Acad.  Phihida., 

IfSlJH.  p.  <»(■). 

.Sjnoiisis  of  the  extinct  liafrachia 


of  Xtirtli  .Viniaica;  in  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
.Sci.  Pliila..  p.  'JIH,  lHli?<. 

A  review   of  the   species   of   the 


V 


Plelhoiloutidic  and  Desnio^fiiathidie ;  in 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  p.  l»3, 
l-^lilt. 

On  Siredon  Metamorphoses,  etc. ; 


Cope  (E  ]).)  Synopsis  of  IJatrachia  iiiiii 
Keptilia  oUtaiiieil  liy  II.  II.  Sinitii  m 
the  I'roviuco  of  Mat  to  (!rosso,  l!i;i/il; 
I'rocecds.  Auier.  Philosoph.  Soc,  1^~T, 
p.  44. 

The  Periniaii    I'oinialion  of  New- 
Mexico;    in  Aiiicr.  Naturalist,  vol.   !,"■, 
Dec,  pp.  10JI»,  U)-J1. 
^('J  II.  .s|>.  i)f  Italracliia.) 

^^ Tiie    ISatrachia    of    tlie    Peniiinn 

Period  of  North  Anieiiea.  With  I  pN. 
and  7  cuts;  in  American  NaluraliM, 
vol.  Irt,  Jan.  IHSI,].]..  •i(;--,>ll. 

Tilt'  llyoi<l   Structure  in   the  .\im- 

hlystoiuid  Salamanders.  With  ti;,'. ; 
in  Aiiiericaii  Naturalist,  vol.  'Jl,  No.  1, 
pp.  "7,  ."^8. 

The  Ossiciila  aiulitns  of  the  I!a- 


iii  American   Journal  of   Science   ;ind 
Arts,  vol.  1,  February,  1871. 
On  the  system  of  the  Jiatrachia 


Annra.  of  the   ISritish    Museum    Cata- 
lojjne  ;  in  .Vmerican  Journal  of  .Science 
and  Arts,  vol.  1,  March,  ls71. 
Check-list  of  N.  A.  Hatrachia  and 


Reptilia.     IJnlletin  of    the    V .   S.    Na- 
tional Mu.scum,  No.  1,  ld7.">. 

Synopsis  of  the  Extinct  ISatraehia 


from   the   Coal   Measures;     (ieolo;;i(al 
Survey  of  Ohio,   vol.   'J,    I'ali'ontol.ifjy. 
l.»p.  :i4'.»-4Il.  pi.  xxvi-xl,  l-'7r>. 
S.  contribution  to  the  Zoolo^rv  of 


Montana;  in  American  Naturalist,  .Inly, 
I.s7lt. 

On    the    Ziiido^fical     Position    of 

Texas.     HuHi  tin  of  the  I'.  S.   National 
Mnsenni,  No.  17,  l-irfli. 

Notes  on  tlio  (Jeoj;raphical  Distri- 
bution  of  Itatrac1i:a  and    K<'ptilia    in 
Western     Norih    America;     in     Proc. 
Aciwl.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.,  18-':?,  pp.  I()-:i,'.. 
(Witli  i.  II.  »|i.) 

Tli(^  lii'troi^rade  Metamorphosis  of 


Siren;  Aiiier.  Naturalist,  1885,  p.  I'^'id. 
The    ISatrachiaii     Iiitercentrniu ; 


American  Naturalist,  1880,  p.  7(i. 

•  Synonymic  List  of  the  North  Amer- 


ican species  of  Itiifo  and  Kaiia,  with 
descriptions  of  hoiuo  new  speeitis  of 
llatrachia,  from  specinieiiH  in  tho  Na- 
tional Museum;  in  Proc.  Ainer.  Pliihis. 
Soc,  October,  p.  514,  I88(j. 


trachia.     With    1    pi.;     in    Am.    Nat., 

vol.  'il.  May,  pp.  4()1-4ii7. 
On  tlic  .Siruclure  ami  .Vtlinitics  oi 

the   Aiiipliininida'.     With    'i    I>ls.  ;     ni 

Pioc.   .\iiier.    Pliilos.   .Sue,  Philad..  vol. 

•Jl!,  No.  l-,>;f,  i>p.  44-,'- U.'i. 
The  Ciassilication    of   the    C'a'iil- 

iaus.     (Abstr.);  in  Nalnie,  vol.  :!.">.  NH. 

Kt'.t,  1).  •i"<i». 
Eiii  I'elicr^fanyslcid  von  den  .\iii- 

philpjen  .        den    Heptilicu    (Ciicotiisi. 

.\nsznf;,     ii.    Koai  .'s,  von    l",.    Kraiisr, 

It.   Hd.,  :..    int.,  Jnni,  ji)).  Vltd,  'i\\\. 
On  the  relations  of  the   II void  Mini 


Otic    Elements   of   the  skeleton   in  tin 
ISatrachia;     in    Aiiieiican    Joiini:il    ni' 
Morplioloj;y,  ii,  November,  b~."*~,  p.  ",".'7, 
:5  plates. 

and    Packard  (A.   S.,  jr.)     Tlic 

Fauna  of  the  Nickajai'k  Cave;  in 
American   Naturalist,   November,   1--I. 

Crediier  (II.)  Ueber  Jiruiuliiuntiiinis 
umhlji^lDmux,  einen  neiieii  Stc{;occ|ili.i 
len  ans  deiii  Rolhlie^reiid-Kalke  mhi 
Nii'derhiisslich  iin  Plaiieir.schenOriiinlr; 
in  Sit/.^sber.  natiirf.  (ics.  Lciii/.ij;,  -. 
Jahr^'.,  I-'81,  pp.  l:!.  41. 

I'eber  eiiiij^e    Stc};ocephaleii    llll^ 

lU'in  siichsischen  Ivotliliejiendeii :  in 
Sit/unfjsber.  iiatnrf.  (Jes.  Leipzig',  1  —  1, 
pp.  1-7. 

Die  Ste^focephaleii  aus  deni  Kotii- 


liefjenden  des  Planen'scheii  Oruiideslni 
Dresden.  .MillTaf.  I.  Th.  l.Eiiihi- 
tiinj^.  'J.  lire  .hioniiiiriin  grarilin,  Ci'l. 
Merlin,  I^<~1.  Hvo.  (Aus  Zeitschi.  <l. 
deiiLsch.  ^eolof,'.  ties.,  I8.'^l.  pp.  •,".'- 
330.) 


T 


T 


Trr 


^1 


I 


THE    nATKACIIIA    OK    NORTH    AMERICA. 


4fi9 


Crediier  (H.)  Dii>  Stc^ocfiiliiiliMi  aiis 
(Iciii  Rotliliogi'iKlt'ii  dvn  Pliiiicirsclii'ii 
(JriiiHlt's  l>ei  Dresden.  IF.  Ilraiuliii>- 
sitiiviiH  amhlystomuH  Credii.  Mit  11  TaC. 
rxMliii,  18S1,  8vo.  (Alls  Zeitsc.lir.  d. 
.Iciits.h.  goolo},'.  OcH.,  1881,  pp.  r.7l- 
(lii;!).  III.  I')'losiiiirii'i  latirciif  (;r<!(lii., 
irclicijo'tdiiriix  Dirheiii  Goldf.,  mid  .1. 
Idliroslri'i  .lord.,  cIumhI.,  188'2,  pp.  "21:1- 

t>;!7. 

(ScoZ  A.,  Xc).  no,  1).  504) 

rdicr  M<'!iin('rp<'toii  Vt:  iiiis  dom 

Kolliliffifiid-Kalk    von    NifdcrliiisHlich  : 
nil  IMan(Mi'.s('li<'M  Oriindf;  in  Sitzjjtsbfr. 
iiatnif.  fii'H.  Li'ip/.i^'.  8.   .lalirj?.,   188v», 
l.),.  .J.-.-.I7.  I 

Die  Stcfj;<)(('i)liali'ii  ans  doni  Rotli- 

licifciidt'n  tlt's  Plancn'solicn  (irnndes 
lici  Dresden.  IV.  Tli.  .icdiillioslomii 
n>m.n  C'lcd.  [n.  {J.  i't  sp.],  MvUinvrpvUin 
xphiicepH  C'fd.,  I)inr<>n<iiinin  pirminuiiH 
Civcl.  f  n.  (X.  et  sj).  ,.  :Mit  '2  Taf.  Alidr. 
aiis  Zcitselier.   d.   dentscli.  gedl.  (ie.s.. 

i-i-:i,  pp.  'i7.">-:!()0. 

Cnvier  (G.)  Ossenieus  FosNilew.  Atlas, 
plato  •J.v,>,  Pai  is,  l-ilHi. 

Cnccati((l.)     Sojira  il  distribninuMito  o  , 
la  tennina/iDiie  dclle   lilire  nervee  iiei 
liiiliiKini  di'lla  lUtna  tvmpoi-nriii.     Con  1 
tav. ;  in  IntiTiiaf.  .Moiiatss(dir.  f.  Anat. 
n.  Mist.,  r>.  Mil.,  Pit.  llM-'iO:?. 

Daudin  (F.M.)  llistoire  Natnrelle  des 
K'ainettes  des  (iienonilles  et  des  ('ra- 
pands;   llo.   Paris,  an  .\I  :^-=  I-'o:!. 

llistoire   Nalurelle   des   Reptiles; 

Tome  viii,  Svo,  Paris,  Hd:?. 

Davidoff  (M.)     I'elier  die  VariiMliten  des  \ 
I'lcNUS  liiinliosaeriilis   von    SiiliniKtiuini   ' 
wdcnlo^a.      Mit    1    Taf.;     in    M<iridiol. 
.Talirli..  ;».  15(1.,:!.  lift.,  pi).  HH-lll. 

Davis  (.1.  W.)  On  tlnM)eenrrenee  of  the 
l>eniaii)s  of  LaliyrintliodcMils  in  tint 
Yoredalo  K'oeks  of  \Ven,sle.vdale  (llrit. 
Assoe.);  in.Vatiire,v()t.'2M,  No.7'iiS.ii.  r«7S. 

Daw.son  (.1.  \V.)  On  the  Results  of  Re- 
eiMit,  llxplorations  of  Erect  Trees  cnn- 
tiiiniiif;  Animal  Remains  in  the  Coal 
Foiiualionot  Nova  Scotia.  With '.)  pis.; 
ill  Pliilos.  Trans.  R.  Sor.  London,  v(d. 
17:t,  )).  •,>,  pp.  (•(•Jl-CCO.  Ahslr. ;  in 
I'roe.  R.  Soc..  v(d.  :i:t,  No.  218,  pp.  y.-).|- 
•J.'.t;. 

(N.  LT.  Fi-ilxehin  nmUhimlnn  )    .S.  /.   A.,  No.   | 
ll!t,  p.  IK!. 


Desfosses  ( — ).  l»e  I'o'il  dii  Protee;  in 
<>'ompt.  r<Mid.  .\( .  Se.  Paris,  T.  !t|,  No. 
','<•),  pp.  17-,>'.)-17:il. 

Dewitz  (J.)  Knrtzo  Notiz  iiberdio  Fnr- 
chiinj;  von  Froselieicrn  in  Snbliniatlii- 
sunj;;  in  Pioloj^.  Centralhl.,  7.  Pd.,  No. 
:!,  pp.  1):{,!M.  Altstr.  in  Jonrn.  li. 
Microse.  Soe.  London,  t-^-T,  )).  I!,  p.  :!7(). 

Dogiel  (Alex.)  Uelier  die  iiervilson  Ele- 
niente  in  der  Ni't/.liant  der  Anipliihien 
nnd  V.ijrel.  Mit  W  Ahhild. ;  in  Anat. 
Anz..  :?.  .Tain;;.,  Nos.  11,  VI.  i)p.  :M-J-;{47. 

ITelicr  den  Han  des  (Jeriiehsorfjans 

liei  (Janoiden.  Kiioehentisclien  nnd  Am- 
jdiiliien.  K.osaii.  ISSC);  in  Arbeit,  na- 
tnrforseh.  Ces.  Kasaii.  IC.  I5d..  1.  lift. 
(■""->  pi).\ 

I'eber  den  Pan  des  fieriichsor<^aii8 

bei  (ianoiden.  Knoelipntiselien  nnd  Ani- 
phibien.  Mit  l<  Taf.  ;  in  Arch.  f.  iiii- 
kro.sk.  Anat..  -J'.t.    I!;l.,  1.   lilt.,  pp.  74- 

i:v.t. 

Feber  den   l>an  des  Ciernchsori'an 


bei  l-'isclien  nnd  .Vmphiblen;  in  Biol. 
Central!)!.,  vi.  jip.  I'i.-'-tlU. 

DoUo  (li.)  Note,  siir  le  liatraeien  do 
Pernissart.  .Vvec  1  pi.  ;  in  Pull.  Mns. 
R.  d'Hist.   Nat.   M.dj,'..  T.  :!,  No.  1.  pp. 

w,")-'.k;. 

(I"r\l:i'i)\)iiti:ic1\iH  crovii,  ii.  u'.,  ii.  up.) 

Notice  siir  les   K'eptili's  et  les  Ba- 

traeiens  rociioillis  par  M.  liM'apitaino 
r..  Stoiinsdanslarefiioii  (lnTanj;an,vka; 
in  Pull.  Mns.  R.  Hist.  Nat.  Pel«..  T.  ). 
No.  ;!.  ]ii).   liM-PiO. 

Dowdes-well  ((«.  F.)  Note  on  a  Mimito 
Point  in  the  Structure  of  the  S|iermato- 
zoon  in  th(^  Newt;  in  (^iiart.  .lonrn. 
Microse.  Sc..  vol.  •,':?,  April,  pp.  :!;if)-;i:!!». 

Dugfes(.V.)  Recherches  siir  rOsteoloifio 
et  la  Myolo^ic  des  Palracicns  a  iciirs 
<litVerens  iiiies,  Ito,  I8:M. 

Dumeril   (.\iij;iiste)-      Memoiio   s;  •     les 

Patraeieiis   Anoiires  de  l;i  famiiH^  des 

Ilyl.i'tormes   on    Rainettes,    compr.    la. 

ilcscr.  il'iin  j;-eiire  nonv.  ct  de  onze  (>s|). 

nonv.     Ann.  d.  ScienccH,  Nat.  Paris. 
Diimerii  et  Bibroii.    Erp('tolof;ie  Vt6\\6- 

ralc  Hist.  Nat.  des  Reptiles;  Tome  viii, 

]$atraeiei!s,  Paris,  1811. 
Durham  (IL  K.)    Notes  on  the  ])resenco 

of  il  Neurenteric  Canal  in  Rana.     Q.  J. 

Micr.  Sci.,  xxvi,  pp.  r.O'.t,  .MO,  pi.  xxvii. 


m 


1 


i' 


470 


r.lll.LKTIN    ;M,    rNITEO    STATES    NATIONAL    MUSKUM. 


T 


Duval  (Miilli.)  Siir  Ic  (li'vi'loitiifini'iil  dt' 
I'lippiircil  ffriiito-miiriirt'  die/.  In  j;n - 
noiiillc.  1.  ]).  Lc  iciii  j(i<'ciiis('iir. 
Avec  Skills. ;  in  IvoviH^  Sc.  Nat.  Moiil- 
jicllicr  (:!),  T.  1,  No.    I,   l-f^-->,  PI..   JTl- 

Ecker  (Alox.)  Dio  Anatoiiiic  dcs  I'ro- 
sclics.  Kill  Haiidbnch  t'llr  I'liysioloj^cii. 
Aortzo  und  Stndireudc.  1.  Aliili. 
Kiioi'lu'ii-  imd  .MnsUfllflirc.  Mit  IKi 
iiiolirfai'liij^cn  II(dtzstii'ln'ii.  '2.  Aiill. 
IJraiiiiHfliwt^i;,',  Vit'wcj;,  l-^-'-i,  Svo  (vii. 

i:!9pp.),  M.  r.. 

Dio   Anatoiiiit'   di's    Frosclics.    !i. 

(SclihiHs-)  Al>tlu'iliiii>;.  liclirc  vim  dcii 
KinjjcwcidiMi,  dem  liitcjjuiiu.'iit  ii.  dcii 
SiniU'sorj^aiicii.  IScarlx'itct  voii  If. 
Wcidci'slifiiii.  lirauLscliwci;;,  ^'i^'\v^'<^, 
lHrJ-2,  hfvo  (xi,  ;t.'.  pp.),  M.  5. 

Eisler  (P.)  llistolojfic  dcr  Maj;('n- 
scldciinliaiit.     l?(>r.  Ocs.  Hallo,  1~-T),  pp. 

4-:!t;. 

TfOiitMDf  llic  rriHli'lii  tProtiuit,  Sidniiuniitrit. 
Mul;,,:) 

Eiigelmann  (Tli.  W.)  Dcr  Itiillms  aortM' 
dcs  I'^rosdilicr/ciis.  i'liysiolof^iscli  nii- 
Ici'siicht  in  (Iciiicinsclial't  mil  J.  llarloii 
11.  J.  .1.  AV.  VcilK.cir.     Mil    I   Taf.  11.  ;i 

llolzscliii.         IJollll,       l"'."''^,       f^VO.        Alls 

l'lliij;er's  Arcli.  f.  d.  ars.  I'li.vsiol,  L.-i- 
liorat.  Utrcolit  (:?.),  D.  7.  All.  i>.  jip. 
lllt-1'.tO. 
Ewald  (A.)  und  Krukenberg  (('.  V\\  W.) 
I'elicr  di<>  N'cilircitiiii^i;  <Ics  (iiianin, 
licHondci's  lilicr  M'iu  Vorkonmicn  in  dcr 
Haiit  von  .\ni)dii1iicii.  Kcptilicn,  iind 
von  /'(liiiiiniioti  Jliii'ildli^-:  in  Uiitcr- 
siicli.  pliysiol.  Iiisl.  Hcidcllif,'.,  I.15d.,.1. 

lift.,  ))p.  'j.'^i-'jC)."..  ; 

Ewart  (.».  V.)  The  Dis.scction  nf  ijic 
Fiojf.  Edinlmij^li.  Tliiii  ;  l.oinlon, 
Sini[d<ins,  l-^.^l,  8vo.     \s.  Ck/, 

ratio  (V.)  Faunc  dcs  vcriclncs  dc  l,i 
Suisse.    Vol.:'.    IJei»til('sct  r.atr.icicMs. 

i.s:-i. 

Fermins(rii.)  Aldiandlnnj;('n  v.  d.  siiii- 
naiiiisclicn  Kriltc  odcr  Pijia;  Hvo, 
lininswick,  177(1. 

Flemming  (W.)  Wcitcr<^  Hcoliaclitiin-  t 
;;cn  iilicr  die  Kntwickliiii;;  dcr  Spcrni.i- 
to.soincn  bci  iSalamniiilni  niaciiltmn.  .Mii 
ITiif.;  ill  Arch.  f.  iiiikrosk.  Anal.,:'!. 
lid.,  1.  ITft.,  pp.  71-!)7.  Al.str.  in  | 
J(Mirn.  U.  Microsc.  Soc.,  LoikIoii,  1^8.'^, 
p.  2,  p.  Kit).  I 


Flemming  (\V.)  Nouvcllccontrihiitinn  a 
la  cminaiss.'ince  lie  la  cellule.  1'  |>ailir. 
La  division  celliiltiire  ilaiit*  Ics  s|icmiki- 
(oeytes  dn  SftUniKUidiit  maciilusa  ;  exh. 
in  Arch.  zool.  exjicr.  et  };eii.  (•,'),  T.  .",, 
^l'o.  :i,  Notes,  No.  1."),  pp.HI{-H.">. 

Saltiuiniidrn    maculosa,    Sjicriiiatd 

ryleii;   in  Zool.  Anz.,  No.  1!G."),  ji.  ;i'.ll. 

Fischer  (.1.  (i.)  I'dier  cine  Kollcktimi 
von  licptilien  mid  Aniphihien  von  <\iv 
liisid  Nias  und  iihcr  eiiio  zweite  Art  ilir 
(iattiin;;  .(h»/(7/(/ dray.  Mit  1  Taf.  ;  in 
Aliliandl.  aus  d.  (leh.  d.  Xaliirwiss  , 
llainhni';.  It.  Mil.,  1.  llfl.  (lOjip.). 
(20  [2ii.]si>.) 

Analoiiiische  Ahliaiidli'u^fcn   iiliii 

die   I'ereuuilirancliiateii    und  Dcrolic- 
iiicii;  'Ito,  Ilanilmrf;,  I.SCI. 

Fischer  (.J.  de).  K'olc  dcs  Aniphiliicii> 
en  Afi'iiiuilliire.    MontpcHiT,  If^SC,  ,-vn. 

'->;?  pp. 

Fischer  (Job.  v.)  Wcisse  rroscliliinlic 
ill)  Freieii:  in  lliiinlioldt  (l)aiiiinci'^, 
1-.-7,  1.  llft.,i.p.  •-'•J,!.':!. 

Dcr   llillilcnmolch  odcr   l^nllrilnii 

(Siiilirpcs  [dtolriton]  fitsitis)  (icni''. 

Dcr    l{!asiii,s'sclie    Triton    {Trihni 


y>7((.sii  lie  rislc)  und   iilier  die   llailmi; 

dcr  ciir()]iiii.-chen   Tritoiien    ini    .\llj,'c- 

iiieinen;    in    Zool.  (Jarteii,  2^.  Jahr;;., 

No.  1,  pii.  Il--.'0. 
Die  I'anllicr-K'iiite  in  iler(icfan<;cii. 

scliaft   (Hii/i)    iiiiiillifyhiiix  (iiiich  =-  /.'. 

mauriUiiiiciin  Sclilc;;.);   in  Zoolo;;;.  (iai- 

tcii,  21.  .lalirt;.,  No.  2,  jip.  'J;!-J.".. 
Dcr  auslralisclie  I.anhfroscli,  Ifi/hi 


viiriiUa  White--  llyla  cyauia  Daiuliii, 
ill  dcr  (iefaiij;ciiscliaft;  iu  Zoolof;. 
Ciartcii.  '21.  .lahrj;.,  No,  1,  pp.  'Jl-,',"i. 

rifiirmlchx    iralllii    iiii   Fis   eiiij;c- 

schlosseii;  in  llunihoidt  (Daininerl,  7. 
./alll■^^,  1.  lift.,  pp.  IIW,  i:!'.l. 

Fischer-Sigwart  (II.)  I'.iiie  Flireiirct- 
tiiiifj  lies  (irasfrosches  (Ilatia  Itiiipuni- 
yia);   in  Zoolofj.  (iarteii,  2.').  ■lalir;^..  No. 

1,  PI.,  o-.i-'r.. 

irii>ere    I'li'lschc    n.    Kiiitcn    siinl 

Nachtthicre;  in  Zoolo;j,  (Jaitcn,  'J.',. 
.lahr;::.,  No.  2,  pp.  ,">(),  51. 

Fisher  (.\.  K.)  Spiln-ins  (lullolhinilny 
Iloll.i'ook  iu  the  vieinit.v  of  Washiiij;- 
ti.n,  1).  ('.;  ill  Aiiicr.  Naturalist,  vol. 
•JI,  No.  7,  1..  (uV*. 

Fitziiiger  (L.  1.)  NeiicClassilication  ihr 
Ifepliiien:    Ito,  Wicii,  IH-.'d. 


h. 


I 


TMK    HATRACllIA    OF    NORTH    A.\[K1{ICA. 


471 


;  w 

7 


I 


Fiaisse  (F.)  Eijiciitliiiiiilii'lu!  Slruc- 
turvt'rliilltiii.ssc  iiii  .Scliwaii/c  e^\val•ll^s(^ 
iicr  rrodi'leii.     Zool.  An/..,  lH80,i)i).  V2, 

Hi. 

Franke  (Ad.)  Dio  Uciitilicn  uiid  Aiu- 
liliiliicn  Dciitschlfuids.  Nach  fif^ciuMi 
I'.i'oliMclitiiii^i'ii  {.^cscliildtrf.  Mitfiiiciii 
Vorvvorf  von  \l.  I,ciicUai't.  licip/ij;, 
Vfit  11.  Co.,  lHS1,i-vo(\-,  171  pp.), No.  2. 

Fnbini  (S.)  (icw  iclit  drs  ccntraloii  Ner- 
vciisy stems  iiii  Vcrglcich  zn  dom  Kih'- 
jicrgcwirlit  diT  'riiicrc,  Iti'i  Itana  cucii- 
litila  II.  Rutin  tcnqxiraria ;  in  Molo- 
scliolt,    riitfisiicli.    ■/,.    Naturloliro    d. 

Mfiiscii.,  1-j.  lid., ."..,().  Tift.,  pp.  .ir.r>-ini. 

Gage  (S.  II.)  Ohsorv.i^ioiiH  on  the  fat 
ci'lls  and  conncctivo-tissno  corpuscles 
ofXcctiinis;  Proccodiiij^s  Aincr,  Society 
iif  MicroHcoiiists,  188'i,  Anj;ust. 

— ■ — •  Notes  on  tlic  inontli  epitlieliiiiii  of 
Xcctnrii.s  and  Meno))oni;i.  Notes  on 
the  Mood  e()rpn.scle,s  of  Nectiiriis;  loc. 

Cit.,    18,-!,-,. 

Gaiman  (S.  \V.)  On  I'seiidis.  A  iiol(i 
on  tlie  socalli'd  B((lni(:hiclilhij»,  dc- 
sci'ilied  in  flio  Ann.  Miis.  Nac.  Rio  (l(> 
Janeiro,  vol.  1,  ])latc  G,  liy  I>r.  Pizarro. 

A  Spciies  of  Pseiidis  from  tlie   h'io 

Aiassualiy,  Hra/.il  ll'^./iixciun.  si).]:  in 
Science  Oiiserver,  vol.  1,  No.  •">,<),  |i.  17. 

On  tlie  Reptiles  and   Itatracliians 

of  Nortli  Aineiiea.  TlicNortli  Am.  Rcji- 
tiles.  r.  1.  Opliidia.  With  D  pis.  (xxxi, 
H.-)l>p.). 

I'roiii  ilrin.  Mm.  CiiTiiiiiir.   i'liol.  at  Ihirvunl 
(.'ollrnc,  lS8;i. 

On  the  Reptiles  and  natracliians  of 

(Jrand  Cayiniiii ;  in  I'roc.  Anier.  IMiilos. 
Soc,  vol.  'J I,  No.  l-id,  pp.  •_>7:!-'J77. 

(0  ['J  II.  I  s|i  ) 

Re]ili!csand  liatracliians  from  New- 
Mexico  ami  Tcxa.s  (from  Hull.  Essex 
Instil.,  vol.  lit,  l.-i-7,  'JO  PI..). 

Gamier  (.1.  II.)  The  Mink  oi'  Iloosier 
Fro;f  [Haiia  n<pienli-itinali>t];  in  Anicr. 
Naturalist,  vol.  17,  Sept.,  pp.  l»l.-.-9.'.l. 

(!)n  a  new  Hjiccics  of  MciKthraiicIiii." 

I  /((/(•/•((/is- var.  n.  Ldtastii].  I'roc.  Canad. 
Iiistit.  (:!),  vol.  r.,  fasc.  >,>.  pp.  •Jlo,'JHt. 

Gasco  (F.)  (ili  aiiiori  dclTritonoalpcstre 
(Tiilou  dlixKtri'^.  hfiiir. )  c  la  tleiiosizionc 
dclle  sue  nova.    Ann.  Mns.  (icnov.,  xvi, 

pp.  r.-.-s. 

liCs  .Viiioiirs  des  .\xolo(ls;   in  Zool. 

All/.,  I.  .lahro..  No.  8.">,  pp.  :!l:i-:>l(;;  No. 

.-^li,  pi>.  :iJ-<-;!;ii. 


Gaskell  (\V.  II. )  On  the  rhythm  of  tho 
Heart  of  the  Fro;;,  and  on  tho  Nature 
of  tho  Action  of  the  Vaf;us  Ncrv<^;  in 
I'hilo.s.  Trans.  II.  So(!.  London,  vol.  171?, 

p.  1,  pi>.  i)i»:?-i(/:?:{. 

Ahstr.  Troc.  R.   Soc,  vid.  3:?,  pp. 

i!)')--:»o:i. 

Gatehouse  (.J.  W.)  Tho  developiiient 
and  life-hi.story  of  tlio  Tadpole.  With 
2  ])1h.  ;    in  Joiirn.  of  Micro.sc.  and  Nat. 

Sc.  u.  S.,  vol.  t.  pp.  :j;5-:{8. 

Gautier  (A.)  et  Etard.  Ohservations  re- 
latives a  line  note  do  M.  Caliiicis  siir  le 
vcnin  des  I5atracicns;  in  ('oini)t.  rend. 
Ac.  Sc.  Paris,  T.  IH,  No.  10,  p.  C.il. 

Geert.q  (.\.-.I.-C.)  Notice  siir  la  urando 
Salamandre  dii  .lapoii.  Avec  1  ]>1. ;  in 
Noiiv.  Arch,  du  Miis.  (2.),  T.  .''.,  pp.  2715- 
2110. 

Gegenbaur  (('.)  ITntcrsuchuniicu  z. 
vcrjileicli.  Anatomic  d.  Wiilielsalilo  hei 
Aniphihien  n.  Reptilien;  Ito,  Leipzig', 
Hli2. 

rntersiicliiingen      ziir      verglei- 

chenden    Anatoiiiio    der    Wirhelthicn^, 
Carinis  und  Tarsus,  ISti-l. 

rntersnchungen   ziir  vcrgleichcn- 

Ai'u  Anatomic  dor  Wirhelthiere,  Schul- 
tei'eiirtel  dcr  Wirheltliicro,  l."'tl."). 

Giacosa(P.)  (Miemical  Comiiosition  of 
tho  Eji'^  and  its  Envelopes  in  tho  Com- 
mon I'rog;  ahstr.  in  .loiini.  R.  Miorosc. 
Soc.,I-ondon  (2.),  vol.  4,  j).  2,  pp.  W^, 
201. 

fit  iidcssiir  la  composition  chinii(|UO 

do  I'u'uf  ct  des  envcloi>po.s  clicz  la  (Irc- 
nonillo  conimniie;  in  Arcliiv.  Ital.  Hio- 
log.,  T.  2,  fasc.  2,  pp.  22(i-2:{l. 
Gbtte  (.\lcx.)  Entsvickoliingsjrcscliichto 
der  rnke.  :^vo,  pp.  OIm,  Leipzig,  187;'), 
with  folio  atlas. 

I'cher  Eiitwickclnng  u.  Reecnera- 

tion    des    (illiedmassen  -  Skelctes     dor 

Molcho;  4to,  Leipzig.  187'.). 

Gravenhorst  (.1.  L.  C.)     Reptilia  Mnsei 

Zoologici  Vratislavionsis,  fasc.   I.  Clii- 

hniiact  Hatrachia;  folio,  Leipzig,  l"!2l). 

Greef  (R.)     Kcher    Siiihonopt    iliomvnKiH 

I      IJarl).  du  I3oc.     Beit  rag  ziir  Ki  nntniss 

der  Cii'cilien  (Gymnophionon).     Mit  1 

Ahhild.;     in  Sitzgsber.  t\.  <ies.    z.  I5e- 

fiird.  d.  ges.   Naturwiss.    zu    Marburg, 

18.-^-l,  Xo.  1,  pp.  17-;!2. 

Greiffi.l.)     Z.'ihos  Lelien  eiiics  AxolotI; 

ill  Zool.  (iarteii,  2.-<.  Jahrg.,  No.  :?,  pp. 


It  *' 


m 

! 

m 

1 

■ 

' 

': 

!  U 


;■;  . 


472        liirij.i-yrix  m,   UNirKi)  statks  xai'ional  mi;si:iim. 


Giiiuhagen  (  A . )  I".iii  iniifM  uMiinini'- 
trisclics  NrrrMlncii  /.iir  l)iiii(iiistrali(iii 
vasd-iiiiisiiictoiisclicr  Ci'iil nil  iiii  Uii- 
clit'iiiiiaik  (li's  I'losclics ;  in  l'lliij2;<'i''?i 
Anil.  f.  (1.  jirH.  rii.vsiol.,  2.'>.  B.I..  .'..-(•.. 
IU'l..  pp.  ','.'.  1 -',»."..-..  j 

Giinthcr  (A.)  ('.itiilo-riM-  of  the  Hatra- 
cliia  SMlicnlia  in  tlio  ('Miicctioii  of"  tin- 
Uritisli  Miisi'iiiii,  18(!m.  | 

Anipliiliia  IVniu  llu^  Striiilsof  Ma- 

jj;('ll;in.  etc.  :    in   I'rnc.    Zuol.   So,'.    Lon- 
don. ls<|,  i,  pp.  I-  I;). 
(I  s]!.,  ;!ii..s|i.   SicZ.  A..  No. o;,  iip. :;ii,nf:  i 

Xoti'.s  on  lialiacliians  I'loiii  I'c  rak: 

Annais  Maiias.  Nat.  Ili>|.,  I<~T,  p.  111:!. 

Ivcpoit  on  a  C'ollrctioii  of  Kcptilcs 

anil    lialracliiaiis  sent    i)y   I'.iiiin   l'a.'^;li;i 
fVoin  Moiiliuttu.  rppcrCoii!;'!";   in  I'loc. 
/ool.  Sue.   i.ondcill.    1^ — ^~,   i.  pp.  f)!'-.")!. 
(ll!  Itcplilisniiil  1  lialr.icli.) 

( )liscivalions  on  sunic  r.iii'  M'pl  iirs 

iiiitl  a  liifracliian  now  o|- lately  li\in:; 
In  the  8ii(iit.\'s  Mcn.iirriii'.  Willi  ti  jil.; 
in  'I'r.iiis.  /on),  .'^iic,  !,!iiicloii,  vol.  II, 
pt.  7,  j.p.  '2\'>--l-l>. 

(('frntiiplinji:'  oniiiln.  all  li^nn'il.i 

Haase  ( l^ricli).  Saclisciis  Anipiiiliiiii :  in 
.Sitz;isl)cr.  11.  AliliiU;^.  iiatmwi.ss.  (ies. 
Isis  IdTsil.'ii,  l-'.-'r,  .Iiili-I)<'c.,  Al)lil(I;;., 

pp.  r)7-ii.'). 

Hallowell  (Kilwanl),  M.  D.  Di'scription 
of  si'Vi  ral  spi'iics  of  L'timIcIh,  willi  re- 
niai'UH  on  llio  jieo^jrapliical  di.strilmtion 
of  tlic  ('adiiciliraiicliialo  divi.sion  of 
tlicsc  animals  ;ind  tlnir  ••la-^silicat  ion. 
I'roct'cdiii^^s  of  till'  Academy  of  XmI  mal 
Seieneis.  I'ehiii.U'y,  1~."(),  p.  (i. 

On  tlie  Cadneiliraiielii.'ile  rrodnle 

r>atra<liians;  Journal  Ae.id.  Seimces 
IMiilada..  H.V,  ;!;!7. 

•  On  7ViV/()»()p/i)7/.s  finiiccjtx;  loc.  <it.. 


\\.  :!t')7. 

Hargitt  (C.  \V.)  On  the  Iial)ils  of  .s'<«(- 
liliiojiiix  lifilhroiihii :  Aiiier.  NatnralLst, 
.Iniic.  l'^--'. 

Hartog  (S.)  ISijiira^e  toi  de  pliysi(doi;ie 
van  <len  r>nll)ns  Aort.e  van  liet  kik- 
vor.seldiait.  Mel  'J  lioiitsn.  tin  1  pi.  ;  in 
Ondcrzoek.  IMiysioloj;.  Lalioral  .I't  i'e(  lit 
(:i.),  I).  (1,  all.  •,»,  I--I.  pp.  :i(il-IH. 

Hai-vey  (lieiihen).  I'lMio'sopliajji'iil  .Mem- 
brane of  I'i'ol;-  (Diildin  Mierose.  Clnli'l; 
ill  Ann.  of  .Nat.  Mist.  (.'>.),  vcd.  11, 
Maicli,  pp.  -Jl'-'.^i:!. 


Hay  iO.  P.)  De.sciiiition  of  a  new  species 
of  .\iiiblystonia  fioai  Indiana;  rroceciN. 
ir.  S.  N.'it'l  Mnscnin.  ISH."),  p.  aOi). 

Oliservalions  on   AinpliiiiiMa   ainl 

its  yoiin;;;  .Aiiier.   Naturalist,    If'HS.   ]i. 

:!ir>. 

Heller  (Karl  M.)  Aiiipliiliioloiiisclie  No 
ti/eii.  .Mil  1  Aldiild.  :  ill  Zool.  Gar 
ten,  -J'.i.  .Ialii>;.,  No.  C.  (ip   177-1"^1. 

Hermann  ( I-.)  Weiteic  rntersiicliiint^eM 
iilier  das  X'erlialten  der  I'rosclilarveii 
iiii  ;;.ilvaiiis(dien  Sliome;  in  Ptliij;er\ 
Arch.  f.  d.  Mcs.  j'hysiol.,  :;■<.  lid.,  8., ',». 
nil.,    pp.    Ill-ll'.i;     Ahstr.    ill    Jourii. 

.Mierose.  ."^oi'.  ('.'.'I,   l'^'^7,  p.  1,  1>1).  f)!,.^)','. 

Hcron-Royer  (— ).  Notieesnr  lesimeiiri 
des  liatracieiis.  I'aHc.  '2,  Aii;;ers,  IhsC, 
Svo  ( 1.".  pp.').  K\tr.  (Ill  Hull.  Soe.  f.tiul. 
Scient.,  Aii^^ers,  l»-^."). 

Siir  la  leprodiielion  de  ralhiiiisiiie 

|>,ir  voie  heieditaire  die/.  I'AIylc  ac- 
eoiiclier  el  snr  raccoupleiiient  de  ee  I!.i- 
tr.ai'ieii;   in   liull.  Soc.  /iml.  France,'!'. 

11,  Nos.  '<,  c>,  p|).  (;ri-f;7'.i. 

A  )ii()pos  de  la   finest  ion  des  jjre- 

iioniiles  ronsses  sonlev(^e  en  Italic  par 
I'Moardo  l!ett;i — li'tliitt  fiima  et  Hdiia 
<t;/ili.'<  -et  le.s  |iriiieipaux  earaeteres  ipii 
les  (liirereiieicnl  i\  la  perioile  einliryoi:- 
naire  et  lir.inehialc.  Avec  1  pi.;  in 
I?!ill.  Soc.  Zool.  Fr.iliee,  T.  II,  No.s.  f),  (1, 
Pl>.  (isl-i;;)li. 

description  dn    Vihthatix  lalij'rniii 

des  environs  de  'I'lirin  et  d'liiie  <'oii- 
forinalion  parlicnliire  de  retIiiiioi'ili> 
I  iiez  les  n.ilraciciis.  Avec  10  fins.;  in 
Hull.  Soc.  Zool.  I'r..  T.  13,  No.  3,  pp. 
.-.V'.ll. 

Note  compleinent.'lire  Hiir   le   I'flo- 

hiili-'  li(li/nnis.  I  hill.,  No.  •!,  J).  I0>; 
No.  .".,  pp.  III'.",  11(1. 

.Noiivelles  reelicrcluj.s  snr  lo   I'do- 

bitl('<  hdifroiix,  en  repollS(^  h  la  note  de 
M.  liiHileiij;er  snr  \r  I'elobate  lirnii. 

Note  snr  riivliri<lati(iii  des  Hatra- 


(uelis  anonres  et  ses  prodiiils  coii^jt^ni'res 
et  liij^eiiercs;  in  Hnll.  Soc.  Zool.  France, 
T.  H,  .Vos.  5,  I'l,  pp.  ;i'.17— lit). 

Keilierelies  Hiir  les  caracli^i'cs  eiii- 


hryoiin.aires  externes  d(i  I'Alyto  ac- 
ecMicIier  (.iljitin  ohslilric(tuK)  h  ])artir  do 
la  |»oiite  jiisipiTi  I'e 'losion  de  la  larve. 
Avec  1  |d. ;  in  Hnll.  Soc,  Zool.  I'ranco, 

T.  >,  Nos.  .^>,  i;.  )ip.  ii7-t:!(i. 


if  a  iK'w  .siiiM'iis 
iiiia  :  I'locfcds. 

Viiiiiliiiuiiii  ii'i'l 
viilist.   If'.-'^'.  1'- 

I 
liiolofiiHchc  No 
ill    Zool.  Giu- 
p   177-1-^1. 

Tiitcrsiiclnint;*'!! 
■r  Kroscliliiivcii 
u'\  ill  rtliii;<'r's 
„1.,:!^.  nil.,ri.,'.'. 
lintv.    in   Jonrii. 

,  V.  I,  PP.r.i.w. 

icosiirlosiim'ur.s 
.  'i.  Anders,  l^^i^fi, 
I  null.  Soi'.  r.tud. 

on  ilti  ralltinif^iii'' 
clu'/.  I'Al.vtf  !ic- 
idonicnt  <lt^  CO  l?a- 
.  Ziiol.  I'rancc,  '!'. 
(•.71>. 

(liiistion  ties  ^11- 
i.\Y'c  en  Italic  iiar 
„i  fiisca  ct  7i'(iii" 
uix  caiactiTcs  (Hii 
lu'Titiilt'  cinliryoii- 
Avcc   1    I'l.;     ill 

.•,.,T.  u.NoH.  r.,  (;, 

liiii  ct  d'nnt'  cDii- 
rc  (Ic  rctliiiKiidi" 
Av.M-  10  li.iiN. ;    ill 

'1".  i:?,  N'>-  '\  PI'- 

Itaiiv  Hur  Ic   /V/<i' 


iclics  siir  lo   y't'i'- 

lioiisc  ii  la  note  (Ic 

•I'loltatc  bnin. 

(lation  (Ics  IJatra- 

loduits  (Min-i^ncvcs 

Soc.  Zool.  France, 

7- tic. 

|l(>s  caiactt'Tcscin- 
L  do  I'Alyto  ac- 
jricdd.-)  !\i)aitir(lo 
losion  dc  lii  liii'vc. 
Isiu!.  Zool.  ri'iincp, 
17 -i:'.!".. 


TIIF-    r.ATRAC'illA    OF    NmjMII    AMKIMCA. 


473 


HeronRoyer  (  — ).     Noic  ,siir   <iiii'l(|nc,s     Hinckley  (, Ma i\  II.)    Tlic   di'vilniinu'iit 


caracti-rcs  iKTiricttant.  dc  distil. j^iur 
Carilciiicnt  />'m/(>  I'iritlis  dc  IliiJ'o  caUimila. 
Avcc  lij,'.  //*<■(/.,  T.  l»,  Nos.  1,  •,>,  i.p.  '.i'.)-:!!. 

.  Oti.serviitioiis  coiiiparativcs  siii'  Ic 

dc'vi'loi)|icniciil  cnIcmic  ct  Tctat  adiillc 
dcs  liatraciciis  dii  j^ciiii^  lltiiiihiimlor. 
Avcc  "J  ids.:  in  liiill.  Soc  Zool.  I'raiicc, 
T.  11!,  No.  ;!,  1>1>.  71!,  71.  Iliil'o  ririilis, 
ihid.,  \>.  "^1. 

I,'accoi.iiiciii('iii  dii  /•((/'((  rii'idix  ct 

Ics  idic'iioinciics  i|iic  inc'sciitciit  li'.s  cov- 
iloiis  d'o'iil's  dc  cct  aiioiirc  diiraiit  I'cvo- 
liilidii  dc  rciidiiyoii.  Avcc  Ii;;'. ;  in 
r.iill.  Soc.  Zool.  Fiance,  T.  i:t,  No.  I, 
|i|i.  -Ji;-:!!. 

I'.ssai    hiir  la  'rransinission   dc  la 

Coloral  ion  die/  les  liatraeiens  ,\iir)iii'cs: 
i'liillcliii  lie  la  Socii'lc'  ZoilloLjicnie  dc 
I'lancc,  Is-JS,  |i.  -JO.'i. 

Note   siir   line  iiouvcllii  t'oniie  di' 

(ircnoiiiIl<^  roM>sc  dii  siid-cst  dc  l,i 
I'lalicc  \^l!iiiiii  J'litcii  liDinntnili].  Avcc 
■.'  ids.  ;  ill  IJiiII.  Acad.  Se.  ISel;;.  (I!),  T. 
I,  No.  ',',  1>1>.  1:!'.>-1H. 

Siir  la   presence  d'liiie  envelopiie 


oC    ilic     Ticc-Toad    I  Hi/lii    nrsi(olor'\. 
Willi  (iy.  ;  ill  Aiiier.  Naturalist,  vol.  Ki, 
Aii.n-.,  ])]).  (Kili-thil*. 
On  some  diircrenccs  in  the  iiioiilh 


adventisi!  aiitoiir  divs  t'i'cc.s  cliez  Ics 
li.itraeielis.  .\vcc  lii;-. ;  in  Itiill.  Soc. 
/ool.  I'raiicc,  T.  l:!,  Xo.  'J.  pp.  .'■i.")-.")7. 

ct  Van  Bambeke  (Cli.)     Snr  Ics 


caraclercs  toniiiis  par  l.i  boiudie  dcs 
Iciardsdcs  r.atr.icicnsaiioiii-csd'iliirope. 
I'aris,  HSI,  r^vo  (7  pp.). 

(lAlr.dii  I'mU.Siic.  Zoiil.  1'miicc.) 


stnietiire  of  T 'dpolcs  of  the  Anurous 

ISatracliians    found    in    Milton,    Mass. 

With  1  pi.;    ill  I'roe.  Uostoii   Soc.   Nat. 

Hist.,  vtd.  '21,  iii,  pp.  :i(i7-:!M. 
Hir.schburg  (     ).     Zur  Dioptric  dcs  .\iii- 

pliihieiiaii;;es,    r.   ■•<iij)ni    I'isccs,   Z.    A., 

No.  117.  p.  !•>. 
Hoffmann  (('.   K.)     Zur    Kiit wickliiiins- 

j;i'scliiclite<lci'  rio;;ciiil!ilorifaiie  hci  den 

-V  nam  Ilia.  Z.\viss.Zool.,x!i  v.pp..">7ii-:ll;>, 

pis.  \xxiii-xxxv.  Hdlnnliid,  pp.."i7n-l'il  I. 
Holl  (II.)     Zur  Anatimiii'  der  .Miiiidhiile 

v(ui  li'iiiKi  Iriiiporarid  ;   In  .\n/.ci,i;er  kais. 

Akad.  Wiss.  Wicii,  H""7,  No.  1,  pp.  F."i. 
Honnorat    (IM.-F.)      Note    siir   resiii-ce 

li'diid  fused,      lliiil..  pp.  li-'-l.'il. 
Horis.say  (F.)  ct  Bataillon  (— ).      Sej;- 

incutalion  (\i'  I'lcuf  el  sort   dii    Idasto- 

jiore  clic/    r.Vxolod;   in    (Joiiipl.    rend. 

Ac.  Sc.  I'aiis,  T.  107,  No.  I,  pp.  •^^I~'2'^\. 
Formal iini  di^  la.  (!;istriila, 

(111  nics(d)laste  et  do  la  chordo  d(M-saI(i 

die/.  r.Vxohdl;  in  Coiiipt.  rend.  Ac.  Sc. 

I'aris,  T.  11)7.  No.  2,  pp.  i:M-l:i(i. 
Hoist  (U.)    On   new   and    little-known 

I'lo^s  (rmii  the  Malayan  Ardiipela^o; 

in    Notes    Lcydtii    Miis.,  v<d.    o.    Nolo 

XXIII,  pp.  >,>:!.-.-•,' 1 1. 

(On  Ilii/ii  fi-iii'iil'diix  anil  '"irtini/.wc'.    Thdo- 

ihrtiiii  li'jirnstnti  ;  It  n.  >p.) 


Sur    Ic.s   earaeleres   fonrnis     Howes  ((i.  I'..)     Oii  a  hillieito  niireco;;- 


iii/ed   fcatiiro   of    the  Larynx    (d'    the 
Annroiis    Aniphihia;      Proceed.    Zoill. 
.Soc.  Loudon,  l~'-'7,  p.  l',*!. 
Notes  on  llic(inlar  Ilrood-ponch  of 


p;ir  la  liouclic  di's  tclards  dcs  r>atr,icioiis 
niioiiri's  d'l'.iiropi';  in  I'liiil.  Soc.  Zoid. 
France,  ls-^1,  1.,  '2.  p.,  pp.  7.'i-~n. 

-^ Sill'   Ics   caraeteres   foiirnis 

par  la  lioiidie  dcs  Ictanls  dcs  I!al  laeiens 
a  lion  res  d"Fn  rope.  I  In  1  let  in  dcla.Socicli' 
Zooloj;ii|Uc  dc  Fiaiwc  ('.'(i  .aviil ),  1~"^S. 

Heitwig  (Osc.)  |):is  luitllere  l<ciuil)lalt 
nnd  dio  ('lunda  der  Amireii;  in  .Icna. 
Zcitsdir.  f.  Natiirwiss..  K).  Ud.,  Ii.  lift., 
Sit/j;slie!-.,  pp.  i;t--Jl. 

Hilgendorf  (F.)  Das  Ilcos.icral-fJidcnk 
der  /Uli^ciiloscil  Fliisdie  ( /'/;»«,  Ihictil- 
hllini);  in  Sit/i^slicr.  (ics.  Nat.  I'r.  liei'- 
liii,  lf^~^l,  Ni>.  '2,  pp.  :!.")-:i"^. 

Hinckley   (Mai'y    II.)      Notes   on    I];;;;s 

;ind    Tadpoles    (d"   /.'///((    vi  rsicolor ;    in  ami  (icuesis  of  siipcriinmcrary  phalan- 

I'loc.   Hoslon  Soc.   Nat.    Ilisl.,   vcd.  "JI.  n'cs,  esp.  of  the    liatradiia;  I'roccodH. 

pi>.  101-107.  i  Zoill.  S  ic.  London,  l.S.S-<,  II.  U)."). 


L'liinaih  riiKl    ildririiiii ;    I'rocceds.    Zoid. 

.^oe.  L(mdoii,  I."^.-<"\  p.  2I?1. 
Oil  the  Carpn.s  and  Tarsn.s  of  tlio 

Anura;    I'rocceds.    Zoid.  Soc.   Loudon, 

l-i>-',  p.  111. 
Nolo  (Ml    the  a/yc'os  reins  in   the 

Anurous  .\iiipliihi;i.     With  liji. ;  in  Proc. 

Zo(d.  Soc.  LotidiMi.  IS-i:^,  i,  ])p.  l\>-2-l'Ji;, 
Oil    some    aliiiormalitics    of    the 


Fro^j's  v(>rtobral  column,    liiuid   /cm/io- 
rtiri<(.     With  cuts;  in   Anal.   An/..    1. 
.Iain-;.,  No.  11,  pp.  '.'7.-'--,Nl. 
Ohservatioiis  cm  the  Mcu'pliolof^y 


'■Ui 


ii 


■  i 


<  a 


M 


n 


474  ItlLLHTIN    :il,    UNITKI)    STATKS    NATIONAL    MI'SKl'.M. 

Huber    (O.)      rdter     Iiriistwarzi'ii    lici      Joiiidain  (S.)     K'l'clicnlir.ssui  Ic  nvsIi'm 


r 


li'itiKt    Umiturtuia     L.     .Mil    I    'I'ar.  :    ii 

/iiitschr.  1".  wiss.  Zo«I.,  1.").  IJil.,  I.  lilt.. 

pp.  (iOI-CCiH, 
Huxley  (T.  II.)    Aiiiitomy  "I"  the  vcitf- 

liralcil  Aniiiiiils.     Liiiulon,  1S71. 
On  tlir  stnietmv  of  llu>  skull  iiiid 

of  till'  licai't.  1)1'  MviinhranvhuK  UilvruUx. 

Trot'.  Zool.  .Soc.  LdikIdii,  Marcli.  1-71, 

p.  1^(1. 
Hyrtl  (.lo.s.).     Cvijptohmiichux  jupoiiicwi; 

Vienna,  18(15. 

Ihering  (II.  von).  Oviposition  in  I'liyl- 
IdiiH'iliisa.  Abstr. ;  in<)i)iirn.  K.  Microsc. 
Soc.  ('i.),  vol.  (i.  ]it.  '),  p.  7(i(!. 

(Ami.  of  Xat.  Hist..  S.  Z.  A.,  Xii.  'Jlili,  p. 
4S!t.) 
Iwakawa(T. )  'I'lu'  jfcncsis  of  (lie  I'.^'j;- 
in  Triloii.  Willi  15  pl.-». :  in  (^nait.  .Jonrn. 
Microsc.  Sc,  vol.  !.'•,>,  .Inly,  j)]).  *J(;()-1.'77. 
—  Tlio  {fcno.sis  nl"  llio  V,'^'^  in  Tnliiii. 
K.xtr. ;  in  Kcvim  Sc.  Nat.  .Montpcllicr 
(:$.),  T.  %  No.  1,  l<s-,>,  pp.  lJi>-l'JI. 

(Quart.  Jiiiirn.  Sli'.Tosc.  Sr.     S,    '/,.   A.,  No. 
no,  ]i.  :Vi.) 

Jacobaeiia  (O.)  I><'  IJanis  ct  Laccili.s 
Oliscrvationt's;  I'Jiiio,  KopcnliaKcn, 
IC-^Ci. 

Jensen  (O.  S.)  I'cImt  dio  .'>trnUtnr  dcr 
Sanicnkiirpcr  lici  Siiiif^t'ticrcn,  ATi^rln 
iind  Aniiiliiliicn.  Anal.  Anz.,  i,  pp.  'J.'il- 
•J.'>7. 

Johnson  (A.)  .iiid  Sheldon  (L.)  Notes 
on  the  Develoimient  of  the  Newt  (  Trilaii 
cii>itatiiK).  (I.  .1.  Jlicr.  .Sci.,  .\xvi,  ])p. 
.'■.73-.'.Hll,  pis.  31-:?(i. 

Jordan  (Paul).  Hie  Kntwicklnn};;  der 
vorderon  I'.xtreiiiitiit  der  annren  I'.a- 
traeliier.  Inan^.-Dis.s,  Mit'JTaf.  Leip- 
/!<;,  Ale.x.  Edelinann,  18fH,  gvo  (.')5  pp. ), 
M.  •,'..">(». 

Joui'dain  (S.)     Snr  le  systeMie  lyniplia 


iyii.pliat  iiine    de     la    h'((iiit     teiiijiorurin. 
.V\('<;  :i  pis. ;  in   lieviie  ."^f.  Nat.  (Moiii- 
pelliel)  (:!.),  T.  I.   No.  v!,    I^^l.  pp.  l.VJ 
I(W.    '2.  p.,  avee  I!  pis,,  ihid,  No.    I,  jip. 
■1.">-I7(). 

reherdie  I'.astardiiiiMij  von  I'' rose 


liirelien  nnd  die    I'lineipien    der    /.I'li 
j;nnii;    in    Nat  nil'orsilier.    Iti.    .lain;,'. 
No.  17.  jip.  II.VII7. 

(N'llcli  I'lli'i-ri,     S.  /,.  .\.,  .\,i  li;i,  p.  nil.) 

Kato  I  T. )     N'ersnclie    an    (iiossliirn    di  > 

Kioselies.      ln;(n;.r.-l)iss.       riiTJin.    i~-ii, 

-vo(-,'7  pp.). 
Kastschenko  (N.)      felier    die    (ienoe 

nnil     .\icliiteetiir    der     liat  raeliiei  kiio- 

elien.    Arcli.  niiki'.  .\ii:it.,  Ni.\,  jip.  l-."i'.', 

pis.  1  and  •-'. 
relier      die       Kiapiifiii  lining      del 

I'loseliiiCWelie.      .Mil    'J    'r.il'.  ;    ill     Alili. 

f.  niikiosk.   Anal..  'Jl.  I!il.,  :i.  Ill'l.,  ]ip. 

.1  »^  — .(>h. 

Kessler  (K.  I'.)  I'.inim'  l!enierkiinL;en 
iilicT  die  N'erwaiidliinj,'  der  seliwaii/ 
joseii  liiiliaeliler ;  in  .Vrlii'il.  d.  .St.  i'r- 
ler>liii|;,r.  Naliiilniseli.-lies.,  II.  IM., 
1.   int.,    I'ldt.,   pp.  '.i;t-l(l-. 

Kingsley  (.1.  S.)  A  ea>e  ol'  iiolyniely  '  i 
the  liatraeliia.  Willi  1  pi.  ;  in  I'ldr. 
I'xiston  Soe.  Nat.  Hist  ,  vol.  •,>!,  pp.  \(,'.\- 

Klaussner    (I'erd.)      l>as    i;ii(d<enniaik 

des     I'roldis    (iiriiiiinin.      I''iiie     Iiistoln- 

j;is<'lie  ."^tndie.     >'it  Vj  Taf     Miinelnii. 

l-'-'ii,     Ito.      Ans    AMiandl.    k.     li.iyc  r. 

Akad.d.  Wiss.    •_>.  CI.,  11.  lid..'.'.  Al.lli  . 

pp.   ll!!-171.     Apart  :  Miinelien,    I'ran/ 

ill  Conini.,  1--!:!,   Ito.  M.  I.."i0. 
■  Das  Kiickeniiiark  d<'s  rrolciis  <iii- 

<litiiiun.      Aiisz.    ill    Iiioloj;-.    CiMitrallil.. 


:!.  lid..  No.  1),  pp.  -^71,  •JTv!. 

(Aii.sz.   von   OliriMteiiii'r.      Ahli.iiiill.    Iiiiyci 

,       ,       ,         ,,  .;,-.'         Akiul.     S.  Z.  A..  X(..  118,  p.  478.) 

tniiie  des  telards  i Cs  (ireiioiii  les;    in      ,-,      .    ,      ,,,    ,,  n    ■.•        .   ,•     »      * 
'  .....  ,   .  Kloetzke(C.  (..)    Di.sserlatio  Anatonin  a 


(.'onipt.  rend.  Aead.  .Se.  Paris,  T.  ltd,  .No. 
I,  pp.  •..>71-27:$. 

KcelierclioH  Kiir  le   sysleino   lyni- 


jiliatiipio  de  la  l!(i;ia  Irmfinarin.  ij.  p. 
(Suite.)  Avcc:?pls.  Montjiellier,  l>-<:i, 
Hvo  (1(5  pp.).  I'.xtr.  de  la  lii-vne  d.  Se. 
nalnr.  Montpellier. 

Rceliorclies  snr   le   sysli'-ine   lyiii- 


iihatifinc  d(!  la  Haiia  tciiiponirid  I,. 
Avcc  :?  Ills.  Extr.  de  la  Ilevnc  Sciene. 
Natnr.  Monfi>cIlier,  deccinlms  18S1  (T. 
1,  :i.  M'r.),  (17  pp.), 


de  Ittnia  cunnita;    llo,  lierlin,  iSKi. 

Knappe  (Iv)  Das  liidder'selu!  Or,i;aii. 
Ein  Ik'itraK  zm'  Keiintniss  der  Analo- 
niie,  Ilistolonie,  und  Enl  \vieklnn;;>- 
gesdiielile  der  (lestdileclits\verkziMij;i' 
eini<;er  Ani|iliil)ieii.  liesoiideis  der  eiii- 
liciniisclion  Hnfonidcn.  Morpli.  Jalirl>., 
xi,  ii]).  l.sD-.'iiVi,  ]ils.  xxviii-xxix. 

Knauer  (Fr.)  Dii'  eiiropJiiselien  Krieeli- 
tliiere  nnd  Lnrelie;  in  Der  N.itnrliisln- 
riker,  :5.  Jahrg.,  Nos.  II,  Vi,  \>\^.  87,  8s  ; 
1)5,  DO. 


i 


^ 


M. 

;lir  Ir  NVsli'iiii 

(    leiiiportiiiii. 

Nilt.    (Mnijl- 

/.,  No.    I,  |i|i. 

i;  \(iii  h'Tdscli 
en    (Irr    /en 

iiii.  p.  nil.) 
riissliini    i|i> 
I'.nliii.    l-«r,, 

flic      (iftlCX' 
I  I'.'lclllcl'kllll- 

ii.N.  ]i\).  l-."rj, 
'illillin;-       del 

r.  ;  ill  Arch. 
.  :t.  nil.,  |.|i. 

oiiifrkiiiiiicii 

IT  ScllWMIl/ 
it.    (1.    ,S|.    I'r. 

s.,    II.     I!,l., 

|"ilviilrly  1 
il.  :    ill    I'idc. 

.  -,'1,  i)|(.  i(;;i- 
liiickciiiiiiirl; 

ilir     Ill.stoiii- 
Miimlicii. 

.     1<.     Ii;ivi'i-. 

Ml..-.'.  Al.lli  , 

(.'lien,    I'raii/ 

.0. 
/'/■((/('»■<  (()( 
("ciitralM.. 

ill, null.  Iia.vri 
) 

i>  Aiiatoinic.i 
111,  l-^K). 
<clui  OriTiui. 
iltT  Aiialii- 
t\vickliin;;s- 
.swi'ik/ciii:!' 

rl'.s   (ItT  ciii- 

ii'ldi.  Jalirli., 
.\  X  i  X . 

Iicii  Kiiccli- 
Xiiturlii.stii- 
,  111).  87,  »-■ ; 


I 


r 


7 


k 


TIIK    r.ATUAC'llIA    OF    NOKTH    AMKUICA. 


475 


Kuauer  (Fi.)  Natur^^.'hcliicliif  (1<t  l-m- 
clic  (Ain|iliilti"li'.!;i<');  .-^vti,  Wim,  ls7-i. 

.—  l)iin()r|)Iii.sniiiH(lcr(i(^sclilcclilcvlici 

(Icii  (ciiioi).)  Linchi'ii ;  in  Dcr  Natiir- 
liistoiikiT,  ;t.  .Falirj;-.,  No.  '.»,  pp.  "I,  7'J. 

Wi'lulio  Factorcii  komiiioii  lini  I'n!- 

(raililiiii.u;  I'lt'i'  Kliihmi'j;  mid  Zricliniinu; 
del-  Kiii'cIitliitTo  iiiid  Liindm  iiii  All;j;i'- 
iiu'iiicii  ill  Ui'tdiiiimjf  iiml  wio  golicn 
.sjiii  (lit!  lic/.ili^liclii'ii  Vfiliiiltnisso  im 
.s|U'i'ii'll('H  Ix^i  iiiiscreii  (■iiiiiciiiiisclH'ii 
KriccIilhiciiMi  uiid  Liirchcn  .'  In  Dt'r 
Natiiilii-itoriktT,  von  Knancr.  1.  .Ialirj.r-! 
1.  int.,  !>p.  JiJ-r.-i;  '-'.  nil.,  pp-  l-J:i-i'-!'.>. 

Kiirojta's  Krii'ditliii'ii'  nnd  Lurclic. 

I'iii-  den  XatnrtVcund  ln'scIiricliiMi  nnd 
ii;i{  Il  ilirt'iii  Lt^lu'ii  gcsc'liildi'it.  (ir.  ■'vo 
(ill,  1.V2  pp.),  Wicn,  lrt77.  Riciitcr'.s 
Wtuc.  n.  Solin,  M.  I.f)!). 

Keener  (<>.)  I'l'ifr  die  Vcrlircitniig  nn- 
scrcr  Tritoiicn ;  in  Zooloj;.  (iartt'ii,  2;i. 
JaliiLi-..  No.  7,  i>.  '.Jiri. 

(  rril'iii  jiiihiiiiliin  im  'I'iiiiiiiis.) 

Kollmann  (.1.)  Kiis  ridifrwiiitcrn  voii 
ciiidiiiiisclii'n  Fro.sLdi-  nnd  'rrilonlaivfii 
•  iiid  dii'  Kiiiwandiiiii^'  dcs  incxicaiii- 
.siirii  AxiilotI  ;  ill  Virliandl.  iial.  (ics. 
li.is.d,  7.  Hd.,  2.  lift.,  pp.  ;H7-:i-".t. 

■ •—   L'liivcrnasii'   dcs    lai'vcs    do   (irc- 

iiiiiiilli'H  ct  do  'I'litoiis  d'Kiiro[H'.  ft  la 
nii''taiiior|diosi'do  r.^xoloti  dii  Moxiciiic  ; 
ill  Ivcciicil  Zoo!.  Siiissi',  T.  1.  No.  1,  pp. 

7.'.--'.!. 

Kuhn(A.)  llt'Iifrdas  liiiiiti^c  riiibyrintli 
dcr  Anipliildon.  An;li.  iiiikr.  Anat., 
\\  ii,  pp.  47l(-.').")(1. 

Kupfer(C.)  Activity  of  llie  Yolk  diir- 
iii;r  iiiipri'jination  [/.'/i/o];  Al)str.  in 
.loiirn.  R.  MicTo.sc.  Sue.  (2.),  vol.  :i,  [d.  1. 
p.  l-*.-'. 

(S.  ■/..  A.,  Xo.  VMi.  p. -JRH.) 

KupfTiier  ((,'.)  ll(dicr  active  Hcthfiii- 
i;iiiii;  dcs  DotttM'.s  am  lU'tViiclitimjiKai^tc 
li.'i  ISiiJ'o  nir'Hihili-i  nnd  ri(/,(/((n'x.  Mil  1 
Aliliild.;  ill  Hit/j;sl)cr.  Akad.  Miinchcn. 
1--U',  pp.  (iO.S-lJH). 

Lainpeit  ( Kurt ).  Ziir  ( iciieso  dcr  Chorda 
di)r.-<alis  liciiii  Axolotl.  Inanjr.-Di.ss. 
Erlaii^cn,  Hs;!,  Svo  (^-i'.i  pji.,  1  Tat'.). 

Laiidois  (II.)  l',in  HiMdisbtiinij^cr  Midili 
{TritDii  liiniittn>);  in  Zooloj;.  Garten, 
•..!.■).  .Jahrj;.,  No.  :},  p.  04, 

liin  chcii  .sosinnrciclier  wic  zwcidc- 

iiiiissiffcr  lii'liilltcr  I'iii-  lianhlVii.sidit'.  Mit 
Aldiild.;  in  Zoolo>;.  Gartoii,  2t.  Jalirg., 
No.  1,  pp.  io:{-i(»r>. 


Lange  (Max ).  Dii'  Alliinniigdcs  Fro.stdics 
ill  ilircr  Mc/icliiiiig  /n  den  Krniilirnngs- 
vcrliiiltiiis.scii  dcr  MimIiiIIii  (d)longala. 
Inaiig.-lJisscrt.  Kilnigsbcr};,  Ht^yor, 
l<&>,  -'vo  CJlt  \)\>.). 

Lataste  (Fcriiand).  Snr  la  gi'ni'ration 
dn  Pi'lixlyto  jioiKitni',  avcc  iiiicl(|ncs 
oli.scrvationssiir  Ic.sliatrai'icns  Anonrcs. 
Ann.  He.  Nat.,  4"  .soric,  T.  1,  1S77.  Kx- 
traitdii  MiiUetiii  do  la  Socii'-te  Zoolo- 
giiino  do  France.  Iri77,  Idl. 

(,)ni'l(ine.s  oliservation.s  snr  les 're- 
tards dcs  liatrai'iens  Anonres.  ISiillulin 
ile  la  .Socii'iti^  Zi)ologii|iit!  do  France, 
l->77,  )•.  ini. 

Ti'iitatives  d'ilybridiitiun  clie/,  les 

liatraciens  Anoiir(\s  et  Urodele.s.  Mi'-- 
iiioirc  111  par  I'antenr  i\  la  sfiance  dn  (> 
di'rcinbre  l>i7H  di'  la  .Soeiete  Zoologitjiii) 
(le  France,  p.  :it."). 

Division  en  faniille.s  natiirelles  de.s 

liatraciens  Aaoiircs  d'l'Jiropc.  Lisle 
(les  esiii'ces  do  Hatraciens  Anonrcs  et 
Urodi'lcM  de  France.  L'acconpleineiit 
(die/,  les  ISatraciens  lTrodM(>s  ;  in  Reviio 
Interiiat.  d.  Scienc,  X'^l^,  No.  I'J,  pp. 
'1-,-S- P.m. 

Division  (ni  laiiiilles  natnrelle.s  dcs 


Hatraciens  Anonres  d'l'',iirop(^ ;  in  Sec- 
tion de  Zool.  lie  PAssoc.  Franc.  Avaiie. 
Se.  Coiignvs  de  I'aris,  lrt7f:>. 

Reptiles  et  Hiitracieiis  dn  Snd  dn 

Portnit.il,  par  O.  Hoettger.  Analyse 
critiipie.     Iliid.,  lA-n,  No.  t>,  pp.  17:?-17H. 

Les  org.ines  neiiitaiix  exteriies  et 

raccoiiideiiicnt  di^s  Hatraciens  Uro- 
deles;  in  Revne  Inti'rnat.  .Sc.,  Iri/H,  No. 
7,  pp.  -.iO'.l-'iU. 

Fiiciire  snr  la  lecondation  des  Ha- 


traciens  llrodeles.     //*('(/.,   IH?*!,  No.  2, 
pp.  I'l  1-1(14. 

.\  inoposd'un  siiiudettcinonstrucux 


de  liatracien  Aiioiin^  {.llylc^  ohslvlri- 
i-iiiix).    Avec  tig.     //«■(/.,  lf'71t,  pp.  4;»-r>'J. 

Di's  .secoiirs  r(''cipro(ines  (jne  ))en- 

veiit  so  f'onrnir  la  /.oologie  descriptive 
et  la  zoologie  gdiigi'apliii|ne  ( /.'»./'(>  lion- 
leiigcn,  n.  .sp.).    I  hid.,  l.S7l>,  pp.  4;M-4;iH. 

fitnde   snr   ie    Dhco/jlox^Kn   pictiis 

Ottli.;  ill  Aetiis  de  la  Soe.  Linn,  de  Hor- 
duaiix,  vol.  :$:?,  T.  ;{,  p.  •-!7.-),  1H71). 

Snr  nil  nnnvean  genre  ( Ammorijctin) 

do  IJatraeien  Anoiiro  (I'Fnrope;  in 
Coinp.  Ifeiid.  Ac.  dea  Sci.  Pari.s,  p.  'Ml, 
187!). 


ii       I 


•Ml 


i  - !  I 


^:f 


i 
i 
1 

> 

« 

1 

t 

■' 

" 

X' 


47<!        im'lm:tin  :!i,  rMTi:i)  states  national  mushjim. 

Lataste    ( I'dimiMl).      I. a     ('liLsHilication      Leydig(l''.)     Ucbci' din  Itiiiiilcr /iilnic  :i 

lici    Itatracliicrii  ii.  die   l!i  ilriiliiii;;  di  ^ 
I't'iHi'iiliiikciH ;    Miirpli.     .lalirlt.   ii,  ]i|i. 

D'm'  Aniirni   ISatracliicr  dcr  tliiii- 


I 


lies  AiKiiiirs;   ill  No,   \'i.  Ikcvili'  iiitrl'lia- 

linliali'  (Ics  McirlU'fs. 
Siir  la  classiticatioii  ilt's  Uiitraciriis 

Aiioiiri's  ;'i  j'i'<)|)<is  <lii  systi'iiK!  ilf  M.  It' 

1)1-.    K'.    ItlaiM'lianl ;   in   Ziiiil.  An/.,  U. 

.I.ilir.ii.,  N<».  '■i''*,  i>|>.  'i:!(i-'-'Hi. 
Latieille  (I'.-A.)     Ilistoiir  Niitiiivlir  dcH 

S.ilaiiiandii's   iW    P'rancc ;     Hvo,    Paris. 

ISdd. 
Laiirenti   (.1.    N.)      Sin'ciincn   Mcdicnin 

l:.'iiMi,  X'icmia,  ]'{>'*, 
Lavalette     (St.    (Jr(tr;;t').       Spcruiatdlo- 
;;isclif  Hcitrii;;!'.    HI.  .Anli.  niikr.  Anat., 
xxvii.  )i|i.  H.s.'(_;i'.l7. 

Hii/i)  nilijiirin.  Ilflhi  (iiliiiiiii,  I'lniil  lav  ihnln. 

S|i<'rinalii;;)'n<'si.s  in   Ani)iliiliians. 


sclicn  Fauna;  Hvo,  IJonn.  Is77, 
List  (.(oh.  Ilnr.)  I'l'luT  <Mni'  Wirlid- 
Synostosc  lici  Sdlaminiilni  iiiaciild^n 
Lanr.  Mit,  1  Taf.  Aiis  JSitz^Nlicr.  I. 
Akad,  d.  Wiss.  Wicn,  inatli.-nat.  <1., 
8-<.  Hd.,  1.  Alilli.,  pp.  i-,>il!l-l'271. 

xh.      S.viK.psin^    K.'plilimii     cnifiid,; Ucdior  IWluMv.dlcn  ini  nias..|i..|H. 

llnd  dcs  Fro.sclios.  Mit  '2  Taf.  Ans 
Sitz^slicr.  Akad.  d.  Wis'.  Wicn,  iii.ith.- 
nai.  (,'1.,  W.  Alitli.,  SO.   lid,,  pp.  Isc,  -jn. 

rdicr  Ucciicizcllcn  ini  niascnciii- 

tlicl  dcs  KroHclicH  ;  in  Zoid,  An/.,  No. 
l(il»,  p.  :ws. 

rdicr  cin/cllifio   niiisrii   (Urcliir- 


Alistr.  ;  in.Ioni'n.  I>.  Microso.  Soc.  Lon 
don  (•,'.).  vol.  (i,  p.  (i.  p.  !i:i.'). 

(.\irli.   I'.  iiiiUnisU.  .\iiit.      S.  Z.  A.,  Xo.  2H4 
1).  .'iKI.) 

Leuhos-sek  (M.  von),     rntcrsnclinn;;*'!! 


/(dlrii)  ini  Hlascni'pillirl  dcr  Ainpliiliicii. 
Mit  1  Taf.;   in  Ari'li.  I',  inikro.sk.   Anal., 
•J'.t.  \U].,  1,  int..  pp.  ii7-i:.(;. 
iiltcr  di<'  Spimilifan^jjlicn  dcs  I'rosclics.      Lockington   (W.   N.)      h'i'v'cw    of   tin' 
Aicli.    iiiikr.   Anat.,   xxvi,   pii.  '.i7n-|.");{,  rro;;r('s.s  of  North   American    Hatiaili 

]ds,  |,">  and  1(1.  oloj;y  in  tlic  ycar.s  l."<H(t-l.-H:i;   in  .\iiiir- 

Leonard  (Alice).     I)(  r  I'.inllus.s  dcr  .lali-         icnii  Natiirali.st,  vol.   1.-^,  Fcli..  ]i]>,  I  l.i- 
rcs/cit    anf  die   Leliei/cllen   von   Hkiki         \',\. 

Iinqmrui ill.      Mit    1   Taf.;   in    Arch,    f.      Lockwood    (S.)       Iln/o    (iim riciiiiii«    ii\ 
Anat.  II.    I'liy.s.,    pliysiol.   Aldli..   l-'."<7.  play:  in  American  Naturalist,  vol.   IT, 

Slipplt.-Hd.,  i)p.  ■,N-I7.  .Iiine,  p]t.  (i.«':5,  (iH.I. 

LeBSona(M.)     Stnd.i  sii;;li  Aniilii   annri      Loos    (I*.    A.)     1>m'    F-i\veissdrii.seii    d( 


del  I'icinonte  (.">  Ta.);  in  Atti  .\cc. 
Lincei,  Mem.  sc,  lis..  sci-,  I!,,  v(d.  1,  ]ip, 
llll;)-l(l'.tS. 

(.XiLsliiiTK-lic  Hi'Mlnrilinn;;  Vein  7  .Vilcii  iind 
ilnvii  I.invrii.) 

•  Contrilinto  alio  stndio  (h'ila  ])elle 


dej;li  rro(hli  {Suliimdiulriitn,  Eiijtroctnn 
e  Siiclrrjiin.  Con  '2  tav,  Torino,  Loc- 
scher,  1— '1.  Ito  (1»  jip.).  (Fxtr.  dalle 
Mem.  Ii.  .Vccad.  Toiino,  ser,,  p.  IM.) 

Contiiliiito  alio  stndio  della  ]i.(die 

dej;li  I'rodeli  {SuldmiitKhiiKi,  Kiiprovtna 
e  SprlirjKi).  Con  'J  tav.  ;  in  Mem.  \l. 
Acc.-id.   Si!.  Torino  (v!.),  T.  'M,  CI.   ti.s., 

pp.  i-.r)-i:i(;. 


Amphihien  nnd  \i>;;cl,  Mit  I  Taf.:  in 
/eitsclir,  f.  wi.ss.  Zool.,  ;t.').  I!d,.  :!. 
lift,.  Pit.  17-<-r.(l|.     Apart:    Di.ss..  Lci|i- 

Luckjanow  (S.  M.)  r>eiirii;;;o  /ui 
Morphcdojjic!  der  Zelle.  l.Ahhdl;;.  : 
lleher  dio  e]dtlielialen  (ietnlde  d'-r 
Ma;;eliscllleimhiint  liei  Sdhini.  Hdiciilu.'.ii. 
Mit  7  Taf. :  in  Arch.  f.  Anat.  n.  VU\-.. 
jthysiol.  ,\l>th.,  1"<H7.  Snppl.-Hd.,  pp. 
(il)-'.Kt.  2.  Ahhdlj,'. :  Ueher  dio  Kcine 
der  f^lattcii  Mnskelzellen  Itei  Siihiin. 
mnciili)s(i.  Mit  *2  Taf, ;  in  Arch,  I, 
niikrosk.    Anat.,   'M.   Hd,,    1,   lift,,   pp, 

r)ir)-.-)r)H. 


Siill.i    strnttnra    della   pcUe    iiei  Lydekker  ( Richard).     The  Lahyrintlm- 

Kcncri  S(il<iiiiaii(lriiiii,   Kiiprtwtiin  e  Spe-  dont   from  the  Hijori  (Jronp:   Memoirs 

In-pis.       K.da/.ione    dal     Hiz/osero;    in  C.etdoj;.   Survey  India.  ,ser.   iv,    vol.    1, 

Atli  K    .\cc;id.  Sc.  Toiino,  vol.  Ki,  disp.  \H<t. 

(!,  M,i;;,i;io,  )).  ."■>7-^.  Macallum  (A    IV)     The  Termination  nt 

Lessona   (Mich.)     Delhi  Alhinisnia  nei  Nerves  in   the   Liver.     With   fi{?};. ;  m 

iH'u,  y\  ih'Wn  l;aii<i  Iciiimrarid  L.;  in  Atti  ,       (^nart.  .Tonrn.  Micr.  Sc.,  vol. '.'7,  pi.  1, 

K.  Aicad.   Sc.   Torino,  vol.   !(!,  disp.  1,  j,j,,  .i:{;)-t(i(>. 

lip.  ;M-1)S.  I           (NicliiniH.) 


/ 


I  ill  r  /iiliiji'ii 
ili'iilnny;  il(  > 
ilirli.   ii,  |i|i. 

IT  ilcr  ilrlll 
'""77. 

iiic  Willi!  I- 
'II     tiKd'iilii^ti 

itZJfslllT.     I,. 

til. -nut.  CI., 
l'.'7l. 

II  r>l:i.si'iii'|ii- 
'2  T.if.     .\iis 

Vin Mlli,- 

lip.  l-i;  -.Ml. 
II  lil,'lNriii'{ii- 
1.   All/.,   Nil. 

H'll  (I?cclirr- 
Alll|illiliiril. 

nisi;.  Aii;il., 

■f\v     (if    the 
nil    n.'itnuli 
"■>;  ill  .Viini- 
li.,  p]).  I  I'.i- 

iiricdinis  ;ii 
list,  vol.    17. 

<cliiis('ii  (III 
it  1  'Ciif. ;  111 

r..    I!(l..  :;. 

Diss..  I.,ci|i. 

•ilriijio  zin 
1.  Alilidl-.  : 

icliildc    (1.  r 

in.  iiiiifiilii'-ii. 

It.  II.  riiyv, 

ijiL-Hd.,   |i|i. 

r  (lie  Kciiii' 
lu'i    Sdlidii, 

n    Arcli.    1. 

I.   lift.,   pii. 

Liili.vriiillin- 

p;  MciiHiiis 

iv,   vdl.   1, 

iiiinatiiiii  >>!' 
til  fiij;^;. :  111 
1)1.  ".'7,  pt.  1, 


r 


m^ 


TIIK    liATlJAClilA    OF    NOKTH    AMKIIIOA. 


77 


Macalluin  (A.  H. )     On  llici  Niicloi  of  tlic 

Siri.Hiil      MiiH('l((  I-'ilirn      in      Xniiinix 

[MdiDlriuiiliiis)   litlerdlia.     With    li^n.  ; 

C>:i;irt,  ■Jmirii.  Micni.  8c.,  vol.  "J*,  p.   -I, 

pp.  Ii;i'  ICli. 
—  N('i'v«i-t(iuliiij;s  ill  (li(<  Cntiimions 

i'lpillii'liiiiii  of  tho  Tailpolo  ;    in  I'roc. 

(';iii!i(l.   Iiislit.,   vol.   :?,    IH-JCi,   |(|i.   yTCi, 

•.'77.     Alislr. ;     in   Joiini.    U.    Microsc. 

,">iii'.  LiiikIoii  {li.),  vol.  C),  p.  (i,  p.  1117. 
Macphersoii  (Ilujjli  A.)     Hiiliit.s  of  tiid 

llililili^  rni;;';  in  Zooloj^isl.  (15. ■),  vol,  7, 

Miiiili,  )ip.  l-,".M:t(>. 
— — —  Tlic  i'aliii.'itcd  Nowt  in  (JloiicL'stor- 

^liirc;    in  Zoolo.ni.st  (15.),   vol.  7,  May, 

II.  •-'•Ji;. 

Marsh  (I).  ('.)  Olisriviitions  on  tlii^ 
.Mi'laiiiorpliosis  of  Sitcdon  into  Ain- 
lil.vsioiiia.  .\iii('ri(.'an  .Jonrn:il  of  .S('i(jii('(' 
ami  .Alls,  vol.  xivi,  Ni>vciiil>i'r,  lri(W. 

Ma.soii  i.loiiii  .).)  Miiinti^  Slrnctiiri'  of 
ilir  Ci'iilral  Nervous  .""System  of  certain 
li'i'piiics  and  Itatracliians  of  Aiiu'rioa. 
."^niis  .\.  Aiitlim's  edition.  One  limi- 
(iivil.  Newport.  K'.  I.,  1H7<,»-I8-|'J,  .Jto 
(I.e.  \n-i:\).  Tit.  Dedie.,  2  HI.  IiiIiuH, 
'.'l  pp.  ;  J  Itl.  Litteiat,  and  List  of 
riiites.  (Niii  plates. 

Lead-]ioisoniii;;'    in     ]'"ro^s,     New 

York,  l-^-"!!.  (Kee.  ,)nne,  IS-I.  Ifeinint 
liiiiii  New  York  yU'd.  ■loiini.,  October, 
l.S-K,  spi,.) 

Mieioscopic  Stndieson  tin;  ('uiitnil 

.N'civoiis  Syntciii  of  Kcptilt'H  iiiid  Hatni- 
elii.'iiis.  Art.  III.  Diameters  of  the. 
Miii'li^i  of  the  l.ir^d  nerve  cells  in  the 
Spinal  Cord  (contiii.);  also  of  those 
which  ;iiv(!  ori};iii  to  the  motor  tihrcs 
>il'  the  cranial  nerves.  Utjiiriiit  from 
.hiiini.  of  Xeiv.  and  .Mental  Disea.se, 
vol.  >',  No.  1,  .laniiary,  l.S">l  (7'pit.). 

Massart  (Jean).  Siir  riiritaliilito  dtss 
speriiiatozoides  do  hi  <frenoiiilh! ;  in 
liull.  Ac.  Se.  I5el^'.  (:{),  T.  l,"..  No.  5, 
pp.  7,')0-7r)l. 

Mattozo  (Santos  V.)  8nr  le  t^'tard  dii 
('!inii)is  {ri'loiitvlis)  bosviit  ;  in  .lour.  Sc. 
Math,  riiys.  Nat.  Acad.  M.sl.on,  T.  11, 
No.  li,  pii.  it;t-l()-2. 

Mayer    (.Si-riii.)     /nv    Leiiro     von   der 

Schilddiiise    I    'rhyiniis    Itei  Ainphi- 

hien  ;  in  Aiiat.  An/..,  11.  .laliri;,,  Nk,  l._ 
•''..  lip.  '.17- lO:!. 

Maximilian  (I'iz.  /ii  Wied).  Ahhildnn- 
.!;en  ziir  Natnif^esehichto  Hrasiliens ; 
folio,  Weimar,  IH-',"). 


Maximilian  (I'r/,.  /n  Wied).     N'er/.eiel 

HISS  der    Ke|ililieii    w.  a.  e.   Keise    in 
' '■■■■■  • • '• ■   •  ■   "       Dies 


N.- 


Min.-i  II,  1     iii-|ii  1 1  M-ii    \\  .  a.  t  .   ueise    in    ;>  .- 

America  he<d(a(ditet  wiirdeii;  Ito,  Dics- 
ileii,  lfH')'>{S(tl(im<iiiilni  birriiiiiidd  —  Spil- 
ifinx  nihil-  liiij.  op.;  .V.  niiunliila  —  S.  ni- 
hvr  (.*) ;  and  .S'.  nnliuioUiicti  —  I'Iclhotloii 
ilhiliiKisiin, 

Merrem  (H.)  Versiich  eincs  Systems  der 
Auipliibien ;  r^vo,  Marhnr;;,  l"",'(). 

Miall(L.  (!.)  On  tho  I.ahyrinthodonts 
of  llie(;oal  Me.'isnres.    Kep.  Itril.  ,\ssoe., 

pp.  -.i-r.-v' ('.»,  platcH  i-:i,  i.s7:i. 

On    tho    Lahyrinthodoiits   of  the 

Co.il  Measures,  ii(^p.  Itril,  Assoc.,  (ip. 
U'.l-l;t.>,  plates  1-7,  1S71, 

Mills  (.1,  W, )  Till!  Heart  of  the  Kish 
compared  with  that  of  Mi  iiiihrinicliiix, 
with  ••special  reference  to  relies  iiihili- 
ilion  and  indei>endcnt  cardiac  rliylhm. 
.).  I'liysiol.,  vii,  pp.  si-;i,"), 

Mitropaiiow  (P.)  Die  Nerveiieii(li;;iin- 
<;en  im  lliiilhel  der  Kanl(|nappen  nnd 
die  "Slifh  lien/.(dleii  "  von  I'rof.  A.  Kiil- 
liker;  in  /ool.  Anz.,  1».  .Jalirj;.,  No. •.':!•-', 
pp.  ."i  »l»-.'M:i. 

Ziir  Kill  wicjilniiijsiicsi  hi(  hte  nnd 

Innervati'in  der  Neiveiihiijiid  der  Uro- 
d(denlaiV(^ii.  .Mil  llol/.sehn.  ;  in  Hio- 
lo;r.  Cenlrallil.,  7.  15d.,  No.  Ii,  pp.  171- 
17K 

Mivart  (St.  (!eor;[re).  On  I'lilhoihin  inr- 
ximilis  of  (iiay.  l'roceedinj;s  of  the 
Zoolojjical  .Society  of  London,  , I  line  ".'7, 
ISlu. 

On  the  classilication  of  tin;  Aiin- 

roiis  lialr.ichians ;  in  Troe,  Zool.  Soc. 
London,  pp.  •J-<|i--.".).'i,  L-'(i;>. 

On  the  Myolojfy  of  Mniuiwiiia  itllc- 

illiaiiivimv.  I'roceedin.ns  of  tho  Zoolof^- 
ical  Society  of  London,  .Vjtril  "J'J,  LSdl,*, 
p.  -.^54. 

On  thcMyoloffy  of  .l/(■»o&n/»(7(»••^/((^ 

riilis.     I'roeeedinjis   of  tin.'  Zoological 


lU. 


Society  of  London,  June 'J  I,  L"*(l',>,  ]i. 

. On    till!   Common    Froif.     .Natinus 

Series.     Maemillan  iV  Co.,  L:!7I. 

Monks(S.  r.)     ThespottedSalamander; 
American  .Naturalist.  LS-^lI,  p.  ■i'l'i. 

Montgomery  (Henry).     Oliservationson 
the  Miiiiiliriuiilnix  mnciiliiliit ;  Canadian 


NatiiralisI,  l-i7',>,  7  jip. 


il   (t   I     <l   I    It  I   l.-">l    ,         I'        (l'4         I         I't'* 

Morgan  (C  Lloyd).  Ahnormalities  in 
tiie  Vertehral  Column  of  the  Common 
Frog;  in  Nature,  vol.  Ii.'),  No.  C^'.tO,  p.uli. 


I 


if 


■\\ 


if 

n 


47.S  Itl'I.LKTIN    :il,    rMTI'h    STAII'.s    NAIImnaL    MI'MllM. 

Morgan  (,('.  I.Io.vd).     Al)ii<iriii;ilil\  in  llic      Parker  (Win.  K.)     On  tlic  Stnicliirc  ami 


I'iiisInIo  oI"  IIio  (,'oniuion  I'lo^.  Witli 
in  Naliirc.  lijr. ;  vnl.  li.".,  No. '.•()•.',  p.  :!ll. 

Moszeik  (<)lli)^.  MiUntskoi>i.st'Iii)  I'litfr- 
.sncliiinffcii  iilicrdcn  (ily('();4cnfinsiit/  in 
(Iff  FntscliiclMT.  Mif  1  'r;it'.  ;  in  I'llii- 
Ki-r's  Aifli.  f.  (1.  f;i'H.  I'li.v.siol.,  \i.  ltd., 
II.,  l-i.  nil.,  i>|>.  .")(i-.'i-^l. 

Miiller  ( !•". )  KislciNaclitiii;; /nm  Kal:i- 
lo;;  (Icr  lici  i)(^l(il()<;i,si'li('n  .Sanindnny;  dcs 
Hasler  .Mii.si-iuns.  Mit  1  Tal"  :  in  N'cr- 
liandl.  iialnri'.  (ics.  liasrl.  ,.  'I'ii.,  I. 
lift.,  lip.    l-Jd-ICr..     /wiilcr  Xaclilra^-, 

thill.,  )ip.    l(>li-17l. 

Nehriiig  (.\.)  iM'lii'rdas  \'(nk(inMnfn  von 
Aliiivs  olislilviimiH  ilslliili  diT  Wcsi'i'; 
ill  Sil/,j;.slifr.  (ics.  Nat.  V\\  ISfrliii,  l."^S7, 
No.  I,  pp.  IH,  U». 

Znr   f;c(ii,'iaidiiscli('n   Vciliit'ilnim 

V(ni  .Ih/tis  olmlclricniin  :  in  /nol.  (Jai- 
tcn,  •J'J.  Jalil;;.,  No.  ".>,  pp.  (11,(1-.'. 

I'diilxih'n    /'((.vcKx   anl'    liri;;cii;     in 


])cv<'Iopnii'iit   id'  tint  Skull    in    tint  II. i 
tiaidiia;    in  I'liilo.sopliical 'rransailiims 
of  the   Iioyal  Socicly,  pail  ".',  vol.  ICii, 
187.-.. 
On  I  111' SI  rue  t  II H'  and  I  >i'Vidopiiiiiit 


ol'llicSknII  in  till'  I'rodidoiis  .Vinpliilii.i; 
in  riiilosopliical  Tiaiisact ion.s  <d'  llic 
K'oyal  Society,  jiarl  'i,  vol.  1(17,  l-^'d. 

— — Alislrarl  of  a  Mi'inoir  on  the  dr- 
vidoiuiifiit  of  tlu'  .sknil  in  llic  I'lodc  Ic 
Matiaidiians ;  in  I'rocccd,  Zoid.  Sue. 
liondiin,  I"-!!,  iv,  |ip.  .M  I,  .'i|."). 

On  llic  Sli  net  llic  and  I  •cvclipiitiicnt 


of  llic  Skull  III  llie  lialiacliia.  Tail  ::. 
I'loiii  tlic  i'liilosojiliieal  Ti  ansae  I  iiiii>  nf 
tlic  Koy.'il  Soeiely,  pail  I.  I"-*!. 

On  tint  .Moipliolony  (d'  tlic  Skull  in 

lli(!   Ainpliilda  rroihda.     Willi   H   |d>.; 
in  Trans.  Linn.  Soe.  l/ondoii  (•,'.),  '/,ih>]., 
vol.  •.',  p.  :i  (Tell  ,  I--'-.'),  pi>.  Id.".-'.'!-.'. 
On  llic  Morpli(do;;y  of  t  hi)  Skull  in 


Zo(d.  (iaitcn,  ■.>;!.  .lain-.,  .No.  |-,',  p.  ;!7-<. 
Dan  Aiil;c  von   I'nili  ii.-i  (iiacli    itc- 


fosMcs) ;   in   Kosnio.s,  (i.  .Jalir;;.,  7.   illi., 

IvJ.  lid.,  \>\t.  (l-,'-(ll. 
(S.z.  A.,  Ni>.  no,  |..:iJ.) 
Neumann    (I.   O.)    yaliiij;e.selii(  lite    d. 

.Selilcsiscli  -  lian.sil/sidien     .\iiipliiliien  : 

-vo,  (i.lilil/,  ls:!|. 
Ninni  (A,  1'.)     L;i  pcsea  ed  il  coniniereio 

(Icdlo  ranc.  c  dcllc  lariaiiinlic  llii\iatili 

nclla  pniviiieiii  di  Venc/ia  ;  in  Itidl.  .Sue. 

Veil.  Trent.  Se.   Nat.,T.    I,   No.  'J,  |.|.. 

lOS-li:!. 
Triloii  crixlalits  l.aiir.,  s.  sp.   /,((/•(- 

liiiii.    Con  1  tav.  ;   in  Atli  Soe.  ital.  Se. 

N.it.,  vol.  -Jit,  fa.sc.'i,:!,  pp.  :!','7-:!:!-. 
Nussbaum  (M.)     Znr  Dillcicn/iiiiii^  des 

(ie.selili-elils  ini  Tllieneieli.    .Vicdi.  iiiikr. 

Anal.,  xviii,  pp.  l-J-.M,  ids.  I-I. 

(TIiIh  wdi'U  coiitiiins  ili'lails  iijiiiii  si'\ii.il  ii|. 

i::ni.s  ill  lliihiichiii.) 

Osborn  (Henry  I".)  i'reliniinary  Oli.sei- 
vation.s  tqimi  tint  Itiaiii  id'  .liiijiliiKiiiii; 
in  I'loc.  Aead.  Nal.  Se.  IMiil.i.,  Iss;!, 
pp.  177-181. 

Proliiiiiiiary  oliscivatimiH  upon  the 


tint  Ainpliilda  I'mdela.  Transael iuii.s 
of  llic  Linnc.in  Soeiely  of  London,  \  ol. 
•,'.  part  :!,  p.  l(l->,  1--J. 

SI  met  lire  ,niid  Dcvclopinenl  of  tin' 

Skull  in  (he  r.alraehia.  I'ari  ;i.  Ali- 
sirael  in  I'.  I>.  Sue.,  nxn.  pp.  lo.'i- |:l-. 
.-_-jyi  (.1.  von).  !>ic  cetohla.slisclie 
Alila;;c  dcs  L'ro^cnital.systcins  lici  1,'iitiii 
ixciilciiitt  iiiid  l.tuirlii  ririilix;  in  /mil. 
An/..,  1(1.  .(ahr;;,.  No. -.M:!,  p.  (1(1. 

A  1jlaslopornsa'llaiidoiiie<;iiiarailai;i 


a  li('d<al'i'l<'kiicl.     (  l>cr  lilaslopoi  iis  ,ils 

Ideihcnder  After  lici  de;i  .\iinreii.  |     .\iis 

Maj;y.  Tinl.  Akad.  lOil.  ''  Kilt.,  pii.  11- 

ir>  (Hiinnariaii ). 

Perraca  iCiutlr  Mario    (!.)     Sulla  lionta 

spceiliea    del     'I'rihili     hla^U    dc    I' Isle    e 

ilc.>4ei'i/ioiic  di  una  liiiuva    I'ornia  ilniil;! 

di  Triton  franee.sc.    Con  1  lav.  :  in  lioll. 

Mils.  /old.  Anat.  Coiiip.  'i'oriiio,  vol.  I. 

No.  IV,  (l:!  i>i).). 

Sill  valorc   spceitieo  (Ud    I'lUilmli^ 

liili/niiiH  dtti  dintonii  di  Torino  reeeiiii  ■ 

liiciile  deseritio  dal   Sij;.  lliioii-|{o\  ei  ; 

in   lioll.  Miisei  /ool.  Aii;il.  (y'oiiip.  Te- 

riiio,  vol.  :!,  No.   1(1  ((1  pp.). 

Iiiain  of  Mciiolir.'inelins  and  Mciioponia  ;      Peters    (W.)      rn'inerknii.ncn   iilicr  mi- 

I'roeced.H.  Aead.  riiiladclphia.    l-'-^l,   p.  ^(diiedciio  liatraidiicr.  iianientlieh  idnr 

*J(W.  '       (lie,  Orijiinalcxciiiplan',  der  von  Selimi- 

i  . 

Owen  (Riidi.)    On  h'lniliilD'ilciin  nipcnHh  '      deriind  Wicuniann  licsidiritdicnen  ,\riiii 

dcs    zooloj;iselien    Milscnins   /n    lleiliii. 

Moiiatslieritdit    der    kilnii^l.  Akadeiiiii' 

der  WisseiiHcliafleii  zii  IJorlin,  1(1,  Fidir., 


0\v,  A  Laliyrinf  liodoiit  Aiiiphiliian 
from  till)  Trias  of  Cajio  of  Oood  Hope 
((ieol.  Soe.);  in  Ann.  of  Nat.  Ili.st.  (."..), 
vol.  i:J,  Juno,  p.  481. 


IBH:!,  p.  7() 


t 


\ 


¥ 


I 


I'licl  ill'i*  Mini 
ill    llio    \'<:\- 

'l','IIISllc(  icilis 
'>,  vol.  l(;il, 

ICVclolHIlcllt 

H  Aiii|iliil>i.'i ; 

idllH     of     tllC 

KIT.  HTi'i. 
(Ill   till'  lii'- 

liic  rroilclr 
Ziioi.      Sim'. 

ir.. 

)('Vrlii|iliii'iit 

Tki.     I'mii  '■'<. 

insncl  iiiii>  III' 

I-"!. 

■  tiif  .Skull  ill 

^Vilii   S   1,1,.; 

1IC.>.),   /ni.l., 

..  ltK>--.'iJ. 
'till)  SUiill  III 
'I'laiisiict  iiiiiN 
I.iiihIdii,  Mil. 

piiit'iit  III'  till' 
I'iirt   :!.    .\li- 

|ip.  i;i:.- 1;;-. 

ctiililastisiiic 
■ins  lit'i  lidiia 
lis;   ill  Zoiil. 

1. 1;*;. 

ii('L;iiiar;i(l;ira 

lst(i|i<MIIS   ills 

miii'ii.  I    .\iH 

K(")t.,    \>[K    11- 

.Siillii  1iiinl;'i 
;  <l.^  rislr  I' 
I'cii'iiiii  iliiiihi 
liiv. ;  ill  lioll. 
'(iriiio,  vol.  I. 

Id  I','l„hali^ 
iiiiio  rci'i'iiii- 
ic-i(iii-Kii.v''r; 
t.  (Jdiiiii.  'I'ti- 

l 

■II    iilicr   vci'- 

iciitlicli  iiln'i' 
I'  villi  Scliini- 
iclii'lu'ii  .\rliM 
lis  /il  I'li'ilin. 
^1.  Akmlfiiiit' 
liii,  It;.  I'Vlir., 


-^ 


* 


h 


^ 


TIM':    HATUACIIIA    OT    NOl.'TH    A.MKItlCA. 


47!) 


Poteia(\V)  ri'liiTilii'  KiitwickclmiKdfr 
Cm  lilii'ii.  Miiiialslii'iitlit  ilt  r  Uiliiij;!. 
AkMilriiiifili'i'NVissciiscliiittcii  zii  ISciliii, 

j'.i.  .lull,  \^7'>,  |>.  I-"'''- 

. I'chrr  cine  villi  lli'ii.  N'icfcdiisiil  L. 

Kill;;  1111(1  iJi'.  .(.(iiiiiilliu'li  auriliT  Iiisi'l 
I'ln'itiiriiMi  H'''"'"''''''  f^ii'iiinliiii^  von 
S.iimctliii'i'i'ii  1111(1  Aiii|iliiliicii.  SI)  wic 
iiliir  (lie  I'lnlwicUcliinu:  fin  ■■<  ISatra- 
(  liii'is,  lliihiilin  tihifl'ni'irciixiH  |)iini.  iiihi'., 

nil  lie  Mela rpliosc.  Monalslicriclit,  (Icr 

Ki'iiii^l.  Akaili'iiiic  dir  Wisscnsi'lial'tcii 
,'11  licrliii,  ISTl'i,  p.  7ii:!,  pi.  i. 

rdiiTdic  I'liiitlicililli.utli'i'tJa^cilii'li 

iiihI  insliisi'iiiliTc  iilicr  dii;  (iattiiii^^cii 
li'liiiiMti-ciiiM  nnd  (iyiniiopis.  Moiiat.s- 
lii  riclit  dcr  kiiiiinl.  Akadcinic  del'  Wis- 
MiiscliMllcii  /ii  ISciliii,  Nov.  'i\,  IST'.t,  p. 

H-.'l. 

.Milllicilnii.i;  iilii'riiciu'odL'i'  weiii^tT 

iMk.iniitc  Ainpliiiiicii  dcs  IJcrliiicr /(in- 
liiuisclicii  Mnscniii.  Mil  I  'Vi\\'. :  in  .Mon- 
mI-^Imt.  Ak.id.  r.crlin.  l--n,  jip.  •J17---!'JI. 

Ill  M|l.  ;    7   11.  .sp  ,  II.  t;.   IhlllllKlllllls   ) 

JlcriictidoKisclic  MittlKMliiiijjcii :  in 

sii/.iiiij;sli('r.  tics.  Nat.  l-'r.,  l"'sl.  Xo.  tl. 

pp.  ST- ill. 

il.     I'.XCICXCIIZI  II     ill  I       li'lllKl     ;/l;/l(H      Ill.Vtll     ■■ 
/111       t'.lill  IlllilSZcit.       ;;.      li.'ll     ill'.'*     Si'lliilll  l.'<    Villi 

I'l'iiifftiihliiK  ii.riiiii-u.t.} 

I'clicr  die  vim   Ilcriii  .1.  M.  Hildc- 

liraiidt  aiif  N'ossi-lii'^  nnd  Madagascar 
^csaiiniicltcn  Siiii^cthicrc  mid  Aiii|dii- 
liicii;  ill  Mdiiatslu  T.  Akad.  Berlin,  l.-'^O, 

pp.  r.i)>-.-iii. 

il  I  ■^|i.  Maiiiiiiiilia  :  'J.'i  ,sp.  Ill  plilia   'Jii.  s|i,:  ,') 
AiniiliiliiM  I      '' 

I'l'lii'i  die  von  llerni  tJcrli.  Kolilt's 

iiiid  l)r.  Slre(:k(  T  ailf  del'  IJeise  iiaeli 
(l(r<»MS('  Knl'r.i  ;;('saiiiiiielteii  Aiiiplii- 
liieii.  Mit  I'r.il'. ;  in  Monatslier.  Akad. 
lii'iliii,  1-sii,  pp.  ;;ti.''.-;!(i;t. 

' — ■  Si'lii'idel  Villi    /wei    ('iieilien,  Hiipc- 


fjiiijiliis  CO. //((,' (IS  nnd  //.  siriiphini ; 
(Jcsellscli.  d.  iiat  iirl'discli.  Freiir.de, 
IJerliii,  LSSli,  p.  r>:!. 

llcliei'die  X'ei'scliiedelllU'it  del'  I-ia;;e 

del'  iiiisseren  Spalteii  der  Scliallldasen 
als  Meikinal  y.ii(*Uiit('iscliei(liin;;'  liesoii- 
ders  al'rieaiiisclier  Friiseliarten  ;  in 
iSit/iiiiMslici'.  (ies.  Nat.  Fr.  Heiliii,  18.S1, 
No.  1(1,  pj).  l(iv>,  Ui;i. 

Uelier  iiiMus    ISatraeliier  der   (iat- 

liiMUcii  lljiixriiUitx  iiiid   l,iiinii)(liit(K  aiis 
Aliiea;  in  Sit/mmsliei'.  (ie,s.   N.it.  Fr., 
l-rjJ,  No.  1,  pp.  s-i(). 
(:i  11.  n\t  ) 


Peters  (\\.)  IYmw.  neiui  (latliiiij;  von  lia- 
tiaeliii'i !i,  Ujiloiioiiiiis,  alls  iio^ota  ;  in 
Sit/.ifslier.  (ies.  Nat.  Fr.  iteilin,  Iss-,», 
No.  7,  pp.  107-1()'J. 

l>f(!j   iieiie  Uatraeliier;    in   Sit/frs- 

lier.  (ies.   Nilt.    I''r.  lielliii.  Isso    _>;„,  jq^ 

pp.   ll'-llS. 

l.t  III  III  i/xtii  mil  k  I'll  II  Ki  i.S'iirt  ihd  I  tdi-li  UK  :tl  III  iisit, 
lliifii  hiirhiiii  I.) 

.•Veiideniii;;-  dcs  Naineils  Uilhiiiiiiuun 

ill  /////(wiy/iLs  [r.atnic.li.  1;  in  Sitzs^lier. 
(ies.  Nilt.  Fr.  Meiliii,  IS--.',  No.  S,  pp. 
l-.>7-l  •,".•. 

Nduo  Art  der  iirodclcii  Hatracliier, 

Spilfrpin  {(luliinin)  iiniatiiinifi,  u.  sp.,  aiis 
Yucatan  (Central  America);  in  .Sit/.^s- 
licr.  (ies.  Nat.  Fr.  ISerlin,  ISS',',  No.  '.», 
jip.  i:i7,  i:!s. 

rdier  die   veli'iM'ent  liclite    /woiti^ 

Aiilla.!;e  (I.  Catalo;;s  der  lUilraihiu  Sulj- 
(iiliii  d.  Iiiitisli  Miiscnins  von  |)i'.  (I.  A. 
I'>diilen;;-cr ;  (ies.  naliirf.  I'lciiiidc  IJcr- 
liii,  lSs-,«,  p,  (;o. 

I'ldicr  die  von  .S.  Km;;  in  .).  (iiiiid- 


lacli  aiif  d.    Iiisel   I'ortoiiuo  Heliraelito 
*>aiiiniliiii,^    V.    Siiii^etliierc   u.   \iiiplii- 
liieii :     Monatslier.   Ak.    Wis.s.    I'erlin, 
1S7(1,  p.  70:!. 
IJcber  Mantipiis  nnd  I'lirynocara, 


/Wei  none  I{ati'acliier;;att  iin;;enaiisdcin 
ilintcrlasse  dcs  Ifci.senden  .1.  M.  Hilde- 
lirandt  von  Madagascar;  in  Sitz^-.sbcr. 
k.  jirciiss,  Akad.  Wis.s.,  18^:5,  vi,  vii,  pp. 
IC-'.-ltiS. 

I'cliersiclit    der    Aiiipliiliieu    an.s 

CliincdXd  (West  Africa),  welche  vou 
der  atricaiiisclien  (iescUscliut't  dciii  ISer- 
liiicr  Zdol.  Miiscuiii  iilicrtjidicn  siiid;  in 
licrlin,  Monatslier.,  IS77,  jip.  (ill-lWl. 
(Mit  1  Tal'.);  audi  in  Correspond. -151. 
d.  afric.  (ies.,  Hd.  'i,  pii.  •illl-V'tlC). 

(17  Koiitllicii  mill  1:;  UalrMi'liiiT,  mit!)  ii.  sp.) 

Febcr  die   von  Sidx   in   Brasilien 


^csaiii,  Fidediseii;   II.  nenierk.  n.  iieiic 

oder  wciiiirliek.  Aiiiidiiliicn  ;  Moiiat.sber- 

icjito  Ak.'id.  d.  W'isseiiscli.,  IS77,  p.  U.'i. 

lldier  die  von  Dr.  Sadi.s  in  Vcnc- 


/iiela  ^csaiu,  Anipliibien  ;   /.  c,  1S77,  p. 

■\:>'j. 

Fclier  die  l'',iiitliciliiii^  der   Ciici- 

lien;     Monatslier.    Ak.    Wi.ss.    Berlin, 

187'.),  p.  K'il. 
Pfitzner  (Willi.)    l'4iidcriiiisofSalaiiiaa- 

der;   in  .loiirii.   1».  Microscop.  Soc.  ('2.), 

vol.  1.  jit.ii,  lip.  yi.S-'2'-M. 

(.Vb.stiact  11(1111  Moipliiil.  Jahrli.    S.  Zoning. 

Auz.,  Xo.  72,  i>.  G:8.) 


"H 


Ii 


'A 


'I  ! 


'ih:' 


I 


480 

Peters 

lii 


lUILI.KTIN    :iJ,    UMTKI)    STATKS    NATIONAL    MIJSIUJM 


eter8(\V.)     Die  EiiidiTiiiis  <lir  Ainiilii-  Rlohet   (Cli.)      Dcs    iiioiivi'iin-iits  il(    la 

liion.    I.  L'nt,crsii('liiiii<4cii  iibiT  liiuMiiul  (Jri'iiouillc,   coiistH'iitil's    il    roxcitiilioii 

Eutwickflimj;    dt-r  Kpidfiiiii.s   dcs   fH'-  olciti  ic|iic ;  in  ('(iiiii't.  rend.  Acad.  Se., 

llecktoii  Sal.iiiiaiidcr.s  ;  Morpli.  .laliiU.,  Taris,  T.  'J>,  No.  •>■.',  jip.  l-J".'."<-i:}(U. 

vi,  i>ii.  •l(i>'-.V-'(),  ids. ','»  aiid'^').  Ridewood   (\V.    (i.)    On    an    alinoiina) 


VI,  i>ii.  •l(»-.>--'(),  Ills. -Jl  anil'i).  Ridewood   (\V.    (i.)    On    an    alinoiina) 

fliiger(K.)    Inllncnccs  whidi  dctcrndnii  cr,.,iital  sysi-m    in   a   male  of  tlio  mui. 

Sex  in  thi^  Kmbiyo  [/.'((»(( J.     Alistr.  in  mon  iVo.i;.    Willi  lli>;. ;  in  Anat.  An/.,;i, 

jomn.  K.  Micidsc.  Soc.  (','.),  vol.  :i, pt. ;t,  jaiii^r.,  No.  II,  iv,  pji. :{:;:!-:;;!i;. 

I'l'-  •"■'-'•''•  Roeael  (.\.  .1.)     Ili.^tol■ia  iialniali.s  Kaiia- 

Das  rclKTwinlcrn  dcr  Kanl.iuap-  ,,,,^^    Nostnitinn. ;     Nuivn.l.c.-,     |T,V, 

iicn  dcr  Kiiiddancliki'olc  irdobiilt'i  Inn-  ,.  .. 

(■(/.si.    (Kin   licitia"'  /.ur  Lclirc,  von  dcr  „       ...    ,,,  .,.•■•               n    ,              ,,, 

'     ^                    "      ,                   ...  Romiti  ((!.)      Divisionc    cclliilarc    mil 

Anpassnn;!' del- Oi-ifanismrn  an  die  aus-  .    .        i-     i>   i.  .   • 

'            "              "  novo    scj^mcntalo     di     Isatiaciaiii ;    in 

Ncrcii  Lcltciisl(cdiiinnny;cii  niid /nr  Dia-  ,,,.    ^         ,,,          ,,       ,.   ,     ,,.        ,, 

"      "  Atti    hoc.    Disc.   he.    Nat.    J  isa,  I'roc- 

M-no.sc  del'  IJalracliicrlarvcn) ;    in   lliii-  ,           ,    ,             .,   .,., 

,.,,,,  vcili.,  vol.   I,  PI).  'Jlj'JJ. 

ecr'sArcli.  r.  d.   "cs.  IMivsiol.,  lil.  l!d.,  _          ,,,   ,,,  ,    ,,,,     »'   n.  .•      it      w  /.   ,■ 

■^                             .•^            .          >               '  Rope  ((..  1  )    J  lu^ Natterjack  Diad  I /.«;» 

:t.,  I.  iii'i.,  pp.  i;ii-M.>.  ,     •/,••/    I    •  . /.( \  ..  1  -  I-  i' 

'              '■'  (■(//(^«(^/ );  111 /ooloijist  (.1.).  vol.  (,  1  ill., 
I'l'lierw  intern    <ler     KaiildiiaiiDili  ,.    .i 


ridicrwiiiteiii    <ler     Kaiiliinappiii 

iWn  I'lhihaliH.  Alls/.;  in  liicdoi;-,  Ceii- 
tiall)!.,  :i.  IM.,  No.  ;>,  ]•.  -J-^r.  Kosmos 
(Vcttei),  7.  .lalii^'.,  .'>.   Illl..  l;{.  lid.,  p. 

(I'lliiiici'rt.Vrcli.     S.  Z.  A.,\().  ns  p.  IT.'^.) 

Pfiiiger  0;d.)  nml  Smith  (Will..!.)  I'n- 
lcisiieliiiiij;eii  iiher  l>  istardimii^  tier 
annreii  I!ati'a(diier  nml  die  riiiieipien 
dcr  Zeiij^niij;.  l.Tli.  lOxpeiiineiite  liliei 
IJastardiriiiij;  deraniircii  Itatiai  liiei';  in 

I'diij;er,s   Anil.    I',    d.    ees.    I'liy.siol..  :t.'. 

lid.,  It.-ll.  lilt.,  pp.  r.l'.t-.-,l|.  •,>.  Til. 
von  K.  IMliijjer,  Ziisamineiisielliini;  der 
l';rj;-el)nis,se  iinil  ICrt'irteriiii'.;  der  I'rinci- 
picn  <lcr  Zeui^unj;,  PP-  "il'J-l-tt. 
Picaglia  (Lni;;i).  Contrilin/.ione  .aH'  i;r- 
petolo;;ia  di  lieliavisla  ( Kepiihlilii-.i 
A'';;eiitiiia,  provincia  di  (Jorieiites) ;  in 
Atti  Soc.  Natural.  Modcii.i ;  Mem.  (11.  >, 
v(d.  (1,  pp.  f-ii-'.Kl. 

(17  Ki  ptil  ,  1  .\iii|iliili  ) 

Pohl-Pincua   (  — ).      I'clier  die   Mii^kel- 

I'aserii  des  l''roscliliei/,eiis ;  in  Arc'.i.  1'.  il. 

niikroNk.   Anal.,   •■iW.    lid.,    I.    lilt.,    pp. 

.'■)()(  )-,'i(h;. 
Rauber  (A.)     Dio  Kcriitlicilniifisli'^iiiep 

im   Mednllarrolir  dcr  Wirludtliicre.     1. 

Itatracliicr ;   Arcli.  iiiikr.  Aiiat.,    xxvi, 

pp.  ()-,",'-lin,  pi.  ;il.  "      •: 

_    .    ,       ,^  ,  ,  ,         ,  -  ...,         ,,,,    ,      ,,.  fatico    dei    Ivcttili;     my.    Svo,    I'.ivia, 

Reiiihardt  (.).)  ami  Lutken  (C  li.)     lii- 

lira",- til  Knmlskah  oin  Urasilicn's  Pad-  „'"',,    .   ,     ,„,      ,.,.,,,,        „ 

,           ,.     ,  ,        ....       ,    .,    ,,  ,.      ,  Ryder(.J.A.)     J  Im  "  \  cntral  SiicKer,>4,' 

dcroj;  kr.vl(d,\r;  \  idcnsk.Mcdd.lradcn         -'     ^,    '     .•,,•,     ..    ,■ ,        ,■ 

.,   ,    ,,         ,         ,^.,     ,,        ,,          ,  or  "  Siickin":  Disks,    ol  the  tadpoles  cl 

Nat.  loreiiiiij;.  Hid,  bvo,  Loiienliancn.  ,  ,^,                              ,.  ,,                 ,  '  ,      , 

dillerciit  jjencra  ol    I  roj^s  and    lo.iil-*; 

IJidra-  til  Vcstindisko  Ori-cs  o^  .^^  ^^^^^^_^,  x„tnialist.  vol.','-J,  Mareli.pp. 


p. -I. 

On   Millie   Kcplilia   and    Italradiia 

oli.-,eived  in  Norinamly ;  in  Zoologist 
(I!.).  \ol.  7,  \\\>.,  lip.  V.)-:u\. 

Roux  (Willi.)  I'elier  die  Zeit  dcr  lie- 
stiniinmi;^  der  llailpti  ielitiin^en  im 
I'roscliembry  <•.  VAue  lii(do;;isilie  In- 
teisiicllllll;{.  (.Mil  1  'I'at'.)  Leip/iL;,  \V, 
i;nj;eliiianii.  l"'*:!,  -vo  ('JH  pp.),  M.  I. 

lieilrii,i;c    /nr   einhryonalcn    lliit- 

\vi(  kliiiii^smeeliaiiik.  ','.  Ueher  die  Ijii- 
\vi(dvlniij;  dcr  I'rosclieier  lici  Aiilln- 
Itiiii^  der  riclitcmlcn  WirkiuiLC  di  r 
.Scliwere  ;  Sep.-Alidr.  ;iiis  d.  Iiic.il. 
iir/.il.  Zeii.sclir.,  l-i'l,  No.  (!  (Id  jip.  i. 

lteiti.'i:.;('  /nr  I'.iit wicklniij;siiiei  lia- 

iiik  lies  I'jnlirvo.  No.  I.  Die  Uiclitnii^'!)- 
liesliiniiiiiii.n  di'i'  .Mcdiaiiclie  des  l'rn>ili- 
cmlir.vo  diireli  die  ('opiikationsriclitiiii;; 
des  l^ikcrncs  iind  dcs  Spcrmakei  lies. 
Mit  I  'Taf.;  in  Aicli.  I",  inikrosk.  Anal., 
•,".>.  lid.,  •-'.  int.,  pp.  ir.7---'I'J. 

Riisconi  (D.  .M.)  Did  I'rotco  ani^nimidi' 
Lament  i  :    tlo.  I'a\  ia,  l-l'.i. 

Anioiiis    (lis    I^aliiiiaiidrcs    aipia- 

tiiims;    Ito,  Milan,  H-Jl. 

Oli.servat  ions   anatoiiiiqiies  siir  la 

Siieiie  ;    llo,  I'avia,  Ii5lt7. 

Ikillessiono  sopra  il  .Sislciiia  Lin 


iiavnlincn  dc  Daiisk  Vistindiskc  0crs 
llerpi^tolo^iic;  I'roin  Natiiraliist.   I'oren. 
\idelisk.   Meddel.  lor  It^tW. 


i;!,  •,'(■)  L 

(Kl'poil    (111    'I'liiillo'.'*    li;l|iel. 

•7,  p.  li";;.) 


V,  /..  .\  .  N" 


r 


t 


'i 


rsi. 

Illt'lltS     ill'     III 

rt'xcitiiiicm 
il.  Aciul.  Sc, 
lt8-i:5ttl. 

Ill  :il)ni)niiu! 
\  of  tln^  I'liiii- 
\iiat.  All/.,;!, 

tiiriiH.s  KiMiii- 
iilicr;;,     IT.'c*, 

L'lhiliirn    iH'ir 

itraciaiii ;    in 

I'isa,  I'Kic- 

•k  TdikI  [  /.'«/■(; 
).  vol.7,  r.lt., 

ml    Itiilrarlila 
ill    Zoologist 

Zoit  ih'i-  I'.i'- 
i'liliinj;('ii     iiii 
olof^isclic   I'll- 
Lt'i|i/.ii;,  W. 
I  pp.),  M.  I. 
voiiali'u    Mill- 
rclicrdic  I'jil- 
r    lici   Aiil'iii'- 
^ViiUiui,^    ill  1 
lis     il.     Mn.il. 
f)  (111  pp.>. 
kliiii^siiiii  lia- 
)ii'  Uii'lltlMi;;."*- 
ln!  ill's  r'rii^rli- 
tioiisrirliiiiiij; 
<l>i'rmaki'i  Ill's, 
ikrosk.  Anal., 
.'IJ. 

ti'o  aii^iiiiiiiilc' 
lit. 
laiiilri's    ai|ua- 

iiiiiiUlcs  Mir  la 

I  Sisti'iiia  l-iii- 
.-^YO,    I'avia, 

Iral  Siickir.'*," 

Iir  'I'ailpiilrsiif 
;s  anil  'I'oaiN; 
•-'•J,  Manli.lM'- 

r.      V.   /..   .\  ,  N"' 


THE    BATRACHIA   OP    NORTH    AMERICA. 


481 


i 


Salvador!  (T.)  Relazioue  sopra  la  "  Mo- 
iioi»rafia  sugli  Aiifibi  amori  italiani" 
del  Sor.  Camerano:  in  Atti  K.  Accad. 
.Sc.  Toriuo,  vol.  17,  Disp.  7,  pp.  788-790. 

Sarasin  (P.)  mid  Sarasin  (F.)  Einige 
I'liiictt'  aiisder  Entwickluiigsgescliichte 
von  I('hthyo2)lnx  (jhilinORUn  (Epicriiim 
ijl.);  in  Zool.  Anz.,  10.  Jahrg.,  No.  248, 
pp.  104-196. 

Entwickelnugsgeschichte  ii.  Ana- 

toiuio  der  Ceylonesiscboii  Bliudwiible, 
Ichthiiophix  (jluthiomix:  in  Eigt'buisso 
Xatnrwis.s.  Forscbung.  auf  Ceylon. 
Hand  II.     P\dio:  Wiesbaden,  1887. 

Sauvage  (H.-E.'i  8nr  qnelfines  Ratra- 
cit'iisdeCbine;  Hnllet.  .Soo.  Pbiloinath. 
Paris,  1877.  May. 

Savi  (P. )  Sulla  Salamandra  per>n)iciUatu  : 
-VI),  Pisa,  lr2;{. 

Schauz  (F.)    Fate  of  the  Blastopore  in 
Aiiipbibiaiis.     Abstr.  in  .Journ.  H,  Mi- 
rioso.  Soc.  London,  l«'"<8,  j).  '2,  ]>.  L-'O. 
i.Ti'ua.  Ki'itsL'lu-.     V.  ■/,.  A.,  No.  277,  \>.  202.) 

Scliiff  (Maur. )  Keniariiues  sur  Tiiiner- 
vatioii  (U's  co'iirs  lynipliatiiiues  di's  Ba- 
tr.icieiis    anoures;     in    Kovuo    Zoolog. 

s  .isst',  T.  1.  No.  :5,  pji.  :u9-:jr)r.. 

Schneider  (.1.  (i.)  Historia'  Ampbibio- 
nini  Fascic.  jtrini.  contiiiens  Kanas, 
Calaniitas.  But'ones,  (^alainaudras  ot 
Hydros;  8vo,  ,Jena,  I7ltl>. 

Schbbl  ( ^^y.i. )  Febcr  die  Blutgefiisse  des 
('i'rebro.sj>inalen  Xervensystenis  der  Uro- 
ili'len.  Mit  1  Taf. :  in  Arcb.  fiir  mi- 
kiofikop.  Anat.,  'iO.  Bd.,  1.  lift.,  pp. 
■^7-9'-». 

Schreiber  (E. )  Herpetologia  Europa-a ; 
•'vo,  Hnmswick,  l"7r). 

Schulgin  (M.)  Ban  des  Cerebrospinal- 
svstenis  der  Anipbibien  n.  Rejitilien, 
Mit  1  Taf.  ;    in  T.  9.  1.  Hft.,  pp.  149-'.»'29. 

Schultze  (Frz.  Eilb.)  Ein  lebende.s  Am- 
hUjatomH  tiijrhiiim  ;  in  .Sitzgsber.  Ges. 
N.it.  Fr.  Berlin,  1880,  No.  9,  p.  13'3. 

Schultze  (O.)  Axis  of  Frog  Ovuiu. 
Abstr,  in  Jouru.  R.  Microsc.  Sec.  Lou- 
don, 18.88,  pt.  1,  p.  15. 

Uebor  die  Fnrcbung  beiui  Axolotl ; 

in  .Silzgsb.  phys.-nied.  Ges.  Wiirtzbnrg, 
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1951  Bull.  U 31 


Schultze  (0.)  Untersucbungeu  Uberdie 
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Ueber  Reifuug  nud  Befrucbtung 

des  Auipbibieneies;  in  Auat.  Anz,,  1. 
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■  Znr  ersten  Entwicklung  des  brau- 

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Scott  (W.  B.)  and  Oaborn  (H.  F.)  Tbe 
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Setscbenow  (.S.)  Galvaniscbc  Erscbei- 
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f  1| 

1  ;  I 


' 


I    ';!    I 

111 


482  BULLETIN   34,    UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


1 

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JM. 

suald  (.Iaiii(.'.s 
B  of  till-  Pala- 
ainl  tbt"  Tt'i- 
(ulvesselt^  ami 
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n.).  I'ldC'i'i-il- 
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stcii   Aiila-c!i 
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I.  (:»Pl..). 

;oscliicliti-  ilfs 
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DiiM  on  Imliiiu 
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II  japiiuisclnii 
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la  parti-  mi- 
la  RepuMiia 
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toire  iiatiircllo. 
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iy8ii>logie  des 
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!r>i. 

IS  in  the  Froj;'s 

18a'),  pp.  loiiit- 

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H 


it. 


n 


m 


484 


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i: 


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(Bibl.    I'niv.   Arch.   Sc.    Pbys.     S.  Zuol..;;. 
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D(^veloppement  de  laeexualitc  dis 


larves  do  (jreuouilles  <•(  iuflueuce  d  1111 
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) 


I 


h 


I. 

>9  Verzpicl;- 
phibieii  der 
grenztMidrii 

Naturwiss. 
,  l-3tf. 
rz ;  in  Zonl. 
ibolt  (Uain- 

473. 

Hubsj).  i)/M(- 
zeiger,  1--?, 

»au(lroloy;ia. 

logico-iiliiio- 
'iL' ;    Nuroiu- 

iche  illn'i'  ilic 
ffjnngfii  ini 
irsbiirji.  Xi- 
I.  Htt.,  1-Hi, 
4. 

ions  of  N'lw 
ni)liil>iaiis  in 
SInscmii ;    ni 

I. :..  PI).  4;;-- 

lt«  lii  uanire 

penu'nt  ili-  !,i 

):  in  Conijit. 

\\2.   No.   ••'•), 

lenx  pliysicii- 
niont  lU'.s  ti''- 
ri  VMcnlciild); 
Genove  i:i.), 


liyHico-i'lii'iu- 

elopuuMit  itf 

Ilia  ;  ill  Anil. 

Jan.,  p.  ''I. 

London  ('.i.), 

ys.     S.  Zl)ol"^'. 

scsnalitt'  di's 
iillneuce  d'liu 
lo  dt^vt'loppe- 
xiv,  i,  p.  l''l. 
in  (lor  lliiin- 
cuh'fil  gi'f'uu- 
cicH;  in  Zool. 

velopmt'nt  of 
isdier  Anzei- 


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ita 


^^ 


Tin:    BATRACHIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


487 


itioii  to  iiiir 
oiii  Austin- 
lMi4(Fcl..  1. 
luvlt'di;!'  irl' 
rish,-,. 
uicjii,      l-iiT 

\-  SlH'cic>   (!' 

1111.   Majiiiz. 

iiiul  //.  rh II- 
)iuli>n.  1-7','. 

lections   lit' 

the  I'liitisli 

r.     Londuii, 

n   till-   Ri-)i- 

l^xjilmiii- 

nc.    I\'(ij;<i>, 

ly  Xiit.  S(  . 

JiUriicliidii- 
MTtlniliilici- 

,  1-ri. 

.  iii,  l'.t'i''Mi. 
liiiltoiihuii'ii 

.     \visM-l|M.'ll. 

j4,  II.  :\:-^. 

tlieKeiitilf- 
(liiriiig  thr 
Ilia,  Arizii- 
C.  Vaiiiiw  ; 

lei'lcr.    ''Ml, 

(1  HatiacliiM 
111.  Acadfiu) 
155.  .'date. 

iratt-  F(is»iU 
I'ala'oiitiilo- 

ati'  lii'iiiaiii^ 
Kilkt'iiiii-v  : 
xxi\ .  \i.  I','. 

vii'ksli,  ('oai 
rvcy  I 'nit  111 

ul  Reptilian 

id  Ansti'aliii ; 

XV,  l>.-i;t,  II 
comuriiH  nil- 

I.    SoC.    Lull- 


1 

r 


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Tran-sac.    Geol.    Soc.    Loud.,    vi,    50;5, 

184','. 
On     Jliachyops     laticcps.     Quart. 

Jor.rn.  (Jeol.  Soc.  Lend.,  x,  471?,  1854. 

Ryder  (J.  S.)  Morphological  notes  on 
the!imbsof  theAniphiuniidie;  Proceeds. 
Acad.  Philada.,  1879,  p.  14. 

Schmidt     (P.)      Beschreibung    zweier 

neuen    Reptilien   aus    dem  Naturhist. 

Museum  /u  Hamburg.     4to,  Hamburg, 

?  date. 

Steindachner    (F.)     Reise    d.    Oesterr. 

'       Fregatte  Novara.     Zoologischer  Tlieil. 

j      Erster  Baud.  Amphibien.     Wicn,  18G7. 

Steinbeim  ( — ).  Die  Entwickelung  des 
Froschembryo's  besonders  des  Mnskel- 
u.  Genitalsystems  (?  loc),  (date  ?). 

Strasser  (H.)    Zur    Entwickeluug    der 

Extremitiitenknorpel   l)ei    Salamandra 

u,  Tritonen;  Morphologisches  Jahrbuch, 

V,  'J40,  1879. 
Traittschold  (H.)  Die  Resto  Permischer 

Rei>tilien  des  Paheontolog.  Kabiuets  d. 

I'niv.  Kasan ;  Nouv.  M^^m.  de  la  Soc. 

Imp.    des    Naturalistes,  4to,   Moscou, 

XV,  livr.  1,  1884. 
Velasco    (J.  M.)     Descripcion  sobre  la 

Metamorfosis  y  Costumbres  de  una  es- 

pecio  nueva  del  geuero  Siredon.    La 

Naturaleza,  Mexico,  1878. 
Vogt  (Carl).    Uutersuchungen  iiber  die 

Entwickeluugsgeschichte    d.   Geburts- 

helferkriite  (Alyten  obsteiricane).     4to, 

Solothurn,  1842. 


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LIST    OF    CUTS 


li 


|Expla:«atiO!«  of  numbers  im  all  the  figures.— 1.  Head  from  above ;  2,  Uo.  from  side;  3.  Do,  from 
liilow;  1,  Interior  uf  mouth;  5.  Palate  enlarKed:  0.  Forefoot,  from  below;  7.  Hind  foot,  from 
liclow,  I 

Page. 

Fig,    1.  Chondrocranium  niul  cranial  nerves  of  Salamaudra,  from  the  side; 

.iagramniatic  ;  from  Wiedersbeim ,...  <) 

2.  The  same  as  Fig.  l.from  below 10 

\i.  Xtcturiin  macnlatus  Kaf,  ;   No.  8t?15;    Mount  Carmel,  111.:  Amhlyatoma 

inixicaiium  Wagl.,  larva;  and  Chondrotus  tenebrosua  15.  &  G,,  larva; 

California 24 

4.  Xtclurits  punctatiix  Gibbs;  No.  1181;};  natural  size;  Charleston,  S. C.  27 

T).  Criiptobraiichua  ulhijheniennia  Hurl. ;  No.  9572;  Pennsylvania 39 

(!.  CriiptohraiichiiiifuscusHiAhr.;  No.  7003;  Knoxville,  Teuu 43 

7.  Amhhistoma  tiilpoideum  Holbr. ;   No.  3879;  natural  size;   Prairie  Mer 

Rouge,  La 53 

8.  Amhlystoma  opacum  Grav. ;  No.  3751 ;  natural  size;  Gloucester,  Va....        55 

9.  Amblyaloma  puiictatumL\mi.;  natural  size;  Hampshire  County,  Va  . .        60 

10.  Amblyitloma  vonspersum  Cope;  No.  3934;  natural  size;  Carlisle,  Pa. 

S.  F.  Baird. 62 

11.  AmbU/ntoma  copeiaiiitm  Hay;  from  drawing  in  Proceedings  National 

Museum  by  Prof  O.  P.  Hay:  Irvington,  Ind 65 

12.  Amblystoma  tigrinum  Green;  No.  4691;   natural  size;  West  Northtield, 

111 '. 68 

13.  Ambhintomatigriniim Green;  No.  40.59;  natural  size;  Fort  Ripley, Minn.  74 

14.  Amblyntom(t  xiphias  Coiw;  No.  14470;  natural  size;  Columbus,  Ohio..  88 

15.  Amblyntoinajvffvraoniannm  Green;  No.  3968;  natural  size,  except  5  =  f, 

from  Green's  type;  western  Pennsylvania 91 

16.  Amblysloma  jefersonianum  fuscum  Hallow.;  No.  3897;   natural  size; 

Clark  County,  Va 92 

17.  Amblystoma  macrodactylinn  Baird;  No.  4042;  J  natural  size;  Astoria, 

Oregon 9G 

18.  Amblystoma  npixanthum  Cope;    type;    natural  size,  Atlauta,  Idaho; 

Coil.Copo 98 

19.  ChondrotiiH  microatomus  Cope;  No.  3999;  natural  size;  Saint  Louis,  Mo.      102 

20.  Chond)oui8  texanus  Matthes;  No.  4044;  twice  natural  size;  San  Anto- 

nio, Tex 104 

21.  ChondrotHS  paroHcus  Baird;   No.  7021;   natural  size;   Puget  Sound, 

Oregon 106 

22.  Chondrotiia  decorticatus  Cope ;  No.  14493 ;  natural  size ;  Port  Simpson, 

British  Columbia 108 

23.  ChondrotHS  aterrimua  Cope ;   No.  5242 ;  natural  size ;  Northern  Rocky 

Mountains 110 

24.  Chondrotna  tenebroaua  B.  &  G. ;   No.  4053;  natural  size;  Astoria,  Ore- 

gon       113 

25.  Linfiit<Flapaua  annulatua  CoTpe;  No.  11564;  type;  natural  size 115 

489 


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1 

490         BULLETIN    31,    UNITED    STATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

Fio.  "iO.  LiiigufTlapHUH  Icptiinm  Coi)e;  No.  14o-;J;  typo;  iinturnl  size li: 

•J7.  ISatrncliiimps  caudntiix  Co\w,'So.  I'XAM;  Ilassler'n  Harbor,  Alaska.     II. 

K.  Nichols;  \   except  .')=  t IjT 

28.   liiilriichi)nfpii  nUi'iiKatim  Knch.;  No.  13Si>5 Ij- 

21I,   nrmiiJartiiliiim  snifatiim    Tschiidi;    twice  natural  size,  except   T)  =  f : 

No.  4(l!)4;  Norfhtielil,  111.     K.  Kemiicott l:il 

30.  I'h'thodon  ciiiinitH  triithroiintim  Green;  No.  4"';?"';  twice  natural  size, 

excejit  r>  =  f ;  St.  Catherine's,  Canada \'H\ 

31.  Phthodontjhttiii(iHiiHfiTwn;l\iK:CS'2;Ahhv\i\U',  S.  C Ill 

32.  I'kthodon  (iiunit  Copo;    natural  size,  except  o,  { ;    Nicka.iack   Cave, 

Teunewsee;  Coll.  Coju' Ill 

33.  Phlhodmi  iiiti niifdiiis  Hainl;  No.  4732;  type;  natural  size,  except  .'),  f ; 

Fort  Tejon,  Cal 1  |i. 

34.  Pl>  Ihodon  cninsulun  Coi^e;  No.  9447;  natural  size,  except  5,  f  ;  Califor- 

nia          1  IT 

35.  rhihodoti  (iny/odcHKM  (Jirard ;  No.  131*4t)^;  natural  size,  except  t ;  Berke- 

ley, California U.' 

3*).  Stcreochihix  marfiinatiis  Hallow.;  No.  3907;  j;  natural  size;  (Jeorgia.  V<'.\ 
.37.  (hjriuopliilits  por/ihi/viticua  Grccii;  No.  3374;  Tiatural  size,  except.''),  f ; 

locality  unknown Uiti 

3S.  Maiiciihis  tiiiadridiyitatiiK  Holbr. ;  No.  3904  ;  twice  natural  size;  Ahhe- 

ville,  8.  C lt;ij 

39.  Spi'hrpcH  miiltiplicatiix Cope;  No.  4li3::<;  twice  natural  size;  Red  River, 

.\rkansas liiil 

40.  SpeUrpci*  hiUiHiitiis  Groeu;  No.  144r)(i;  twice  nattiral  size,  except;'),  f: 

Gloucester,  Md  lt;»'i 

41.  Spihrpm  longicaiidus  Green;  No.  40A");  natural  size,  except  ">,  which 

is  f  ;  Lancaster,  Ohio h'O 

42.  Spehrptu  (luttalhuatun  Holbr. ;  No.  37"J3 ;  natural  size,  except  ">,  { ;  Eu- 

taw,  Ala i:i 

43.  Spchrpen  nih,rViim\.;  No.  7903  ;  Carlisle,  Pa ITl 

44.  Autodaj-  liigithris  Hallow.;  No.  4til7:  Petaiunia,  Cal l-l 

4.^.  Aiitodax  fern  ux  Coiw  ;  No.  114.")!  :  natural  size,  except  o,  f :  locality  un- 
known    l?ii 

40.  Aiiaidcn  ii'cainin  Voytc;  No.   I4o9t);  natural  .size,  except  .">,  i";  McCloud 

River,  California l" 

47.  Desmognath iiH  ochrophaa  Voi^e;  No,  G~91 ;  natural  size,  except  .">.  twice 

natural  size ;  Meadeville,  Pa   1'.'.' 

48.  Dvumognathiisf iixai  Jii\{.;  No.  7901;  twice.uatural  size  ;  Carlisle,  Pa..       I'X' 

49.  Desmogtiathitfi  fiisra  tturiculata  Holbr.;  twice  natural  size  ;  Abbeville, 

S.  C 1% 

."JO.  DcsmognnthHS  iiigru  Green  ;  No.  3923;  natural  size,  except .'»,  twice  nat- 
ural size;  Abbeville,  S.  C 1'.".' 

51.  Dumiictjihit)  tarosiis  Esch.;  No.  11407;  natural  size, except  r)=i;  San 

Francisco,  Cal '2o:t 

52.  Divmiictyhis  riridesceiia  vinidtucens  Raf. ;  No.  I44t!3  ;  Aiken,  S.  C '-'U" 

53.  DifmijctyltiB  riridt'svena  mi»iatits  Raf.;    No.  3^02;    twice  natural  size. 

except  tijr.  .'>  =  f ;  Root  River,  Wisconsin.    S.  F.  Baird •,'IU 

54.  Diemyctiiliiii  riridisccnn  meridionaliii  Co\>f:  San  Diego,  Tex. :  | 'Jl'-' 

55.  Amjyhiuma  Hi(rt*i»*  Gard. ;  No.  10^(j.">;  natural  size;  Columbus,  Miss.. .  'M 

50.  Amphiiima  means ;  three  embryos  in  the  eggs;  from  Hay '-.'-'1 

57.  Siren  lacertina  L. ;  No.  12593;  Wilmington,  N.  C. ;  | --''' 

58.  PaendohranchuH  atfiatits  Lee. ;  Nos.  7010  and  oOol  (latter  Georgia,  Dr. 

Jones) ;  twice  natural  size  with  brauchise  aborted ;  tig.  ?,  branchia' 
aborted  and  inclosed ;  9,  branchia-  free  (No.  5001) ~:il 


I 


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ska.     M. 

I'j: 

i> 

>t  r)  =  f: 

l:il 

iral  Hize, 

v.w, 

Ill 

k   Cnve, 

Ill 

q«t  5,  f : 

llL 

Califor- 

Iir 

:  Herk.-- 

W 

•eorgiii.      l.':i 

i:.ii 

;  Al.l).- 

IfiO 

il  River, 

1'.:! 

^l>t  ".,  f  ; 

IM 

,  which 

lil'.i 

.  f;Eii. 

in 

i:i 

1-1 

ility  nil- 

INi 

ilcCIoiid 

1- 

5,  twice 

]:>■> 

ile,  Pa..       l;i:. 
ihevillf, 

I'Jii 

ice  uat- 

r."j 

:i;  San 

'2'l:^ 

' -..'i,)- 

al  Mize, 
','10 

-Jl-J 

Miss...  ','1(1 

','•-'1 

•,"2i; 

;ia,  Dr. 
rauchiii' 
L'lil 


I 


Fig.  r.;t. 
I  ill. 

til. 

(W. 

(i;?. 
til. 
•>.■>. 
till. 


M. 
tilt. 

Til. 

71. 


THI-:    MATRACHIA    OF    NORTH    AMKRICA. 

Shoulder-fiirtlhy  nf  Snlii  uliit  ;  hand  c  t'nun  I'arkfr 

Ihifo  ini  III  lata  ■•  I!,  vV  (i,;  No.  'I'MCr,  natural  nI/c;  Cajic  St.  Liica.i,  C'all- 


liin 


71. 


Til. 


7;t. 

-II. 
-1. 

-4. 


^7. 

89. 

90. 
91. 


nii/i)  (/(7h/i'«  (lirartl  ;  Ni>.  ^'ti-Jii;    li;;.  1-J  natural  .size;  ii-7,  J:  Chihiia- 

liiia,  Mi'xicd 

/;»/■<(  (//rdci/'x  tiirard  ;  Ni>.  •J.">7'.i ;  lyiic;  natiirul  nizf  ;  (Joloradi)  deNort. 

Friiin  Mai  id 

Hiifii  roliniihiriisiH  loliimhinisiH  H.  iV  (J,;  Nii.  ll.'iltl;  natural  si/e  ;  Kf- 

wafin   \' alley 

HiiJ'o  tiiliiiiiliitiisi.i  haliiphiUiM  \\.  Sl  (i. ;    natural  size  ;  cojtiort  frtnn  Haird 

r.  S,  Mfxiian  lioiimlary  Survey 

/<(//«  vompiiclilis  :   No. '.iiiii^' ;  natural  nize;  Rinj^jjold  Harracks,  Texas. 

A.  Schott 

IliiJ'o  lifmiiiiiliri/K  i'i>\)i' :  No.  ll'.W;  natural  .size;  United  State.s  north- 
ern Itouiidary 

Ihi/ii  iin/ii<itii«  Say  :  natural  siz*-;  eojiied  froin  Uaird  anilOirard,  U,  S. 

1'.  U.  K.  Survey 

Iliifo  hiiHniiiimiiH/owliii  I'litn.;  No.  l(ifJ8.'>;  Daiivers,  Mass 

/Ill fit  IniiiiiiiKisiis   iroodhuiiKii :    natural   size;   eojiied  from    Bairil  and 

(iirar.l.  T.  S.  ]'.  |{.  R.  Survey 

Hiifo  lviiti;iiiiiiHiis  iiniericaniiH ;    natural  size;    eopied   from   Haird  and 

(iiraril.  l'.  S.  P,  R.  R.  Survey 

Jliifii  liiili<iiiiiiniin  ItnliiiiiioHiiH  Shaw;  natural  size;  copied  from  Haird 

and  (iirard,  I'.  S.  1'.  R.  R.  Survey 

Hii/ii  iiiiiiriciiH  llollir.;  No.  1;11M  ;  natural  size,  except  (i  and  7  =  f 

Itiifii  ritUiiTiiH  \\"\oi\;  natural  size;  copied  from  IJaird,  IJnitetl  States 

Mexican  Riuindary  Survey  .  

Siiiitliiiiiiiii  hiiUmtiiki'i  llarl.:  No,  l()(iO-4 ;  natural  size;  Fhiritla  Keys 

Si'iipliiiijiiis  iiiiirliii  lariiii  Cope:  No. .")i^!»:{ ;  natural  size;  Cape  St.  Lucas, 

Call  torn  ia 

Slim  liaiiniiiiiulii  iiitirmoiilatia  Cope;  No.  lOit'Jt);  natural  size;  Fort  Walla 

Walla,  Washiniftoii 

Sjua  liniiiinoiiilii  luiinmoiKlii  Haird;  No.  l-l.V);};  natural  size  ;  Colorado 

and  rtah  rey;ion 

.S/»(((  liiiiiiiiiiiiiilii  lioiiihi/roiiHCo\>v;  No.  St94:{;  natural  size;  Camp  Thome, 

Yellowstone  River 

Sjiiii  iiiiiltijiliciila  Vi^H'-.  No.  IMiHl;  natura?size;  Valley  of  Mexico.    J. 

I'otls  

IIijIoiUk  liitraiiH  Cope  ;  No.  liliV.t ;  natural  sizn  ;  Helotes,  Tex 

Siirrhojiliiis  iii(ir»ockii  Cope;  No.  KUi;?.') ;  nati.ral  size;  Helotes,  Tex 

-Irris  ijriiUiiH  Lfc.  :  No.  llt!>"J4  ;  natural  size;  ])es  Moines,  Iowa 

('liiiro)iliiliiN  iiriiiitiia  Holhr.;  No.  i;{ti:{4  ;  natural  size;  Helotes,  Tex 

C'liiirojihilii!<oiiiiliiil(tliM  Haird  ;  .No.  .Vjori ;  natural  size ;  Riceliorougli,  Ga. 
('hiiriijiliiliis  iiii/vHiis  Lee.;  No.  5!);?.");   1-4,  natural  size;  t)-7,  }  natural 

size  ;  Lilierty  County,  (Ja 

Cliorophi  I  IIS  fvrUtrii  m  Haird  ;  No.  12077:  1-4,  natural  size  ;  C>-7,  f  natural 

size ;  Mount  Carmel,  HI 

ClioropliiliiH  tiisi-riiituH  Irixvridtiix  Wied.;  No.  8bi\'.\;  1-4,  natural  size; 

<i-7,  i  )iatural  size;  Fairjilay,  Colo 

Uyla  pickeriiijiii  Holbr. ;  No.  ;J(108;  natural  size;  Bostctn,  Mass 

Ujila  reijiJla  H.  iV:  G. ;  No.  l:?79(i;  natural  size ;  liaird,  Shasta  County, 


Cal. 


HijUi  sqiihrnn  Hose;  No.ll'.tll;  natural  size;  Nashville,  Ga... 
Hyla  aiidemoiii   Haird;  No,  ;?tiOO;  natural  size;  Anderson,  S.  C 


491 

•J47 

•.'(>;! 

•Jt>4 
•J()(i 
•v'tl- 

•,'7-J 

•i74 

•,'7() 
280 

290 
291 

294 

:wo 
:toi 

304 

:W5 

:{ii7 

;50d 
:!17 
:U9 

32fi 

•.m 
■Am 

',V3& 
■Ml 

343 

354 

358 
364 
3G6 


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492         BULLETIN    34,    UNITED    STATES    NATIONAL    MU«KUM. 

Fio.  1)3.  Hjila  caroUiKiiaift  Peiin. ;  No.  i:U78;  natural  size:  Allapaba,  Oa .i.x 

'X\.  Hjjli  nreiiiculor  Co\}*);  No.  fOrid;  natural  Hize;  Utah Tn 

i)4.  lljila/i'inordUD  Daud. ;  No.  U.V.H;  natural  hI/.o;  Lilierty  County,  Oa...  ITJ 

9.').  Ilyht  itrxicithr  Lvc;  No.  14i).">l ;  natural  nize  :  Rocht'stfr,  N.  Y ;::, 

'M'>.  Ilyln  {imtlom  Lei'. ;  No.  'M't-^i  ;  natural  hIzi'  ;  from  (icorgia,  ('.  B.  A(laui!«  'T'.i 

'.•7.  Enijiintoma  caroHtienxe  HoUtr.;  No.  HWKf ;  natural  size ;  Columbus,  Gn.  .!S(i 

1>8.  HiJixipachui  ritneiin  Co]u^;  .San  Difgo,  Tex iWi^l 

9l>.  /?((»«  rirctrc/is  ij)/i('HM((7)/ia/{«  Cope  ;  No  llUlti ;  Nai^livilU',  (rii )iio 

100.  L'aiia  fiitHccnn  ririicinx  \it\hi\;  No.  f-Stii);  natural  Mize  ;  Tickfa«',Ga. . .  in) 

101.  Hdiia  vireacenx  bvuchycephala  Cojiu ;  No.  lOifJ'.J ;  natural  size;  Fort  Wal- 

la Walla,  Washington;  (U\\n.  C.  Bt-ndire,  U.  .S.  Army IM 

102.  Paiia  puliixlfix  Lcc. ;  No.  i:UO:i;  natural  nize;  Garrison's,  N.  Y. ;  T 

Roosevelt In? 

103.  L'mia  ureolata  urvoUita  B.   iV  G. ;  No.  3H04 ;  natural  size ;  Indianoln, 

T.X 111! 

104.  HatKi  tt)(olat((  onojiiixCoiw,  No.  4743;  naturalsizc ;  Micauopy,  Fla...  11. i 

105.  liana  anoUita  circiihmt  llice  A  Davis;  type  in  Museum, Champaign. 

111.:  No.  '27 -I;  natural  size;  northern  Illinois Ill 

106.  liana  •<e2)tentrionaUt  Mainl;  No.  3420;  natural  size;  Garrison's  Creek. 

New  York 117 

107.  Kaiia  clamatu  Daud.;  No.  3,")01 ;  natural  size;  Eutaw,  Ala i.'l 

108.  nana  cateMana  .Sliaw  ;  No.  114iH) I.'l 

109.  liana  ntonU:uma'  Baird  ;    natural  size;    Lake  Xochimilco,    valley  oj" 

Mexico.  E.  D.  Cope Ij.t 

110.  liana  tcmporafia pretiosa  Baird;  No.  5973;  natural  size;  Camp  Mou- 

jie,  Oregon IM 

HI.  Jlana  cantahriginsia  latiremis  Cope  ;  No.  13723  ;  natural  size  ;  Lake  Al- 

lokuagik,  Alaska l.'.ii 

112.  nana  cantabriijensi^cantahriijeiisin  ham];  No.  .')925;  natural  size;  For' 

Simpson 4:17 

113.  nana  agiUi  aitrora  li.  «&  G. ;  No.  3>77;  natural  sizf;  Astoria,  Oregon.  iW 

114.  nana  (Irayioni  draytoni  liainl;  No.  8700;  natural  size  ;  mountains  near 

Fort  Tejon,   C.il 14,' 

115.  /I'nwd '"<»//ii  Baird  ;  No.  3370;  natural  size  ;  Eldorado,  Colo 41T 

IK),  nana  silvatka  Lee. ;  No.  3388;  natural  size  ;  Quebec IMi 

117.  Choudrotitu  clnfiulatuB  Cope;  type;  No.  378(>;  Aldieville.  S. C l.V) 

118.  Bufo  aduncnx  Cope;  type;  No.  14100;  Gainesville,  Tex;  | A'>i 

119.  Cliorophihix  niyritiii  wcn(Cosi(8  Cope  :  type;  Volusiii,  'a 4.V,) 

120.  Grypiscus  um&rinus  Cope;  Rio  Janeiro  ;  | 4('>0 


I 


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:!i;h 

;i7o 

,  Oa...      .IT'j 

■!*.'> 

Adams  ;n!) 

ins,  On,  ;Wi 

;w^ 

tnO 

,  On...  Ill' 
rtWiil- 
I'll 

■111? 

Ilii 

HI 

117 
I'.'l 
l-,'l 

JJ'.I 

i:m 

i:;r, 

;  For' 

......  -}  ■  17 

•regon.  110 
IIS  near 

UJ 

117 

ir.ii 

A:,i 

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t 


EXPLANATION  OF  LETTERING  ON  PLATES. 


A.—  The  ((irtiJiuifx,  I'Kjamenfs,  andmnKcUi. 
A.  p.    Ascenilinj;   itrocess  of  suspi'usor- 

lUIII. 

A.  s.  c.    Anterior  si'niielrcnlar  canal, 
At.    Auuulns  tympanioiw. 

B.  Halancer. 

Bb.  I,  II,  etc.     Hasilirancbials  I,  II,  etc. 
Cb.,  cbr,  I,  II,  etc.    CeratobraucbiaLs  1, 

II,  ft.'. 
Ch.    Coratohyal. 
Ctr.    Cornn  trabt'cnla-. 
E.  Br.  I,  II,  etc.    Ei)ibrncbial8. 
Ecor.    Epicoraooid. 
Epa.    Etbuiopalatino. 
Epg.    Epiptcryi^oiil. 
Est.    Epistapedial. 
Eth.    I'ara  t'tbuioidea. 
Eu.    Eiistacliiau  ligament, 
HM.    Ilyomandibnlar. 
HQ.    Ilyoqnadratt'  ligament, 
HS.    HyosMHpenworial  lignmoiit. 
Hsc.    Horizontal  Homicircnlar  caual. 
II.    Inferior  labial. 
Inc.    Inttirnasal  cartilage. 
LI.    Lower  livbial. 
Mb.    Mandibiilo-byoid  ligameut. 
MK.    Meckels  cartilage. 
Mat.     Mesostapedial. 
Na.    Nasal  roof  cartilages. 
Nc.     N'otocbord. 
OG',  0Q-.    Otoglossal:  1,  eartilagiuous; 

•J,  tibroua. 
Pbc.    Pnbic  cartilage. 
Pea.    Trabecnloqnadrato  cart. 
Pd.    Pedicle  of  suspensorinm. 
Pg.    Pterygoid, 
Proc.    Procoracoid. 
Psc.    Posterior  semicircular  canal. 
Q.  Qc.    Qnadrate. 
SI.   Superior  labial. 
SSC.    Snprascapula. 
St.  M.    Mnsculus  stapedius. 
St.    Stapes, 
Tcr.    Tegmen  cranii. 


Tr.    Tiabecnliiiu. 

Trab.  Plate.    Trabecular  plate. 

T.  ty.     TegnuMi  tympani. 

n. — The  hones. 

Als.    AlispLeiioiil. 

Ang.    Angular. 

a.  r. ;  a.  r.  t.    Articulare. 

As.    Astragalu:'. 

a.  B,  c.    Anterior  semicircular  canal. 

a.  t,  r.     Apex  of  trabecule. 

au.    Auditory  capsui 

B.  br.     Ua.sibrancbial, 

B.  hy.     Hasibyal. 

B.  o,     Basioccipital, 

C,  Urostyle, 
Ca,    Calcnueum, 

C.  br.    Ceratobrancbial. 
C.  c.     Centrale  carpi, 

C.  hy.     Ceratohyal. 
CI.    Clavicle. 

Co.  Columella. 
Cor.  Coracoid. 
Cu,     Cuneiform. 

D.  Dentary. 

I  Di.     Diapojihysis. 
i  Eb.    Epibranchial. 

Ecor.     Epicoracoid. 
'  E.  eth      Ectetbnioid, 
I  ep.    1      >tic. 

Eth.     Etlimoid. 

ExO.,  Bo.    Exoccipital. 

f    FiVinlare. 

Fe.    Femur, 

F.  P.     Frontoparietal, 
I  Fr.,  F.     Frontal, 
I  H,     Humeru.s. 
j  H.  hy,     Hypobyal. 

Hy.     Hypopopbysis, 

I.     Intermedium. 

H.    Ilinm. 

Int.     lutercalare. 

Is.    Iscbium. 

1st.     Interstapedial. 

493 


'  -ll 


M 


'■if 


494 


BULLETIN    31,    UNITED    STATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 


?! 


n 

i 
J 
1 


iri 


I-     1 


So. 

Sp. 

Spe. 

Spt. 

':                         Sq. 

i                       SSc 

J.     Jugal. 

It.     Luuar. 

M.,  Mz.    Maxillary. 

Mn.     Maudible. 

N.,  Na.     Niisal. 

Npr.     Nasonreuiaxillary. 

N.  px.    Nasal  proces.s  of  preniaxillary. 

N.  sp.     Neural  .spine. 

Occ.     ()ccii)ital  coiulylo. 

Odv.     Odontoid  vertebra. 

Opo.     Intcrcalare. 

Os.     Orldtd.splienoid. 

08t.     Ouio.stermini. 

Pal.,  Pa.     Palatine. 

Pas.,  par.     Paraspheiioid. 

Pb.     Pubis. 

P.  cor.     Precoracoid. 

Pef..  P.P.     Prefrontal. 

Pez.     Prezy^opoidiy.si.s. 

Pg.     Pterygoid. 

Pmx.,  px.     Preitiaxillary. 

Po.  F.     Postfrontal. 

PoE,     Po.stzyjj;opoi>liysiH. 

P.  Pa.     Parietal. 

P.,  pa.     Po.sterior  palatine. 

P.  pg.     Palatopteryjfoid. 

P.  px.     Palatine  part  of  preniaxillary. 

Pro.     Prootic. 

Ps.     Parasplienoid. 

Pt.,  Pg.     Pterygoid. 

Ptr.     Pretransverso  process. 

Qj.     Quadratojngal. 

Qst.     C^uadrato.stapedial  articulation. 

Qu.,  Q.     Quadrate. 

R.     Hib. 

r.     Radiale  carpi. 

S.     Scaphoid. 

Sa.     Sacrum. 

Sea.,  Sc.    Scapula. 

Smx.     Septoinaxillary. 

Supraoccipital. 

Si)lenial. 
Splienethiuoid. 
S(|uaiiia  palatiua. 

S(iuaiuosal. 
Suprascapula. 
St.     Sternum. 
St.,  Stp.     Stapes. 
Sy.    Symphyseal. 
T.     Tiliale. 
Tib.    Tibia. 
Tr.    Temporal  ridge. 
U.     Ulnare  carpi. 
u.    Ulnare. 
UR.     UlnoradiuM. 


U.  S.     Urostyle. 

Vo.     Vomer. 

Vp.,  Vop.     Vomeropalatine. 

C. — Foramina  and  iiirvtm. 

Car.     Foramen  carotidouni. 
En.     External  nostril. 
Fm.     Foramen  magnum. 
Fo.,  Font.     Fi>ntitn"lle. 
Fso.     Fenestra  ovalis. 

0.  (Jasserian  g;inglion. 

Hsc.     Horizontal  si.Miiicircnlar  cajial, 
111.     Internal  nostril. 
Mnp.     Middle  nasal  passage. 
Nerves.     I.  Olfactory  nerve. 
M.  Optic  nerve. 
.'').  Trigeminal  nerve, 
f)'.  First  or  orbitonasal  lua:.  \i 

of  trigeminal. 
5--')'.  Ma.xillary    nnd     mauiij- 
bular  branclie,'^  of  trig- 
eminal. 
7.  Facial. 
T'.  Palatine("  vidian")liriii,(li 

of  facial. 
f.  Auditory  nerve. 
'.•.  Olossopharyngeal. 
10.  Vagus  nerve. 

01.  Olfactory  capsule. 
Olf,  Ol.,   Nervus  olfactorius. 

Py.     Pituitary  liody,  space,  or  n  ;;,.i:i 

1). —  ritcetii  iitid  itntral  /KriDx/*  *;,->//(. 

AB.     Arteria  I)rancliialis  ;  aorta  bow. 
AM      Arteria  meseuterica. 
Ao.     Aorta. 
Au.     Auricle. 
B.     Hrancbia. 
BA.     Hulbns  arteriosus. 
I  Be.     Hranchial  cliamber. 
Bf.     Krancliial  lissure. 
Br.     Brancliia'. 

c.  Cistus  urinatorius  :  urinary  bladder 
CA.     Corpus  adi]iosum. 

ol.     Cloaca. 

DC.     Ductus  cuvieri. 

d.  c.    Ductus  clKdedochus;  diacodia 
E.     Eye. 

Eab.     Epidermal  adhesive  organs. 
Eb.     External  brauchia-. 
BE.     Kpencei)halon  (cerebellum). 
Ep.     Epiphysis  (pineal  body). 
Po.     Foiitanelle  of  oviduct. 
gb.    Gall  bladder. 


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THE    BATEACIIIA    OF    NUKTII    AMERICA. 


495 


H.     Heart. 

Hv.    Ik'iiatic  v.'iii. 

Hyp,  Hy.     Hyiio])hy.si>  ^lutnitaryboJj  i. 

I,  i.     Intestine. 

K.     Kiduey. 

1.     Lung. 

1)     'iv.     LivL'V. 

1.  ciiit.     Anterior  lobe  of  liver. 

1.  in.    Largo  intestine. 

M     Mdiitb, 

ME.     Meseneeiihalon. 

MD.     Miillerian  dnct. 

Med.     Mcdia.-Iimun. 

Mes.     Mesentery. 

MO.     Miiiitb  ol'ovidnet  in  cloaca. 

n      Xervi'.s. 

O      iividucts. 

O       Fiuitanelle  of  oviduct. 

Oes.     (Esopbagu.s. 

Ov     Ovary. 

P.     I'amreas. 

P.  C.     i'li'XU-i  cboro'idrii>. 

Pe      rniseiii^eplialon. 

Pf.     l'i'rir<ineal  fold. 

Ph.     I'harynx. 

Pp      rapiulla'  cloaciu. 

Py     I'yl.inis. 


r.     Kectnni. 

Rh.     Kbiuenceiihalon. 

S.  in.    Small  intestine. 

Sp.     Spleen. 

Spx.     Sapraplexus. 

St.,  Stom.     .Stouiaeb. 

Sv.     .Sinns  veno.sus. 

T,  t.     Ter,ti.'<. 

TE.     Tbalanienceiibalou. 

Ur.     Ureter. 

Ut.     I 'ret  bra. 

V.  Ventricle  of  bead. 
V  B.     Vena  liraucbialis. 
Vca.     Vena  cava  ascendens. 
Vd.     \'a.s  deferens. 

Ve.,  Vek.     Vena  etferens  of  the  kiduey. 
Vet.     \'ena  etfen.'ii.s  of  the  testis. 

VI.  Left  ventriele. 
VM.     Vena  nie.senterica. 
VP.     Vena  portae. 

Vp.     Vena  pnhuonalis. 

Vr.     liiglit  vi'ntriele. 

Viv.     Fourth  ventriide. 

Veiitricle.softlie  !)rain  I.  II,  III,  IV,  V. 

V.  1.     Lateral  ventricle. 

Vre.     Vena'  revehentes  renales. 


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EXPLANATIONS   OF    PLATES. 


PLATE  I. 

Xictiiritit  maculatus.  skeleton  from  below,  two-thirds  uatural  size 

PLATE  II. 

Xectunis  maciilatiis,  natural  size. 

Fig.  1.  Skull,  superior  view. 
'2.  Skull,  'uferior  view. 
:i.  Skull,  left  side,  exterior  view. 

4.  Skull,  left  side,  interior  view. 

5.  First  and  second  vertebne,  from  below. 

6.  First  and  second  vertebr.e,  from  above. 

7.  First  and  second  vertebne,  right  side. 

8.  Atlas,  from  front. 

;».  Second  vertebra^,  from  behind. 

PLATE  III. 

(Copied  from  Wiedersheim's  Kopfskelet  der  Urodeleu.) 

I'lc.  1.  Xccturns  mdculatns,  skull,  from  below,  displaying  the  chondrocrauium  of 
one  side. 

•■i.  NeciKvux  maculatits,  skull,  from  above,  displaying  the  cartilaginous  nasal  cap- 
sules. 

:{.  Cruplohrunclius  alhglienienniH,  skull,  left  side. 

I.  Ci-jiptohraiivhttn  allef/henicnsiH,  skull,  from  above,  showing  chondrocrauium  of 
one  side. 

.").  CryptobraiichuH  nllegheniensis,  skull,  from  below,  showing  cartilages  of  one  side. 

PLATE  IV. 

S'lliiiiiii  mnciilatus,  two-thirds  natural  size,  from  below,  showing  viscera,  mostly  in 
l>lace ;  the  altmeutury  canal  and  corpus  adiposum  displaced  to  the  right 
side  of  the  animal. 

PLATE  V. 

Cijiiilobraiicluis  aUegheniensis,  skeleton,  from  above,  half  natural  size. 

PLATE  VI. 
<'iiiiiiobranchua  aUegheuieiiaiH,  skeleton,  from  below,  half  natural  size. 

PLATE  VII. 

I'njptobranchiis  aUeghenienais,  viscera  from  below  in  jiosition,  two-thirds  natural  size. 
Drawn  by  Prof.  S.   F.  Baird.     <(,  auricle :  r.  ventricle  of  L«»art ;  /,,  liver; 
wi,  nu'diasfiuuii ;  a,  stomach;  i,  intestines ;   o,  oviduct;  o',  loutitnolle  of 
oviduct;  //,  gall-blailder ;  r,  rectum;  c,  urinary  bladder. 
1951— Bull.  34 32  4W 


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498         BULLETIN    34,    UXITEU    STATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

PLATE  Vin. 

Cryptobraxclius  alhyhenieiisis,  skull. 
Fig.  1.  Superior  face. 
3.  Inferior  face. 

3.  Left  side,  exterior. 

4.  Left  side,  interior. 

5.  Left  maudibular  ramus,  external  side. 

6.  Left  mandibular  ramu.s.  internal  side. 

PLATE  IX. 


(Copied  from  Wiedersheiin's  Kopfskelet  der  Urodeleii.) 


Fig.  1, 

o 


Siren  lactrtimi,  skull,  left  side. 

Siren  hiartina,  skull,  from  above,  oue-balf  the  cartilage  exposed. 

3.  Siren  Jacirtina,  skull,  from  below,  one-balf  the  cartilage  exjiosed. 

4.  Proteus  aniininus,  skull,  left  side. 

5.  Proteii8  antjiiiuui,  skull,  from  above. 

6.  Proteus  anguinus,  skull,  from  below.  • 

7.  Jmphiuma  means,  skull,  left  side. 

PLATE  X. 

Amphiuma  means,  skeleton,  from  below,  two-thirds  natural  size, 

PLATE  XL 

Amphiuma  means,  one-third  natural  sizt;;  from  Georgia.     Copied  from  Cope,  Proceiil- 

ingsof  the  American  Philosophical  .Society,  18~t),  p.  442. 
Fig.  L  Skull,  left  side. 

2.  Skull,  from  above. 

3.  Skull,  from  below. 

4.  Skull,  right  half,  from  within. 

5.  Left  mandibular  ramus,  external  view. 

6-'J.  An  anterior  d(n\sal  vertebra;  tig.  6,  front :  7,  rear;  t,  bottom;  St,  top. 
Chthonirpeton  indiiitinctnm,  R.  A,  L.,  three-eighths  natural  size;  from  Brazil.     Coiiiid 

from  Wiedersheim,  Die  Anatomic  dtT  Gymnophionen. 
Fig.  I.  Skull,  from  above. 

2.  Skull,  from  below. 

3.  Skull,  left  half,  from  within. 

4-G.  One  and  parts  of  two  other  vertebni' :  4,  from  al)ove  ;  '>,  from  below  •  li. 
right  side. 

PLATE  XIL 

Amphiitma  means  Gard.  three-toed  form  :  viscera  in  place,  except  that  the  alimcMtiuv 
cauai  is  ilisplaced  to  the  right  side  of  the  animal.  Two-thirds  natuiiil 
size. 

PLATE  XIII. 

Hyoid  apparatus  of  Batr.achuj.     Figs.  1,3, '•,()  dissected  and  drawu  by  E.  E.Gait  :  .;, 

4,  and  7,  by  E.  D.  Cope. 

Fig.  1.  Xecturus  mnvulalus,  small,  x  3. 

2.  Proteus  angninus,  adult,  j. 

3.  Cryptobranchna  alleglnnieiisis,  adult,  \. 

4.  ilegahbatrachus  masimns,  adult,  \. 

5.  Am})hiuma  mcanii,  small,  X  4. 

6.  Siren  lacertina,  small,  x  4. 

7.  Jchthyophis  ylutinosui.  \. 


THE    BATRACHIA    OF   NORTH    AMERICA. 


499 


Cope,  ProceL'il- 


roni  below  ■  li. 


E.  E.Giili  ;  J, 


PLATE  XIV. 

Skeleton  of  Amblystoma  punctatum,  ouobalf  natural  size;  superior  view.    No.  722. 

PLATE  XV. 

Amblystoma  punctatum,  skeleton  from  below ;  natursvl  size. 

PLATE  XVI. 

Amhiyatoma  punctatum,  skull,  one-half  larger  than  natural  size. 

Fig.  1.  Skull,  above. 

','.  Skull,  below. 

:{.  Skull,  left  sidCj  exterior. 

1.  Skull,  left  side,  interior.     The  numbers  below  are  those  of  the  nerves  which 

issue  from  the  foramina  of  the  Hj;ure. 

PLATE  XVII. 
Visceral  anatomy  of  J mhlystonui  punct<itiiin,  from  drawiuj^s  by  Prof.  S.  F.  Baird. 

Flu.  1.  Viscera  in  place,  from  below. 

2.  Liver,  from  above;  a,  from  below. 

3.  Corpora  adiposa  and  ovaries;  one  outlined  only. 

4.  Larynx,  lungs,  stomach,  and  spleen  isolated. 

PLATE  XVIII. 

Amhlystoma  punctatum,  development  of  larva,  from  drawings  by  Prof.  S.  F.  Baird, 

magnified  foui'  diameters. 

Fig.  1.  Embryo  taken  from  egg  4  Hues  in  diameter,  x  4. 
'J.  Another  embryo,  from  above;  <t  from  below. 
;!.  Larva  just  from  the  egg,  from  below,  x  .■^. 
4.  Larva  two  weeks  free  from  egg,  with  three  digits  on  luanus,  from  above; 

II,  from  side;   x  4;  May,  11,  lir4'^. 
.").  Larger  larva,  with  posterior  limbs,  from  above,  x  4.     "In  six  individuals, 

all  had  the  right  branchia-  less  developed  than  the  left;"  note  .S.  F.  Baird. 
f).  Hinil  limb  before  development  of  digits. 

7.  Right  fore-ibot,  from  above,  of  specimen  older  than  fig.  4  ;  .">-2r>,  lr48. 
-.  Eye  of  lig.  4,  showing  lens. 

PLATE  XIX. 

.tmhlyriloma  upaeum  and  I'lethodoii  eri/thronotuti,  skulls,  twice  natural  size. 

Fig.  1-3.  Anthlysiomii  opacum. 
4-(j.  Plethodon  irythronotua. 

PLATE  XX. 

Anatomy  of  Amhlystoma  ojxu'Mm,  drawn  by  Prof.  S.  F.  Baird. 

Fi(i.  1.  VLscera  in  place,  from  below  ;  lettering  as  before;  female;  natural  size. 

2.  Oviducts  and  fat  bodies;  natural  size;  c/,  cloaca;  fo,  foutanelle  of  oviduct; 

A',  kidney. 

3.  Stomach  and  liver;  the  latter  everted,  to  show  portal  vessels. 

4.  Cloaca  much  enlarged,  showing  mouths  of  oviducts  and  labia  (/a.). 

5.  Urinary  bladder  distended. 

0.  Urogenital  sy.stem ;  C  A,  corpus  adiposum  ;  T,  testis;  k,  kidney;  vet,  vasa 
efferentia  testis ;  vck.  vasa  eli'erentia,  reiiis;  i'.  (?.  vas  deferens. 


m:' 


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500  BULLETIN'    1)4.    UNITED    STATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

PLATE  XXI. 

Amhlystoma  sp.,  viscera,  drawn  by  Prof.  .S.  F.  Baird. 

Fig.  1.  AmMyntoma  jnunlaliim.  viscera,  natural  size,  female;  the  digestive  ami  uro- 
genital systeni.sdrawn  sei)arately  ;  lettering  as  before  :  cl,  cloaca ;  June,  1>4«. 

'i.  Amhlynloma  2)inict)itii)n,  urogenital  system  of  male,  enlarged;  letterinjr  as 
before ;  May,  l?-lt>. 

II.  J»i?(///>i/o?»(i  (j^KKwu)!  Grav.,  malf,  cloaca  ;  1,  vas  ileferens;  '2,  ureter;  I?,  grcKivt- 
from  each  vas  deferens,  which  unites  with  its  fellow  at  apex  of  iK'ninsnIa 
(9),  and  is  continued  as  a  branch  on  each  side,  dividing  and  inclosini:  tlic 
process  (4),  ami,  reuniting,  passes  round  the  jiosterior  part  of  the  folds  of 
inend)rane  (.')) ;  4,  oval,  liesliy  bodies,  supported  on  short  stems  t'(nial  td 
themselves  ;  ">,  a  series  of  deep  folds  of  membrane  of  each  side,  nearly  meet- 
ing inferiorly;  (I,  slight  protuberance  in  the  depression  between  the  fdlils; 
T,  folds  which  arise  between  the  bodies  (4)  as  one,  and,  bifurcating,  >iiik 
away  behiml  the  folds  (."ii;  "•,  a  second  set  of  folds  anterior  to  7. 

4.  Amhlyiitoina  oiiaviim,  liver  from  above;  «,  from  below. 

.').  Heart  and  branchial  vessels  of  Sinn  I<tvi'rtina,  dia  rraniniatic;  *(,  transverse 
section  of  hiillnis  arttrio-iiii-. 

PLATE  XXII. 

Choiidrotus  leiiehrosiis,  skeleton  of  law, i.  from  above,  natural  size.  Fig.  1,  skull  Irniii 
below  ;  "2,  lower  .jiiw  and  hyoid  .(rches  from  above.     From  Salem,  Ore;;()ii 

PLATE  XXm. 


f.H 


m 


N 


ChondrotWf  hnthrnniis,  larva,  natural  si/e,  from  below, 

PLATE  XXIV. 

Hyoid  ajiparatus  of  Amhti/ylnitiidd  :  Figs.  I,  '2.  and  lidissected  and  drawn  by  Jii.  K,  E. 

(Jalt:  the  remaimler  by  FI.D.Cope. 

Fui.     1.  ChondrotHH  ti'nehnisng,  from  lielow  ;   !, 

2.  Choiidrotiiii  triKbroxiin,  larva,  fnuii  :iliii\i':    X  "J. 

3.  ('  lioinlviit  lis  toil  hnisiiy,  larv:i,  from  below;    x  vj. 

4.  (,'hoiidrotiin  nterrimiiH.  from  lielow  :   'L  • 
f).  Chondrotim  aterrimiis,  from  above  ;   ij. 

fl.  Chondroliis  parotiiiis,  from  below  :  ';. 

7.  Choiidvotiis  jKirotiiii.f,  t'ii>\'   above;   ij. 

8.  Clwndrotii'' di'Cdrliiiitiis,  i'loin  ]tv]iny  ;  ;j. 

9.  CliDiidrolim  ddiirlhatun.fvuin  above;  L 

10.  LiiifjiKelapmni  (unnilatii-i,  from  below  ;   f. 

11.  LiiigiKvlitjiKiit  iitniuldtiin,  fnun  abo\e;   f. 


1-2.  Li 


ni<jiiivt(i}>'iiin  liiitii>ii>f,  trom  ai)ove 
13.  Liuguahipxun  hittitru>i,  I'rom  lielow 


1 

, 

i 

r 

1 

; 

, 

! 

1 

■ 

■ 

J 

i 

I'LATK  XXV 


Hyoid  apparatus  i\f  Amlihixtoiiiidd    an<l    l[iiiii>lnid<r ;  P"'igs.    I, 


and  '.'  dis-iitid 


drawn  by  E.  1).  C'oiie;  ',i-7  by  E.  K,  Giilt,  and  lu,  11  from  R.  Wieder? 


Fk;.    1.   Chcnidrotiii  mia-ofitoiiuin,  t'rnm  \n'],t\v :   x  1, 
vJ.   Choiidnitiia  tiiicrvstomns,  from  sibove  ;    x  4. 


CIiiiii(Ir')tii<i  li  iiihi 


larva.  si( 


x-2. 


-'•f 


L';  II,  tiaiisvir>c 


iwii  liy  In.  v..  v.. 


THE    BATRACHIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  501 

Fk;.    4.  Amhhiotomit  piiiicfadim,  from  he]o\i: ;  X -. 
5.  Jmhlystoma  pHiictafum,\arvn,  Hitlt^;  ">. 
(i,  Amblyntoiiia  tnncrodaciijlum,  from  below ;  x  'i. 
7.  Amhlyxtoma  tigrinum,  from  below  ;   x  "i. 
H.  Ambhjstoma  epimnthinn,  from  above:   x  li 
'.>.  Ambliifitom<ije(ttr!ionia)ntm,  from  above;    x  3. 
l(t.  IJyiioh'iUH  nariuii. 
\l.  L'aiiidens  sibiriciifi. 

PLATE  XXVI. 

Phthodon  ijl.itinoviis.  skull,  twice  natural  size. 

FifJ.  1.  Skull,  above. 

V'.  Skull,  below. 

i.  Skull,  left  side. 

4,  Skull  with  maudible,  from  behiml. 

PLATE  XXVII. 

Fig.  1-4.  Autoda.r  lutjiibris,  skull,  natural  size. 

1.  From  left  side,  exterior. 

2.  From  above. 
',i.  From  below. 

4.  Left  side,  interior. 

Fui.  '>-7.  Manciihi'i  qiKtdridif/ihttiis,  three  times  natural  size. 
G.  Skull,  from  above. 
7.  Skull,  from  below. 

5.  Skull,  from  left  side. 

PLATE  XXVIII. 

Fui.  1-3.  Spthrpes  loniilcatidn,  skiiU.  twice  natural  .size,  with  cervical  vertebrte. 
1.  Skull,  above. 
•,'.  Skull,  b.low. 
;{.  .'■ikull,  left  side. 
4-<.'>.  Spetn-jict  hilintdta,  skull,  three  times  natural  size,  with  three  cervical  ver- 
tebra'. 
4.  Skull,  above. 
r>.  Skull,  below. 

6.  Skull,  left  side. 

PLATE  XXIX. 

Spchrpis  rubtr.  skulls  of  larva  and  adult,  twice  natural  size. 

Fig.  1-3.  Larva  nearly  mature. 

1.  Skull  and  three  vertebra-,  from  above. 
'2.  Skull  and  three  vertebra-,  from  below. 

3.  Skull  and  three  vertebrie,  from  left  -iide. 
4-G.  Skull  of  adult. 

4.  From  above. 
.').  From  below. 
6.  From  left  side. 

PLATE  XXX. 

(Copied  from  Parker.     Spvlerpes  ruber,  skulls  of  ailnlt  and  larva,  much  enlarged.) 

FlG.  1-2.  SpeJerpes  ritber,  larva,  younger  than  that  represented  in  the  last  plate  (xxix). 

1.  Skull,  from  above. 

2.  Skull,  from  l)elow. 


■  li 


■A 


m 

h 


m 


I:      , 

I 
il 


il  , 


? 

1  ,' 

,    'I. 

I    i      l 

: 

■ 

i 

1. 

t 

1;      ■    ,    ,, 

I                 :'■ 

» 

i:  ,  I' 

502         BULLETIN   34,    UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

Fig.  3-5.  Adult. 

3.  From  ahovc. 

4.  From  below. 

5.  From  right  sidf, 

6.  Gyritiophihi/i  porphjrUicun,   part  of  right  side  of  skull  of  larva,  showin)^ 
trabecnla,  etc. 

PLATE  XXXI. 

Spehrpca ruher,  viscera,  5  ,  drawn  liy  8.  F.  Baird. 

Fio.  1.  Viscera,  in  situ,  natunil  nize ;  eggs  nearly  ready  for  exiiulsiou.     Lettering  is 
before.     Ik.  The  heart  removed.      I'ca,  aseending  veiuj  cava:  J,  auricii  ; 
VP,  vena  pHlmoiiulin ;    v.   ventricU';  Hii,  bulbus  arteriosus :    cc.l,  eaii.ili-i 
couimuuis  urterio.sus. 
M.  Fontanello  of  oviduct,  near  stouiach. 

3.  Left  ovary  with  corpus  adiposum  on  left  side. 

4.  Liver;  a.  from  below. 

5.  Cloaca  and  kidney,  with  vasa  efterentia  reuis  and  vas  deferens. 

f).  Phthddon   (jli(tino8iin,    5,   kidneys,  from   l)elow:    r  «   k'  vasa  elVerentia  n  mi- 
stretched  out  ot  jilace  to  mUow  their  course,  (ui  left  of  figun-. 

PLATE  XXX IL 

Bones  of  L'rodela  three  times  natural  size;  drawings  by  Prof.  S.  F.  Baird. 

Fig.  1.  .'^capular  arch  of  one  sideof  5/)e/e»7(es  j-n/ifc  whichhas  just  passed  its  nietaniur- 
phosis;  the  branchiii-  not  (luite  obliterated:  Carlisle.  Pa.,  .Tujie  Vi.  1*49 

2.  Humerus  of  the  sanie. 

3.  Cubitus  and  manusof  the  same. 

4.  AmIiljjatomnpiDictatinii,  posterior  Ifg  of  larva  just  changing  to  the  adult. 

PLATE  XXXIII. 

Skulls  of  (ryriiiophiliis  porphyriticiti^. 

Fig.  1-3.  Skull  of  adult   ■    rural  size. 

1.  Fromabu\e. 

2.  From  below. 

3.  From  left  side. 

4-6.  Skull  of  advanced  larva,  twice  natural  size, 

4.  From  above. 

5.  From  below. 

6.  From  left  side. 

PLATE  XXXIV. 

(Copied  from  W.  K.  Parker.) 

Fig.  1-4.  Oyrhwjyhilus iwrplniriticits,  larva-,  much  enlarged. 

1-2.  Larva  less  advanced  than  that  represented  in  Plate  XXXIII, 

1.  From  above. 

2.  From  below. 

3-4.  Larva  still  less  advanced  than  that  represented  in  tigs.  1,2. 

3.  From  abov^. 

4.  From  below. 

5-6.  DesmognatliHH fusca,  skull. 
T).  From  above. 
C.  From  below. 


erentia  nni- 


THE    BATRACHIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 
PLATE  XXXV 


503 


Hvniil  apparatus  of  Plethodoutidii-,  aissectotl  iuul  drawn  by  Dr.  E.  E.  Gait,  excepting 

tij;8.  11  and  I'i. 


Fill.  1. 
;<, 

4, 

5, 

f. 

7, 

8, 

I), 

10, 

11, 

12 


Fid.  1. 

;{. 

4. 

5. 
ti. 
7. 

-», 

;). 


rUihorlon  ongonensis,  inferior  view,  x  2, 
I'lethodoti  ghitiiionus,  inferior  view,  x  2. 
Aiitodax  hinubriii,  inferior  view,  x  2. 
Ikttracho'  ps  atteiniaitia,  inferior  view,  x  3. 
llimidactjilium  acittutum,  inferior  view,  x  '.'>. 
Gyrinophilus porjyhijritiviis,  inferior  view,  x  3. 
SpelerpiH  ruhet;  superior  view,  X  ^i. 
Spehrptu  ruber,  inferior  view,  x  '■'>. 
Spdcrpts  ruber,  larva,  superior  view,  x  4. 
SpchrpvH  riihir,  larva,  inferior  view,  X  4. 
Spehrpvx  hiitjivdudidi,  inferior  view. 
ManciilH8  quadridigitatiia,  inferior  view. 

PLATE  XXXVl. 

Hyoid  apparatus  of  Urodela. 

Desmofinathna  fitaca,  inferior  view,  x  :< ;  Dr.  Gait. 

UkmyctijhiH  toroaua,  inferior  view,  x  'i:  Dr.  Gait. 

Dknvjctylux  riridcacenx,  superior  view,  x  '2:  Dr.  Gait. 

Dienu/ciyliiH  rirideaccna,  lateral  view,  x  2. 

UiemyctiiUix  pttlmatiia,  inferior  view,  x  li. 

SalamatidriiKi  prrspiciUata,  inferior  view,  x  <>;  from  Parker. 

SnhiniaitdriHd  perapicillata,  larva,  inferior  view,  X  •':  from  Parker. 

llemixahimaiidracristata,  X  vJ ;  inferior  view. 

Chiogloasa  hiaitaiiica,  inferior  view,  x  '•<. 

PLATE  XXXVII. 


Fig.  1.  Sttlamandra  mnciilosa,  Hkeletou,  natural  size. 

•J.  Thoriua pitnmiuhia.  skull,  from  side,  X  4. 

;i.  Thoriita  peunatuhix,  skull,  from  above.  X  4. 

4.  Thoriita  ptniiatuliis,  skull,  from  l)elow,  x  4. 

PLATE  XXXVIII, 

Fui.  1-4.  Diemycti/hix  tomsua,  aknU,  much  enlarged  :  copied  from  Parker, 

1.  From  above. 

2.  From  below. 

3.  Right  mandibular  ranuis,  external  view. 

4.  Right  mandibular  ramus,  internal  view. 

')-9.  Salamandrinajierapicnhtla,  skull;  copied  from  Wiedersheim. 

5.  Skull,  from  above. 

6.  Skull,  from  below. 

7.  Skull,  from  left  side. 

8.  Skull,  from  front. 

9.  Skull,  from  behind. 

PLATE  XXXIX. 

Diemyctylus  viridcacciia,  much  enlarged ;  copied  from  Parker. 

P'lG.  1.  Skull  of  adult,  from  above. 

•2.  Right  ramus  of  mandible,  inner  side 


1 


504 


BULLETIN    ;U,    UNITED    STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


\ 


Fig.  3.  Ilyoid  ni)paratnM  of  adult,  from  below. 
4.  Skull  ot'larvn,  I'roiii  aliovf. 
fi.  Skull  of  larva,  from  below, 
fi.  Hyoid  aiijiaratus  of  larva,  from  above. 
7.  Basis  crauii  of  very  yonn>{  Inrva. 

PLATE  XL. 

Crodela,  viscera  isolated  autl  much  enlaruetl.     From  tlrawiny  by  I'rof.  8.  F.  Baini. 

Fig.  1-2.  Spehrpcs  riiher,  kidney  and  vas  deferens,  5. 

1.  The  tubules  of  the  kidney  displayed  from  above;  (/.  iunreat»T  ditail 

from  below. 

2.  The  \  asa  efterentia  ;  diagrammatic. 

U.  (iyrlnophUus  porphyrilicun,  liver  and  central  circulatory  system  of  a  liirj^o 

larva. 
4.  Pklluxloii  yliithi09U>i,  9,  liver,  natural  size. 
5-9.  Diemyiiytiis  ririihscciiH,   5 . 

;'),G.  Reprodiietivo  organs  an»l  cloaca  of  male. 

7.  Kijrht  corpus  adiposum,  inferior  surface,  X  4. 

8.  Testis. 

y.  Kidney,  vas  deferens,  and  va.sa  etferentia. 

PLATE  XLI. 

Central  nervous  system  of  Urodela,  enlarjjed. 

Fio.  1.  Spihrpfs  nilxr,  from  above;  a,  from  below. 

2.  Jmhlyatoma  jutuctatuin,  9,  brain  and  cranial  nerves  of  the  left  siile  from  lir- 

low.     The  cranial  nerves  are  numbered.     (;,  Ga.sserian  gan<;lioii  ;  («.  1  un- 
necting  branch  between  trijieminus  and  facial  nerves ;  /,,  jiart  of  l;ib\  rimli. 

3.  DiemyvtyhiH  riride^ccitx,  brain,  from  abo\e;  u,  from  below  ;  h,  from  left  siilf; 

/'(■,  prosencephalon ;  Up,  epiphysis;   JA\  thalamence)dialon  ;    ME,  niesiu- 
cephalon  ;  EIi,  epenceidialon  ;  /(',  fourth  ventricle:   //i/j>,  hypophysis. 

4.  Dinnyctylii'i  viridvicttiD,  semicircular  canals. 

PLATE    XLII. 

Larval  and  breeding  stages  of  Salamanders. 

Fig.  1.   GyriHophiliis porphyritiiKK  larva,  natural  sizt-;  June  :{. 

2.  Spckrprs  loiHiicaiidiis  larva  x  4;  May  21i. 

3.  DkmyclylKK  viriihscciin,  breeding  male,  natural  size ;  a  inferior  side  of  hind  leg, 

showing  corneous  nuptial  excrccences,  and  tips  of  digits. 

PLATE  XLIII. 

Siren  lacertina,  skeleton  from  below,  two-thirds  natural  sifc. 

PLATE  XLIV. 

Siren  lacertina,  splanchnology;  three-tifths  natural  size. 

For  lettering  see  general  explanation.  The  mesentery  is  divided  so  that  the  ali- 
mentary canal  can  be  extended  outw,ird  to  the  right  side,  so  as  to  display  ilie 
other  organs.  The  lines  VM  and  Mes,  on  the  right  of  it,  extending  from  the  testes  ici 
the  gall-bladder  represent  the  borders  of  the  gap  opened  by  the  section.  'I'lie 
cloaca  is  divided,  exposing  the  mouths  of  the  urethra  and  ureters.  For  heart  :ii.il 
vessels  see  Plate  PJ,  tig.  5. 


IP 


iii 


UM. 


THE    BATRACHIA    <>F    NORTH    AMERICA. 


505 


f.  8.  F.  Hair.l. 


KrcHtt'i'  detail 


tcmof  a  1m  I ''n 


side  from  lic- 
lion  ;  Co,  roii- 
t  ol"  l;(ltvrjiiili. 
'0111  left  siilc; 
ME,  im.siu- 
ypopbysis. 


le  of  hiud  Kg, 


that  tbe  ali- 
)  display  tlio 
I  tbo  testes  ii> 
lectioii.  Tlie 
''or  heart  and 


Carpus 


■     I'LATK  XLV. 

and  tarsus  of  Rbacbitomi  and  llrodela,  natural  size,  excepting  Fig.  1,  wbiob  is 
ouc-balf  natural  size. 


KiiJ.  1.  Carpus  of  Eryop»  megacepliahiH  Cope,  from  the  Permian  formation  of  Texas. 
J.  yectnriia  mnviilaliin,  carpus  and  tarsus. 
3,  CryptuhranchuK  aUeyhcnkiMH,  carpus  and  tarsus. 
I,  Amhlyntomtt  oixniim,  carpus  and  tarsus. 
5,   PIcthoiluii  tjhitiiioniiH,  carpus  and  tarsus, 
ti.  Sjii'lirjHH  riihcr,  carpus  and  tarsus. 

7.  DtKinDiiiuitliiiK  fuHvH,  tarsus. 

8.  DkinydyUis  tonmiin,  carpus  and  tarsus. 

'.»,  DiemyvtyUm  riridenvena,  carpus  and  tarsus. 


Carpus 

I'Ki.  1. 
■> 

;{. 
1. 

ti. 

7, 


PLATE    XLVI. 

and  tarsus  of  Ratrachia,  from  dra\viiij;s  made  liy  Dr,  Georgo  Baur,  enlarged, 
except  Fit;s.  vJaiid'.',  which  arc  natural  size. 

Xi'i'tiiruB  iiiariihitiix,  young  of,  :U  luiii  X  ;>'•:  «  carpus.  //  tarsus. 
MfyalolmtntdiiiK  Japo'iiciiM,  natural  size;  a  carpus,  b-c  tarsus. 
Cryittobnittchiii  tiJUiiht  iniKxin,  tarsus  {. 
Jmi>hiiiiiia  inetnm,  u-b  carpus;  c  tarsus:  X  oO. 
Sinn  hirtrliiKi,  caijius  x  '2. 
OnyihoiUtctyht»  j(qH)iikitii,  a  carpus,  b  tarsus. 
(ieotriUm  fi'xcun,  tarsus  X  Ci. 
l{emi<JnctyUiim  sciitdtiim,  tarsus  X  (?. 

Jnhi'ii(inaiinix(kchviii\'un'SU'\vT.  froiii  a  specimen  in  tbe  Museum  of  Tiibiugen; 
drawn  by  A.  F'roriep;  natural  size. 


PLATE  XLVIL 

Carpus  and  tarsus  of  European  Hatrachia.  inncli  enlarged.      Fioni  (iegenbaur,  Uu- 
terstichungen  zur  Vergl.  Auatomie  d.  Wirbeltbierc   I  Hift.  Carpus  u.  tarsus. 

Fui.  1-2.   I'l-otiiis  aiigiiiniin,  carpus  and  tarsus;  1  carpus,  2  tarsus. 
;!.  Sahimiuiilni  mdviiliisa  larva,  carpus. 
4.  Salamandra  mavnlona  larva,  tarsus, 
f).  SiihinKuidra  iiKtciihsa  adult,  carpus. 
(),   Sahimainlra  maviiloxa  adult,  tarsus. 
7.   Mohji:  rnliiKris,  carpus. 
J''.  Mohje  vtdijarh,  tarsus. 
K.   nombhiator  kjneus,  carpus. 
1(1.    liombimitur  iyiitn",  tarsus. 

11.  rhrynixrnn  cnicij'er,  carpus. 

12.  Eana  temporaria,  carpus. 

13.  liana  cHcuhnta,  tarsus. 

PLATE  XLVin. 

The  relations  of  tbo  (piadrate,  stapedial,  and  hyoid  apparatus.  In  Figs.  1,  3,  9, 14,15, 
and  lt>  the  siiuamosal  bone  has  been  removed.  Figures  twice  natural  size,  except- 
ing 1,  3,  4,  7,  and  8,  which  are  natural  size,  and  10,  11,  and  12,  which  are  three  times 
natural  size.     From  Copo  in  the  American  Journal  of  Morphology,  1888. 

Fig.    I.  XectnriiK  macnlatnn:  squamosal  removed. 

2.  Protcnii  unyninnn. 

3.  Cryplobranchus  alhgheniinnix;  tbe  middle  of  the  s(iuamosal  removed,  tbe  ex- 

tremities remaining. 


'■  . 


.'if 


■h 


^"^ 


"     I 


i; 
4     ' 


1     ! 


T  •- 


506         BULLETIN    34,    TNITKI)    STATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

FlO,    4.  .Iniiiliiumu  hkyjhk. 

5.   TyphloiuctcH  comjirinniaiudiiii,  from  tlii'  Rflizi-. 

(!.  Dirmophis  mfjicuHim,  witli  tin-  ipiadrnti^  lioiio  turned  up,  lixpiising  its  iiifi- 
rior  face,  ami  that  of  tho  nuatlratiiiugal:  4a,  the  ((iiatlrate  in  normal  \»<. 
sition.     From  Mexico. 

7.  ChoiidrotiiH  tcnrhroDiix  larva,  2.'i(l  mm. 

8.  Chomlrotm  Uinhromin,  adult. 

9.  Amhlyntoma  ti<iriiium  larva  ;  Hquamosal  removed. 

10.  Amhijjslitino  puiictatiim,  adult. 

11.  Ilfmidiivtyliiim  sciitatiim. 

12.  liatrnchoKcps  atienuntus. 
i;t.  (luriiiopliUiii  porphiinUciin. 

14.  Ph'tliodon  (jlutinoHun;  s(iuamosal  removed. 

15.  Autodar  luf/uhfin;  sipiamosal  removed. 
IG.  iSpvlvrpen  rithcr:  sqiiiimosal  removed. 

PLATE  XLIX. 

Tho  relations  of  the  <iuadrate,  Htapcdial,  and  hyoid  npitaratus  in  Umdela  and  S.ili 
I'litia.     Figures  twice  natural  size,  with  seiiarato  details  larger.     FrointJope,  Anier- 
ican  .Journal  of  Morphology. 

Vui.    1.   iMnmonniilhiiD  iii'ira,  the  siiuamosal    in   place;   n,  stajjes  sepiirate  and   en- 
larged. 

2.  Sahimmidra  viacnlatti  j ;  the  squamosal  separated. 

3.  DkmyclyJiiK  torusux,  squaniosal  removed;  o,  separate  sciuamosa'. 

4.  DiemyctyhiH  riridi'nceiix,  three  times  natural  size,  the  squamosal  removed  ;  '.'n. 

the  s(|uamosal,  external  side;  fc,  apex  of  ceratohyal.  with  hyo(|uadiatr 

ligament. 
.">.  Sinn  hicertuia  |.  H([uamo.sal  in  place. 
().  Disvoijloxxiin  pivtiix,  partly  posterior  view  ;  «,  ear-hones  an<l  origin  of  eer.itn- 

hyal,  enlarged. 

7.  liiifo  UntiyinonHs  amcrkHnitu,  tht;  squamosal  removed;  a,  the  acjuamosal  >i\i- 

arate. 

8.  Spea  hammondii,   tlio  squamosal   removed;  n,  the  bqinunosal;  h,  the  ''ai- 

bones. 

9.  Hyla  gratiom,  tho  squamosal  removed;  a,  the  squamosal;  h,  the  ear-boms 

and  cartilages  in  protile,  the  cartilages  of  the  tympanum  divided  by  ver- 
tical section  ;  c,  the  ear-bones  and  cartilages  undivided,  external  view. 

10.  XenopuH  cakardtus,  partly  from  behiml,  with  squamosal  in  i>Iace. 

11.  Sk'irocyclopa  iHcfrts.srt/H'*,  sfiuamosal   in  place;  «,  stapes  and  ear-bones  .lud 

cartilages. 

12.  Rana  prctlosa,  s((uainosal  in  place:  I'ar-bones  and  vertically  divided  carti- 

l.ages. 

PLATE  L. 

The  quadrate,  hyoid,  and  auditory  elements.     From  Cope,  American  Jouruiil  of  Mm- 

phology,  18d^. 

Fig.  I.  Ranarirescciis,  x  2;  a,  squamosal  bone;  fc,  ear-bones  without  epistapedial :  x  1 

2.  Rana  lurenccnx,  larva  with  hind  legs,  and  developed  fore  legs  concealed ;  tin- 

skull  X2;  a,  the  hyoid  apparatus  from  beloiv  x  4. 

3.  Rana  cateshiana,  advanced   larva,  skull,   without    hyoid  elements,   except 

ceratohyal  X  3. 

4.  Trinierorh(ichi8   insiynis  Cope;  left  posterior  part  of  skull  from  below,  the 

mandible  in  place;  natural  .size.     P^rom  the  Permian  bed  of  Texas. 


i 


. 


M. 


sing  its  111  fe- 
ll normnl  \u,. 


Tin;    ItATRACIIIA    OF    NolM'll    AMHKICA. 


507 


fla  aiitl  S;ili- 

llCopc,  AllHT- 

rate  and  in- 


removcd  ;  •.'/(, 

ll,VI)l|llllllr,ltr 


;in  i)t'  ci'i'ato- 

uamosal  si]i- 

h,   tin'   car- 

ln'  car-lKPtics 
v\i\i'{\  liy  Mr- 
iriial  view 
I'. 
ir-li()H('H  .hhI 

ividcd  carti- 

rtial  of  Mm- 

ipt'dial ;  X  1 
iic'calod ;  tlir 

ents,   fxci'iit 

I  below,  till' 
ixas. 


I 


Frd.  •>■  TIk'  Haiui'  Hpocii'H :  aiiotlior  individual ;  sanic  view,  without  stisppiisoriuni  and 

lowtT  jaw. 
tl.  /iitracliyn  firratiiH  Copr,  r'mM  postcrioi'  part  of  skull,  snin'tior  view,  Nlio\vint{ 

intcli  (Ty)  for  tjiiiimnii;  nit'iiihr.'uui;  natural  si/.i' ;  fiuni  the  I'crniian  bod 

t)f  Texas. 
7,  Tbe  Haine  Hjieciuien  as  \\)i.  (I,  from  below.  disj)la,vinn  colunnlla  or  stapi's. 


ri(.     1. 
:t. 

4. 


fi. 


9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 

i;!. 
11. 

15. 
10. 
17, 

IM, 
lit. 
'iO, 
•il. 


PLATE  LI. 

li'inia  rirtmui'i,  lijoid  apparatus  of  larva  represented  on  Plate  XLVH.  fij:.  2, 
riniit  side,  from  below  ;  ri>;lit  ceratobraneliials  cut  olfdistally :   X  l. 

h'aiia  vltimatii,  larva,  just  free  from  ejig  x  *> :  a,  tjie  same  from  below. 

h'linii  claintilo,  saiiu*  brood  as  "J,  three  days  from  e|ij{;  rijiht  fiill  wanting. 

h'atiii  (•iit(nl)ia)i(i,yinu)ff  larva  with  small  fore  lejr  inclosed  in  branchial  cliani- 
ber;   X  -i. 

liana  vaUnhiana  more  advanced  ;  fore  ley  partially  protruded  from  bran- 
chial lissure ;   X  'i. 

Hiiiiii  luiexbUiuu,  individual  represented  in  ti^;.  It,  Plate  XLVII  :  foreleg  fully 
protruded,  but  the  branchial  lissurt*  ((d'  right  side)  not  closed  ;   X  2. 

lUiHtt  vatefhidiia,  same  as  lig.  I,  disphiying  form  of  externa",  branchial  cham- 
ber :  X  2. 

Hana  votexbiana,  larva  of  age  of  tig.  ."i,  showitig  branchial  chamber,  nud  the 
pharynx  bounded  by  a  dotted  line;   x  2. 

liana  riirticcnii,  hyoid  aj)i)aratus  of  adult,  from  below. 

J!ana  artnlata  ch-ftihia,  hyoids  from  below,  \. 

liana  drantniii  draiitoni,  hyoid  apparatus  from  below.  ;. 

liana  monteziimir,  hyoid  apparatus  from  lielow,  f. 

yi'((»ia  miilahrii/rnnit,  hyoid  apparatus  from  below,  j. 

lljjla  rarolintnsin,  hyoid  ap))aratus,  f. 

lAlhodjitex  httraim,  hyoid  apparatus,  \. 

Spta  miiltiplirata,  hyoid  apparatus  from  below,  {. 

Spca  hammoiidii  homliifroiiK,  hyoid  ajtparatus  from  below,  \. 

Sjwa  hammoiidii  hommondii,  hyoid  ai)paratus  from  below,  -{. 

Cliondrolus  tcjAxiis,  hyoid  of  young  just  afte.  absorptiou  of  liranchia;,  X  4. 

Typhloiiectcs  onnprcfiHicaiidua,  hyoids,  \. 

DcrmophiH  mexicaniie,  hyoids,  (. 


PLATE  LII. 

Viscera  of  Hatrachia. 
Fid.  1.  Xecturus  lateraHs. 

2.    tmblystoina  nuxivanum,  larva  (Sired(Ui). 
'.\.  CryptobranclniH  alleiilwnivnfiiii. 
4.  Amphiuma  iiieann. 
Lettering:  P,  pancreas  ;  oe,  o'sophagus  ;  I'v,  portal  vein  ;  pyl,  pylorus:  o,  gall-bladder; 
dc,  ductus  choledochus. 

PLATE  Lin. 

Viscera  of  Batrachia. 

Fiii.  1.  Siplionops  anniihUus ;  c,  urinary  bladder. 
2.  Salamandra  maculosa. 
:{.  I'ipa  amcricana  ;  py,  pyloric  constriction. 

4.  Xinopun  capensis ;  dc,  ductus  choledochus;  py,  pylorus;  cr,  ca'CO-rectal  con- 
striction. 
•'■>.  Biifo  sp. 


•I 
I 


ill 

1     ,1 


;   1 


ifa: 


hi' 
''W 

fSW' 


i . 

I'- 

'W 


ri 


.. 


i  ii  li^  rl 


508         BULLETIN    34,    UNITED    STATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

PLATE  LIV." 
Digestive  apparatus  of  Salientia 

Fig.  1.  Pelohates  fuscits. 

2.  Pseiidis  j)ar(idoxa,  larva. 

3.  Pleurodema  bibroni ;  py,  pylorus. 

4.  Ciratophrys  dorsata. 

5.  Leptcdacti/hts  ti/phoniua. 
tj.  Engystoma  mkropa. 

PLATE  LV. 


Viscera  of  Salientia, 


Fig. 


Bufo  melanostictvB. 
Hyla  cam  lea. 
PhyUomedusa  hicolor. 
Himisua  i/iiinei'nse. 
linrictps  yibbosus. 
Eana  caltsbiana. 


PLATE  LVI. 


Brains  of  Batracbia,  chiefly  Salientia,  natural  size  or  enlarged  two  diameters. 

Fig.    1.  ytctitriia  maculains,  fight  ventricle  exposed ;  a,  roof  of  meeencephalou  rt- 
nioved;  b,  floor  of  mesencephalon  enlarged. 

2.  Bemisal'imaudra  cristata.  from  above  ;  a,  sagittal  .section  of  mesencephalon  : 

6,  prosencephalon,  right  ventricle  exposed  ;  c,  floor  of  mesenct'i)halon. 
showing  comuiis.sure  c  and  cerebellnni,  cjjc,  and  fourth  ventricle,  iv;  d. 
commissure  from  bihind:  p.  c,  plexus  choro'ideiis. 

3.  Si})liono}>s  (inuulalus  (Mus.   Herolin.),  from  above:  a.  sagittal  section,  tin- 

posterior  part  of  the  hemisphere  cut  off  obli«iuely ;  b,  hemispheres  sprtad 
apart,  displaying  thuiamencej)halon  and  mesencephalon ;  c,  prosenceidi- 
alon,  left  ventricle  exposed;  d,  thalaniencephalon  with  epiphysis,  fntiu 
above;  e,  mesencephalon,  epencephalon,  and  fourth  ventricle;/,  fourth 
vertricle  on  removal  of  cerebellum.  Lettering;  pr,  jjrosencephalon  :  »i», 
mesencephalon;  te,  thalaniencephalon;  ee,  epencephalon;  hy,  hypophysis; 
(■;*,  epiphysis;  iv,  fourth  ventricle, 

4.  Bufo  viridis.  from  above,  left  ventricle  exposed;  a,  sagittal  section;  p.  c, 

plexus  choroideus. 

5.  Epidalea  calamita,  with  plexus  choroideus. 

6.  Ahjtifi  obateiricatiH. 

7.  Pelobatea  fuscna. 

8.  Pleurodema  bibroni. 

y,  Leptodactylua  caliyinosus. 
10.  Phrynomantia  bifasciatua, 
IL   Ilrevicejja  moaaambicua. 

12.  Phinoderma  darwinii. 

13.  Atelopiis  variiia;  a,  roof  of  mesencephalon 'emoved,  showing  floor;  ft,  pros- 

encephalon, left  ventricle  exposed. 

14.  DipIopeJma  oniatum. 

15.  HyJambatea  maculatua. 
1(3.  Rana  eryihraea. 

17.  Eana  escnlenta,  from  above,  with  plexus  choroideus  removed  (p.  c);  a,  right 

hemisphere  removed,  left  ventricle  expo.sed,  and  mesencephalon  exposed; 
h,  left  ventricle. 

18,  Xcnopna  capenaia:  a,  right  ventricle  and  tbalamencephalon  exposed;  p.  r., 

choroid  plexus  and  artery. 


THE   BATRACHIA   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


509 


^meters. 
;phaloii  rt'- 

ncepbalon : 
snceplialon. 
riclt',  iv ;  d. 

lectiou,  till- 
leres  spn-ud 
[)r()sencei>h- 
thysis,  from 
o;  /.  fourth 
thalon :  m<, 
lypophysis; 

;tiou ;  p.  c, 


or ;  h,  pros- 


;.);  a,  right 
>ii  exposed ; 

osed ;  p.  c. 


I 


PLATE  LVII. 

Viscera  of  Salieutia  with  the  digestive  organs  removed.    There  remain  the  urogeni- 
tal, the  respiratory,  and  the  central  circulatory  systems. 

Fig.    1.  Bufo  Iviitiginomts  amcricaiius,  ^. 

2.  Scaphiopiis  holbrookii,  <J  . 

3.  liana  2)alu8tri8,  9 ;  ovary  of  the  right  side  removed,  so  as  to  display  the  kid- 

ney and  oviduct.    The  greater  part  of  the  left  lung  is  also  cut  oft',  in  order 
to  display  the  fontanelle  of  the  left  oviduct. 

PLATE  LVIII. 

Biifo  lentiginoius  amcricanus,  skeleton,  natural  size,  from  above. 

PLATE  LIX. 
Jiiifo  lentiiji)W8U8  americanua,  skeleton,  natural  size,  from  below. 

PLATE  LX. 
liufo  pantherinuB,  uatura.  size,  from  below. 

PLATE  LXL 

Xenopun  capcnsis,  natural  size,  from  below. 

PLATE  LXIL 

Ceratophrys  ornatus,  natural  size,  from  below. 

PLATE  LXin. 

Fiu.  1.  Brericeps  gihho><u8,  natural  size,  from  below. 
2.  Pelobates  fuHcus,  natural  size,  from  below. 

PLATE  LXIV. 

Fig,  1.  nyla  versicolor,  natural  size,  from  above. 
2.  Hyla  versicolor  natural  size,  from  below. 

PLATE  LXV. 
Calliila  pulchra,  natural  size,  from  below. 

PLATE  LXVL 

littua  catesbiana,  natural  size,  from  above. 

PLATE  LXVIL 

Hanii  cateabiana,  natural  size,  from  below. 

PLATE  LXVin. 

Details  of  osteology  o{  Salieutia,  including  Discoijlossida,  Asterophrydida;  Pelodytidce, 

and  Scaphiopida. 

FiG.    1.  Spea  hammoiidii  hammondii,  cranium  from  above,  and  a  sternum  of  subspe- 
cies bombifrons. 
2.  Scaphiopiis  couchii,  sternum. 
'i.  Scaphiopiis  holbrookii.  skull  and  sternum  (a). 
4.  Didoviis  calcaratus,  skull. 
Ti.  Pelobatea  fiisciis,  sternum  of  large  tadpole. 


*    I     \: 


i^ 


lis,- 


11 


I  .5: 


|i 


1  '■ 

1t 


olO         BULLETIN    34,    UNITED    STATES    NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

Fio.    6.   PeJoboifi  fi(sci()<,  t'umt  of  skuU. 

7.  CiiUyipis provincialix,  skull:  I'roiii  Diiges. 

8.  Diilociis  calcarafus,  steriiuiu. 

t».  Mvijaloplirijs  montanus,  front  of  skull. 

10.  LtptohriuliiiiM  lianneUii,  skull. 

U.  Pehilytfi  jiHiiclatiifi,  top  of  skull. 

V2.  Xeiio2)hrii.i  motiticola,  front  of  skull. 

13.  Bomhi  11(1  for  iijiims,  skull ;  from  Parker. 

14.  JlyteH  oh>itttriv(ui>i,  skull:  from  Parker. 

15.  l)i'nvijIo>'xufi  ])i(.tu.i,  iidult ;  vertebral  columu  aud  skull  from  above ;  steruuiii 

from  below. 
1(),  iJiacoijhissiis  pktim,  skull  of  a  younger  animal  from  above. 

PLATE  LXIX. 

Including  Pipkin;  Xinopidd',  J'ltfonido;  and  Rhinophrynida. 

Fu;.    1.   Pipa  ((wencfUKi,  frontoparietal  and  nasal  bones;  a,  sternum,  from  IJoulfii^ir. 
'2.  A'(»i(j(»'<  c((j(( /isi«,  axial  part  of  skull  from  above  ;  f,  ethmoid  bone;  u«,  orlntn- 
sjdienoid;  n  nasal. 

3.  Mjiobatrachwi  ijniihli,  front  of  skull  from  al)ove,  with  and  without  prefrnntals. 

4.  Pseiidophryiu  aiiatmUi,  skull  from  above;  a,  sternum. 
r>.  EpidtiJea  cuhimitu,  skull  from  above. 

<!t  Biifo  inurgarilifer,  subsp.  inx^icns,  skull  from  below,  the  vomers  lemnviil. 
showing  palatines;  a,  anterior  half  of  skull  from  above,  part  uf  froniD- 
l>arietal  bone  of  one  side  removed  to  show  superior  plate  of  etlimoid. 

7.  Biifo  /tiniinlosKn  (Peru),  young  animal,  with  and  without  prefrontals. 

8.  Biifo  fipinulosiii,  adult. 

9.  Bitfo  hntigiiiosiix  amerkanns. 

10.  Bitfo  delahuidi  (Mus.,  Paris). 

11.  Btifij  piintheriiiuti ;  frontoparietal  bone  removed  ■m   Imth  sides  displaying 

ethmoid. 

12.  Bu/o  mreiis. 

13.  Biifo  cariileostictiia  ;  a,  sternum. 

14.  Peltdphryuv  ]nllticvphala.  hcail. 

15.  Otaspin  inijxisii,  head. 

l(),  BhiiioidiryiiHS  dorsalis.  front  of  skull  from  above. 

PLATE  LXX. 
Cystigiiiithidu. 

Fig.    1.  Pseiiilt^  I'niunum,  skull  from  above. 

2.  Pseiidix  mtiiitidactyla,  superior  axis  of  skull. 

3.  Pfteiidh  paradoxn,  superior  axia  of  skull. 

4.  Cyclcirhamphitx  fiiUijinoiui:  skull,  separate  ethmoid  bone,  and  sternum. 
.').  MUoplnns /(tsviohitiin,  cranium  from  above. 

6.  StomhitsanHriatiiiis,  superior  axis  of  skull. 

7.  CvnitDphrys  onidtus,  young;  superior  axis  of  skull. 

"*.  Stiimhiis  hoiii,  skull  with  crests  from  above;  u,  do.,  axis  only  ;  «liagramMiiitu'. 
'J.   Centophrys  dormitd,  anterior  extremity  of  ethmoid. 

10.  C7li)•o^j)^.s  UHs/ca/i.'«,  part  of  skull  of  individual  not   fully  mature;  u,  perfect 

sternum. 

11.  Grypincna  nmbriniin.  a,  skull ;  b,  sternum,  ami  c.  sacrum  with  urostyle. 
I'i.  Calyptottphalun  <iuyi,  head  from  above. 

13,  Limiunntdiim  tiuicroylofixd,  tiknW  nui\  ethmoid;  the  former  showing   thin  "-- 

silication  along  the  sagittal  suture. 

14.  CoplKiitb  marmortttus,  with  separate  ethmoid. 


1 


I 


W 


THE  BATRACHIA  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


511 


Fig.  15.  Ilorborocates  tasmaiiitn^in,  crauiuiii. 

10.  Jiorborocii'tesjteroiiii,  two  skulls. 

17.  Helioporiis  aJbipinictatita,  skull. 

IS,  Helioporus  albipunctatus,  sternum. 


ve ;  sternum 


I  Hipiilcii^'cr, 
';  w«,  nrltitu- 

prelrmit.ils. 


rs  reniiivtil, 
rt  of  froiiid- 
t  !iiiioi<l. 
atals. 


display]  u;; 


ruuui. 

ij;raiiiiii;ilif. 
;  (1,  jurte<t 
)st.vle. 
ng   thiu  o^- 


PLATE  LXXI. 

Cystignathidw—Coatiuued. 

19.  EyperoUa  marmorata,  part  of  cranium,  and  separate  etlimoid. 

20.  Hyperolia  marmorata,  sterunm. 

21.  rahidicohi  brachyopa,  cranium. 

'22.  Lithodut(ii  Uitratis,  vraiiimn;  «,  sternum. 

23.  niiyiichuUntris  roseu.'i,  with  and  without  prefrontal  bones. 

24.  Ji^iiaujihiis  tiodosHS. 
2.5.  HylorhiiKi  irnva. 

2ti.  Crinia  ijiorgiaiia,  skull  and  ethmoid. 

27.  Ahodvn  monticola,  froutoparietal  boues  and  sacrum  of  type  specimen. 

•iS.  I'JturQdema  bibroni,  skull  part. 

2'.t.  Liiipeniii  marmoratua,  skull  part. 

'MK   liiihoiiiafi  plicifroiia,  skull. 

;?1.   liiiboiiiaa plklfrons,  sternum. 

;i2.  Elosia  biifonia,  with  separate  ethnoid. 

X].  EJoHia  naaua.  • 

;?4.  Syrrhophua  marnockii. 

;{,').   CroaaodactyluH  gaudichaudii. 

;i6.    IJylodva  hntiia. 

:?7.  llylodea  oxyrhyuchua. 

;5r.  Hylodin  martinicenaia. 

;!'.<.  LcptodactyJita  catiginoaua  f 

lit,   Liptodactylua         *. 

II.  Cyatigiiathua  ucellala. 

42.  Ungual  phalanges  of  CystignathidM'.   Nos.  5,  li,  Hylodes;  2:5,24,Cystigaatbi. 

PLATE  LXXII. 

Ilylidn. 

Fig.     1.   Thoropa  mi^siessii,  top  of  front  of  .skull. 

2.  Choropliihta  oniatua,  top  of  skull.  Fig.  a,  premaxillary  boue  :  b,  maxillary; 
t,  i)refrontal  ;  d,  ethmoid  ;  /,  squamosal  ;  ;/,  i'soccij>it;ti ;  h,  forameii  mag- 
num. 

1{.   llypniboaa  xerophyllum,  from  of  top  of  skull. 

4.  Jlyjiaihoaa  cripitana.  front  ttf  top  of. skull. 

.").   llypnih<)na  albomargiiiatua,  front  of  top  of  skull 
membraue. 

(').   Ilypaihoaa  piDivtatiia,  front  of  top  of  skull. 

7.  Ciiicli}acopHa  maximita,  front  of  top  of  .skull. 

P.   Uyla  /<'MC(>Hit7a«,  front  of  top  of  skull. 

'.t.  llylii  ?  sp.,  front  of  top  of  skull. 

III.  Ilyhi  gratioaa  ;  a,  sternum,  front  of  top  of  skull. 

11.  Ilyla  amcricana  (Litoria),  front  of  top  of  skull. 

12.  Ifyhi  freycineti,  front  of  top  of  skull. 
115.   Ilyla  hypiiHlicta,  front  of  top  of  .skull. 
14.   Ilyhidimolnpa,  front  of  top  of  skull. 
l.">.   Hylii  ninra  (Ranoidea),  front  of  top  of  skull. 
Hi.  Smiliaca  bandlnii,  front  of  top  of  skull,  with  ungual  phalanges. 


(I,  a  thin  ossification  of  basal 


i ;;. : 


;!;-il: 


■if 


.  V- 


'  ♦  :  I 


i'- 


'! 


5i  I 


i;  I 


^  I 


w 


■i 

i 

1 

.: 

1 
1 

1 

•i 

.  1  1 

i 
.  f 

'i  '• 

i\ 

i 

'j  il 

^  .1 

I  In! 


( 


t4 


512         BULLETIN    34,    UNITED    STATES    NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

Fig.  17.  Ayalychiiis  morcletii,  fumt  of  to[t  of  sknW. 

18.  rhjiVomediim  hicolor,  front  of  top  of  Hkiill;  a,  sternum. 

19.  Hi/la  varoHiii'iiaix,  skull  from  aliove  :  a,  sternum. 

20.  Scijtopis  veinihiHiin.  front  of  top  of  skuil ;  I,  ethmoid  bone  :  a.  another  H\Hr\. 

men,  showiufi  inenu.ilities  of  surface  and  pcsterior  outline  of  ethmoid  Ikiiic. 

PLATE  LXXIII. 

HyJid(i\  Hemiphractidw,  Cysti(jtiathida,  and  Pelobatidn. 

OHteocephalufi  planict'pn.  t*\n\U  from  above. 

Hypniboax  nrpitann,  roof  of  mouth. 

Trachyreplialiis  tjeoyraphiciis,  skull  from  above;  from  Steindachuer. 

Triprioii  jutamtiis,  head,  side  view. 

Triprioii  petaHutiis,  head,  from  above. 

Triprion  petniatiis,  interior  of  mouth. 

Ciucloscopiis  majimiis,  rijjht  manns;  u  and  r,  ulna  and  radiu.s;  u  and  r.  uliiiir 
anil  radial  oarpal.s :  c.  central,  l--2-:?-4-.')  (liwtal  earpals,  4  and  .">.  ( mi- 
llnent :  !-.'>  metacarpals:  I  supporting  a  spinous  poUex. 

Acrin  i/ryllun.  right  manus,  four  times  natural  size. 

Bylidir,  <listal  phalanges;  No.  7,  TrdchyviphnUiH  iiKiymoratiit  anteiior  :i:i(l 
posterior:  >*,  Uyhi  auolinnisiH,  do.  ■.  '.),  Scylojiis  re)iiilosii8,{\o.  ;  li».  UyjinUimis 
(ilhomtirginatiiK,  do.:  11,  Ciiicloicopus  majcimua,  do.,  posterior  attached  \<\ 
penultimate  phalange  ;  l"i,  Ifyln  auren,  do  ;  13,  PhyUomcdima  hicolor,  do. : 
14,  same,  the  external  ungues  of  both  pedes. 

Uemiphrnctiix  Kcntatus,  head  from  above,  from  Honlenger. 

Scaphiopua  liolhrookii.  right  manus:  lettering  as  in  Fig.  '28. 

Mirophycs  fasciolot.iH,  right  uutnus,  lacking  the  phalanges:  letters  as  in 
Fig.  2r*. 

Leplodactyliis  petitodai'tyliin,  left  manus,  the  male  slu)wing  process  of  second 
metacarpal,  which  is  wanting  in  the  female  (  9  >;  lettering  as  in  Fig. .'-. 


21. 
22. 
24. 

2.-.. 
26. 
27. 
2fJ. 


2lt. 
30. 


31. 
32. 
33. 

34. 


PLATE  LXXIV. 

Embracing  Hemiaido',  lirerivipitida.Eiiiiystomidn,  I'hryniitcidn,  and  Dnidroi.  ■lidn . 

Fig.    1.  JIvmhiiH  fitittatiim,  skull,  from  above. 

1(1.  llemiHux  giittaiitm,  skull,  from  left  side,  exhibiting  thesu])rascapulo-pr()i)tii 
articulation,  and  the  small  freely-iiu>ving  suspensoriuni. 

2.  IlemisiiH  ijitttntiim,  sternum  ;  from  Houlenger. 

.{.  HrerivvpH  gibhosiin;  a.  anterior  psirt  of  to]i  of  skull  from  above  :  h,  end  of  muz- 
zle from  front,  <lisplaving  lateral  piemaxillaries  between  the  ]>reniaxilla- 
ries,  the  maxillaries,  and  the  nares;  v.  verteliral  column,  less  the  liist  and 
the  sacrum,  from  btdow  ;  d,  last  lumbar  verti-bra,  anterior  exti-';nity  from 
left  si<le;  c,  last  lumbar  vertebra,  anterior  extremity,  from  front. 

4.    I'hryiiomaiitiH  hifuiiciiitiix,  front  of  toj)  of  skull. 

ti.   I'liriiiiomttnth  liiftiii(  i(|^(m,  Kym|diysis  mamlibuli,  from  above. 

(i.   riiryiiotiuiiitia  hilusriotiis.  fi'om  front. 

7.  Mivrohyla  uihoihin.  tiijiof  front,  and  anterior  end  of  frontoparietal. showiiii; 
dotted  outline  of  ethmoid. 

H.   L'liUula  Imltciita.  top  of  front,  from  above. 

It.  EntiyKiomn  micmps,  to)i  of  front,  from  above. 

10.  t'liciipiis  .s)/.s/ /)»(/.  tup  iif  front,  from  aliove,  with  jtrofile  of  jin-frontal  bono. 

11.  f)i}ilopelm<i  iinialioii,  tii]i  df  front,  one-halt  the  frontoparietal  removed  to 

show  the  ethmoid. 

12.  IHphipilma  oniiitiim,  syinjdiysis  niaiidibuli. 
in.    r.nijyxlomidnv  (name  mislaid  K 

14.  nypopachiisi  rariolo-iis,  tup  ti\'  skull:  n.  srernnm. 

15.  i^ttrcDvyilojiK  iiicras'^ntus.  top  of  >.kull.  a.  ■.terniini. 


^1 


SEUM. 


THE    BATRACHIA    OF    NORTH   AMERICA. 


513 


a.  aiiollior  »]i(ri. 

of  <'tlllll()i(ll)()iK'. 


ichiitT. 


*:  11  and  r.  iilii.ir 
,   -1  ami  ."),   run- 


IIS  anterior  ,i;i(l 


rietnl.slioMiiii; 


"ronfal  liono. 
al  removed   to 


Fid.  10. 
17. 
18. 
19. 
•20. 
•21. 

'ii. 

2;j. 

•21. 


Vu 


•ior  attaclied  \n 

,'A 

(i. 

Ilia  hicolor,  d<i, ; 

7. 
10 

;    letters  as  iti 

r 

11. 

y. 

Vi 

•OCeSH  of  Hecolld 

'^ 

i:{. 

ig  as  in  Kii:.-.''. 

1 

11. 

1.^. 

hiiAroi,  Willi. 

1 

17 

i\ 

l-^ 

scapulo-iiroiltii 

\ 

•20 
21 

:  h,  end  ofmii/. 

\\ 

>)» 

tli«  jiremaxilla- 
Ns  the  (ii-rtt  .iiiil 

•2:i 
•25 

exti.';nit.v  from 

MM 

front. 

i 

•J.). 
'2»). 
'27. 

•2d. 

'2;>. 
;io. 
:u. 
;!2. 


Atehpun  ftai'CHCins,  top  of  front  .and  etluiioid. 

Atelopus^  s\>.,  tojt  of  front,  ethmoid,  and  prolilo  of  prefrontal  bone. 
Phrjinisciis  rariiis,  top  of  front,  with  prolile  of  prefrontal  bone. 
Phrytihcus  f  Uvvis,  top  of  front,  ethmoid,  and  profile  of  prefrontal  bone. 
lihinoderma  danrinl,  top  of  front  and  profile  of  prefrontal  bone. 
Dendrobates  Unctoriiia,  Ko\>  of  front  and  anterior  extremity  of  parasplienoid 

bone. 
Unjjnal  phalanges  of — No.  1.5,  Diiidrohatea  tinctorius;  1(3-17,  Atelopu»  fiavea- 

ceim;  18.  Callula  picta;  '2'2,  Calliila  huUeata. 
CacopuK  Sjiatoma,  sternum,  from  Boulenjjer. 
DflHcophm  antongilii,  Hternum,  from  Bonlenger. 

PLATE  LXXV. 

lianidiv. 

I'hi/llohntis  hicolor.  part  of  sknll. 

I'roHllierapix  briiunciis,  .skull  and  sternum. 

llilUunhahi  marmoratus,  front  of  skull,  above. 

Caxubia  seneijakims,  front  of  skull,  above ;  with  the  anterior  extremity  ot  the 
frontoparietal  bones  of  an  older  individual. 

IfyperoUim  iiiiidaijaH'aricHiiis,  front  of  sknll,  above. 

Coniiifer  dorxiilh,  front  of  top  of  skull  and  ethmoid. 

I'liyynohalriH'hiiH  iKitakimh,  front  of  top  of  skull. 

Slanroii  iiatiitor,  front  of  top  of  skull. 

Raniila  chrijsopniniiia,  front  of  top  of  skull ;  a,  sternum  of  do. 

Jianajiiiiyliiiliiiii,  front  of  top  of  skull. 

Iliina  mahiharica,  front  of  top  of  skull. 

Untiit  crytlinia,  front  of  top  of  sknll :  young. 

Haiiii  erythrim,  front  of  top  of  skull;  medium. 

liana  crythrav,  front  of  top  of  sknll;  large. 

Ilaiia  muscarieniiis,  front  of  top  of  skull. 

Hana  fasciata,  front  of  top  of  skull. 

Jtinia  oxyrhyiivha,  front  of  top  of  skull. 

Hana  brvricepn,  front  of  top  of  skull ;  one  a  superior,  the  other  an  autcro- 
sui>erior  view. 

liana  rhimaia,  front  of  top  of  skull. 

Hana  agiliH,  top  of  head  from  front ;  adult. 

Hana  ayilin,  to|i  of  head  from  front;  young. 

Hana  cyanophlyvtw,  top  of  head  from  front ;  youug. 

h'ana  liyrina,  to])  of  head  from  front;  youug. 

Hana  (iyiiiia,  top  of  head  from  front;  adult,  the  anterior  part  of  the  frouto- 
[larietals  removed,  showing  the  form  of  the  ethmoid  and  the  cartilage  of 
its  superior  face,  the  act'ompanying  figure  representing  the  othiiudd  .vith 
the  eartilage  removed. 

Hana  U'xclii'naiiUn,  young;  front  of  top  of  skull. 

Hana  orripitaliH,  fnnit  of  top  of  skull. 

Hana  hidiulactyta,  front  of  top  of  skull. 

Hana  fnnciynla,  front  of  top  of  skull. 
Hhai'opiiiinin  rtininirdtii,  front  of  top  of  skull. 

t'ldrumantiii  jctiaiiiiwlhia,  front  of  top  «)f  •■ikull. 

Pithjpedaiex  maciilainH,  top  of  head. 
OxyijloKunx  lima,  t  )p  of  front  of  skull. 

Ungual  phalange's  of  Ranida'.  Fig.  1,  Hana  irythrna,  posterior  foot;  2, 
I'ohipcilati'H  macnUitnx,  anterior  foot ;  li,  do,,  anterior  and  i)osteriorfeet ;  4, 
Hhacophornx  reinwardtii,  atiteiior  .iiid  juisterior  fee!  :  l',»,  Hana  mahtharicu, 
both  feet;  '20,  /,'.  tiinporaria,  both  feet  •21,  H.  c/am((((i,  both  feet;  •2'2,  R, 
fnscignia,  both  feet. 

1951— Bull.  34 Xi 


i   ' 


r  . 


\i. 


\ . 


«F-i? 


'ifi 


i 


1  i! 


Il 


ii  I 


514 


BULLETIN    :U,    UMTi:i>    STATES    NATIONAL    ML'SEl'M. 


I'LATE  LXXVI. 


Ilyoiil  .apparatus  of  Amira,  mostly  fiilarj^fd.  Figuvcs  (.■niiii-l  from  Parker's  Siruitiire 
and  Dcvolopmciit  of  the  Skull  iu  tins  IJatrai'liia,  cxii'iit  I'ij;.  18  whi<h  is 
Is  nriyinal.  and  Fiy;s.  "J, ;?,.",(!,  and  7,  wliitli  :iv  iVom  Dnijt^.s  Ostoolojjif  it 
Myologie  iles  Hatraciens,  corrected  by  eomparison  with  Parker  I.e. 

Fig      1.  A'('/i();;y(s  ('((j)((im'«,  S.  Africa. 

2.  /Jow//M(((^»)•  i(/(i»  KN,  Europe. 

3.  .Ujjti^  oli><tilrivitiin,  Enroi)e. 

4.  Xiiuiiihri/ii  iHoiiticoln.  India. 

5.  Pilohntts  fioniit!,  Europe. 

6.  Pelod!itt>i  jHiiuNitiiK.  ilnroi^e. 

7.  Iliifi)  ruh/ari",  Europe. 

S.  I'hi/llomi'Iii^a  hirolor,  s.  America. 
U.  Hiihi  urithiii.  Australia. 

10.  Cophmi.i  iiutrmoraiim.  S.America. 

11.  Cji^iiipKitlnin  tijpliijiiiKv,  .S.America. 
ri.  Jtihijiim  vtiriifi,  Costa  Hiea. 

13.  Ciilliild  jiiihltrtt.  Farther  India. 

14.  EiKjijxtoma  i.ann'tne>i)ii/,  N.  America. 

15.  Jtendniluili^  tinctoriiit,  S.  America. 
IT).  Uhaviqihitrut  mttximiis.  India. 

17.   Itidid  cue II If II tit,  Europe. 
IS.  Hiniisiif  {/iittaliis,  Natal. 

PLATE  LXXVII. 

Superticial  ami  deep  muscles  of  the  manus  and  pes  of  three  species  of  Annras. 

Figs.  1,"J.   Lcptddactiilim  pintadactylus,  manus.  male. 
3,4.  Lijitiiddftiiliia  pi'iitudiicti/liis,  manus,  female. 
."),  t>,  7.  Siytojiifi  rciiiiliisiis.  pes. 
!*,[*,  10, 11.   Haiia  t>iciileiita,  pes. 
The  lettering  in  Fij;s.  1-4  is  identical  with  that  used  in  Diigds  Osteoloj^ie  et  MyoU)j;ic 

des  Batracions. 
No.  S7,  Cubito-metacarpal ;  SS,  subluiio-metaeari>al  of  the  index;  89,  mctacarpo- 
metacarpal  of  the  index;  !•.">,  hninero-subdij^ital :  Oii,  cubito-radio-subpha- 
laiigeal  of  the  imlex:  PiO,  subluno-phalanj;ettal  of  the  index;  l".il.  siil.- 
uietacarpo-iilialaiigo-iihalanj^ettal  of  the  index.  In  Figs.  .'>  and  f^  are  ili>- 
playeil  the  superlicial  tlexors  of  the  dijiits.  In  i),7,'J,  lo  and  11,  the  deejit  i 
muscles  of  the  plialaujjes  and  metatarsals  are  exiiibited  in  the  nuinbcis 
from  7  to  "Jl.  Nos.  13  and  'i2  are  the  second  and  third  intermetatarsals  nt' 
Dnges. 

PLATE  LXXVIII. 

Embryology  of  Ilyla  pichriiiijii  IloUtr.,  and  Ili/la  .'  versicolor  hoc. ;  from  drawiugs  by 

Prot'.  S.  F.  Baird. 

Figs.  1-U>.  Uylu  jihkiriinjii. 

1.  Egg  with  germinal  vesicle;   lirst  day  after  laying,  May  15,  'J  a.  m. 

Figure  «  natural  size. 
'i.  The  same,  May  Iti,  '.•  a.  m.  ;  from  above. 

3.  The  same,  May  Iti,  it  a.  m. ;  from  bi-low,  showing  germinal  area. 

4.  The  same  in  jtrotile. 

5.  First  appearance  of  embryo  iu  egg  laid  about  the  eveuiug  of  May  11. 


t 


L'SEl'M. 


THE    BATRACHIA    OF   NORTH    AMERICA. 


515 


Parker's  Slriitiure 
t  l-'ii;.  18  which  js 
ijjc'.s  Osteohijrif  ct  i 
Parker  /.  c. 


ies  of  Aiuiras. 


om  drawings  by 


May  15,  'J  a.  in. 


f 


oj^ie  et  Myolojjii'       | 

;  8d,  iiictacar|iii- 
to-ratlio-siilipiia- 
iuilfx :  l".il,  siili- 
.  .">  and  H  aro  (li>- 
ml  11,  tliL'  (li-cj)!  1       ^ 

in  tho  nunilii  IS 
lermetatarsals  of      , 


r 


Figs.  1-19.  nyla  pickeringii  —  Coutiuutil. 
«).  Side  view  of  tho  same. 
7.  A  more  advanced  embryo. 
ri.  Side  viewof  the  Name. 

y.  Embryo  still  farther  advanced,  May  16,  4  p.  ni.     Fig.  a,  side  view 
of  the  same. 

10.  Vitellus  of  elongate  form,  with  brown  polyjjoual  spots  arranging 

thenLsclves  in  meridians,  May  IG,  4  p.m.     Laid  abimt  10  a.  m.. 
May  l.">. 

11.  Embryo  on  May  17,  10  a.  m.;  rotation  couimeneed ;  Fig.  (/,  profile. 

12.  Embryo  May  17,  11  a.  m. ;  (t,  profile. 

13.  Embryo  May  17,  4  p.  m.,  straightened  ont. 

14.  Embryo  May  17,  4  p.  m.,  profile. 

15.  Embryo  May  17,  5  p.  ni.,  profile  enlarged,  displaying  ciliary  move- 

ments. 

16.  The  same ;  head  from  front. 

17.  May  l.**,  9  a.  m.,  liberated  artificially  and  swimming. 

18.  The  same  ;  front  and  below. 
li».  May  l-i,  ;!.:W  p.  m. 

•20.  Tadpole,  anterior  part. 

21.  Eyo  of  same  in  jirofile. 

22.  Hrain  and  spinal  cord  of  tadpole. 
2l}-2().  Iljila  ?  versicolor. 

23.  Embryo  in  albumen,  April  9. 

24.  Embryo, just  before  liberation. 

25.  Embryo  Just  after  liberation  :  branchial  circulatiou  distinct. 
20.  Head  of  the  same  from  below  :  diagram. 

PLATE  LXXIX. 

Development  of  the  three  anterior  inferior  cranial  arches  of  the  genus  Rana  ;   much 

enlarged.     From  \V.  K.  Parker. 

The  arches  are :  tho  trabecular  (in  dotted  outline),  the  mandibular,  and  the  cerati 
hyal.    The  successive  stages  of  the  ossienla  anditns  are  exhibited  also. 
For  explanations  of  details,  see  Plates  XLVIII  to  L. 

PLATE  LXXX  (cancelled). 
PLATE  LXXXI  (cancelled). 
PLATE  LXXXII  (cancelled). 

PLATE  LXXXin. 

Fio.  1.  llyla  andertionii  Baird ;  natural  size. 
2.  Ilyla  ijratioM  Le  Conte  ;  natural  size. 
:?.  Do. ;  mouth,  within. 

4.  Do. :  hand. 

5.  Do. ;  foot. 


J 


hi 


^V\ 


PLATE  LXXXI V  (cancelled). 


?rminal  area, 
euiugof  May  14. 


PLATE  LXXXV  (cancelled). 
PLATE  LXXXVI. 

Rana  septenlrionalis  Baird,  var.  sinuata  Baird  ;  natural  size. 


n-ii 


'I'  V'^'^ 


I   ! 


f- 


>\ 


n 


\ 


I 


ill 

I  mm' 


i;:  I 


!  !iil 


r 


f  '', 


f 


.•Ml  <H.  I        .  National  Mustum.— Cope,     Batrachia  of  Nortli  America 


Pmx 


'''■mm. 


'/ 


Ang 
^i%  '^^if -Pro 


u 


pbc^::-T\ 

^■^■^:-A    Fe     Fi 

^vA    ii       T    '"^ 


Plate  I. 


m 


i 


Necturus  maculatus. 


'  1 


-  ■  i  ]-' 


:iii: 


ji 

i    r 

1 

i 

j 

Biiiietin  34,  U,  S.  National  Museum,— Cope      Bafachia  of  North  AmeiK 


Plate  II. 


..../he 


I-mjc  JU    2't     Q    i<( 


%     1 


5. 


^-i 


0. 


Necturus  maculatus. 


'  ^ 


n 


ii  1^ 


i 


i 


' 

t 

' 

'1 

I 

i 

i 
f 

B   lii'l'H  34,  U.  S   NjtionjI  Muji-um.     Cop»,     Batrochia  of  Noilh  America 


Plate  III. 


"ir 


f>hyh'hy^^^^  c/j'r'c'dr'' 


i 


.1-   epg 


nice-. 


px 

,m.np 


.--nil 


occ    ^"-so 


Necturus  and  Cryptobranchus. 


'm 


I  ;         'y 


lli 


H   U   S  National  Museum.     Cope.     Batrachia  of   Noitn  An.enca 


Plate  IV 


==; 


J   '  Tar   ■-'       1 


,1/^, 


?     1 


11!  /^ /<--:# 


^' 


/ 


k'  / 


/// 


Necturus  maculatus. 


11  <* 


t 

Bulletin  34,  U.  S.  National  Museum. — Cope      Batiacnia  of  Noitn  America. 


Plate  V. 


yi 


Cryptobranchus  allegheniensis. 


If 


3    'I 


II I 


■ 


•W-/Pf:.? 


Bulletin  34,  U   S   National  Museum.— Cope      Bauachia  of  North  Annerica. 


Plate  VI. 


CRYPTOBRANCHUS  ALLEGHEN'ENSIS. 


Ibs 


fi'l 


i  •} 


i  !        M 


1    ,^! 


U 


i 


:    2 


'  nr  ..;<;•  W't 


Bui  e;  n  34.  U.  S.  National  Museum,— Cope.     Batiachia  of  North  America. 


Plate  VII. 


Cryptobranchus  allegheniensis. 


I    ! 


«f 


H^ 


Bulletin  34,  U  S.  National  Museum— Cope,     Batractiia  of  North  America. 


JY     T   jy  ^-"^ 


8.  li    S^QPt 


Plate  Vlll. 


2. 


Cryptobranchus  allegheniensis. 


^■■'\% 


I 


!  i 
li 


1 ; 


i 


I 


I.    m 


Bu.ot'"  34,  U.  S.  National  Museum, —Cop        Batrachi.i  cf  North  America 


rpa 


ho     so 


K   als,^,^^^     ,'*"'^ 


P3C 


^,^P9 


poo 


b6r'    hf)r 


pec 


par 


Siren.  Proteus,  and  Amphiuma. 


if 


f 


"W    -^ 


BunC'  ■  .  34  U.  S.  Naiional  Muitum.-Cope.     Batrachia  c,f  U  "Ih  Am^-ica 


Plate  X. 


ftoO 


*  Cor 


Amphiuma  means. 


v^}^^ 


itf.* 


T-i 


# 


•  r   i4   U   S.  National  Museum,— Cope.     Battachia  of  North  America. 


Plate  XI. 


^"         S 


j-r-X^lUs,     ^*,^,.. 


Cht/wnerp( ton  iiuUitinctum  R.  «ud  L. 


-Wj 


"/ 


«,i,,:.i!i>,L::iiiii:^^ 


^t 


.■lwfj//i«'«(t  mcann  OarJ. 


Chthonehpeton  and  Amphiuma. 


r  ,. 


I  ? 


i 


.  ■« 


■UPWK-V 


U.  S  National  Museum.— Cope      Batrachia  of  North  America 


Plate  XII. 


f 


¥^*S; 


Amphiuma  means. 


'^f 


I  i 


i  . 


n 


-1  f;  • 

I  i 


i      B    ' 


i   t 


t 


Bu!  ctn  34,  U.  S.  National  Museum— Cope.     Batrachia  of  North  America, 


Plate  XIII. 


Hyoid  Arches  of  Batrachia. 


J II II 


R,   i.|rr  .'4,  U.  S.  National  Mui6um  —Cops      Bat'achia  ol   North  America. 


Plate  XIV. 


/'Ms 


'?^. 


^£1.1 


f    .'SN    ■<.-J-— 


l;' 


Amblystoma  PUNCTATUM 


^'t 


; 


-■i 


II  \ 


\ 


!!^ 


4  N  l( 


'wr  *■ '.  1 


-    Ift.n  34   U.  S.  National  Museum.- Cope.     Batiach.j  o(  Nmln  America, 


Pla'e  XV. 


Amblystoma  punctatum. 


ii 


!;il^ 


:    I 


B  lloti'i  34   U   S'  Naiionul  Mu»i;um.  — Cope.     Batcachia  of  Noitn  A'nenca. 


Plate  XVI 


J^laPerrr     P^Exo 


i 


Pmx. 


\ 


AMBLYSTOMA  PUNCTATUM. 


I    .: 


!L 


•^^^^m 


BulKt' 


n  34  U  S  Ntlioii' Musiuii..     Copt.     Bafai-in  i.(  N^'tn  Afn»rn«. 


Plate  XVII. 


1 
I 


AMBLYSTOMA  PL'NCTATUM. 


if 

: 


)•     . 


JU 


'I    ';; 


I 
1 


1I3. 


'1 


,,n  34  U   b   Naiional  Museum.   -Cope.     Battachja  of  North  America 


Plate  XVIIt. 


>    ? 


4 


»   *     /  - , 


I 


.'■  '■/■' 


Z^ 


S 


\d 


Si 


0 


AMBLySTOMA  PUNCTATUM. 


r 

1 

f 

! 

■ 

\ 

1 

; 

1 
) 

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B    let '  -+  U.  S.  National  Museum.— Cope.     Bafachia  of  North  America. 


Plate  XIX. 


'fs-'T", 


SK 


i 


I        r 


5. 


Amblystoma  and  Plethodon. 


I 

i 
I 


B  Mel'"  3''   '-'■  ^'  N"'°"^'  Mi'seum.— Cope.     Batrachia  ot  North  America 


Plate  XX. 


!•■' 


Amblystoma  opacum. 


^1 


li 


,,„  34  U  S  National  Museum.— Cope.     Batrachia  of  Nortn  Amenca. 


Plate  XXI. 


Ambl/stoma  and  Siren, 


.'   % 


h  5 


If! 


,1 


n  { 


^r 


i' 


Mi 


li.. 


r,    ,  .,«  u   Li    S   National  Muiieun-..—Copo.     Batfftch-a  of  North  Amenca 


Plate  XXII. 


•f  t|t ! 


.1    I 


i^i^J^f^SSr    ,. 


Chondrotus  tenebrosus. 


I  ^ 


(1 


M 


:.  f 


I 


il 


h  1,(1, r;  j4   U.  b.  National  Mu-oum.-C'.pu      Bj|i«cIii«  o(  North  Amenca 


Plate  XXIII. 


V 


Chondrotus  tenebrosus. 


9,  ^^a 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


/-CV' 


1.0 


I.I 


150     ""^^ 


125 


^  us, 


L25  yn  1.4 


1^  Ki2    |2.2 

li 

1.6 


V] 


V2 


7 


Photographic 

Sdences 
Corporation 


-a>' 


iV 


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^V 


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WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MSEO 

(716)S72-4503 


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i     :• 


t    I  3 


.,-  -4   U    S   National  Museum— Cope      Batrachia  o'  North  America 


Plate  XXIV. 


B 


iff'  t'   (''■  !  i 
Hi;!    Mi    i?' 


r 


HvoiD  Arches  of  Amblystomid/e 


np- 


I 


I  i   i 


!  ■     I  i 


ci 


Bulleti 


n  34,  U   S  Nat  ona!  Museum— Cope      Batrachia  of  North  America, 


Plate  XXV. 


'.'■  '■, 


n 


Wli  ft 

m 


r 

itn 


Hyoid  Arches  of  Amblystomid/e  and  HynobiiD/€. 


ii  :1 


.!■,:■—- 


I 


i  ^ 


t 

' 

?;i 


□  net"   34,  U.  S.  National  Museum.— Cope.     Batrachia  of  North  America. 


Plate  XXVI. 


8. 


n 


Plethodon  glutincsus. 


a 


f 


1    ^ 


I; 


!  t. 


!!     I. 


r  \ 


It 


ir 


Bu  otin  34,  U.  S.  National  Museum.— Cope,     Batrachia  of  North  America. 


Plate  XXVII. 


:     li 


AUTODAX  AND  MaNCULUS 


T>-- 


1, 

i 

1     '  ''^ 

i 

1 

■  ! 

i. 

'  1 

f 

1 

i 

} 

5 
ij 

1 

l4 

i=l 

J^ 

i 

fluileti''.  -•♦.  U   S.  Nitional  Museum.— Cope,     Batrachia  of  Noitn  America. 


Plate  XXVIII. 


6. 


Spelerpes  longicaudus  and  S.  bilineatus. 


>im 


i! 


1 

> 

I- 

;  i 

1 

f 

"1 

IJ 

n  . 


Bu. ' '  n  J**.  '-'   5.  National  Museum.— Cope.     Batrachia  of  North  Amenca 


PLATE  XXIX. 


Sa 


V 


1 

in' 


n.  m 


(3. 


4. 


6. 


Spelerpes  ruber. 


llr>- 


;i    k. 


I: 


: 


If 


I  H  il 


n 


Buiel""'  i**   '-'    ^'  National  Museum— Cope.     Batiachia  of  North  Amenca, 

-.-     -P^  miif> 


ci>n 


Otj) 

pro 


—CLSC 


Tisc 


-ot.p 


'•'fh.o 


mnp. 


px 


.-ev. 


i    !■  It 


.np.e 

/      r   It  "- 

sm.x 
na. 
c.n. 

-px. 


I 


>i 


Spelerpej  ruber. 


f  f 


!] 


Mill 
Ml 


\    "T 


i 


Bu'^otn  34,  U,  S.  l^lallonal  Museum —Cooe.     Batractiia  o'  Nonh  A.nrrica 


Plate  XXXI. 


u  1 


I'tH 


;' 


1^ 


1' 


Spelerpes  ruber. 


11 


1 1 


! 

ir 

! 

^  ::    ti'  1 

1! 

li  '  f::! 

i      1 
1      i 

sj 

Bulletr.  34.  U.  S.  National  Museum. —Cope.     Biitrachia  of  Nl  *h  Amen:a. 


Plate  XXXII. 


Spelerpes  and  Amblystoma. 


^i :, 


I-  ' 


ii 


Bulleti 


n  34  U.  5.  Nulional  Museum.— Cope.     Batiacma  of  Nortn  America, 


Plate  XXXIII. 


r 


.    I' 


2. 


S  OS    P 


6. 


Gyrinophilus  porphyriticus. 


\    I 


li 


\  l^ 


S  't 


,    i: 


I  I II '' 


I      .i      :l 


g     ...  .,  j4,  U.  S  National  Museum— Cope.     Batrachia  of  Nortn  America. 


PLATr.  XXXIV. 


'ii.n.p 


pac 


npg 


*"■■  <^d.v 


C/'Cl 


-■St; 


p-x-- 


pi. Tip 


ac.c 


V ' 


«|i  V 


Gyrinophilus  and  Desmognathus. 


!  'i! 

.      *   ■ 

jit- 

i 

i  r  ' 


1  ^i 


)■> 


■i; 


< 

i  ' 

-,  :\   .1 

i         '^     •      . 
I         i    ■ 


•  4    U.  S.  Nat'onjt  Mujejm   -Cope      Batia^hia  cil  North  Amorica, 


Plate  XXXV. 


'    "1 


Uili; 


Hyoid  Arches  of  Plethodontid/e. 


I 


IH' 


»  r 


a    I,.!,,  j4,  U.  S.  Nit'oiijl  Mu.nJTi.  -Copo,     Batrachia  of  No'lh  Amonca. 


Plate  XXXVI. 


'Mm 


f*'j'  i 


w 


Hyoid  Arches  of  Urodela. 


h< 


ii 


H 


11 


B  lleti'i  '"*.  ^   -•  National  Museum.— Cope.     Bauachiaof  North  America. 


Plate  XXXVH. 


' 


If 


i  !*  ir!''t! 


111. 


f  i: 


Salamandra  and  Thorius. 


ili)# 


I:. 


f.  '    ! 


m) 


\ 


1  ;  '■■ 


\\ 


i  !i 


I;  '! 


I-  i 


'  i»5  :;i 


fj    ^  ij 


i, 


y. 


1    .x 


Bij  -:tin  34,  U.  S.  Nationa    Museum  —Cope      Batrachia  of  North  Arner.ca 

pjc        en 


Plate  XXXVIII. 
^  2.. 


epa 


epej 


p.ic    mnp 


en 


c.etJv 


jjoc       rn.n  p  <j 

I 


pff 


-/s  o 


ICC    pas 


$ 


es^ 


mnp        ,f 


s: 


ee  th- 


en      pr     nur 


fso 


DIEMYCTYLUS  AND  SALAMANDRINA. 


\.     \ 


!    ■ 


i  } 


1    H 


.  i 

;      I'm 

! 

Ml 


I 


; 


I.  1 


1 1  ^^•ii 


Bulls' 


,,,  ,4,  U.  S.  National  Museum —Cope      Botrachia  of  North  America 


Plate  XXXIX. 


pv-. 


asc 
nr   jxsc 

so  od.y  *t. 


ar 


bbr'  fiJty  3 


pas 
-sp.e 


va 


■px 


inoc 


eo     occ 


psc 


•?i.sc 


-ij^-ph.c.r 


CO 


occ 


it'll 


:|.|p- 


DIEMYCTYLUS  VIRIDESCENS. 


■^r 


ill* 


s;i 


i 


! 

i 

ill 

!    \\ 

D  |.g, ,,  .>4.  U.  S.  National  Museum.-  Ci'pe.     Batrachia  of  Nortn  America 


Plate  XL. 


^..■-^m 


£. 


f^:pc.&^ 


h 


■■■■v.: 


^t 


1.1 


/«/ 


// 


S^Al^ 


sMv. 


e?- 


WW 


SJ 


■  i 


ffl: 


\ 


nil'- 


Viscera  of  Urodela. 


11^ 


i  !        I    I 

f        !    h 


:    if 

■■fr 


! 
1 

.  1 

]     ^ 

1 

!  !     ! 

\     - 

:i  I 


^t 


BullolHi  34,  U.  S   National  Museum —Cope,     Batrachia  of  North  America 


Plate  XLI. 


c^. 


%  /^ 


1ft. 


V.Bt 


, 


■PS  IE    -1^^      £E 


Ifif 
III 


Brains  of  Urodela. 


■i  1" 


i 


i-  i 


3  ! 


Bu';'.'Tn  3*.  U    S   National  Museum  —Cope.     Batrachia  of  North  America. 


Plate  XLII. 


^       ■  ■"'>^i^i^..'^/J,v;'i'';  ■■-.,'■ 


3.CI'. 


K 


3u.Ji>= 


f  p  i 


Urodela. 


r  ' 


'! 


i     ['. 


i 


illli 


BuHetii 


34   U   S.  National  Museum.     Cope      Batrachia  of  Noith  America. 


PUATE  XLIII. 


Prax 


♦^"---'.<^.  "Stp 
vT^f^  Ex  a 


'-? 


% 


li^  'Si-'fi 


;  llf  I 


Siren  lacertina. 


-H,-'" 


I 


i 


1 

I, 

t    < 

1 

■ 

I 

*N 

t 

'i, 

'•                     :  ■ 

1 

. 

1     ■ 

\ 

j 

l 
i 

I 

i 

1 

i- 

'   ' 

■' 

)M 

w    ■• 

Bi. 


„.  ,    34   U    S,  Nationa'  Museum— Cope.     BaVachiao'  Mor.h  Ain*nca 


Plate  XLIV. 


^  '-'  L  if 


m 


i'lji 


m\ 


flf! 


iftsE: 


Siren  lacertina. 


'[     . 

\ 

t 

i 


'k.i 


'fpii  ^li 


'  i 


u 


I 

'Ik 

•I 


n 


^  1 


.  ■  %i   \J    S   Nationa'  MuLeum  -Cone.     Balacn  a  o'  North  Ame'ica. 


Plate  XLV. 


,      \ 


/ 


3. 


(3  J 


2. 


f^^fe 


f^Gc^c 


'^   Mi 


8. 


\/ 


iV 


^ir 


i# 


\A 


/^^ 


iili 


t  ::ii 


m 


m 


!';-4.  !l 


*ili 


Rhachitomi  and  Urodeua. 


I 


•I    :  I 


in 


i  \ 


. 


□   I  ,  •  .    34,  U.  S    National  Museum.     Cnpe.     Batiachia  of   North  America. 


Plate  XLVI. 


/ 

I' 


/       I       i  «. 


IP 


ll 


I: :  ^ 

•■::  i' 


:  m ! 


Urodela  and  Ganocephala. 


Ill 


li 

1 

(^ 

1 

, 

1 

1 

r 

■ 

1 

1 

! 

i 
I 


I  Mi 


B.i   etin  34,  U.  S.  National  Museum,  -Cope.     Batrachia  of  North  Amerrca 


Plate  XLVII. 


"  'I'm 


.n 


r    jr 


il 


TZL- 


f 


9 


U  R 


'if 

i      I 

Mil 


'  1 


Urodela  and  Salientia. 


^T\ 


i 


a 


I     it 


II 


1    ^ 

i 

!       J 

! 

f                       ■"'* 

i 

■             1. 

1 

I 

i 
t  . 

• 

:    m 

4 


I J  liiwi 


11 

J  ^J\ 

[ 

Bu      'f,  34,  U    S.  National  Museum,  -  Cope       Batrach  j  uf  Nortn  America. 


Plate  XLVIll, 


^^ .         On 


Ono, 


•%■ 


=^55^7^   'C5=S 


.\\  l^p 


i'.O^ 


fl 


iff  I 


I 


U'. 
}f|l  i 

ill 


PROTEIDA  AND  URODELA. 


;i. 


4 


"li 


lilll-j 


■   ■ 

1  1 

». 

Bu   ,  tm  34.  U    S.  National  Muieum, -Cope      Batiachia  of  North  America 


Plate  XLIX. 


()t^. 


Urodela.  Trachystomata.  and  Salientia. 


*|! 


y^ 


y  i 


k . , } 


<M' 


lis' 


J'  '; 
'St*: 


II 


it- 


ill' 


iii 


9  ■ 


Bull 


il 


I 


iil 


m 


34  U   S.  National  Muieum— Copo      Batrachia  of  North  Amono, 


Plate  L. 


oc 


w% 


'■■yjl 


m^j^ 


Bxr 


7 


Salientia,  Ganocephala,  and  Rhachitomi, 


III 


■;S;  it 


it 

WW 


i' 


\m 


\: 


11 


,1 

!i 

1 

' 

i 

: 

i. 

1 

I 


It 


• 

i 


r 


Bu  etin  34,  U.  S.  National  Museum— Cope.     Batrachn  of  North  America 


Plate  LI. 


■JIB,- 


iX 


Salientia. 


fr'r-T^ 


If 


i 


» : 


r   I 


Ml 


I 


3^  ,et,P  34,  U.  S.  National  Museum.  -Cope.     Battach.a  o«  North  America, 


Plate  LII. 


hi''! 


'\" 


m 


I  PI 

If 


St-' 

m 


Proteida  and  Urodela. 


-1 

1^ 

.-'^tT^ 

If 

•  t'l 

ii' 

I; 

; 

■f 

I 

Mi 
ri 

\l  I 


im 


^Js) 


I 


ijj.|im 


R  Let  ■  34.  U.  S.  National  Museum.— Cope.     Batrachia  of  North  America 


Plate  LIU. 


~r--'"^^<^ 


«» 


Urodela  and  Salientia. 


'  il 

!      41 

% 

> 

1 
1 

■q 

JJ 

B.i.letin  34,  U.  S.  National  Museum.— Cope      Batrach.a  of  North  Ainerica, 


Plate  LIV. 


V 


6. 


-© 


^ 


^ 


V^^v/^ 


'->o 


/-^'^ 


Ji 


4. 


|>: 


Salientia. 


^.r 


r: 

E  i 


. 


II 


^Mi 


li 


i 

i 

i 

m                   ! 

1 

■ 

1 

1 

\ 

1 

L 

If 

B>.:.f 


tin  34.  U.  S   National  Museum— Cope.     Batrach  a  of  No'th  Ame'ica 


Plate  LV. 


If  J 


i^  .f 


I 


ri 


"      II 


i'2\ 


II 


m 


Salientia. 


i   f 


■ill 


i   a 


Bu  .all"  3*.  'J.  S,  National  Museum.— Cope.     Batrachia  of  North  Amonea. 


Plate  LVI. 


/  i!    \ 


t 


Brains  of  Urodela,  Proteida,  ano  Salientia. 


II  'l\ 


1 1 


^  'i 


r 


Bu     •  ti  34,  U.  S.  National  Muteurr.— Cope.     Bat'ach.a  of  Nofth  Amacica. 


Plate  LVII. 


o 

z 
< 

3 

a. 
o 

I 
a. 


'■  i' 


— «    t/T)    ■  I 


t     1 


■i^; 


5    I 


^ 


Byiijdn  34,  U.  S.  National  Museum.— Cope.     Battachia  of  Nortn  Amenca. 


Plate  LVIII. 


I 


111 

li 


III 


"  >  ■ 


.  Hi 

il 


111 


BUFO  LENTIGINOSUS  AMERICANUS. 


r^ 


i;: 


L 


s  I, 


|! 


■^ 


Bulletin  34,  U.  S,  National  Museunn.— Cope.     Batrachia  of  North  America. 


Plate  LIX. 


Pmx     ?v 


S%^Hf° 


III 

'I 


i< 


♦i 


•  ■■"  I  I. 


^ai 


BUFO  LENTIGINOSUS  AMERICANUS. 


M\^ 


-^ 


ni'  5 


I , 


(I 


j  .iM 

i  1 ' '  B 

lyl; 

K   '      'H^ 

''"1- 

lli-W 

^^^n  ^ 

■ 


i 


Sii 


Bulletin  34,  U   S   National  Museum  —Cope      Bafacfiia  of  North  Arr.enca 


Plate  LX. 


■r  I 


M 


-  If. 

i     h 


ii 


■i';f't  I 


mn 


.  ;  fi 


Hi- 


r    ! 


ft 


!   '! 


«(■>! 


':  IIh^ 

''1 

i    ^  5mH  '' 

ji.  ■  ^^^B 

Hfli 

i^^m  i 

r  y 


B..iietn  34.  U.  S   National  Museum  —Cope      Batiachia  of  North  Amei.ca 


Plate  LXI 


w'k 


& 


^H 


,,,  j 


- 

i>:\ 


1 1 


fi   ; 


''I 


H,   etin  34   U    S   Nat'onjl  Museum  -  Cope      Buracnia  ot  Nciiln  America, 


Plate  LXI 


m 


si 


11 


ll 


li! 


111 


L  n 


Ceratophrys  dorsata. 


\>i 


! 


-in 

!H' 

'1 

"  '^9 

» /'!«'■ 

^^i< 

■1  ?vl 


Bulletin  34   U   S   Natnrai  Museum  -  Cope      Batiach<a  o'  North  America 


Plate  LXIII. 


/^ 


vn;f 


1 

4 


1.  BREVICEPS  GIBBOSUS.  2.  Pelobates  fuscus. 


ii 


wa 


1; 

I 


u 
f  I 


I 


It 


1 

1 
1 
i 

:' 

1 

i 

1       \ 

\ 

'"^-J^ 


Bullttin  34,  U   S   Nat'Or  ji  Mussunn      Cop«      Bal'icf'  >  of  No'lh  Artufci 


Plate  LXIV, 


I'mx 


■  -4#Cu 
UR 


V 


I'mx  Sy 


Mx 


D 


If,   \      .  L     is,    J    '^ 


p#^M-^^c 


'  G~::>-^-Z    -"4  C-:^  Cor  "<:V' 


\^ 


i;^\ 


l.<; 


f 


2 


N^'  I'b     -  Is 


^' 


O     fej 


.11 


M  I 


Hyla  versicolor. 


;  I 


Bulletin  34   U   S  t'ijvj'.a.  Mujeu'ii  —Cope      Da!'acn  j  of  Na-.r  America 


Plate  LXV. 


Callula  pulchra. 


I 


,         ;          1 

! 

i 

'1    hAmBH 

i  ,         I 

1 

■i 


Bulletin  34   U.  S.  Nat.onal  Museum  —Cope      Bal'acti'a  ct  NoHh  America 


Plate  LXVI. 


»lf 


RIB^' 


L 


2  '-» 


Bulletin  H   U.  S   National  Museum —Cope.     Batracn.a  ot  Nuiln  Arre-nca 


Plate  LXVII. 


J_        'j. 


fi 


ii' 


■r-     .£• 


'^^ 

> 

VI 

■*'^— — «. 

M,9 

=  \U' 


< 

z 
< 

•l  " 

.    ."J         u 

)  -w   i   < 
■-■"'. -^,  E       < 


i 


!| 


?!t 


-A 


ii 


,! 


*  I* 


y 


Ul 


B'ji  Bt">  34.  U    S  Nal  fina.  Mujojm  —Cope      BMfJCPn  of  Noflh  Amgr  cj 


^^^J; 


rflO 


1(1 


11 


)r 


:i<i 


Plate  LXVIII 


4. 


\^^^^^      "'^r^ 


ri 


1!'" 


4^-  — 


r 


u 


l.-.ri 


%T( 


7/ 


-yt 


16 


■'^P' 
^fe 


^r' 


ir. 

DISC0GLOSSID4-   AND  SCAPHIOPID-t 


1 


II 


'3! 


A 


^       f 


Bullt'i"  3*  U   S  N»1'0na'  Mjjeurr  -Cupo      Bat-iC-  i  -'  Nirtti  An 


Plate  LXIX. 
T 


] 


^W 


fi( 


e 


in 


Air 


IVi 


\c4^ 


lU 


k/-^ 


.0^0 


1 


11 


1' 

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INDEX 


Page.   ' 
Abrauchus •l^ 

Ailit-tii  (Acris)  32'J 

Acri8 25U,  252.  322,  r;i,  324  ^ 

giyllUB 321,324,400   ; 

I  TPjiitans 325, 32C 

UOllus 32.-,32!t 

Acrotly  te» ''"" 

A  ililomln ^^-^ 

AileiioiiiiTrt ''''' 

Adfumuiin -''1 

.r.iitim  (IMftluuloii) l*'' 

.K-oimn  (Itiiuii  lutolata) H- 

AlliuiH  iHyla) •"■» 

ApilycLnU 321,322,323 

Agilis  (Kmm) •*■"* 

(Salamaniliai 1^^ 

A  tloHsa -'*'^'  '-''-' 

AllfL'boniensislCiyptiiliraniUus) 38 

(Miiiiipimia) 3s 

(Salamamlra) 3s 

Alpiiia  (Rana)  *^1 

Alsu.lvH j^l'^ 

Alvarius  (Bufo) -*'•' 

Alyti.1,1' ■"» 

Auiblvstoiua "^" 

1>-      oc -'I.C" 

cmisptTSum .'il,  'U 

lOlieiiuuiu 51.  03 

f|iixaiithiini  'li'-'" 

jt'UVr.soniauum .'il.  irO 

.ifffei>ouiauuiu    btt-iU 

laterals «0. 92-94 

Vlatiiaiim  ...89.U3,y4 

macroitactyhuu .ll,  !i5 

opacmii 50, 54 

piosevpiiiK 08,(^2 

punctatum 51.  56 

.synopsis  lit' ;*peoie9  of iSO 

talpoiiU'uni 50,  52 

ti,:iiuuin  51,  W,  80,  453 

cilit'oi  iiieiiso S3 

tiisiuptum 51.  t-C 

xipbias ^^-  ^' 

Amblystomidii'  33.45,451 

AmiTicana  (Kana)  ^-* 

Auiiiicauus  (liafo) -^■' 

Ampbignathodoii •'*' 

Amphignatlioaontida; -i'>-  -35. 3^1, 4Co 

genera  of 381 


Page, 

Atu]iUiiiuia 215 

luoan.H 210,455 

iiiteolocy  of 4S6 

spbiiiebnulojiy  of 455 

voice  uf 450 

Aiuphiumicl.f 33,213,451 

Aioiibiiimoiilitt '.'o 

AinplioiliH 362 

An.iicbi* 11-2 

AuaxvriH 260 

Aiiilelsoiiii  lUyliii  3fl'> 

Aii;;iiliitii-i  il'li"i.ip!ii:iisi  'H^ 

Annnlatuui  i.\ml'!\Htiiiii;\i '     115 

Amioliitus  il.iiiuii.ilap«iis)  115 

Amiiiialus  (Hufiil  -'- 

Ausuuia -"' 

Am.ra    ^^32 

Ap.Mla 30.  33. 222 

Aiiu.itica  (r..iiia i   397.  424 

Ailmrca,  vnidin  iHylai 300 

AivilVTa .210,248,249.250,253 

Ar.'Liidloi' illvlii   309 

Arwlataill.inai    409.410 

Ai'.'u-i  (  Aiiili'.y^tHina) 50 

Artliiol.ptis 392,393 

Arvalis  ■  l!,iiiai ''3* 

Asterophn.Ma- 248.255.295 

^.ufiaof -95 

Astiioiibiys —       ^il 

A  telopiis 38 1 

Ati'iiiiniiin  (Aiiiblystoma! 1''9 

Ati'iTiiiiori  il'boiiilidtiisi  K'i* 

Aftouiiata  (Salainaiuiiiiiai 1-'? 

Attfliiiatus  iBatraLbii.si'p:*!  1-' 

Auk-tris    •■^« 

Aurii'ulala  t^alamainlra) I'J* 

Auiifiilamiii  (Cyliiulio.somal 19* 

Amieiilatu.- ■Ufsmotin.itbiis) »9* 

Aurora(Kaua) ■'39 

Autod,!. 121,124,182 

ferriii.<   1*3, 18o 

iiVaims '-83,187 

lu^rubris  ^^3 

speries  of 1*3 

Asolotes  Jl 

,    ,.  239  2,'8 

-^>"^- 7 

Batracbia 

alUuities  of 1' 

classification  of 13 

017 


518 


UULLETIN    :U.    UNITKl)    STATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 


PaKe. 

tiatrni'hla.  ixplanntinn  (if  tirnmnf 16 

general  aiintoiii}-  nf 7 

I'lianictiTH  111' 7 

larval  rliariii  tfl'M  III 13 

iiiinu'iuliitiiri'  ami  liiHtoiy  of IB 

nf  Xiirtli  America,  nuinlii-r  iiiiil 

^piMJl'H  of 4."ll 

plivlri^i'iiy  iif U 

Uatracliophrynun 2!)5 

liat rai  liiipsi- 285 

Hut  iu(  hi)8ip» 121, 124,  125 

iitti-niiatus 126, 127 

raiulatiis    120 

nlKri\ciitrl8 128, 12li 

paclllcus 126,  129 

spocles  of 126 

Uat rai  livl,» 400 

Hal  nil  liyiitTiis 110 

HaiMliiili(Hyla) ;i79 

(Siiiili.Hca) .'*7a 

Hii'ilicyi  (Salninandrn) 204 

llfldinv'ii  (Uiifn) 262 

Hfi  laiid  ii  li  ( Haiia) 3M,  4U3 

IJirnliir  (AiiililyHtriina) 00 

IJilint'ata  (H(ilitO(ilos«a) KU 

( Uatia  t ;)C« 

(Salaiiiaii(tra) lOJ 

Itilini'alns  (."Jpi'lcipes) 10.'l 

Una  us  I  liana) 424 

BoIiHi;;liitsa 101 

niilitonlossiila- IIU 

Bouiliilhiim  (Scapliiopus) Mi.  ^06 

(Sptal HOO 

Uomliiiiatnr 2.'i8 

lidinliinatnriila' 'M)9 

BoitifiiiiateH 312 

l)iiM-aH  ilinfo) 267 

Hoylli  iRaiia) 444 

Braolivfcplialua 387 

Hipviccp!) 384 

Br«-vl(lpit  ilia' 383,  '.tt<i 

Biilioiiia.H 313 

Buio 252,200,4.57 

ailiiiii  118 457 

aivaiMi.s .235,  261,  liO.'i 

aiuericanuH 235 

chilcnsis 235 

cocclfer 235 

cognatus 23.5,  261,  275 

columbiensis 235, 261 ,  267 

(^olunibiensi.s 269 

lialophilu.^i 269 

vurietie»  of 269 

compactilis 235,  261,272 

conift'rii.s 235 

debilis 261,264 

diplyihu.s 235 

(irarilis   235 

hieniatiticna 235 

heniliiphrya 361,273 

iusidior 235 

intnrniediuH 235 

kulaartii 235 

lentiKinosus 23,5,261,277 

americanas 278, 284 


Paiii, 

Bufo  lentiiituoitUH  fnwlnrl 278, 27ii 

leiitiijiiioHUn 278,  2WI 

HIlllspiM  il'i  (if 'J7t> 

w llioiwi'i 278.  2M 

li'!<(lMiiaiillii 2:!'. 

iiaiii  in 'ja.'i 

pantlii'i'itiiH 23.5 

pumtaiiiN 33,5, 201,  2i;:' 

i|ilnriiiiH 235,  201,  291 

H|i)>('lrH  (if 201 

vallinpH  2.S5, 292,  4.57 

vjridin 2:1.5 

Mili-aris •j:i,5 

Iliifdiiid.i    24H,  240, 2.5,5, 258, 394,  451,  4('ii 

('ai'ii]ilir\  nun 382 

Caciipim 385 

CaciKtirimiii 38.5 

<  'aciliidic 222 

CalaiiiltiH .349 

<.'a!if(iiuiciiH«  (.Vnildyxtntiia' 0* 

(.'nlliii'lln 3!iO 

(  .illiila ,384,  ;)''.5 

ralliiliipi 38.5 

•  'aliipliiyinm    387 

<  alypldii ■plialii.'* 311 

('ainaralaxi- 47 

('»iitaliri;;i'ii«i.s  i  liana)   435,  41)0 

('a)iitii  iHaiia  an  nlata) 41.5 

ranilliia   i.\iiililystiiina)     50 

Caroliiicuw  (Knirystiiniai 385 

•  'aroliUfiiitia  (C'alainitai 300 

(Hy!ai   300 

(•«M»iiia 250,  392,  393 

•  'atcsliiana  iliaiiai 424 

•  'andaliis  (llatriicli(incps) 120 

('eiitidlciie 311 

<  'fi  atdhat rachida'   248,  249,  383,  384 

Ccratdli via 382 

(-"eratdpliryw 250, 312, 394 

bdici  312 

CbaiiDiiA 20U 

<;iiili'iiMis  (linfd) 267 

)'hild)iliryii('    26il 

Cbioi-lds^a 200 

CliiKitliva.t   b  ' 

Cbiroli'pti'i 31L 

alboKuttatUH 312 

Chironiantis 392, 393 

rufcaceiif 239 

Chondrotiis 31,47,98 

aterriniuM 99.  109 

(■haiactcr  (if  spci  ioa  of 99 

ciutiiilatiiK 99, 100,455 

decorticatii.s  99, 107 

luicroRtoiiius 99, 101 

parotk'UH  105 

tent-biOHiig 31,09,111 

texamiH 99,104 

Chorophilus 252,322,323,331 

feriaiuni 332,339 

uisritus 321, 332, 337,  459 

verrucosna 4.59 

oocidentftlla 832,335 

o(?ulaH8 332,348 

ornatus 332,333 


M. 

Pat'i  . 

27«, 'JTli 

278, 'JMi 

J  7,. 

278,  •>! 

2:!:. 

'.'H.j 

2:t.'i 

..  S.'IS,  201,  2i;j 
...235,  201, -J!*! 
2til 

...2:i5. 2112.  ■».".: 

2:)r. 

2:i,' 
'■-,;ilM,  451,1)11 

382 

385 

385 

222 

;m'.» 

(!» 

.•('.■(1 

384,  :i.--. 

;)85 

;t87 

311 

47 

.4:15, 4;i« 

415 

.50 

385 

not; 

3t!r. 

..2,';o,  ;)!t2. 39;i 

424 

120 

311 

.248,  240,38;),.S84 

382 

25fl,312,  394 

31J 

200 

267 

26il 

211(1 

b  ' 

311 

312 

3tf2,  393 

239 

31,47,08 

99.  109 

' 99 

99,100,455 

99,107 

99,101 

105 

..    ..  31,09,111 

99,104 

252,322,323,331 

332,339 

521,332,337,459 

459 

332,335 

332,348 

332,333 


IN1)EX 


r)i9 


Pad--. 

('hi)ro]iliilii8,  sjHcliMof :i3 

tlUiTiiUuu 321,332.342 

Clir.V'imlonta 2i5 

('iii(lM.<cciiPiis 322, 3j:i 

308 

133 

133 

100 

lOU 

413 

104 

419 

411' 

;i42 

3'j;i 

. .  ;i:i 

...24^,383,  384,  ;j!»i I 

311" 

267 


'  'iniTt-a  (Calaiiiltii) 

(SiilHiiiandin) 

Clmri'Ui*  (Plctliodoii) 

<'iii^tilatuiii  (.Viii1>ly><tiinia)  .. 
(Iiiciilatuit  M'liriiiMliotiH)  ... 
C'in  iil'isa  (Uiiiia  annlntni .... 

Ciiiiui  ra  iSnlaiiiniiilra) 

Clainnta  (Uaiia) 

riiuiiilaiiH  (Raiial 

Claikil  (llcldiii  ti-s» 

CHiiiitarHOH 

('(I'l'iliiilii' 

Coyii  itui*  lllutV 

Ciiliisti'tliicli' 

C'lilDstcthiH 

("iiliimbiiMmiii  (liiifo) 

Comiiartilis  (Uiitui 27'.' 

CiMisiK'inft  (Ranai 4'.'4 

(■ims]ii'imiiu  (Aiiit'lystnmai 01 

fiilM-ii 387 

I'opi  iinuin  (AmblyHtuniA) 63 

('(ipii  (Itiit'o) 2'1 

Cpliiiiis 312 

riipliKiimiitis 3411 

('opli\la 3»ii 

C.ipliylida- 248.  383,  3?4,  390 

Copii  tClioropliilu.s) :!35 

(Ilyla) :i09 

Corn  11  fiT 392.  :ti>;i 

4  'cmi'hii  (Si'aphio|>ti!!l 3»1 

Craiinpliryiie 20'  i 

Crassiihu  (Plcthodon) 147 

<  'I  rpiilophrym- 26fi 

Cropitang  (Acri.'*) 320 

Criiiia  312 

CmciattT  (Plethodon) 15ii 

CnirilVr  (Hylii;  3.52 

Cnii'tila  (Uana) 431 

(.'rvptiiliranchiilii' 33,30,431 

CiyiitDbraiu'liiiM  37 

C'ryjitolirancbus  allei;lieniensl9 38 

fu.sius 43 

Cryptotia 295 

Cultripfd 297 

C'uiiLMiH  (Hypopncli"'' 387 

Cyi'Inrlianipliiii* 311 

Cylimlrucea  (Salaniaiidra) 139 

Cylindrosoma 101 

Cyiiop^*  2o2 

Cy xtimmtbidii' .... 248, 249,  255, 309, 390, 394, 451, 400 

table  of  genera 311 

CyHtlciiatUiiH 250, 394 

Dauliuia  (Sniilisca) 379 

Debili»(BiU'o) 204 

Decorliiatum  (Amblystoma) 107 

Hec'orticatus  (Choiidrotus) li'7 

DiMidrobatrs 389 

Dendrobaf  id* 248.  249.  383,  384, 389,  394 

Deiidroliyas  349 

roudrophryuiscidii- 248.  249.  255,  295 

gvucra  of 295 


P«k''' 
I'e^mlnstoma  ^J 

Iii*ru,„i;i,fvin» 13(1  jf,,. 

""■"""-'■'•"llM.i !'33,*11M'  4-1 

DisUiOi;uutUu4  fusia 191,194 

aiirlciil.it.i ni:> 

fllsc.i ..  lu,^ 

"ll-Ta 191, 19« 

iiclii'opli.i  a lui 

"I't'  ii-i*  i>t ioi 

varli.tii'4  of \gf, 

Dlaglma ij.jj  g.j-j 

niuldph.i  iChilopliryiiei ''jui 

tliratll|itH,l„i,  4;,,^ 

fiKatii- n, 

DUro>.'lii..«M« 35;j 

I'lilucljl;i  .  .Villi. llilHlllli     21(5 

Uiiliictvlmu  (."«iriiinidf!(i  ....  jm 

I'iiliM  Us „,|. 

Itiiiuy.  tylii., .joi  .jj,.j 

spi'lir*  uf 2ll3 

fori'itiit 2ii:i.  2m 

y.t  !clf!.ci'ii? 203, 2117 

imtidliiuall,* 211 

ruiiiiatu* 2o7 

viriilescfiis 207 

I'ipii-ruus  il'.i\!.i'  0;,^ 

liijin.  'rh.iiiiroliraiu'liiKi 220 

I)i<iiij:lii*siilii.. 24'-.  255.  2,i0.  3ii9 

Disill^lllHSlH 2'.« 

Dcirsali.sdlanai 324. ;!:» 

(Salauiaiiiliai  207 

(Xritipii) 2i'7 

Diaytiiiiii  il!:inai 441 

Oroiiinplectins 261 

Diui'sii  iSoaphiopiisi 303,  305 

Pyliinvskii  iRuua) 431 

Dy.^odpliiil.i'  248.249,390 

IiysiiipliuiJ ;)9o 

F.ilaloriiiiia  313 

Em  lioliiiuori 13 

Engystoma 38.' 

carolinensc 3(^5 

Eiisy.ftomida'  248,  383,  384, 394, 451 

Eiiliydrnliiim ;il3 

Kiisatus  (DicaniptiHliiiii 118 

(PU'tbiiilmn   148 

(Tiituii.    118 

Epi.lak-a 259,  200 

EpirUi'xis ...        313 

Episiupuui  lAiiililystoiua) 68 

Epixantliimi  ( Aiublystouiat 97 

Enuaui  iTritnn) 204 

Enthroiiuta  (.Salauj.iiidia> 133 

Eiytliriinotum  (Amblystoma) 133 

Eiytliiiiiiotus  (Pletlimlou)  133 

Esilisilioltzii  (Eusaliua) 148 

Eupempliix 259,260 

Eiipliorbiacea  (Hyla) 361 

Euproctus  202 

Eury.i'n  37 

Eusiipliiia 312 

Eximia  (Hyla) 361 

Fasi  lata  i.Salamaudia)    54 

Fa.^iiatuiu  lAiubl. stoma) 54,68 

Fomoiale  iLa  Raine) 371 


520         BULLETIN    34,    UNITED    STATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 


Pace. 

FemoraliR  (Aulptris) 371 

(Calamita) 371 

(Hjia) , 352,371 

Feriarnm  (Chnrophiliis) 339 

(Hehecetes) 339 

Ferreus  (AnnulcB) 185 

(Autmkx) 185 

FirmiBternia 246,2*8,383 

foiniliesof 383 

FlavipuDctatas  (PlethwloD) 145 

(Salamnndra) 164 

Fl.ivissimns  ( Psendotriton) 172-176 

Flaviventris  (Kana) 431 

Flaviviridis  (Rana) 420 

Foiitiiialis  (Raua) 419 

Froutcisiis  (Butb) 281 

Fnsca  (Desniognathus) 194 

(Rana)  431 

Fuscum  (Aiiiblystoma) 89 

( Menoponia) 43 

(Pletho(lon) 194 

Fu8CQ8  (Cryptobranchiis) 43 

(Tritiirus) 194 

Ganocephala 13 

Oastreoliniia 246,  382 

Geoiriton 121, 124, 125 

Gigantoa  ( Menopoma) 39 

(Molge) 38 

(Salaniandra) 38 

(Salamandropg) 39 

Glossolepa 201 

Ghitinosa  (Salamaudra) 139 

Glatinosum  (Cyliadrosonia) 139 

(PlethcMloL) 139 

Glatiuoaus  (PletUodon) 139 

Gracilis  (Rana) 438 

Granulata  (Salamandra) 89 

Granulosa  (Salaniandra) 204 

Grauulosud  (Bufo) 292 

Gratiosa  (Hyla) 377 

Gratiosus  (Epedapliu8) 377 

Greenii  (Salamandra) 207 

GrylluB  ( Acris)  324, 326, 329 

(Hylwles) 324,326,329 

(Rana) 324,329 

GrypiscuR ,. 381 

Guttolineaia  (Salamandra) 170 

Guttolineatum  (Cyliudro8oma» 170 

GuttoIineatiiB  (SpelcrpeB) 170 

Gyrinopljilus 121, 124, 125,  l.")4 

porphyriticiis 31 , 1  .IS 

Halei'ina  (Rana) 397.  4(p;i 

TIalo]iliila  (Hitto) 267 

Hammondii  (Scaphiopu8) 303, 305 

( Spea ) 303, 305 

Hela>cete8 331 

Helioporns 312 

Heniidact;  liidiu 119 

Hcmidactylium 121, 124, 123, 1.30 

8Ciitatum 130 

Hemimantis 250 

H^niionbryB  (Bufo) 273 

''.eiiiiphractid.T 248,  249.  255,  382 

IleuiipliractuB 382 

Him isidii' 382 


Pago. 

HeniiRiis 382 

Heredia 1 32 

HeterofilosRa 250,392,393 

afsicana 394 

nialaliarica 394 

iiataleugis 394 

jdinita 394 

Hetprotriton 47 

Holbrookii  (Kiiiia) 2ii,s 

(ScapbiopuB) 298 

Hoplobotracbiis 250,  393 

Knriconi'nRiR  ( Kana )    4J0 

Horrida  (Prot«ni>p»iw) :i9 

Hyemali8  (Menobinncbnsi 23 

(Siredon) 23 

Hyla 250, 252,  322, 323.  .U!) 

agri'stiH 321 

andersonii 321,  3.'i2,  36R,  4.i9 

arborea 32 1 

arpnicolor 321,352,369 

caroliupnsiB 352.  366 

i(fniK-a 321 

ciirta 321 

dislrlbntion  of 3.50 

<'xiiuia 361 

ft'moral:8 321,  352,  371 

fusca  321 

grarilipes    321 

gratiosa 321,  3.VJ,  377 

krefftii .121 

laternlis .321 

leseurei .fJl 

uiiotynipaniini 3:;l 

pbylloi  liroa if.'l 

pickcriuKii 321,  351.  :).VJ 

regilla .321,  .351.  il.v, 

laticepR 356,  3,19 

rct;illa 3.56 

siapiilaiis 356 

!»pei'if»  of 351 

siiuirella 321,  352,  363 

versicolor 321,  3.52,  37.3-375 

Hylambatos 392.  393 

Hy  lai)lisia Jtio 

Hylaplt'siida' It.-y 

Hylarana .!»3 

HyhiR 349 

Hy lellu 250,  322,  3J3 

Uylidrt' 248,  255,  320,  394, 45) 

tablo  of  genera 322 

Hylixalus 391,393 

Hy Iwles 252,  313 

aiignsti 317 

inartiniceusiR 239 

Hylodida- 309,390 

Uxlommlusa 3-19 

Hylorliina 313 

Hynobiidiiv 33,118 

Hynobius 119 

HyperogloRsa 2.V) 

Hyperolia 312 

H  y  peroli  118 392, 393 

Hypoiunbiia 387 

cnueus 387,  3l>8 

oxyrbinus 388 


I 

i 


i 


ir 


M. 

PnK.>. 

3(i2 

13_' 

.250,383,393 

394 

394 

394 

304 

47 

'.'It.S 

2!l,'^ 

25tl,  393 

4Jil 

:i9 

23 

•s.t 

152,  32S,  3*J3,  -.iM 
3'Jl 
321,  3r.2,  365,  4.-)9 

■  . 3-.'l 

..321,352,,ifi9 

352.  3C« 

321 

321 

• 3,')0 

3BI 

.321,352,371 

321 

321 

.321,352,377 

321 

.321 

321 

....  321 

321 

....32I,35l..t.i'j 
....321,.3-)I.:t.W 

356,  3,VJ 

•  •  ■ 3.ie 

350 

351 

....321,3.52,303 
i21,  352,  373-375 

.392,393 

2t)(t 

3^9 

.«3 

340 

. . .  250,  322,  .323 
55,  320,  394,  451 

322 

391,393 

252,313 

317 

23!» 

309,390 

340 

313 

33,1IH 

■  - 119 

250 

312 

3»2,3U3 

387 

387,  3t.S 

3KH 


INDEX. 


521 


Page. 

Hy  pupnchus  rariolosua 38S 

H  ypsiboas 322, 323 

iilbomarginata 321 

lioans 321 

Ifonniin  (Auaidt-a) ig" 

(Autodux) 187 

(PletUodoii)  187 

IngeuB  (Amlil.vstoma)  08 

(Hi'terotiitou) 08 

(SrtUiiuauilra)  Ct> 

(Triton) ti8 

Iu!ii(lior  (BiitVi) 204 

Iiitei'uu'dia  (Siri-D) 22C 

Iiitt-niifdius  (Pletli(ulon).   145 

lulei'iuixta  (.Salam;iiulra» ..  194 

.It'rtVisouiaua  (Anililystoma) 89 

(Siilaiiiaudra)  «9 

(Xipliouura)  08,80 

Jfllfi'suuiauuiii  (AmWvstdiua) 89.02 

Lai't'pt'dii  ( Xronolnamiuisl 23 

( I'liauerobrauehus) j;; 

l.aifitiua  (Sircu) 2Ji! 

LavH  iXariiUu)  2vi 

( Ti  itou) 2U4 

Laiva^l'diuii.s  (Cbrjsodouta) 210 

Latctalu  (Auiblystoiua) 92 

Lalcialis  (Il.vla) 360 

( UcnoliraULbus) 23 

(Ncctuius) 23 

iTiitoii)   2.'! 

Laticips  (11  via) 359 

Latironiis  (Kaua) 4.35 

I.atimia 258 

Latr.iiis  (Litbtidytesi  310 

I.tcoutei  (Uaiia) 441 

L<iitij;iuoaa  (Chilophryue) 289 

l.<;iitij;iiu>sus  (IJiil'o) J.'^'.i 

Liptobracbium  200 

Leptodaitylus  313 

niystacmus 2f;9 

occUatus 239 

Lii)topi'lis 2,Vi 

Leptiinim  (Aiubly stoma) 110 

Li'pturus  (Liut;ualapsii3> 110 

Li'vil'iDiis  (liul'o) 272 

Liclu'iiiiide.s  (Siiedou) I'l? 

Limiiiii'liai'is 311 

Liiuiiiidyto.s 393 

Liiim'muclusa 312 

Ltudyiia.'»ti>s il2 

Liuijuiilapsus 47, 114 

auuulatus 11.' 

It'ptiiru.'* 115.  110 

Liopiliiia 2.'.- 

LitboJ V t08 ^13,  315 

lat  rails ;;i,'i,  310 

liioidii 315.  ;il« 

Litmia '■49 

LnipiTiis 3M 

Loin^icaiida  (Cyliiuhoaoma) 10.- 

( Salaiiiainlr.i  i 108 

Lougicaiulatum  (Cylindvosoiuai 1C^ 

Loiij:ii'aiid\i.s  iSpclerpi'jl 108 

Lougipi-.s  lEpiihi'Xi*!  ■'^I 

(Itaua) ^-tl 


Page. 

Lopbopn-t 3^<j 

Luciliijra  (.><pcleiiit'S) jug 

Lu^'ubrisiAnaidis) igg 

lAutodaxi  183 

(Salaiiiandra)  133 

•Taiuba   1 ig3 

Liirida  (Aiiiblv  stoma) (jg 

(Salamaudrai gg 

Ly  iiapsu.^ 3^1 

Macioilaotyluni  tAinblystuma) 95 

Maciilata  iCamaiataxis) 68 

iLaceita) 50, 

iSalaiuandra) ivj 

Mai'ulatum  I  Ainlily stomal eg 

iI>t<iiiiiistoma) 68 

Matulttus  lUylodisi ;)42 

(Xfctiinisi  ■>:', 

I  I'l  OtfUS) ■^■^ 

Maoulii.*us  (Xettuviisi  ji 

Malacb  vIimIi-3 313 

ilalt^aiiia ;m 

yi.m<a\u:i 121,  124, 125, 158 

>l».idii>li.:itatMs   158, 159 

lemilVi- 158 

M.intflla  3(111 

Mr.utiims 39,1 

Maruiuatus  iP^ewdntiitoui l.vj 

iSpfli  riii'si    152 

iStiTiiK  biliisl  152 

MaiiuHbii  (Syrrliniibiis) 318 

Mavditia  i-VmiilvHtdiuai  iig 

Mavoi'tmm  1  AMilil>-^loiiiai ii» 

Maxima  iltaii.i I      4J4 

Mean..  ( Aiiiphiiim.u   21i'. 

ili'ualoliatiaclms 37 

Miiialixaliis 392,39:; 

Mfi;alii]iln v» 295 

ilclaiKiliatr.u  liiM  387 

ilclaiiiwtii.'t  I  'Salainaiiilr,\i 130 

MclaiHisii.  tus  •  liesmocbutyUis) 130 

ililauota   llauaj 419 

illaiiariai  419 

Meuobraiuhiis 23 

iIenop(>-.  37 

Mifii\alu< 392,393 

llicnibyla  38*,  385 

ili<.iiip> 385 

ilicrnsiaplm..  'linloi 207 

MiiTiistiimuiii    AmUlystomai lol 

Slii.io.stiiimis  ct'hipiulnitiisl 101 

MiUi|nini  t.it.i  (."l.ilamaudra) 2i'7 

Milli'pnuitatii.-i  iTritiiui  2o7 

MiniatHs  il'ii  mvctvliis)  2ii7 

iXntcjplithalmusi  ..  207 

(Tiiturusi   207 

Mitroly.*!.-'    312 

Mixophyes 311 

Mokf 2112 

iloiitauii.f  iPsiudotriton) 179 

Xloiitiviiiiia-  iKaua) 428 

Miuiouat.i  lEiuycoai 39 

Mn;:i('us.i;,uia. 424 

Multiplicata  iSiaiibiojuisi  308 

.■;i„.ai 308 

MiiltipUcatiis  iSpelerpes) 102 


i — 


522  BULLETIN    3t,    UNITED    ^^TATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 


Page. 

SI  u  iK'nopxis 215 

Muiiiolor  (Hyln) 37!i 

Miinicus  (Uufo) 289 

Miifa  (Rami) 431 

Mvolmtvachus 259,  2flU 

Mvxopliyi'S 250 

Nannoliatrachus 391, 393 

NamiDplirvH 391,  393 

Nelmlift'i-  (Unto) 292 

Xel)iililVra(Cliiloi)Iirynp) 292 

Xebiilosiiiii  (Aiiiblystoma) 68 

Nectes 260 

Npcto|iliryn<> 260 

Nectnrus 22,23.31 

niarulatu!« 23 

punptatiis 27 

Neoi'n'rtaroiiiiux  (Pioti'UH) 172 

Niger  (I'letlinilont 194,198 

(Triton) 89.  198 

■Nigra  ( Desmo^iiathus) 198 

(Salaniandra) 198 

>i'iitricans  (Kanai 420,411 

Xi^Tita  (AcriB) 337 

( Kana) 3"  r 

Xijjrituii  (Clioropliilns) 3;'7 

(Cystignatlius) 337 

(Psendacrig) 337 

NieriventriH  (Hatraeliosi'pg) 129 

NigniMi  (Aml)lystoma)  198 

Nota<U'n 200 

Xdtophthalmus 202 

Nototrema 321,322,323 

marsupiatuni 240 

toHtndinenm 210 

Nyctibatrachus 392.  393 

Xy ct iniant i» 322,  323 

Nyitixiihm  392 

Obiicnnini  (Aniblystoiua) 68 

0<'cidfnlaliH(Chori)pliiln9) 335 

(Litoriai 335 

Odiroplia^a  (Deamognatliuai 191 

Ocularis  (Chorophilus) 333,  335.  348 

(Hyla) 335,348 

(Hylwics) 348 

Odoutophrynus 312 

(Kdipiua 121 

«Kdipns 121.  124, 125 

Olivacenm  ( Engystunia) ;j85 

Ollotis 260 

OncaiHana) 443 

Oii.vtIiodactyhiH 119 

Opata  ( AniblystoMia) 54 

(Salaniaudrai 54 

Opaciini  ( AmblyHtnma) 54 

Opcroulata  (Siren) 172 

Opistbodelphys 322,323 

ovifira 240 

OregoDonHis  (Ileredia) 148 

(PMhixloD) 148 

Ornatna  (Churopbilug) 333 

(Cystignatbua) 333,335 

OtaspiH 280 

Otilupliuit 260 

Oxyglossua 392,393 

OxjThynchB  (Kana) 399 


Page. 

O.^yrbyncbus 2fiii 

(Rana) 39s 

Paebybatracbus ;iy:( 

Pacbyderma  (Kana)   444 

Pncbytriton 2i)l 

Pacitliuni  (nemidactylinm) 12',i 

Pai'iticii.'*  (Batracbo.sops) 12',i 

Pnla(d)atra(liida' 25! 

Palndicola 250,  31 H 

gracilis 23!l 

Palustri.s  (Rana) 398,  40i; 

Pansosaiia  (Ilyla) 37:' 

PardaliH  (Kana) 400 

I'aicitictini  (Aniblystonia) 10.' 

rarotiins  (Cbondrotns) 10,' 

PcctogloHsa 47 

Pil()l)ate3 297 

Peloliatida' 248,290 

Pelodytca J90 

IVlodvtida' 248,  249, 255.  2'.i''. 

ireneraof 2  o 

P.-lopbylax 393 

I'enu.sylvauica  (Kana)  447 

P.I  ialia 312 

Plianerotiranobns 23,22". 

Pbra(to]>« 31 J 

I'liryne 2iiii 

I'hryiieUa 384,  38;-. 

I'brynidiiim ,3..'7 

Pliryiiiscida- 248,  243,  383, 384,  ,387,  451 

Pbryni.tcus 387 

Plir;  ndcara 39ii 

PliryniMcrns 312 

Phrynoidia 26i' 

Plirynonmiitia 384,  3>^". 

Pbyllnliatca 391,39:i 

Pliyll.Mlriinnia 391 ,  39:1 

Pbyllomedusa 321,  322.  323 

ibcringii 239 

Pickering  ( Acria  de) 3.VJ 

Pickeriugii  (Acria) 352 

(Hyla) 3,VJ 

(Hylodes) 3.VJ 

Picta  (SaUituandra) 194 

Pictiis  (Hufo) 267 

Pipa 24(1 

Pipida.   248.  252 

Pipiena  (Kana) .397,424 

Piacif'onnia  (Siri'don) 6"' 

Platineniii  (Aniblyatoma) 93 

Phitypelia 39ii 

Platurbinua  (Rana) 431 

Ploctriiniantida- 30'J 

Pletbodon 121,124.125.132 

ii'liena 133.  143 

cinereuu 31,133 

cincrotis —        134 

dor.aalia 138 

erythronotua 135 

craaaultia 133, 147 

croceater 133.  150 

tlavipunctatua 133.  145 

glHtinoaua 133.  139 

interiutMliua  133, 145 

oregonoDsia 133, 148 


^ 


INDEX, 


523 


Pnge. 
2tiii 
3!l»* 

:m 

444 

2(11 
12H 
12;i 
25:i 
..250,  m.f 

23!) 
..398,401) 

37:t 

401! 

10,'. 

io,-> 

47 
297 
..248,  29P 
J9il 
8,  249,  2.")5,  29(1 
2'ti 
39.! 
447 
312 
23  '^T, 
31 J 
2(io 
..384,, 38.1 
3S7 

3,  .3M.:t87,  4.'l 
;tS7 
39(1 
31 -J 

20ii 

3X4.  3S.-, 

391,;)!);! 

391,39.! 

.321,322.323 

2;i9 

3.VJ 

,3,52 

3,')2 

3  J2 

194 

2ti7 

240 

248.  2:.2 

.397,424 

C." 

93 

3911 

431 

309 

124.  125,  1.12 
...  l;t:t.  143 
....  31,  133 

134 

138 

135 
...13.3.147 
...133,  IDO 
.  .133,145 
..1,33.  139 
...133,145 
...133,148 


Pk'thoilon,  species  of 

Plethudontif 

Plethodontida- 

genera  of , 

rietUoilontinic 

I'lftliodontoliyla 

Pit  urodele.* 

Plenroclelid.v  

tit'IllTil  (It,. 

I'U-urndeina 

I'olypcdate.s 

Polvpedatidii 


Page, 
133 
124 
.33,119.451 
121 
119 
390 
201 
.33,201,451 

201 

313 

393 

.309,390 


I'drphyiitiea  (Salamandra) 135 

(Speleipes ') 155 

Porpliyriticnni  (Anibly.'itoiiia)  101   | 

Porpliyrificus  (Gyriiiopliilus) 155  ! 

(Spi-liipesii 155  I 

(Triton 1 139, 155  i 

Pretii'sa  (P.iina) 432  j 

Prosei  pine  ( -Vmblystomal  68  ' 

I'ro.sthorapis 391,393 

Prottida 13,21,431 

Protelda-  22,4J1 

Pioti-119 22,31 

ProtouDpsis 37 

Pseudacris 331 

Pscudis 24!t,3U 

Pseudobranchus 225.230 

Btriatus 230 

Psendophryue 259,200 

PseudiKsaiiria 30 

Psendotiitiin 161 

Pnnitala  (.\nibly8toma) 5C 

(LaciTtal 56 

Pnnctatissiniiis  (Triton) 2o7 

Punotatuni  (Aniblystouia) 56.183 

Puni'tatii.s  (Xeitunis) 27 

Pyxiceplialii.s 250,393 

Quailiidicltata  (Salamandra)  159 

IJuadridisitatus  (Batraclioseps) 159 

(Mancnlufl)  139 

yuadiimaculatu  (Salamandra) 194 

Queriicus  (Bufo) 291 

Kaun 250,252,392,393 

aj{ilis 390,438 

agilis 438 

aurora 397,43^,439 

areolata 396,397,409 

ii-sopus 412 

areolata 410 

capito 415 

circulosa 413 

boylii 390,397,444 

cantalirigensis 396, 397, 4;i5 

cantabrigensis 435,436 

cvittata 435,437 

latiremis 435 

catesbiana 394, 390, 397, 424 

.laniata    394,396,397,419 

corrugnta ^'-'4 

( vanophlyctis 394 

draytoui. 396,397,441 

dravtoni 441 

onca 441,443 

cbrenbergii 394 


Pas.-. 

Kanaescnienta ;j94 

fasciata .'jsi 

fueciiiula 391 

gracilis 304 

gnumiins 304 

bexadactyla 394 

masi"iiieu.<is ,394 

mdutf/.uiiia-  396,397,42;! 

occipitalis 394 

opisthodon  -jso 

oxyrliyucha Ml 

paln9lris 396.  397,  411(5 

soptt-ntrionali- 396,  397,  416 

silvat ica 396,  397,  447 

8pecii'S  of 396 

teuiporaria 394.  390.  4:il 

prttio.sa 397,  432 

temporaria 4:i2 

viresccna 394.  390.307 

aiistricnla ; 39.'< 

brarhyci-phala ...39!l.  4iW 

circulosa 409 

»pln-nui.i'pliala 39^.399 

virestcus 398,401 

Kanidit 21s  249,  250,  309, 383,  384.  390.  4.-1 

gtnera  of 391 

Ranidens U9 

Rauoidea 349 

aurea 321 

Raniila 392,  393, 394 

'   Kccapitulatiiju 451 

Kcotifvfuis  iSoapliiopus) '  301 

Kegilla(Hyla) 355 

Kimifii  (Manculusi 15;- 

Rliacliitoini 13 

KliatopUorus 392.393 

I  reticiilatns  240 

Eh,i>l)ij 201 

Kliiiiiideniia  240.  3.-7 

Khinopliryuus 20ii 

Klioniljiipliryne 3p4 

Kiohardi  (Uylai 373 

1  Kicordii(Hylod.'s) 318 

(Litbodytcs) 318 

Ruber  d'aeudDtiiton) 172 

(.■^pilerpes)  1"- 

Rubra  (Salamandra)  1"- 

(Speli'rpi'.s) 1"2 

Rubrivcntriif  (Salamandiai 172 

Salamandra -00 

Salamaudiella 11& 

Salamandrlda-  33.  20n 

}  gciK-raof 200 

;  Salamandrina 2ol 

'  Salamaudroidis    4i 

I  (Ciyptobrauchus) 38 

'  Salamandrops 37 

Salientia 13,  232. 431,  4.37 

classifiiation  of 246 

inteiiiiiuent  of 234 

origin  and  evolution  of 244 

iHtei>li>gy  of  . .   232 

n-pniiliiitiiiu  of -■'J' 

visiiiaiif 231  457 

Salmonea  (Salamaudta) 1"'' 


524         BULLETIN    34,    UNITED    STATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 


Page. 

Sa1monea(S^'>terpes?) 155 

Salmoneum  Mystoma) 155 

Snlmonens  ^Titon) 155 

(.  08) 155 

Sayl  (Menubi^^vuos) 23 

Srnpbiophryne 367 

Scnphiopidii' 255. 296 

Soaphiopodidie 300,451 

Scaphiopus 252,297,298 

concbli 29ti,  :i(il 

holbrookii 

Hpecies  of 

Scn])iilaris(H>'la) 

(Rana) 

Scbismaderma 

Scutiua  (Kana) 

Sciitnta  (Snlnmandrai 

Sriitatum  (Hemidactyliurn) 

Sculatus  (Batracbose]>8) 

Siiitatus  (Desmodactylns) 

Sculiger 

Sovuax 


•2'M 
298 
3ne 
424 
260 
431 

i;io 

130 
VM 
130 
2C0 
34!) 

Soytopis 322,323,394 

Scytopaig 321 

Sciranota 201 

Seiiiifasciata  (Eyla) 366 

Septentrionalis  (Cborophilns) 342 

(Raua) 416 

Silvatica  (Rana) 447 

Sinuata  (Rana) 416 

SiranotidK 201 

Sir<-il>iu    '. 47 

Sinn 31,225 

lacertina 226, 456 

splanchnology  of 456 

Sirenid.x> 223, 451 

Siienoides  215 

Smilisca 322,323,379 

bandinii 321,379 

SoUtarins  (Scaphiopus) 298 

Spea 297,302 

hammondii 303 

bombifrons 303,306 

hamuioudii 303.  305 

intermoutaua 303.  304,  ;i05 

subspecies  of 303 

multiplicata 308 

species  of 303 

Speciosus  (Bulb) 272 

Speleipes 121,  124,125.161 

bellii 161 

bilineatus 31, 162. 103 

cepbalicus 162 

chiropteius 162 

guttoliueatus 162, 170 

leprosus 162 

longicaudiis 162. 168 

162 
455 
176 
179 
178 
161 
nil 
349 


multiplicatuit 

ruber  31, 162,172, 

davissimus 

nioutanus 

sticticeps 

species  of 161, 

Spclerpiniu 

Sphii'uorhynilius  


Page. 
393 
3s7 
363 
363 
363 


Sphairotheca 

Spheiiophryne 

Squirell  (La  Rnine) 

Squirella  ( Auletris) 

(Calaniita) 

(Hyla) 363,371 

Stagnalis  (Soapbiopus) 305 

(Spea) 303,305 

Stcguccphali  —  13 

Stellio  (Salaiuandra) 207 

Sti'iiDcrpbalus 385 

SteiriK'liila 121 

StereiicliiluB n 124,125. 152 

marginatus 

Stereocy  clops 

StoiiibuH 

Sloiigyl(i]iu.i 

Striata  (Siren) 

St riat lis  ( I'seudobrancbus) 

Snbfusea  (Salamamlra) 

Snbfufnis  (Pseudotriton) 

Subvlolacea  (Lacerta) 

(Satauiandra) 

Subviolaceuni  ( Am biy stoma) 


l.')2 

387 

312 

393 

230 

230 

172 

172 

30 

.16 

.10 

Sylvatica  (Hana) 435,447 

Symmetrica  (Salaraano «::) 2u7 

Symnietricun  (Triton) 207 

Sy  rrophus 252, 313,  ol  8 

oystignathoides 3H 

leprus 318 

niaraochii 318 

verrucipes 318 

Systonia 385 

Talpoidea  (Salamaudra) 12 

Talpoideum  (Amblystoraa) .12 

Taricba s 202 

TeIniatol>iU!» 312.313 

Teiiiporaria  iKana) 431,435,  438 


Tenebrosa  (Xiplionurn) 

Tenebrosiim  (Aiiiblystoma) 

Tenebrosus  (Ch  )Qilriit us) 

Tetradactylua  (Mcnobranc)iu.s)    .. 
<l'iiaiit:rulir.iiiclius). 

Tcxaiia  (Saluiuainlrai 

Ti  \;iiiiiiii  I Auiljlvstuuial 

Tetanus  (ChondrotUB) 

IVxBunu  (Engysloma)  

Thoriida' 


HI 

111 

111 

.    .  23 

23 

104 

104 

104 

3»5 

33 

TboropB 322,  323 

Tigrina  (AmblyHtoma) 08 

(Salamaudra) 68 

Tigriuuni  (.Vnililv stoma) 68 

(Sirtilou) 68 

Tigriiins  (Triton) •« 

Tomopferina .in:! 

TorosB  (Molge) 'Jo4 

( Tariclia  1 204 

Torosus  (Notophtbalmus)  204 

(Triton) 204 

Tra.liycrplialiiH ,321, 322.  32:i 

Trac  bystomata 13,  22'i.  451 

Treiuatodera  ^io 

Tridactyla  (Aniphiuma) 216 

(Mura-nopsis) 216 

Triprion 322,323 


J 


Ml' 


Page. 

393 

397 

363 

363 

363 
,...363,371 

305 

....303,305 

13 

207 

385 
....  121 
124, 125. 152 

152 

387 

312 

393 

230 

230 

172 

172 

56 

M 

50 

435.447 

207 

207 
.252,313,alr< 

3I-t 

318 

, 318 

318 

31^5 

fij 

52 

202 

312,313 

..431,435,438 

Ill 

Ill 

Ill 

23 

23 

104 

104 

104 

385 

33 

322,323 

08 

68 

68 

r.8 

«8 

3U3 

204 

204 

204 

204 

,...321.322.  :t2' 

13,223.4.51 

W 

216 

216 

322,323 


I 


INDEX. 


Prige. 

TriHvHata  (llyla) 3^2 

'rri»f>''>tus  (Choiopliilus) 342 

(llflocii'tes)   342 

Tiisiiiptiiiu  (Anililystoimi) go 

TrituiUH o((i 

T,\  lotiitoii iQi 

rppioliiilii' 311,) 

fro'l''!" 13,29,451 

(levclopnKMit  of 3) 

gio^'iiiidiiciil  (lintiilmtioii  of ;j4 

jiliyloyi-ny  of 35 

s.VHK'oiiilic  arrangement  of 33 

rtrU'Mlari;!  (Itauil) 397 

Valli(i|m  ( lioro) 292 

Vanvlietii  (II,\la)  371J 

Variiiliila  (Salainandra)  131) 

Varins  (Scapliioiiiis) 3m 

Veneiinsa  (Salaioandrn) 50 

VirnudHa  (Il.sla) 373 


Versicolor  (Dendroliyas). 

dJylai..." 

Viioscens  (Kauai 

Viriiiiiiiiii.i  (Kaiiai  

Viiiilf.sien.s  iDivinvetvlns) 

(Mol«e)    ' 

(XotoplitlialiMii 

(Ti'iiiim    

(Tritoiiisi  

Viriilirt  (Hyla) 

Weisniiiiiiii  f.AinlilyMloinal  . 

Woiiilhipii.tii  (ISiifo)  

Xi'nobatraclms  

Xenoplirvs 

Xeiiopidif 

Xipliias  i.\nibl\Ht()inal  .. 

-Xililidimra 

Za(li;inu>, 


525 

Page. 
373 
373 
397 
398 
207 
207 
207 
207 
2o7 

3r,c 

(-.8 

281 

.  384, 38.5 

290 

.248,2,51! 

87 

47 

312 


